Month: July 2019
Odysseus the Man of Twists and Turns … in Personality
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Odysseus The Man of Twists and Turns ... in Personality. (2019, Jul 19).
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Food Laws in Judaism and Islam
Out of the three abrahamic religious traditions Islam and Judaism seem to be the most like each other. This is particularly the case when it comes to food laws. Oddly enough Christians don't seem to follow the food laws except for a few exceptions for example Catholics going meat free on Fridays.Even though the religion emerged from the Jewish faith and take many traditions from this faith they Christians have not adopted the same food laws. The jewish diet is referred to as kosher and the Muslim diet is referred to as halal though it is important to note that this also applies to any thing law related that the Qu'ran or hadith does not directly prohibit. For both religions meat must be killed in a certain way, certain animals shouldn't be eaten unless it is absolutely necessary, and certain drinks are prohibited as well. In Judaism it states that a Jewish person cannot eat shellfish, pork, camel, rock badger, and rabbits and this includes their flesh, organs, eggs, and milk as well. Land animals that chew their own cud and has cloven hooves are allowed and any of the water animals with fins and scales are allowed. Birds of prey are also forbidden though turkeys, ducks, geese, etc are allowed.
As for insects only a few are permitted. Other forbidden animals include rodents, reptiles, and amphibians. Another rule states that meat and dairy can't be combined together and consumed. As for fruits and vegetables they are all permitted unless there were insects on them.. Also certain foods and nerves are not allowed to be consumed by jewish people such as the sciatic and its blood vessels included as well as the animal fat referred to as chelev.The kosher preparations are thought to be very healthy in today's standard and the reason these dietary guidelines likely occurred was due to health problems in during that time for example there was no medication and vaccines which meant disease was particularly on the rise. A lot of diseases also came from animals because they were often unclean and there was no way to store meat as electricity wasn't invented so there was no concept of refrigeration. However, health isn't the the reason Jewish prople consume the food consumption they do. It is all due to morality because god commanded the followers of the religion to do so and doing as God says makes one a good person and more likely to go to heaven. In Islam the pig and blood is also forbidden or considered haram. However, unlike the Jewish law they aren't able to consume alcohol even though this wasn't the case in the beginning as it was said that wine made from dates was a gift from god however, people often went to prayer drunk which was considered disrespectful to god so this eventually lead to alcohol becoming haram. The food restrictions aren't very tough to follow unlike the kosher traditions. Another important aspect of Abrahamic food laws is how the animal was killed. In Judaism one must not eat an animal that's flesh has been torn by another or one that has died from natural causes. Also eating an animal with damaged organs is forbidden. In Islam the rules are that the animal eaten must not have been found dead then cooked. The animal also must not have been used as a sacrifice. Also a animal cannot be eaten if blugined or strangled to death or been eaten by a wild animal previously.
Preparation of food is very important to both faiths which is why there are kosher and halal butchers. In Judaism one cannot drink grape based drinks that are made by non-Jews for example grape juice and wine. This is because grapes were often used by those practicing idolatry in the past so ensuring a Jewish person made the drinks means a pagan did not touch and taint it. According to both kosher and halal food laws the blood from the animals must be drained. Also according to muslim and jewish law the animal must be killed humanely and be unaware it is going to die this is done by cutting its throat. According to Jewish law cooking utensils must also be kosher. In order to ensure this Jews do not cook meat and dairy in the same pan or use a fork that touched dairy while eating meat. Another thing the Muslims and Jews have in relation to food laws is the requirement to fast. In Judaism fasting occur during the holy holiday of Yom Kippour. Yom Kippour only lasts a day. During this holiday Jewish people do not eat or drink for over 24 hours and instead focus on praying for forgiveness. Muslims fast during ramadan as this is one of the five pillars of Islam and is therefore a major part of being a Muslim. During ramadan Muslims cannot eat or drink from sun up to sun down this goes on for a month. Because the Islamic calendar is a lunar one ramadan falls on different times of the year each time. It however always occurs on the 9th month of the muslim calendar each year. During ramadan a muslim cannot eat or drink anything. Like yom kippour it is a time for prayer and spiritual reflection. Muslims are supposed to avoid unholy thoughts and morally wrong deeds. After the fast a meal with family occurs and after ramadan the 3 day fest known as Eid al-Fitr occurs. Christianity has the loosest food laws of the three abrahamic religions.
Even though kosher laws are stated in the old testament Christians do not follow those laws because there focus is mainly on the new testament which doesn't say much regarding food laws. Most Christians don't follow food laws there are some exceptions though such as the Seventh Day Adventist denomination who try to avoid meat and spicy foods and the Catholics who do not eat meat on Fridays. Also certain addictive foods are often giving up by people due to lent which is a Christian holiday that occurs for forty days. Historically it was the time where christians fasted but has evolved to become a time where participants give up a luxury in their life or something they really enjoy in order to better focus on God. Unlike Islam and Judaism, Christianity doesn't have any religious holidays that requires one to fast. What to eat in order to be a moral person is very important in every major religion but particularly within both Judaism and Christianity. Though Christianity puts a lot less emphasis on this and doesn't have any major food restrictions that is agreed on by the majority of the Christian community. Again this is solely because food laws were only mentioned in the old testament of the Bible and the consensus of Christianity is that due to Jesus dying on the cross his followers do not need to live by the rules of the old testament for example slaughtering innocent animals for god's forgiveness. Islam and Judaism on the other hand have nothing in their holy books, the Qu'ran and Torrah, that say because this event happened the past religious laws don't apply.
Diet is very important to Islam and Judaism though some Muslims and Jews do not follow their religion food laws thought this is more common with Jews since Kosher dietary restrictions are so strict and some Jewish people don't see them neccessary today since there's regulations regarding food ,meaning most meat is relatively clean due to governmental laws, and hygiene is better. The religion's food laws dictate how animals are killed, how they can be eaten for example what utensils and cookware and whether or not one is permitted to eat the certain types of food, and food is even involved with religious holidays whether one is feasting or lacking when it comes to food. In conclusion food laws in Judaism and Christianity are explicitly stated in the Qu'ran and Torrah and many serious believers think that they should be followed as they are important to him because he commanded it. Food laws are part of a possible path to heaven in these traditions, a way to show God one is obedient and loves and is very devoted to him because they are making their life less easy to please God.
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Ritual Acts in Judaism, Islam and Christianity
Many religions have similar characteristics in which we can compare. These similar characteristics are termed family resemblances, which means that these religions have unique qualities that are similar to one another. Ritual is a trait that can show similarities amongst various religions. Rituals are acts that help ties an individual and community to what they call their sacred. These acts can be described as either orthopraxy, orthodoxy, or the rite of passage. Orthopraxy emphasizes correct practices and orthodoxy is emphasizes correct beliefs within religion. The rite of passage is when one or an entity transitions from one stage to another. All of these acts help define what makes up a religion. Rituals play a great role when it comes to the three religions: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.
Judaism is a religion that has various rituals that help ties their community with their sacred. Judaism is an Abrahamic religion in which the Torah is its text that withholds their foundation. One ritual that they have is being kosher, which are dietary laws. One of the dietary laws is that they must not eat pork because pigs have hooves and represent uncleanliness. It is also a Jewish law to not mix meat and dairy. This is because meat represents a physical body that leads up to death and milk is seen as a life-giving entity because it comes from mothers. This law is to separate what leads to death from what can lead to life. Another ritual is the Jewish celebration, Bar Mitzvah. This celebration is the becoming or rite of passage into adulthood for a boy. The boy becomes a full member of Judaism and is able to interpret the Torah. These are two ritual acts that are important to the Jewish culture and the Islam religion also has ritual acts that share the same importance.
Islam is a Muslim religion that represents their faith with ties to their sacred, Muhammad. Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah and is who they worship. Islam rituals is also known as the Five Pillars of Islam. One pillar represents the statement of faith, which is that there is no other God, but Muhammad and he is the prophet. The second pillar is prayer or Salat, praying five times a day. The third pillar is almsgiving, and this is when they must pay 2.5% of their personal wealth to help benefit the poor. The fourth pillar is the fast of Ramadan, where they must not eat nor drink during daylight hours. The last pillar is the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca. These are all acts that the Muslim religion must commit too for their practices and beliefs. These practices and beliefs share significant value to that of the Christian rituals.
Christianity is a religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus, and its practices and beliefs. The main ritual act in Christianity is the belief in the Holy Trinity. The Holy Trinity is defined as there being one God, but he portrays three persons. These three persons are God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. They also have the belief that Jesus died and resurrected. It is important that they believe in this because they also have the belief that he will come again for Judgement Day, salvation. These are major ritual beliefs in Christianity and share the same value of the rituals expressed in both Islamic and Jewish religions.
Rituals help set the foundation in Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The beliefs and practices within all of these religions show distinct family resemblances because they all help tie each community to their sacred. This helps to show that ritual acts in Judaism, Islam and Christianity has a significance to each religion.
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The Influence of Judaism on Christianity Similarities and Differences
Judaism and Christianity are both part of the Abrahamic religions, and although they have many similarities, there are much greater differences separating their beliefs and practices. Judaism is an extremely influential religion, and it stands as the root of Christianity.
The Hebrew people originated in Ancient Mesopotamia in the city of Ur of the Chaldeans. Around 2000 BCE, Abraham was a nomadic leader wandering the region, when according to the Book of Acts 7:1-4, God gave Abraham his first calling to leave the city of Ur and travel to the promise land of Canaan (Israel). The land of Canaan was arid and wrought with famine, forcing Abraham to travel to Egypt in search of a better life. In the book of Genesis, which consists of the first five books of the Torah, it was the Abrahamic Covenant that first explains the contract between God and Abraham. It stated that if Abraham and his people followed God's rules, consisting of circumcision and do as he commanded, he will in turn take care of them and give unto Abraham and his people the promised land of Canaan. The land will be occupied by Abraham's descendants and they will rule over it. At this time, it was already understood that Abraham believed in a monotheistic God known as Yahwe, one true God and the only God who was all powerful and all knowing.
The foundation for Judaism is renewed with the Mosaic Covenant. Moses was asked by God to deliver his people, the Israelites, out of slavery in Egypt. Upon their liberation, Exodus, God speaks to his chosen people and gives Moses the tablets with the 10 commandments. Israelites are to follow the commandments, live a life of obedience to God, and worship him. In return, God will set Israel apart as the Kingdom of Priests and Holy Nation, (. )
At the time when Jesus was born, 4 BCE, it is believed that Judea was in turmoil while under Roman control. Revolts from the Jewish people led the Romans to destroy the Temple and disperse the Jewish people, known as the diaspora. Conflicts within the Jewish communities were also causing major divisions. According to the prophecies, Jews had long believed that a savior will someday return to the world and reunite the kingdom and his people. Jesus was a Jew, he lived as a Jew and he never started a new religion, but there was a movement within Judaism that developed during and after Jesus died. Jesus was known as a prophet, teacher, messiah, and to some, the son of God. He was a Jew, but did not fit in with any other Jewish sect. He often spoke against them and against the established leadership. Jesus talked about opening the religion to non-Jews and how circumcision was not required to follow God's will. According to the Book of Acts, Saul (later changing his name to Paul) was a Jewish Pharisee tentmaker with Roman citizenship who hated the followers of Jesus Christ. He believed they were breaking the Mosaic Law and corrupting his people. After Jesus's death, Saul would persecute Christians. One day on his way to Damascus to capture more Christians, the resurrected Jesus Christ appeared to Saul and asked him to stop persecuting Christians, to help convert Jews and Gentiles toward Christianity and to spread the word and teachings of Jesus Christ. He was then given the name of Paul, and from that day forward, he travelled all over Mesopotamia spreading the word of the Lord Jesus Christ. Paul is said to be most influential apostle of the Christian faith. Additionally, his letters have been the most important foundation for what is now the largest religion in the world, Christianity.
There are many similarities within the Jewish and Christian faith. The most basic one is that they're monotheistic religions that believe in one single all powerful God, in the same one God with a different name. Yahweh is the God of the Jewish people and for Christians is God. They both follow directions and guidance from their Holy Books. The Holy Book in Judaism is the Tanakh which is divided into three sections. First section is the Torah (first Five Books of Moses) which means teaching and contains the Law, next is the Nevi'im which means Prophets, and lastly the Ketuvim known as Writings. For Christians, their Holy Book is The Bible which is also divided into two sections, The Old Testament, which is the same as the Torah, and the New Testament. In addition, both Christians and Jews can trace their descendants back to Abraham and are known as Abrahamic religions. It is through Isaac, Abraham's son and the Abrahamic covenant that Jews believe they are the chosen people. Christianity was a sect of Judaism that split upon the arrival of Jesus Christ. Jesus's followers, Christians, believed he was the messiah sent by God to save his people. Both religions believe in the creation story and the original sin through temptation, they also believe that humans have free will, and in a final day of judgement. In both faiths, the City of Jerusalem is held as a Holy Land. For Christians, Jerusalem is the place that holds special significance as a Holy Land because that's where Jesus grew up as a child, would preach, was crucified, and resurrected. For the Jewish people, Jerusalem has an even greater significance. During the Kingdom of David 1003 BCE, Jerusalem became the capital city of Israel. It was on the top of Mount Moriah that Abraham would try to sacrifice Isaac to prove his devotion to God. In 957 BCE, King Solomon built the first Temple in Jerusalem on the Temple Mount and it became a place of worship and considered to be The House of God, Gate to Heaven (Gen.28:17, Deut.12:3). For 3000 years Jerusalem has been the spiritual and political center for the Jewish people.
With many significant similarities, there are also a number of vast differences that have divided these two faiths for the last 2000 years. Many believe that the main point that divides these two faiths is the believe in Jesus Christ as the son of God, but that's only one difference. A significant argument for Judaism is the fundamental question of who we are as people. Christians believe men are corrupted individuals with no ability to function under free will, which is the reason why Adam betrayed God's commandment. We are sinners and our essence is bad, but with the help of our faith, devotion to God, baptism, and following the teachings of God and Christ, we will someday be able to reach Heaven and be saved. Judaism, in contrast, believes that through repentance, one can reconcile their actions with God. Jesus is rejected as a messiah, and he is not considered the son of God in the flesh or even seen as a prophet. He was not of any relevance to their believe in the coming of a messiah. Jews are still waiting for the messiah to come and unite their people. In Christianity, Jesus Christ is the messiah who was resurrected after being crucified. The son of God died on the cross to erase original sin from his people. Another major difference between the two is the issue of admittance into heaven. Christians believe that merely believing in God and Jesus Christ grants you entrance into heaven. Judaism teaches that living a good and righteous life may get you into, but that is to be determined upon judgement. Jews do not believe in a guaranteed salvation, and Christians rely on the assurance of salvation while still here on Earth.
Works Cited
- Armstrong, Karen. A History of God: The 4000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. New York: Ballantine Books, 1994. Print.
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The Influence of Judaism on Christianity Similarities and Differences. (2019, Jul 18).
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To Err is Human Hume Descartes and Kant
First of all, to "err" means that humans all make mistakes. Most of the time our mistakes in life are connected with our lack of knowledge. Mistakes can be either intentionally or unintentionally, it all depends on the circumstances. But something very important to notice is that we are all humans, and everyone makes mistakes. "To err," can be a way to explain the different human behaviors. When people make mistakes, most of the time it teaches you alesson, so it can also be a teaching technique in your life. On the other hand, knowledge is the way of understanding and acknowledging something through experience. This happens again because of the connection to experience. We need knowledge and human error to live an authentic life, a life with purpose, values, and meaning. I can relate this topic of human error and knowledge with the three most interesting philosophers we discussed this semester: Descartes, Hume, and Kant. They all analyze and approach knowledge and error in different ways and also give facts about how to live a true and significant life.To begin with, Hume can relate to living an authentic life because he describes and thinks that all branches of knowledge mostly depend on past experiences. Belief for Hume is a feeling, and he is seeking the truth in his studies. Hume believes that it is possible for humans to know things through impressions. He says that impressions again are connected to experiences. He defines them as vivid, but he also mentions the influence from our imagination and memories. After analyzing these two concepts, we can see that impressions are stronger than ideas; making ideas the weaker of the two. He analyzes knowledge by categorizing ideas in three different ways: resemblance, contiguity-space and time relations and lastly cause and effect. Hume explains how mistakes and errors manifest themselves through thoughts. He mentions the relations of ideas through deductive reasoning. Additionally, he believes that facts come from statements about past experiences. An interesting notion at least in my opinion is how people learn from their own mistakes in the past.
Experience is a fundamental key in our life because it is the foundation of all our conclusions in our day to day life. Also, he uses cause and effect as one big example. He says that from experiences we learn thus we use cause and effectas a determinant of a certain kind of action in the present. Because of the past causes, we try to create a similar solution because of the past effect. But, something important worth highlighting is that relying on cause and effect is not always a good idea, given that to an extent, our reasoning limits us. Every situation, problem and circumstance is different; thus, they require a different reasoning process.Additionally, for Descartes doubt is something essential since he's skeptical about sense, experiences and beliefs. But, he realizes that the only thing he can never doubt is his existence. He thinks that humans know how to use geometrical reasoning and thus uses it as his model. He also acknowledges that you must obey the laws and customs. The first way to obey the law is by having God near you and holding and staying truth to your religion and faith. He also says that he wants to be solid and decisive in his way of thinking and acting. Moreover, he believes that our bodies aremachines created by God, because he has the power to create us. This serves as proof of his conviction and devoutness to God. These are some of the ways Descartes shows how to live true and significant life. One example he shows is the metaphor of the house and the city. This explains in depth how he thinks about mistakes. He describes the house and connects it as if it was the mind, and the structure and everything else is the knowledge. He mentions that it is better to have only one master or teacher when it comes to education, as opposed to having many. He says that having many masters it is not a true path towards rightful education. He wants people to learn about his method and way of thinking, but he makes it clear that he does not want people to follow it if they think it is not the moral way of living. Descartes thinks that if a person is capable of arguing logically with reason and providing solid argumentation, then he is the one that is going to be more capable of persuading others.
Reason for Descartes is the soul andit is unique only to humans since animals have no reason. As said before, he doubts his senses, thoughts and even reasoning but, he thinks that the natural world which obviously includes also our bodies work according to natural law in an orderly fashion. But, he mentions that our soul is entirely independent of our body and it is immortal. This is how Descartes thinks about mistakes and knowledge, and how they eventually make you live an authentic life.Lastly, Kant believes in the supreme principle of morality by pure reason-prior. He thinks that for humans it is possible to know about pure reasons through freedoms. Pure reason is noumenally, which means it is completely free. In a physical world, he says, we are not free because of physics and the human laws that surround us. Knowledge for Kant relates to actions because if an action is good then it means it is made from good intentions. It shows the goodness in the moral law. What he is trying to say is that good in action is the same as good in moral law. Even though he already explained this, the law that commands the will is always duty. And this is because of the idea of the Universal Maxim. He differentiates from the others especially Hume because he says that morality does not come from experience. Kant explains mistakes and errors by the imperatives which are the command of the will. It can either be hypothetical or categorical, it all depends. The categorical is the main one when it comes to the imperative of morality. And this is the will as if a universal law or idea, human beings as ends meaning ends in itself, will as a lawgiver and lastly kingdom in ends. Furthermore, he mentions that the three can be two kinds of knowledge, one that comes from experience and the other one does not come from experience but priori. This is how Kant analyses everything and decides what makes a life significant with values and at the same time knowledge with the sequence of mistakes in life.In this essay, I explained how I could relate this topic to human error and knowledge with the three most interesting philosophers we discussed this semester: Descartes, Hume, and Kant. They all analyze and approach knowledge and error in different ways. Moreover, they also give facts about how to live a true and significant life. The importance of "to err" and its relation to knowledge to humans has been explored, with the examples of famous philosophers like Hume, Descartes, and Kant, who have tackled and analyzed what it truly means to be human.
Works Cited
- Class Notes (Notebook Notes)"Definition of 'to Err Is Human'." To Err Is Human Definition and Meaning | Collins English Dictionary,www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/to-err-is-human.
- "Knowledge." Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/knowledge?src=search-dict-hed.
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“Failure is Impossible”: Celebrating Susan B. Anthony
As I mentioned in my Editor’s Note, February 15th is the birthday of women’s right’s advocate Susan B. Anthony. This pioneering suffragette is well worth celebrating—let’s find out why! The cannon of changing history boomed in 1820 the day Susan Brownell Anthony was born to a progressive Quaker family passionate about social reform. The second of seven children, Anthony was encouraged by her father to be self-supporting and independent—an unusual move at that time. She spent her early adulthood as a teacher and headmistress in Rochester, New York, but in her late 20s set out to begin her own career of social reform.
In 1851 she was introduced to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, one of the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention (the first women’s rights convention). The two women quickly grew close as friends and coworkers, balancing each other beautifully with complementary skills. Anthony excelled at organizing and strategy while Stanton’s talent lay with writing and intellectual matters. Stanton herself said, "I forged the thunderbolts, she fired them."
Anthony worked tirelessly on a variety of social issues on state and national levels, including the abolishment of slavery, racial integration, equal pay for men and women, employment equality, the right for married women to own property, more lenient divorce laws, public speaking rights for women, and the struggle for which she is most well-known: women’s right to vote.
In this effort she became a prolific speaker, averaging 75-100 speeches per year everywhere from the stage in large convention halls to the top of a billiards table. She and Stanton traveled the country for more than a decade, lecturing and educating to raise funds and draw more supporters into the women’s suffrage movement.
Few causes and social battles can be fought without public speaking, a struggle that Anthony would challenge her entire life. In 1852 she was elected as a delegate to the New York Temperance Convention, but the chairman stopped her when she tried to speak, saying that female delegates were there only to listen and learn. (Sigh.) With her characteristic boldness, Anthony and several other women promptly walked out and announced a meeting of their own.
When Anthony again tried to speak at the New York State Teachers' Association meeting in 1853, her attempt sparked a half-hour debate about whether it was appropriate for women to speak in public.
Finally allowed to continue, Anthony noted, "Do you not see that so long as society says a woman is incompetent to be a lawyer, minister, or doctor, but has ample ability to be a teacher, that every man of you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that he has no more brains than a woman." I can only assume that if microphones were around, we definitely would have had a * mic drop * moment. Years later, Anthony observed, "No advanced step taken by women has been so bitterly contested as that of speaking in public.”
Of course, the right to vote came a close second. In 1872 Anthony and a group of supporters from the NWSA (National Women Suffrage Association, which she co-founded with Stanton) attempted to achieve the right to vote via the court system. They planned to vote in the presidential election of 1872 and, when inevitably turned away, file suit in federal courts on the basis of the newly adopted 14th Amendment: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States."
With much persuasion of the election inspectors she and her comrades were permitted to cast their ballots, but a few days later they were arrested. Anthony’s trial generated a national controversy and culminated with Justice Hunt directing the jury to issue a guilty verdict. When finally permitted to speak for the first time (on the third day of her trial--sensing a pattern here?) Anthony wasted no time in castigating Hunt, criticizing “this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights.” When he sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100, she responded curtly, "I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty"…and she never did.
There are so many other similarly inspiring stories from Susan B. Anthony’s incredible life, but alas I am limited by word count. Ms. Anthony was a woman of incredible energy and drive, outpacing her colleagues on a regular basis even into her 70s. (Heck, when she was 75 years old she toured Yosemite National Park on the back of a mule!)
She passed away at age 86 in 1906, before being able to see her life’s work succeed with the addition of the "Anthony Amendment" to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, which give women the right to vote on a national level. She has been honored posthumously with two separate features on US postage, along with being the first real woman to be commemorated on US currency, the dollar coin in 1979.
I encourage you to share Susan Anthony’s amazing and inspiring story with others in your life, for in her own words:
“We shall someday be heeded, and when we shall have our amendment to the Constitution of the United States, everybody will think it was always so, just exactly as many young people think that all the privileges, all the freedom, all the enjoyments which woman now possesses always were hers. They have no idea of how every single inch of ground that she stands upon today has been gained by the hard work of some little handful of women of the past.”
Susan B. Anthony, 1894
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Yellow Journalism and WW1
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Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell
In Shooting an Elephant George Orwell recounted an event from his life during his stationary in Burma, that he detested. He was stuck in the middle of the situation between Burmese and British imperialism. He was faced with a moral dilemma, forcing him to make unanticipated choices leaving long-lasting effects to him as to save his pride.
Orwell presented the strained tension between the Burmese and British during his time he served in Burma. All of his hatred towards British imperialism and Burmese made him feel isolated. As he described, "...imperialism was an evil thing..." (750). The bitter feelings between the two created an invisible wall leaving Orwell to be in the center of the situation. He hated the natives because he was receiving the bitter feelings from them, as it was towards the oppressive British empire.
Orwell didn't fit in the society because even though he was a British officer, his insight of the empire was evil. As he described, you see the dirty work of Empire at close quarters (750). As an officer, he saw the insight of cruelty that was enforced by the Britishers through the closed doors. Orwell never got himself involved between the two evils and only waited until his serving is over. However, he encounters one of the turning points in his life with the incident of the beast.
This defining moment drove Orwell into the standing position of choosing between two inexpedient alternatives. As the elephant in heat rampage through the village and resulted in killing a Coolie. Orwell exchanged his .44 rifle with an elephant gun, thus rose the Burmese expectation of a sahib. Seen from the circumference of the field, the elephant "must" had past and was in no harm. Nonetheless, an army of Burmese breathing heavily on Orwell's shoulders assumed a show to go on. Giving him a standing position of being empowered, the growth of natives soon rattles him. Sighting the elephant peacefully eating grass, gave him the rationalization that he shouldn't eliminate the elephant; as it was a priceless and beneficial beast.
He soon realized that it was a vital faux pas, for the firearm rendered the Burmese presumption. One choice was to let the beast live, following his morals, and abide the mockery of the Burmese. The other option was to omit his conscience and shoot the elephant. Orwell was conflicted as to choose between the life of the beast or his prestige. He must shoot the elephant in order to present a strong reputation: The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would pursued There was only one alternative. I shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get a better aim (754). He didn't focus on his conscience and acted upon the motivation from the thoughts of shame. The sound of the gunshots and the images of the beast slow death was still imprinted in his mind after many years. He was bothered by the fact that his pride was too high, causing him to ignore his morals.
Some choices are made by the expectations of others and not their morals. Those little trivial decisions can affect one's life later in the years. When one encounters an elephant and is indecisive as to kill the beast in order to please the crowd or following one's conscience but is a laughing stock. Whichever it may be, this will forever be imprinted in one's mind.
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Bound by the Chains of Imperialism
Bound by the chains of imperialism, Orwell's helpless situation led him to be overwhelmed by the guilt of killing an elephant. He displayed his guilt and helplessness through the use of juxtaposition, metaphors, similes, imagery, and symbols.
Pressured by the Burman people and his desire to fulfill his duties as a policeman, Orwell made the decision to shoot the elephant. Helpless and coerced, he pulled the trigger. Immediately, Orwell felt overwhelming guilt about killing the elephant. He described the elephant as dying, very slowly and in great agony(Orwell 1105). Orwell was pressured to kill the elephant in the first place, which made the slow death even harder for him. At one point, the death was so difficult for him to watch that he could not stand it any longer and went away(Orwell 1105). This example shows not only his helplessness and lack of control, but his character because he pitied the elephant and felt guilty for his actions.
The elephant itself was a symbol of the Burmese people and a metaphor for an earthquake. Both the Burmese people and the elephant were wild, uncontrollable, and unwieldy. Just like how the Burmese people defied british rule, the elephant was uncontrollable as well. In using the elephant as a symbol for the Burmese people, Orwell in a way satirizes the situation. This is a form of comic relief. Orwell described the final fall of the elephant as crash that seemed to shake the ground even where [he] lay(Orwell 1105). This metaphor shows how the elephant falling was like an earthquake: unplanned and monumental. This contributes to the initial guilt felt by Orwell because it was a situation inflicted by himself.
The use of the simile the thick blood welled out of him like red velvet(Orwell 1105) painted a picture in the minds of readers a gruesome and sorrowful scene. This scene was only discussed for a few detailed sentences. This was likely due to the amount of detail needed to build suspense for the scene. In yet another simile, he described the sheer size of the animal. He depicted the elephant to seem to tower like a huge rock toppling(Orwell 1105). This descriptive diction compares the elephant to a great rock. It shows how the elephant was helpless and harmless just like a rock right before its death. This description may come from Orwell's guilt from killing something that could not even defend itself.
The simile of the elephant seeming to tower upward like a huge rock toppling(Orwell 1105) can also be categorized under the stylistic device imagery. In this important scene, Orwell used descriptive words to make the reader feel like they actually witnessed this event. Words like huge rock and topple not only compare the elephant to other things, but help the reader grasp the situation by using every day vocabulary. This shows Orwell's attitude toward the elephants death because of how much detail he put into each of the sentences regarding the elephants death.
Orwell continually used juxtaposition to display his emotions in the three paragraphs. In an example of both juxtaposition and simile, Orwell described the dying elephants trunk reaching skywards like a tree (Orwell 1105). In this sentence, he contrasts the elephant's trunk and the tree. By doing this, he shows empathy and detail for the death of the elephant. In another example of simile and juxtaposition, Orwell depicted the elephant in its final stages as having thick blood [welling] out of him like red velvet (Orwell 1105).
In this example, he contradicts(?) the blood of the elephant and the velvet-like look of how it flowed. Although he only described the actual death of the elephant in a few sentences, the great attention to detail showed how much he cared and how guilty he felt of inflicting its death.
All in all, the narrator George Orwell used stylistic devices and rhetorical strategies to convey his attitude toward shooting an elephant. His guilt was evident through his various writing strategies.
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William Shakespeare Othello a Tragic Hero
It becomes prominent to individuals that human beings are far from representatives of moral perfection. A pattern of trivial lies can be observed within human evolution and civilization. While these lies may be harmless and sometimes beneficial depending on the given situation, they also have the potential to inflict colossal damage; especially if these lies are used to manipulate a fatal flaw within another person such as jealousy. Jealousy is a universal complex emotion that is typically depicted as a green-eyed monster.' It is a powerful idiom used within various forms of literature and art that personifies a creature who finds joy in the misfortune of others or grieves during another's prosperity.
The Shakespearean Tragedy, Othello, written by William Shakespeare, follows a man named Iago, who fabricates his appearance toward allies within the Venetian army to infiltrate their emotions and indirectly cause harm amongst themselves and relevant characters. Iago's masterful art of deception through persuasive communication and use of distorted images facilitates the chain of events in Othello that thrives on the jealousy within himself and envy exerted from Roderigo and Othello, which ultimately leads to the play's tragic ending.
Shakespeare's tragedy, Othello, exhibits the deceptive behavior of Iago through his deliberate scheme to manipulate the feelings of jealousy within Othello, the main protagonist, and a nobleman named Roderigo. Iago blatantly explains to the reader that his intention is to use Roderigo's envy of Othello and his marriage to Desdemona in attempt to further advance his malicious objective. Iago eventually feeds Roderigo with exaggerated features about Othello's lieutenant, Michael Cassio, and false depictions of his relationship with Desdemona, to provoke Roderigo's jealousy. He successfully persuades Roderigo that Cassio's flirtatious charm would only hinder his chances of being with Desdemona and begins to suggest that a possible solution would be to eliminate that threat. Iago says to Roderigo in reference to Cassio,
Desdemona is directly in love with him
the knave is handsome, young
A pestilent complete knave, and the
women hath found him already
They met so near with their lips that their breaths embraced together (Shakespeare 2.1.240-82), which indicates his use of dramatic, yet persuasive oral communication. Iago's deceitful behavior is expressed through his friendly suggestion to Roderigo that he should follow the instructions to eradicate Cassio to cope with his emotional grief. However, as previously stated, it is evident that Iago has no genuine intention to help with Roderigo's desire to elope with Desdemona, but rather to use his jealousy as a tool for his own satisfaction. Additionally, it becomes apparent that Iago resents Cassio because the young inexperienced soldier occupies the prestige of lieutenant, which Iago longs for. Therefore, Roderigo only serves as a primary component in his plan to reprimand Cassio of his position and replace him.
In addition to his misleading behavior toward Roderigo, Iago's jealousy is concealed behind an intangible mask that he bears in the face of Othello. Iago incites Othello's jealousy by implanting distorted images about Desdemona having an affair with Cassio to contribute to his madness. Since his endeavor is dependent upon the exploitation of Othello's emotions leading to perform irrational actions, Iago upholds a false appearance that indicates honest signals of loyalty. After suggesting to Othello that Cassio is disloyal to him, Iago further advances Othello's suspicion by fabricating a claim. Iago lies to Othello telling him,
There are kind of men
So loose of soul that in their sleeps will mutter
Their affair. One kind of this kind is Cassio.
In sleep I heard him say Sweet Desdemona,
Let us be wary, let us hide our loves. (Shakespeare 3.3.472-76)
Iago creates this false image to fortify Othello's jealousy. Furthermore, he states that his doubt in Cassio's loyalty is compelled by his love for Othello. In actuality, this was a tactic used only to reinforce his impression of a loyal and honest friend to Othello. He also stages physical proof by misplacing the handkerchief given to Desdemona from Othello that embodies their marriage, conscious that it would alter Othello's emotions into menacing behavior and path the way toward his own downfall. Again, this suggests that Iago's deceptive attitude flourishes on the insecurities and fears that other characters possess, which facilities the play's sequence of events.
The two examples are complementary evidence that exhibits how Iago's ability to induce both Roderigo and Othello with illusive behavior, fluctuates their feelings of jealously beyond reason. His choice of words, body language, and clever use of the handkerchief shelter his true intentions while conveying the idea that he is a noble man. As his deception earns the trust of both men, it essentially positions them in a state of vulnerability which allows Iago to directly manipulate their jeoaulusy into immoral actions.
Conversely, the claim that Othello's naive trust in the honesty of Iago's words, leads to his downfall because it allows Iago to prey on his emotions, is in agreement with Shawn Smith's (2008) article. In the article Smith mentions that, Iago's manipulation of proof as part of his Machiavellian rhetoric is a deception that preys not only on Othello's idealistic faith in language and love, but on Othello's faith in general. The article titled, Love, Pity, and Deception in Othello suggests that Iago's appeal through pity is a strategic method of persuasion because it uses both emotional language and visible signs to convey a false image.
As one of the seven deadly sins found in all humans, jealousy or its counterpart, envy, encompasses painful feelings concentrated on insatiable desires that serve as the foundation for possible immoral actions against others. If someone were to breach the jealousy within another person like Iago, they have the potential manipulate this emotion much like a well played knight, and inflict critical damage mentally or physically. The manipulation of persuasive language and distortion of reality through blatant lies can generate a negative contribution to the world. Iago's deceiving form of speech is most powerful to the course of events within the play because it enables him to utilize a theoretical mask in order to withdraw Roderigo's envy and fatal jealousy within Othello.
While utilizing a mask to deceive others creates an opportunity to achieve what can't be done in honest fashion, it only allows one to prevail temporarily. Although Iago's actions did facilitate the downfall of Roderigo and Othello, his end goal to replace Cassio is terminated due to his accumulation of lies when the truth is exposed.
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William Shakespeare and Henrik Ibsen’s Plays
William Shakespeare and Henrik Ibsen are renowned to incorporate suicide in their plays. Indeed, plays like Othello and Hedda Gabler end tragically as the protagonists kill themselves at the end. On that account, suicide plays a prominent role and is a key theme in these tragic plays. Both Othello and Gabler commit suicide at the end of the plays as the protagonists see their deaths as a form of retribution for the actions they have committed to other people. Analysis of Suicide in Othello Othello can be described as a tragic hero. To that extent, it is extremely important that he should acknowledge, at the play's conclusion, his contribution in the actions which brought about his own demise. It is through this acknowledgment in the finale of the play that the protagonist enables the audience to perceive that he still has morals that he sticks (Macaulay, 259). Even though he is not inherently an outstanding character, his jealousy flaw does not entail that he has lost his humanity.
It is important to note that suicide does not occur in a play setting in England. On that note, the suicide in Shakespeare's plays, when they happen to the protagonists, are usually exclusively in his ancient Roman plays and play setting Italy, like Othello and even Romeo and Juliet. This places a gap between the action and the notion that it is a sin and gives it a heroic aspect in a manner that the Romans perceive it (Macaulay, 260). By committing suicide, Othello is acknowledging the role of his actions, and to certain degree, redeeming his image. After he murdered Desdemona, he now personally hands out the same fate to himself. It is clear that he regards it as a form of punishment, as he relates his self-blow to the sentence, he, at one time, dished out to an Aleppo Turk who had "traduced the state" (Shakespeare, 24). Othello relates his own actions, in this light, to that Turk, and he dishes it out to himself what he regards as a rationale punishment.
Othello's suicide symbolizes his acknowledgment of his crime of killing Desdemona and his comprehension that, even though Iago induced him to such an action, he is essentially the one who has to take responsibility for it. It symbolizes Othello's sense of honor; an individual like him could not go on to exist after what he had done to his wife, who was innocent (Macaulay, 261). The protagonist accepts his mistake to great grief. In a noble and sad speech before committing suicide, his only request is that his story is accurately told. He does not want to be depicted as a villain and neither does he want his crimes painted in positive light to enable him to look heroic. As he frames it, Talk of me as you see me. Nothing extenuates, and do not show mischievousness (Shakespeare, 117). Othello wants to be recalled as a person who "loved not wisely, but too well," and as a person who threw a jewel that was his wife (Shakespeare, 117). The protagonist also wants to be recalled as an individual who achieved nothing more but act reasonable by committing suicide. The Othello the audience meets at the conclusion is detached from the spree that led him to murder his wife (Macaulay, 263). He manages to rise to heroic status in his last act and consequently the audience regrets his tragic conclusion.
When one considers the Aristotelian description of a tragic hero, the protagonist's suicide is key since it marks Othello's acknowledgement for his behavior and acts as self-inflicted punishment. Some critics assert that by taking his own life, the protagonist actually opts for the easy way out. After stabbing Iago and Iago states that we cannot die due to the wound, Othello asserts that "'tis happiness to die" (Shakespeare, 118). Fundamentally, these critics reason that Othello does not have to endure the consequences of his acts in the long run. On the other hand, some critics assert Othello's death is the definitive punishment. If one considers suicide to be a sin, as it was an acknowledged belief during the time Shakespeare wrote the play, then it can be assumed that the protagonist is destined to go to hell for his action (Macaulay, 265). In both circumstances, his suicide is a type of self-punishment and demonstrates that he has taken responsibility for his acts. Analysis of Suicide in Hedda Gabler
The protagonist, Hedda Gabler is a female character full of contempt, and this is demonstrated when Ibsen uses terms like cold and derisive to describe her evil nature. Throughout the drama, the author incorporates the actions into the personality of Hedda to demonstrate her joy in the manipulation of other people (Sturman, 34). He uses descriptions like Half smiling, half vicious (Ibsen, 802); with a derisive gesticulation (803); Quietly, expressing a sharp glance at him (813); Suppressing a smile (821). The protagonist knowingly plays with the feelings of other people with no consideration as she feels privileged to be the general's daughter and cannot see any life purpose since she is bored many at times; this is why she is thrilled by pointing a gun at others. Consequently, the gun occupies a pivotal position in the narration. Whilst she employs the arm to have fun, it eventually results in her death.
Based, on the above description, the puzzle of the play is why the protagonist kills herself at the temple. It was after establishing the truth about the death of Eilert death, which was not as thrilling as she expected it to be. Nonetheless, it was a delicate falsehood that Judge Brack sated supported Thea to ensure that she does not become more depressed (Sturman, 37). The fact that Brack revealed to Hedda that Eilert Lovborg killed himself through a gunshot on the belly and not, on the chest in secret. Hedda asserts that the demise was a curse that prevails in all things that she has touched. Therefore; to put herself out of a miserable state, she killed herself in the temple to evade a miserable life; she wants to demonstrate the meaning of a beautiful death and show the kind of liberation in the action. She states that, It is liberation for me to realize that in this world a deed of courage, executed in full, free determination, is practical. Something bathed in a bright sluice of unexpected beauty (Ibsen, 834). What Hedda performed was a brave act driven by free and full will.
Just before the protagonist takes away her life, she prophesizes her death when she states that Oh, which will occur in time (Ibsen, 837). This is after Mrs. Elevsted states that she could motivate Tesmen, in the same way as Lovborg. The utilization of the dash symbol in the statement to stress in-time symbolizes that Mrs. Elevsted and Tesman would be together after Hedda's death. The protagonist, who always had power of other people, is threatened by the Judge since it in his authority to isolate the scandals that are directed towards her.
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Comparison of Hamplet and Othello
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and The Tragedy of Othello, The Moor of Venice have multiple areas that are similar and different. Each character seeks for some sort of revenge, but their focus is on different things. Not only that, but the antagonists in each play have some differences and similarities between them. The antagonist in The Tragedy of Hamlet is King Claudius and in The Tragedy of Othello it is clearly the character of Iago. Each character has a firm plan to take down the protagonist, but in the end they both seem to backfire. Lastly, between both plays there is a distinct treatment of women that catches the eyes of the readers. Within each play, women are not treated correctly and portray women to be seen as powerless.
William Shakespeare’s tragedies Hamlet and Othello have revenge, antagonists, and the treatment of women in common. Othello and Hamlet are both tragedies in which they are being driven by a character. They all follow classically nice men from nice heights to terrible ends and deaths. Each man is in a situation where he is vulnerable, and if they swapped places, they might not have fallen so easily. But as they fall, others fall with them, including the people they love. In the play, Hamlet goes into the deep psychological afflictions of a man whose mother marries his uncle, who has wrongfully murdered his father. The ghost of Hamlet’s father appears before Hamlet to tell him who his murderer is, and to make certain Hamlet will avenge his death.
Even though Hamlet seeks revenge, he delays his efforts because he is waiting for the perfect moment to strike. However, Hamlet’s obstruction to hunt revenge drives him virtually insane. In The Tragedy of Othello Iago has a big part in Othello’s decision making. Iago plants the seed in Othello's mind that his wife, Desdemona, is being unfaithful with Cassio. The reason Iago does this is because he is mad at Cassio for stealing his job and is believed to have slept with Iago’s wife Emilia. Out of rage and pure revenge because of Iago’s words, Othello eventually ends up killing his own wife by smothering her with a pillow, “Ay, let her rot, and perish and be damned /tonight, for she shall not live. No, my heart is turned /to stone. I strike it, and it hurts my hand. O, the/world hath not a sweeter creature! She might lie by/an emperor's side and command him tasks” (Othello, IV.i.200-204).
This is what Othello feels towards his wife after Iago tells him that she is unfaithful. Hamlet’s doubt and indecisiveness cause his rage and apparent madness, and Othello’s insecurity about his otherness leads to Iago’s ability to easily deceive and mislead Othello. Iago’s deception of character light-emitting diode to his rage and jealousy that ultimately cause his ending, while Hamlet’s fear of being wrong led to his own deception of everyone around him and thus caused his own demise.
In each play the main antagonists are Iago in The Tragedy of Othello and Claudius in The Tragedy of Hamlet. Iago and Claudius make plans to take down the protagonists; kin which these plans ultimately backfire. In contrast, at the end of each play each antagonist has different morals. At the end of the play, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Claudius seems to recognize his mistakes and shows remorse for his actions. On the other hand, at the end of The Tragedy of Othello, Iago has the opposite feelings as he seems to feel no remorse and says “Demand me nothing, what you know, you know. From this time forth I never will speak a word” (Othello,V.ii,355-356).
In each of Shakespeare’s play the treatment or role of women is something that is not a big focus, and are women are treated poorly. Even though they might not be the main focus as the men in the play, main female protagonists Ophelia and Desdemona, respectively, are only involved in a situation in which men are the key focus. Then leading to the conclusion that the females in these plays are only of secondary importance, and that they lack independence.
However, these two characters do have an independence of thought, but due to the environment they are put in, they lack the independence in action throughout the play. This can especially be seen in Ophelia’s known state of madness and Desdemona and Emilia’s private conversations. Furthermore, it is contended that although women are frail, this is not of their nature. As Shakespeare wrote within the Elizabethan era, the attitudes of the male characters in Hamlet and Othello should come as no surprise; this was the epitome of the patriarchal society and this background is that the key to understanding why Shakespeare used such plan of action ways.
In conclusion, William Shakespeare’s tragedies Hamlet and Othello have revenge, antagonists, and the treatment of women in common. Even though these main components might be similar, there are even some slight contextual differences. Each character seeks revenge but goes about it in different ways; there are two antagonists in each play, which is Iago and Claudius, and they each make plans to take down the antagonists but these plans ultimately backfire; and the women are seen to be powerless, yet they have an independent voice throughout the play.
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Free College Tuition
There is no doubt about it education has become extremely expensive. A college education has become a necessity in today's society. In order to get a good job, you need to have a good education. A secondary education could mean the difference between poverty and living comfortably. So, why is there such a large number of people who don't go to college to get the extra education the answer is simple they don't have the money to pay for it. large amount of people in the United States skip going to college and getting a degree because college tuition, as well as other college other expenses, is too much to handle. The whole people must take upon themselves the education of the whole people and must be willing to bear the expense of it, John Adams said in 1785.
Free college tuition should be given to students so that they will be able to focus more on school and less on getting a job to pay for their expense to help them get through school. Most students have a part-time job maybe even two jobs and are full-time students. Just to pay for college and their living expense. These jobs take away from their study time, and they tend to be less focus in class because they are tired from working that 8-hour shift the night before. If college tuition was free, I feel like we will be able to avoid this situation. Students will be more prepared for class and not have to worry about their financial situation.
I think the idea of having free college is fantastic but just like in public school there are the students that go to school just because they have to. Students that don't care because it's free and won't take their education seriously. Free college accomplishes very little when student continue coming to college unprepared. A lot of students are unprepared to succeed in college.
If more people are able to earn college degrees, the value of those degrees lose value and the job market will drop.
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Racism in Song of Solomon
Throughout history, racism has been a existing and eminent issue in every society. Throughout the last couple of years there has been tremendous improvement, racism is still an current issue that people face everyday. To continue, the discrimination that racism creates impacts each person's perception of himself and others in different ways. In addition, one of the most unfortunate consequences of racism is that people don't feel comfortable in their own skin and tend to develop different ways to view their own race. Throughout Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon, she shows several different ways racism affects members of the black community. While racism causes some to resent their race, it causes others to despise the race that discriminates them.
Over the course of the novel, the racism that is portrayed in the Song of Solomon causes some characters to develop a mindset that hates on their own race. Furthermore, Macon Dead is a black man who, behaves like a white man, thinks like a white man (Morrison 223). After witnessing a white men kill his black father without punishment, Macon realizes that he would be better off acting as a white man than actually being black man. Thus, Macon focuses and obsesses over wealth and his job as a landlord because as he collects the other black residents' money, a feeling of power comes over him. The authority he feels by being in charge of black residents and having more money than them satisfies his desire to be a white man. Similarly to Macon's yearning to be white, Hagar also longs for white characteristics. All Hagar wants is Milkman's affection, so she starts to resent her own physical features because they are common for a black woman, and Milkman is now with a white woman. She starts to hate her appearance due to the racism she imagines in her own mind, and as a result of her desire to look like a white woman, Hagar develops an unstable mental state. For instance, Hagar starts to believe that the physical features of her body look unacceptable and begins to dream for silky hair the color of a penny, lemon colored skin, gray-blue eyes, and a thin nose (Morrison 315-316). After realizing that she will never be able to embody those physical traits, Hagar is left heartbroken. Because both Hagar and Macon felt discriminated throughout their lives, they abandon their blackness and develop an attraction towards the lives of the white people who have oppressed them.
On the other hand, the racism that is depicted in the Song of Solomon causes other characters to scorn the race that discriminates their own. To continue, the racism that Guitar faces in his life causes a deep seated hatred for white people. Guitar's father was killed by a white man, and because of this tragedy in his life, Guitar feels very responsible to stand up for his race and protect the black people against the white people. Consequentially, Guitar joins a secret society called The Seven Days that initiate when a black child, woman, or man, is killed by whites and nothing is done about it by their law and their courts, this society selects a similar victim at random, and they execute him or her in a similar manner if they can (Morrison 154). Guitar feels that this secret society shows that he is willing to kill and sacrifice his life to stop the oppression his people face and stand up to the white community. Even though the white people they kill may not have murdered the black men they are committed to seeking revenge for, The Seven Days society still kills whatever white person they want. Innocent lives are taken to satisfy this group of seven men's hatred toward the white population. The racism in Guitar's life lead him down a dark path of bitterness and hostility towards the white race, which costs the lives of innocent people. Through Morrison's use of the Seven Days, she shows that racism can be a two way streak. Racism is a result of hatred and resentment that can lead people to commiting dangerous crimes in order to defeat the opposing race.
Racism is a part of every society in history and continues to influence lives in today's society as well. Racism has created resentment so strong that it has created wars and separated countries. Even though every person that faces the issue of racism is affected, each person can be altered by the oppression and discrimination differently. Like Hagar and Macon, racism creates some people to want to be someone they are not and will never be. However, like Guitar, racism can create animosity so strong for the opposite race that people are willing to sacrifice innocent lives. Of course, race should not be a factor in determining how one lives their life and views themselves, but sadly, it is.
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An Analysis of the Masque of the Red Death
But the Prince Prospero was happy and dauntless and sagacious. When his dominions were half depopulated, he summoned to his presence a thousand hale and light-hearted friends from among the knights and dames of his court, and with these retired to the deep seclusion of one of his castellated abbeys. (2) And so begins Edgar Allan Poe's story The Masque of the Red Death, an eerie story that details a prince and his people who happily ignore a occurrence (plague) that will be upon them and relentlessly kill the prince. He uses symbolism, imagery, and allegory to fabricate a narrative which depicts themes of foolishness and folly. Symbols are the foundation of this story. The most influencing and important symbol is the clock. The clock boldly symbolizes how obnoxious time is to us, as said in the story the time that flies" (5). Its eerie and depressing chiming on the hour is a reminder to the party-goers that their lives are drifting away with the time, and that death is approaching them far more quickly then they please. The effect the clock has on them is even more enhanced by the way the clock stops the dancing and music in short, all the life- of the party and makes everyone extremely frightful, as described in the story it was observed that the giddiest grew pale, and the more aged and sedate passed their hands over their brows as if in confused revelry or meditation (3).(shmoop)
Another symbol is the seven colored rooms. Each room has a different color which corresponds to a different stage' of human life. Every room is arranged from east to west, east is usually the direction associated with beginning', and birth because the sun rises in the east, west (the direction the sun sets) is associated with endings, and death. From this knowledge the blue room is the furthest from the east and represent birth and suggest the unknown from which a human being comes into the world. The next room is purple, a combination of both blue (birth) and red (life and intensity). Green , the next color of the room , suggest the spring of life or youth , orange the summer/fall of life, both of these rooms can be associated with people that are 20's-40's. Then the white room, signifies age (60's and up), then violet (a combination of purple and blue) a very shadowy color that represents death or illness. Black, the very last room, is obviously death. Yet there is no red room, which could be replaced with orange (summer/fall) room. Poe saved this color for the symbolization of blood, fear, and death. Both red and the black room go together just as the Red Death and the darkness go together at the end of the story.
Imagery is also a prominent feature in this story. The masquerade is a very big part of the imagery in the story, which could be compared to a dream or dream like. Everything is very wild, very intense and too grotesque to be true. From the blaring, over-the-top colors of the suite and the alignment of the rooms. Also the masqueraders themselves, dressed up in all kind of odd costumes, creating a bizarre collage of images. Poe uses dream language when he describes them: There were arabesque figures with unsuited limbs and appointments. There were delirious fancies such as the madman fashions. There was much of the beautiful, much of the wanton, much of the bizarre, something of the terrible, and not a little of that which might have excited disgust. To and fro in the seven chambers there stalked, in fact, a multitude of dreams. And these --the dreams --writhed in and about, taking hue from the rooms, and causing the wild music of the orchestra to seem as the echo of their steps. (7)
The last literary device used in this story is allegory. The castellated abbey is a place of confinement. It's hidden away where no one can find it. Beyond that, its doors are welded shut from the inside, which can conclude that everyone is trapped & no one can get in or out. The sense of confinement is crucial to giving the story its threatening atmosphere. The abbey is also a symbol of worldly power, stanly above the peasants who are being ravaged by the Red Death. As a castle and an abbey, it could present both state and church, who are trying to hide from this apocalypse called the red death.(shmoop)
All these literacy devices make up the theme of foolishness and folly. Prince Prospero, lives mainly for pleasures and so do his friends. Instead of them grieving they just enjoy life and keep on laughing. They refuse to even give death the time of day, so when a merciless plague strikes the kingdom all of them retreat to a palace. In the palace they partied with buffoons and alcohol galore. Poe structures his freighting tale around a contrast between the wading presence of death and the happy-go-luck folly of Prospero's court, who foolishly believe they can ignore it. (shmoop)
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One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Vs Hamlet
A tragic hero is a character who possesses or withholds heroic qualities, but overall has flaws that leads to their eventual downfall. As Aristotle once stated, A man doesn't become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall. In the following works, two tragic heroes are present which lead to events which impact supporting characters and the plots of the writings. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey and Hamlet by William Shakespeare can be compared by the similarities in the main characters; Randle McMurphy and Hamlet, and Nurse Ratched and King Claudius through their actions, personality, and their roles in the story.
The first comparison in these pieces of work that can be made are the similarities between main protagonists Randle McMurphy and Hamlet. These two characters have one main similarity that links them, they are both tragic heroes. McMurphy overall has few heroic qualities, but his recognition of Nurse Ratched's manipulation and ability to stand up for himself and the other patients is honorable. When he is first placed in the ward, he decides to conform to Nurse Ratched's strict rules and demeanor, in hopes of being let out sooner. As time goes on, he soon becomes fed up with her ways, and makes it his goal to overthrow her. Similarly, Hamlet is put in a position where he has no power. His father dies suddenly, and his mother quickly remarries to King Claudius, Hamlet's uncle. At first, Hamlet acts as if everything is fine and follows King Claudius's rule. Then, when Old Hamlet's ghost appears to tell Hamlet exactly what happened on the event of his death, Hamlet decides to seek revenge. It is discovered that King Claudius murdered his brother to take his throne. Hamlet plots to murder Claudius in order to avenge his father. Both McMurphy and Hamlet choose to rise against the tyranny placed upon them.
Also, in order to secretly plot against the antagonists, both characters use insanity to their advantage. Hamlet pretends to be mad after his father's death, and also due to his love for Ophelia. As said by Polonius, Though this be madness, yet there is method in't (.2.198). Polonius believes the reason behind his madness is love-sickness, which is exactly what Hamlet wants people to believe. The method of his madness allows him to stay under Claudius' radar, so that he is not seen as a threat if he is insane. Acting mad buys Hamlet time to plan. On the other hand, McMurphy acts clinically insane to blend in. Just like Hamlet, he is not actually insane, but he is using this concept to avoid going to prison.
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One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest Character Analysis
One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey, documenting a hidden world of men, who's lives have been incapsulated into a mental ward over a broad spectrum of societal differences. Among these men, is Billy Bibbit. His character defies the current-time definition of mentally handicapped, as he is simply a man living with built up anxiety, a verbal stutter, and a push-over' demeanor. His character crippling under the weight of his own mind sets the stage for many other characters, such as Nurse Ratched, McMurphy, and even his own mother, to use his nervous energy to their deceitful advantage.
Billy has a nervous anxiety that effects the way he functions within the ward. This nervous energy was spotted out by McMurphy, just minutes after entering the ward of men before him. McMurphy is insistent on having control of the ward, so he utilizes Billy's overwhelming fear to locate the bull goose loony on the ward (p. 19). McMurphy's strategy to find out who he's going to replace is by pressuring Billy, by lean[ing] down and glar[ing] so hard that Billy feels compelled to stutter out that he isn't the buh-buh-buh-bull goose loony yet, though he's next in luh-luh-line for the job (p. 19). The pressure Billy feels from the way McMurphy first approaches him with a question is enough to not only scare him into speaking, but also induces his stutter, which is an indication of his anxiety level. Once Billy Bibbit informs McMurphy that Harding is the bull goose loony, both Harding and McMurphy use his anxious and quiet demeanor to show dominance over the other. Instead of speaking directly to each other, they speak through Billy. Mr. Bibbit, you might warn this Mr. Harding that I'm so crazy I admit to voting for Eisenhower. Bibbit! You tell Mr. McMurphy I'm so crazy I voted for Eisenhower twice (p. 21). And so on. Although in this altercation, Billy is too nervous to actually speak, his fear is used against him as the men address each other through him. Although the argument is short lasted, it proves to be a new situation for Billy, as McMuphy's arrival to the ward brought him additional over-stimulating attention, causing him to become frantic in his actions. Billy nods his head up and down real fast; Billy's tickled with all the attention he's getting (p. 21). Billy isn't used to being addressed in such a manor that McMurphy brings to the ward, so although the attention Billy's receiving isn't all negative, it is all out of his comfort zone, leaving him anxious and excited over his spot in the ward.
Billy is in the ward for multiple things, but none of which justify why he is there in the first place. He is also incarcerated by the Big Nurse due to his stutter. In todays world, a stutter is not often recognized as a mental disability, but because he was considered different back in the day because of it, he was sentenced to the life of an insane man. His stutter is also influenced by his mood. Whenever Bibbit is in a situation that sparks his anxiety, or is driven by fear, his stutter gets worse. His stutter is often affiliated with the dominance Nurse Ratched asserts over him. After a group meeting that didn't go great for the men of the ward, Billy said You s-saw what she c-can do to us! In the m-m-meeting todayAh, it's no use. I should just k-k-kill myself (p. 68). Billy's stutter appears here with the presence of suicidal thoughts, showing that his nervous behavior and stutter go hand in hand. Because of one bad meeting, he has not only resorted to suicidal thoughts, but he has a hard time even projecting those thoughts because they have induced his stutter. However, it is no wonder as to why Billy Bibbit's condition is not improving from his time on the ward. There is a story that once, years ago, Santa came into the ward on Christmas. He should have been hurrying along, but the black boys move[d] in with flashlights [and] kept him [for] six years before they discharged him, clean-shaven and skinny as a pole (p. 76). Considering even Santa Claus can be pulled apart and shaken by living on the ward, it is obvious, that Billy, already having anxiety and a stutter, cannot benefit the way he should be from help'. Toward the end of the book, McMurphy gives Billy the comfort of a woman, which seems to heal his stutter and bring confidence to his being, but it lasts up until he is caught by Nurse Ratched. Big Nurse threatens Billy, by saying she is going to tell his mom, words that made Bibbit flinch and put his hand to his cheek like he'd been burned with acid (p. 314). Because Nurse Ratched is still aware of the strength she has over Billy, she continues onto telling Billy his actions are going to disturb [his mother] terribly[and] how ill the woman can become (p. 315). Billy then, due to Nurse Ratched's rule, goes into a terrible fit of anxiety and stutter, begging Big Nurse Nuh! Nuh!...You d-don't n-n-needDuh-duh-duh-don't t-tell, m-m-m-miss Ratched. Duh-duh-duh (p. 315). Billy has become so scared, that he can no longer speak fluently. His fear, and Nurse ratched have crippled him, with lasting consequences.
Billy's character is also a bit of a push-over when it comes to everyday things. Toward the end of the novel, we learn of a character who's actions may just be the cause of Billy's turtle-like demeanor; his mother. Billy, throughout the novel, has been marked as child-like, and young looking. It may solely be due to the fact that his mother has babied him his whole life. The relationship Billy and his mother share would more likely fit that of a relationship between a mother and her three-year-old toddler. She works as a receptionist at the ward, and Chief Bromdon once recalled watching Billy's mom take her boy by the hand and lead him outsideand Billy lay beside her and put his head in her lap [letting] her tease at his ear with a Dandelion fluff (p. 294, 295). It may sound sweet, until you remember that he is a th-th-thirty-one [year] old man (p. 295). Because of this child like relationship he holds with his mother, and with the safe assumption that their relationship has likely been similar to this his entire life, he exhibits behavior of a child stuck in a full-grown man's body.
Billy Bibbit's overwhelming struggle with the feeling of inferiority to others is a sole reason he took his life. The feeling of anxiety and fear led Billy to end it all in one slice to the neck, while left alone in Nurse Ratched's office. The poor miserable, misunderstood boy [that] killed himself left a mark to all others around him (p. 318). Billy's life proved that we are all a result of our environments, and that regardless of anxiety, and fear, being condemned and overpowered is likely what made him, and all of the other patients in Nurse Ratched's ward truly insane.
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Human Rights in North Korea
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Research Paper on North Korea’s Challenges to Food Security
Abstract: How the climate change such as droughts and floods impacted North Korea, especially with its food crops will be discussed. Ways and studies to increase plant growth which could eventually diminish or even eliminate famine within North Korea will also be mentioned in the hope of saving millions of North Koreans.
Introduction
A devastating disaster with the name famine still resides upon North Korea and its most vulnerable citizens. This famine is caused by multiple factors starting from the Korean war during the 1950s all the way to severe droughts that occurred in 2017. North Korea's terrain is mostly consisted of mountains (about 85%) making it not so much suitable for crop harvesting. So, with the little amount of land that is suitable for farming, if droughts and floods cause a problem with the food/crop yield, it becomes a matter of life or death to the people of North Korea. On top of that fact, a chain reaction started from the deforestation and degradation of North Korea's forest during the 1950s which have led to a huge plummet in crop yield. Due to the Korean war, North Korea's forests were burnt down and in despair, people used wood for fuel (cooking and heating), food, and selling as timber to China. Forest cover was reduced from 8.2 million to 7.6 million hectares during this time period [1]. This first step amplified the flood and drought effects that came during the 1990s. With no trees to hold the water that was heavily poured on the soil, this water flooded most of the crops that were grown which triggered the first famine [2]. With the loose soil, when the drought came water was quickly lost causing all the crops to dry out and die resulting in a famine that still plagues North Korea.
The drought that caused the great famine in North Korea during 1995-1998 is said to have wiped out about 10 percent of North Korea's population estimating to be about 2~3 million people [3]. Due to the scarce source of food, inevitable/unwanted actions of cannibalism are said to have happened during these harsh times [4]. Although not as severe as the 1990s the famine is an ongoing problem for North Korea and recently during the 2017 main season, drought has hit again. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States gave a special alert/early warning system on food and agriculture on the Prolonged dry weather that threatened the 2017 main season food crop production of The Democratic People's Republic of Korea. In this report, it is stated that below average of rainfall, reduced water supplies for irrigation, and high temperature seems to show a result in a drastically low vegetation growth and crop yield potential of staple crops such as rice, maize, potatoes, and soybeans [5]. This drought led to a 30 percent decrease in early-season crop production compared to last year's early-season crop production and if this cycle of drought and floods that impact the crop yield is not solved, this disaster inflicted on North Koreans citizens will not vanquish [6].
Although the main causes that are impacting the food security of North Korea are droughts and floods, policy and politics also have a huge part in this cycle of food security and famine. It was reported that in 2016 about 4.3 percent of the North Korean budget was spent on agriculture and 15.9 percent on military spending (however over spending about 30 percent of the total North Korean budget is expected according to the Unification Ministry of South Korea) [7,8]. Droughts and floods will continuously hit North Korea and use more budgets on agriculture might help out largely in overcoming these problems and securing the food security so that the people won't starve to death or have malnutrition. Due to the sanctions held internationally on North Korea and relying mostly on China's food export due to the harsh conditions for crop yield, does not help with the self-sustainable growing of crops within North Korea [9]. North Korea has a collective farming policy which also impacts crop yield because the policy provides weak willpower for the farmers and the malnutrition makes the farmers have a weak body.
Citation
- Hudson, J. (2012, April 03). The Environment Is So Bad in North Korea, They'll Even Let Americans Help. Retrieved March 10, 2018, from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/environment-so-bad-north-korea-theyll-even-let-americans-help/329758/
- PRESS, C. T. (1999, November 21). North Korea Waking Up to Dangers of Deforestation. Retrieved March 9, 2018, from https://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/21/news/mn-35915
- Crossette, B. (1999, August 20). Korean Famine Toll: More Than 2 Million. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/20/world/korean-famine-toll-more-than-2-million.html
- Fisher, M. (2013, February 05). The Cannibals of North Korea. Retrieved March 10, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/the-cannibals-of-north-korea/?utm_term=.acb4c747ed0b
- Zappacosta, M. (2017, July 20).Prolonged dry weather threatens the 2017 main season food crop production(Rep. No. 340). Retrieved March 11, 2018, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States website: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/a-i7544e.pdf (NTIS No. 340)
- Hunt, T. (2017, July 23). North Korean drought leaves Kim's kingdom crippled amid deadly food crisis, UN warns. Retrieved March 12, 2018, from https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/832213/north-korea-drought-kim-jong-un-food-crisis-missile-usa-donald-trump-united-nations
- FRANK, R. (2016, April 8). The 2016 North Korean Budget Report: 12 Observations. Retrieved March 12, 2018, from https://www.38north.org/2016/04/rfrank040816/
- Military spending. (n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2018, from https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/overview/nkOverview.do?sumryMenuId=MR112
- Huang, K. (2017, August 22). Starving North Korea is rapidly buying up food from China. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2107075/sharp-rise-chinese-food-exports-north-korea-starving
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Tuition for College is Ruining Americas Economy
Tuition for college is ruining Americas economy. Tuition needs to be free because college is just too expensive to pay for these days. College Tuition should be free because college is financially draining on students and families.
College Prices have been increasing over time. Over the past few years college tuition has been increasing substantially. An analysis of newly available information on the prices families actually pay for college finds that the costs have increased by a larger amount for poor students than for wealthy ones in recent years ( (MLA 8th Edition) Adams, Caralee J. "Higher Education 'Tuition Tracker'." Education Week, 26 Mar. 2014, p. 5. Student Resources In Context). For 30 years colleges have increased in tuition. College prices have increased it has only made it more difficult for students to get in.
Evidence shows that college has been increasing each year and continues to increase. The tuition cost has reached its highest rate yet $64 Billion annually for higher education(Neuharth, Paragraph 5). Because college is $64 billion annually it makes it so much more difficult for students to get in that they have to pay off loans that will stick with them for many years to come, even after graduation day. College prices keep increasing to the point that students have to find other ways to earn money to pay in for their next year. In these past few years, studies show that the price of college is gradually increasing each year, making it more expensive for families to pay for, causing them to go bankrupt with no money left.
Colleges have become much more expensive in society. In the U.S college is expensive. Going to College is very expensive In the United States (Cuomo, Paragraph 1). The prices for college are a bit over priced in the United States. Since college is so expensive it causes most students unable to enroll. College costs millions of dollars each school year which is overpriced and must be reduced. Due to the costs of college tuition increasing, Students are not able pay for their tuition. With tuition costs continuing to rise, Lawmakers in some states have allowed residents to attend public colleges without pay(Cuomo Paragraph 2). College tuition is continuing to get even more expensive. Some states are allowing students to get into college with no fee. In 1980 College had costed around $3,000 in the U.S, by 2007 it was risen to $7,000 and in present day, college is now $9,000.
Parents have had to pay millions of dollars on college. Families are constantly paying millions of dollars to send their kids to college.Families have to spend an average of $64 billion in tuition a year to send 13.9 million students to public colleges and universities(Neuharth, Paragraph 3). 64 Billion is being paid for 13.9 million students to go to college. Families are spending so much on their children they may not have any more money left to spend. College prices keep increasing that students have had to use student loans to pay off for college. Because college is so expensive, parents are unable to keep paying for their students. Students loans stick with students for many years including after they graduate from universities. Student loans have been used by millions of students. Families spend an average of $9,000 on college. High schools offer scholarships.Researchers measured the effect of attending a charter school on student achievement in reading and math, eligibility for a Scholarship that waives Massachusetts public university tuition(What works Clearinghouse). Not everyone in high school is able to earn a scholarship for college.
College is financially draining on students and families that can ultimately cause them to go bankrupt with no money left which is why College tuition should be free. College tuition uses up so much money on students and families combined, that students have to pay off loans for years. College tuition has increased a lot over the years from 1980 to 2018. By having college tuition being free students would not have to pay for their courses. By having free tuition, students would be able to enroll. College tuition should be free because it is very expensive nowadays and families are losing money. Students are paying off loans to go to college which can be messy since students must pay off money to loans every month for 20-25 years depending on when they started. Not every student is rich, some students are very smart but are unable to pay off the money that colleges ask for.
The College prices have increased by $6,000 in the U.S since 1980. Imagine having to be a parent who has to pay $9,000 for their kid to enroll for their 1st year in college and then pay $9,000 more until for their next year and so on until they graduate. The point is with free college it could make life so much easier for students, they could actually get lifetime jobs easier, live a happier life knowing they got into college for free and how stressful and difficult it would have been if they ended up having to pay all that money. College tuition being free would help parents save their money so they can feed their children and lend them a hand with other situations that require money in the future instead of spending it all on College.
WORKS CITED PAGE
Neuharth AI Should free college be part of education? ebscohost,newspaper. Gannett Co.Inc.) November 12th, 2010, USA.
Andrew M. Should college tuition be free galeNew York times 2.Apr.2018 New york.
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North Korea and China: Expressed Nationalism Within the Regimes
Introduction
Each country has its own way of expressing their patriotic beliefs, some more hostile than others. The countries of North Korea and China both express nationalistic ideals through their citizens. Everyday lives are expressed with patriotism and nationalism under the two regimes. Although they are both very patriotic, they show this patriotism in very different ways. This has to do with the fact that each of the regimes represents a different form of non-democratic regime. North Korea is a communist totalitarian dictatorship, following the Soviet model, while China, which was once considered to be a Communist nation, has become a socialist capitalist state with rising inequalities. These regimes reflect the ideas of their foundation with slight alteration. Both started as communist nations during the rise of communism during the Cold War era but have shifted to meet their own needs after the fall of the Soviet Union and end to the Cold War. This paper compares and contrasts Nationalism in North Korea and China. It first discusses North Korean Patriotism with an analysis, before moving on to Chinese Patriotism and analysis. It finishes with an analysis within the conclusion.
Types of Regimes
To understand the way patriotism and nationalism are expressed in these two countries, one must first understand the types of regimes that are ruling in both North Korea and China. The North Korean government serves as a Totalitarian dictatorship. Defining this type of regime, a totalitarian dictatorship emphasizes on a strong central power that is placed over the state by using a well-defined ideology with a goal to transform political, economic and social institutions (O'Neil 2018). The central power wants to take these institutions and make them conform with the ideologies of the regime by any means necessary. Dictatorships will do this through campaigns of terror and violence. The Chinese government has shifted from a communist nation towards an authoritarian socialist state. This type of regime is said to have a strong central power over the state that it is ruling, much like the Totalitarian Dictatorship. It is typically led by a small group of leaders, while citizens have little to no participation in governance or selecting their leaders (O'Neil 2018). This lack of citizen participation can be seen with the current President of China, Xi Jinping, abolishing term limits on the presidency, effectively guaranteeing that he will serve as the president for the rest of his life.
Nationalism in North Korea
Under the Totalitarian Dictatorship, North Korean leaders have instilled the regime in every household through fear mongering and education. North Korean nationalism revolves around the hatred of the United States of America and its allies according to Jin Woon Kang. The regime has been developing a deep hatred since their national liberation in 1945. They have always recalled the horror of the Korean War with images of bombing attacks and bacteriological warfare (Kang 2011). The use of Korean War propaganda allows for the militant call for control by dictatorship in order to lead them against the enemy. The power of the regime focuses on this anti-American ideology to support their militant post war style of nationalism. They mobilize their people through this ideology in their daily lives through education and media in order to solidify their governmental power.
The North Korean regime uses brainwashing tactics to form a cult-like power over their people. This type of brainwashing occurs as early as kindergarten education. Children are taught songs and practice fighting the American imperialism to validate the regime's power and develop legitimacy in the eyes of their citizens. According to the defected Korean, Lee Hyun-ji In gym class, there was a wooden target of a human figure with pale skin and a huge nose, with cunning American wolf' written on it. Lee and her young schoolmates would practice their throwing with a wooden grenade' (Fifield 2015). As discussed in Fifield's article, children and adults are taught to love their leaders and murder their enemies. They have created a unification of their people under their militant ideology.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, there has been no solid Communist power to lead and influence. As a result, the militaristic regime of North Korea has completely shifted their attention towards nationalism. For the North Korean government, communist ideals have been forgotten in their focus on total nationalistic control. Communist nationalism is actually contradictory to traditionalist communist values. According to Jin Woong Kang, it is an original belief for Communists to be against nationalism because it was a bourgeois ruling ideology. North Koreans have clearly ignored in their pursuit for military and civilian control. Modern power is diffused through the disciplinary control of individual bodies. National identity can be understood as inscribed into the political body of the modern individual. A citizen's beliefs are that of the regime.
Nationalism in China
China although no longer considered to be a communist nation, has a ruling Communist Party. The party acts as the strong central power that pushes out any opposition and has a strong influence over everything within the regime. People are elected within the party leaving the average citizens out. The Communist party attempts to express ideas through pro-party tabloids such as Global Times. These tabloids express nationalistic ideals such as professors proclaiming that love of party and love of country are one and the same in modern China (Lu 2014). These attempts fail as it causes an uproar within average citizens as they question these ideals. Although the party has a sphere of influence, its only within itself because the large country has an extremely diverse group of ideological sources to shape its nationalistic identity. There have been militant attempts in the 1990s to unify these groups (mainly by Hong Kong Democrats) and reclaim the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands that were taken over by Japan during World War II. (Beja 1996, 4-5). This has been largely unsuccessful, but they all do have a unifying trait. Democracy and science are well supported in a large majority of the nationalist groups.
Although there are many nationalist groups, such as Traditionalist Chinese thinkers, Progressive capitalists, and Soviet/Maoist idealists, their similarities revolve on democratic ideals. The failures of the communist party to retain support has created a fantastic inequality (Copper 1996, 416). This inequality comes from the shift towards capitalism as China has become one of the largest manufacturers of the world. By opening themselves to the world, it has allowed for development and trading of new ideas such as more modern approaches towards central power. Modernism has broken the traditional ideas of Communist China. They have also begun to have a Social Darwinist approach to society, with the rich surviving by staying at the top and government leaders being paid high salaries while poorer citizens work in factories for low wages. The national view is to be united and centralized, but the country continues to be divided based on their ideologies. The main unification of the smaller parties has been development of democracy and modern ideals coming from the sciences and arts. The regime however is quick to snuff out any opposition to the Communist Party nationalistic ideologies. The most well-known example of this being the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. When students mourning a Party leader who wanted to make china a more democratic state protested by marching through the capital to Tiananmen Square, calling for a more democratic government Chinese troops were sent in by the government and fired on the civilians, killing thousands. (CNN 2018). The clash of ideologies and political violence of the state have divided the country and caused an inequality among its people.
Conclusion
Both regimes express nationalist ideologies but under very different circumstances. There are fundamental differences in the regime styles that reflect on the ideologies and unification of each of the countries. North Korea is a more unified regime, with a focus on one ideology of militant, radical unification. China has many sub groups, expressing their own nationalist ideals. They are united by common ideologies, but they are no where near the level of unification showed by North Korea. China has become more unequal in terms of economic and societal standings while North Korea strives for equality, even though they are poor and have to strive for unification through brainwashing and fear mongering tactics. The people of China are overshadowed by the central authority of the Communist party, but still express their own ideologies. North Koreans are not allowed to express any thoughts, their minds are expected to all think alike under the regime they serve. These differences reflect the two different routes that each nation took after the fall of the Soviet Union and major Communist influence around the world.
Works Cited
- B©ja, Jean-Philippe. 1996. Chinese Patriotism: Caught Between Rocks and a Hard Place. China Perspectives, no. 7: 45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24050207. No doi.
- CNN Library, ed. 2018. Tiananmen Square Fast Facts. CNN. Cable News Network. May 27. https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/asia/tiananmen-square-fast-facts/index.html.
- Cooper, John F. 1996. National Identity and Democratic Prospects in Socialist China (Review). Project Muse3 (2): 41517. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/cri.1996.0071.
- Doubek, James. 2018. China Removes Presidential Term Limits, Enabling Xi Jinping To Rule Indefinitely. NPR. NPR. March 11. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/11/592694991/china-removes-presidential-term-limits-enabling-xi-jinping-to-rule-indefinitely.
- Fifield, Anna. 2015. North Korea Begins Brainwashing Children in Cult of the Kims as Early as Kindergarten. The Washington Post. WP Company. January 16. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/for-north-koreas-kims-its-never-too-soon-to-start-brainwashing/2015/01/15/a23871c6-9a67-11e4-86a3-1b56f64925f6_story.html?utm_term=.4c1e5ce89f99.
- Kang, Jin Woong. 2011. North Koreas Militant Nationalism and Peoples Everyday Lives: Past and Present. Journal of Historical Sociology25 (1): 130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2011.01408.x.
- Lu, Rachel. 2014. A New Definition of Chinese Patriotism. Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy. September 12. https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/11/a-new-definition-of-chinese-patriotism/.
- ONeil, Patrick H. 2018. Essentials of Comparative Politics. Sixth edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
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The Commonality between Nightmares and PTSD Victims
Research shows that there is a commonality between nightmares and PTSD victims. Nightmares are often a side-effect of PTSD and can explain much about traumatic events people endure. Nightmares also often correlate to impaired functioning of parts of the brain, daytime distress, awaking in the middle of the night, and significant sleep loss. Another driving factor of nightmares is the emotional life of the day before. Suppression of unwanted emotions or thoughts are revisited in dreams in disturbing quality. These emotions and thoughts appear in ones dreaming after a traumatic event.
When people have nightmares after a traumatic event, they endure a series of distinct phases. The nightmares immediately following the event will be reoccurrences of the event itself. The dreams will force the dreamer to relive the terrorizing events and keeps the suppressed thoughts in their mind. Next, the dreamer will have dreams with a general, central image of the event that evokes an intense sense of fear or terror. This stage will not show the entirety of the event but will rather focus on specific details and keep the dreamer engaged with the severity of the suppressed emotions. The dreams will then morph again and contextualize guilt or shame from the event. The dreams then will subside and contain grief or sorrow. The dreams will no longer hold true to having terror associated with the event but will instead keep a constant internal battle will loss and pain.
Psychotherapists often look to methods for helping clients with these traumatic aftermaths through specific therapies. These therapies include modern psychodynamic, existential, cognitive-behavioral, and cognitive-experiential. These therapies will often illustrate the potential of dreams of personal conflicts and salient issues during waking life. They also emphasize the affective responses of these themes, contributing to insight, awareness, and understanding.
On another note, dreams and nightmares are often interpreted through a cultural filter of tradition and personal values which effects one's self-esteem and the well-being of the dreamer. In the study done in this article, the researchers helped two clients with their PTSD through recollection of their dreams through the clients' cultural background. In both case studies, the nightmares caused the women to awake in the middle of the night, indicating a greatness in vividness and emotional load.
One client, Luisa (names were changed for anonymity), was a West African woman who had nightmares after becoming a refugee of war and fleeing her home to Finland. In her dreams, she saw and interacted with people who have died and felt a need to escape in many of her dreams. In her culture, ancestors appearing alive after dying in real life in dreams is a decent into madness and spirit possession or death. In the West African cultures, dreams can also be used for the curing of trauma through specific rituals and practices.
Another client, Shirin, was a Middle Eastern woman who had nightmares after also becoming a refugee who relocated to Finland. She dreamt about people who died who she held close to her welcoming her and attempting to pull her away from the living. She tried to pull away and scream, but to no avail. In her culture, these dreams had the singular meaning that she was to die soon. She did not trust that her life was going to last past the next few months.
In this study, the aims of the researchers were to use and describe dream work as a useful, therapeutic tool in psychotherapy using two culturally different refugees, to examine how the content of dreams shows change in the trauma-related distress, and to change the levels of each clients' PTSD-symptoms and well-being. In order to achieve this, the researchers met with the women once a week to record a session speaking about the dreams and traumas each woman has experienced. The women were subjected to a psychodynamic focus with an addition of cognitive-behavioral techniques in order to achieve substantial results for the studies.
In the results, both women showed an improvement in their PTSD-symptoms and well-being. Luisa's IES-R score dropped from a 57 to a 39, and Shirin's IES-R score dropped from a 73 to a 40. Both women spoke about feeling less physical pain in day to day living and felt more at ease with their life and themselves. Luisa spoke about eventually studying and beginning a relationship with a man. Shirin spoke about having a better comfortability with being a mother and with the relationship she has with her daughters.
Through discussion of the dream content, emotions, and messages of the clients' dreams, the researchers could understand each woman's culture further. The clinicians concluded that it is most beneficial to combine multiple methods to a psychotherapeutic work, which include psychoanalytic methods, cultural studies and correlations, and a series of trust-building exercised to allow patients to open up without fear of retribution. When working with the refugees, the clinicians found it useful to use cultural theories to connect dream work with easing traumas.
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A Rising Dictator: Hitler and the Third Reich
In February of 1932, the Nazi political party only polled 44 percent of its vote in Germany. The 'Illustration of the Third Reich' by Alex Hook captures the enlighten idea of Adolf Hitler, a young man who changes the course of history within a matter of eleven years. Hitler rose to power by influencing the dehumanization of minority groups, offering ultimatums to change his fellow political leaders shared opinions and ideas and enabling acts to influence Germany's social culture. Many of the German people characterized Hitler as charming, vindictive, and persuasive. His tactics promoted the prostitution and continued segregation of these minorities. The Nazi's stepped up pressure by enacting the Numbering Laws which deprived them of their citizenship rights (Hook 42). Many people ask themselves how Hitler gained control of a country that was once so strong. The main contribution would be the segregation of the German citizens.
The Numbering Laws where classified as serious race laws. Here, Jewish citizens were set up to standards and rules that they had to abide such as not marrying or any type of sexual relation with someone of German blood, voting, and many other laws that constricted their rights as German citizens. The deprivation continued as many Jewish citizens lost large sums of money to the German people. He extoled large sums of money from richer members of the Jewish communities to pay for exit visas for the poor (Hook 47). This example of exploitation contributed to the downfall of the many communities which forced the once rich Jewish people into crammed ghettos. As his idea of a clean German country continued by enabling his acts the destruction of minorities quickly resulted in what would become Germany's largest social war. Many times, Hitler used his political agenda to influence the nations ideas and morals. The Enabling Act of 1933 was one of the first acts that combined his political agenda and eventually led to their government into a legal dictatorship. In order to give themselves even greater powers, the enabling act was passed this transferred all legislative powers to Hitler's government which remove the requirement for Reichstag to approve any legislation that is passed (Hook 33). As the modification of the Germany's legislative began, Hitler remained in the eyes of the people; both politically and socially.
The Enabling Act dissolved every political party except from the Nazi political party; many of the citizens railed the supported the Nazi regime because Hitler spoke to the people often. Wir Sind Eins he spoke many times during his political speeches meaning the relationship between him and the German people are one. As the German society prospered under his leadership, the German armed forces swore allegiance to the Hitler. As the acts where legislated... many citizens where doubtful and concerned of where Germany as a country was headed... ultimatums were offered to change the ideas of his fellow political leaders. Leading as a new political opponent many people did not believed n the Nazi political party. Hitler rose in the eyes of people as economical poverty prospered he focused on the lower-class people gaining trust and emotional support in the eyes of the lower-class German citizens. In the year of 1934 was a turning point for the country of Germany. In August 1934, President Von Hindenburg died, this gave Hitler the chance to assume the presidency as well as chancellorship. He organized the national vote, by doing so he ensured that no on e was able to nonce any public disapproval of the idea (Hook 42). Von Hindenburg's death was the start of Hitler's dominated control of the country. As the idea of dictatorship evolves in our minds, many would think of Adolf Hitler. A man whose opinions and ideas influenced a mass genocide of over 12 million people. When we think back to Germany's desperation we realize that in great times of need, the wrong people often take a stand in helping that country and history will always continue to repeat itself.
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Hitler and Mussolini: a Comparative Analysis
Fascist ideology is one rooted in the reliance if militaristic policy and expansion. Examples of this can be seen throughout the mid 1930's-40's as fascist regimes across the world took to conquering their neighborhoods for land and resources. Two countries during this time, Germany and Italy, had such governments and were led by men with alike agendas and beliefs of aggression. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, two of the most notorious dictators of the 20th century that had similar ambitions of world conquest who became natural allies towards one, intertwined as friends with fascist ideology despite also having their differences in terms of their upbringings, personal motivation, and end goals. Both leaders, that ruled with unquestioned authority, would play their part in bringing about genocide on a scale unlike any the world had seen before. This brief stint on the world stage as tyrants in unisons trying to conquer for territorial expansion however seems to overshadow the staunch differences that the two men had including personal beliefs in policy, economics, and view of the world through their eyes. These differences are important as they can have can have a profound effect on how history was shaped and how we as people today view not just the leaders but Fascist ideology itself.
Hitler and Mussolini set forth a new trend in the European theatre in terms of government ideology. Their fresh regimes both required military expansion through Europe to gain new land and resources to build their countries industry, infrastructure, and armies. This warmongering however was looked down upon by fellow European powers such as France and Britain, meaning to continue their expansion, strong allies with similar ideals would be required to continue their growth. Naturally an opportunity presented itself for the two nations to work together to attempt and achieve their goals of conquest. The Pact of Steel as it would be called, was political and military alliance between the then fascist nations that cement their relationship to one another through the upcoming world war. This alliance had great effect on the world at the time and how the outcome of the World War II would play out. Italy, once an ally to the British and French now would be instrumental in opening fronts in against them in North Africa, France, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea switching the balance of power in Europe.
Adolf Hitler modeled his regime after one in which he had his people follow a hierarchy and have unquestioned obedience to a higher power, that ultimately being Hitler himself. This model of government structure, while being foreign to people living in a free world, tends to come standard in countries living under a fascist ideology or have a dictator in general. This would ring true in the case of Germany and her people as in 1933 Hitler was ultimately appointed Chancellor of the German nation before by Paul Von Hindenburg. Not long after this appointment, Hitler would go on to suspend the March elections of that year following an attack on the Reichstag building claiming the terrorist assault to be the work communists and a sign of their imminent takeover of the country. From thence on Hitler, after claiming emergency powers, would go on to govern with an iron fist. Basic freedoms such as freedom of speech and of the press were suspended to 'protect' Germany from Communist threats and any others that would attempt to threaten Hitler's influence. Just years later, Hitler would pass Nuremburg laws that prohibited intercourse between Jews and Germans as well prohibited the hiring of German women living in Jewish households. The economy was also brought under government control as Hitler began work rebuilding the nation from its posts World War I depression. He ordered the construction of new infrastructure projects such as the Autobahn, a removing of the gold standard, made credit more accessible for the population, and shielded the industry sector from competitors who could take away jobs from Germans.
To a similar note, Mussolini ruled his Italian nation with unrivaled power, working as the countries Duce and Prime Minister within his Fascist regime. Italy who had fought on the right side of history during World War I went through drastic changes in the lead up to the second world war. Italy not long after peace had been restored to Europe was moving ever closer to that of a communist state, perhaps even before Russia would gotten a chance. This fear of Communist takes over coupled with the violence that Fascists of that time used to beat out other political parties led to the eventual takeover of Mussolini and his regime. After being appointed Prime Minister by Victor Emmanuel III who was the King of the time, Mussolini had under his control everything from the military to the telegraphs of which he would use like Hitler to expand his influence, propaganda, and territory. Mussolini would not waste time instituting polices to strengthen his country as well as his own grip on the people over which he controlled. Italy was economically poor post World War I when compared to Great Britain and France which lead to new economic policies like seen in Germany. Massive infrastructure projects began, destruction of trade unions, an inflation of national currency, and a shift in agricultural focus to produce grain. Industry was also subsidized and protected to increase production as well as compete with foreign markets in a fashion like that of Hitler a decade later. Mussolini after agreeing to the Rome-Berlin alliance would go to pass anti-sematic laws in Italy much to the pleasure of his new-found ally.
Despite being allies sharing an ideology with similar government ideas and policy, the two leaders did have their differences in terms of both authoritarian strategy and personal objectives.
Hitler's ultimate end goal was twofold; firstly, to conquer Lebensraum which means living space in German as well as exterminate those deemed unfit to the state. These people included Jews, Poles, Slavs, Communists, the mentally challenged, and a bevy of other non-Arian groups of people. This meant war would be inevitable for Hitler's regime to meet the tasks laid out for himself. Hitler lashed out against Poland which led to the conquering of France, Denmark, and the eventual invasion of the Soviet Union to kill off the Bolsheviks. This conquest not only garnered resources, but the required living space Hitler believed his Arian people needed to live. It would also give Germany access to certain types of people who would be rooted out of the population through genocide.
Mussolini's goal for Italy was simple, form the new Roman Empire that would control land and an economy like that of the other imperial powers of the time. First glimpses of this ambition were seen in Africa when Italy would conquer Ethiopia, and later the Balkans as well as Northern Africa. Mussolini had political dissidents and minorities in which he would have imprisoned and killed as well, albeit not entirely the same as Hitler or to create a perfect Arian race. Italia's conquest into Africa and the Mediterranean would be an attempt to secure resources for Italy to continue their war effort as well as add more pieces to the New Roman Empire.
In Conclusion, Hitler and Mussolini were both authoritarian leaders over countries in which they ruled with an iron fist. The natural similarities that come when countries share an ideology are evident in how the two leaders conducted themselves and their countries power as well as their differences in terms of personal beliefs, strategy, and end goals. While the two nations did fight along side each, (for as long as both countries were still under the control of their former fascist leader), this did not automatically impose the two to govern in the same fashion, believe in the same policies, or even share a view of how the world would look post war with an axis victory. It is important that people today realize and examine these differences as well as their similarities to gain a more profound understanding of World War 2 and the behind the scene politics that helped contribute towards its ultimate outcome.
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Adolf Hitler – the Worst Dictators of the World
When it comes to the worst dictators of the world, there is undeniably only one that many think of when that word is discussed, Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria. Adolf Hitler was one of six children born to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. As stated in Hitler's biography, often times Hitler would clash with his father who was emotionally harsh. Later discovered, apparently Hitler's father never truly approved of his son at all and often times would disown him. In his early life, Adolf Hitler showed an early interest in German nationalism, often rejecting the authority of Austria-Hungary. This would prove to be the motivating force throughout Hitler's life. In 1900, Hitler's brother Edmund passed away. This would lead to Hitler becoming detached and introverted.
Hitler's early life was filled with incidents that may have fueled Hitler to become who he was during World War II. In 1903, Hitler's father died unexpectedly. Two years after his unexpected death, Hitler was not doing well in school. Adolf's mother Klara allowed Hitler to drop out of school. In December 1907, Hitler's mother would pass away leaving Hitler emotionally damaged. After her death, Hitler moved to Vienna and worked as a casual laborer and watercolor painter. After really finding his passion for painting, Hitler would apply to the Academy of Fine arts numerous times and be rejected each time. After not having enough money, Hitler often stayed at homeless shelters. Looking back on it, Hitler would later note that these were the years that help cultivate his anti-Semitism.
In 1913, Hitler would not be able to stay in Austria-Hungary and relocated to Munich. When World War I was at its peak, Hitler would apply to serve in the German army. Although he was still an Austrian citizen, Hitler would be accepted into the army in August of 1914. It is said that Hitler spent most of his time in the army away from the front lines. Some also say that his memory of his time on the field were often exaggerated. Hitler was present at a number of significant battles and was actually wounded at the Battle of Somme. Hitler became decorated for bravery and even received certain badges such as the Iron Cross First Class and the Black Wound Badge.
After World War I, Hitler would return to Munich in order to work for the German military. Being an intelligence officer Hitler would often monitor activities of a group known as the German Workers Party. Throughout his time here, Hitler would start to adopt many Anti-Semitic, nationalist, and anti-Marxist ideas that were brought to light by the founder of the party Anton Drexler. September 1919, Hitler joins the party which would ultimately end up changing its name to Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei. This was often shortened and this is where the term Nazi came from. Hitler himself was the one to design the Nazi banner. Hitler would create the swastika symbol and placed it in a white circle upon a red background.
Hitler often would speak out against the Treaty of Versailles and soon started gathering a following. One important follower was Ernst Rohm who was the head of the Nazi paramilitary organization. On November 8, 1923, Hitler crash a meeting featuring the Bavarian Prime minister Gustav Kahr at a beer hall in Munich. After storming the beer hall, Hitler would begin to proclaim that the Revolution had begun. After the arguing and proclamations, Hitler announced that he had formed a new government. After the announcement there was a fight that led to multiple deaths. Hitler was then arrested and was facing trial for high treason. After long trials, Hitler was sentenced to nine months in prison.
Throughout the nine months that Hitler spent in prison, he made sure to spend most of his time writing a book known as Mein Kampf. The first book Hitler wrote spoke about his Anti-Semitic views as well as his feelings of betrayal due to the outcome of World War I. Hitler also called for revenge on France and waned to expand Russia. Although Mein Kampf was not really filled with logic, it was just enough to appeal to the Germans who felt anger at the end of World War I. A lot of nonsense and false promises allowed Hitler to convince Germans that he had huge plans to transform Germany into one giant race. This would later prove to be false but not many Germans could see that yet.
While many Germans remained unemployed, the Great Depression throughout Germany opened the door for a huge political opportunity for Hitler. In 1932, Hitler saw his opportunity and ran against Paul Von Hindenburg for the German presidency. To no avail, Hitler came in second in each round of the election. Although Hitler came in second he managed to gather thirty-six percent of the vote in the final count. This solidified Hitler as a strong force throughout German politics. After proving his strength in politics, Hitler demanded he be promoted to Chancellor in order to promote political balance. Although he did not want to, President Hindenburg agreed to appoint Adolf Hitler as chancellor. Hitler would later use this power to form a legal dictatorship.
Achieving full control of the legislate and executive branches of Germany's government was Hitler's main goal. Hitler would reach this goal and would force his Nazi party to become the only legal political party throughout Germany. Later that year, Hitler demanded that Germany withdrawal from the League of Nations. Any member of the German military who opposed Hitler's ideas were punished to the fullest extent. Hitler's demands for more political power and military power reached an all-time high. This led to the Night of the Long Knives. This was from June 30th 1934 until July 2nd 1934. Members of the military round up a number of Hitler's political enemies and shot them. The day before the German President Hindenburg died, the German political cabinet passed a law to abandon the office of president and merge them with the powers of the chancellor. This decision would later prove to be very costly.
From the year 1933 to the start of World War II in 1939, Hitler and his regime would create over hundreds of laws in an attempt to ban Jews in society. This would cause the Nazi party to become extremely happy due to the fact that this made good on the Nazis pledges to off the Jews. On April 1st, Hitler would announce a national boycott of all Jewish businesses. Hitler would later go on to exclude the Jewish people from state service. In an attempt to keep all of Hitler's wrong doings quiet, Hitler agreed to host the Winter and Summer Olympic Games. After the Olympics, Nazis continued with the persecution of the Jewish citizens. Throughout the following years, violent waves of anti-Jewish attacks would continue.
In 1938, European leaders including Hitler went on to sign the Munich Agreement. This would allow the revision of part of the Versailles Treaty. After revising the Versailles Treaty, Hitler would go on to become a power hungry egomaniac. On September 1st, 1939, Hitler and Germany would go on to invade Poland which basically lead to the beginning of World War II. To no surprise, Britain and France would go on to declare war on Germany only two days later. Throughout the following years, Hitler would go on to invade Norway, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Hitler would not stop here as he would call for bombings to occur on the United Kingdom with hopes of invading.
June 22, 1941, Hitler becomes so power hungry that he goes on to violate the 1939 non-aggression pact that he had formed with Soviet Union dictator Joseph Stalin. Hitler thought it would be a good idea to send a large army of German troops into the Soviet Union. Hitler would take control of a huge area of Russia before momentarily stopping the invasion. December 7th 1941, Japan would go on to attack Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This would now put Hitler at war against the Allied powers. The Allied powers included Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Hitler originally intended to have the allies turn against each other, but this would not happen.
In 1942, German forces were ordered to take over the Suez Canal. German forces were unable to do so and this lead to Germany not having control over North Africa. Germany would go on to suffer multiple defeats in multiple battles. These battles were the Battle of Kursk, and a very important battle known as the Battle of Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad would ultimately become the turning point of the entire war. Germany lost many troops and was unable to come away with a victory thus causing some German military member to flee back to Germany.
June 6th, 1944 would serve as a very significant day in history. Western Allied armies would land in northern France. Due to the many setbacks, German officers and military members realized ultimately that defeat was inevitable. After this sudden realization, slowly but surely German officers would come to realize that had Hitler continued to rule, it would result in destruction of their country. Having feared the worst many began to organize plans to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
Early 1945, Hitler would go on to realize that Germany was going to lose the war. The Soviet Union had drove the German army back into Western Europe and the Allied nations were moving into Germany from the west. Midnight, April 29th, 1945, Hitler went on to marry his girlfriend Eva Braun. After marrying his wife, Hitler would soon be notified of the execution of Italy's dictator Benito Mussolini. Hitler became scared of losing and falling victim to the enemy troops. Scared and worried, Hitler and his wife, Eva Braun, would go on to commit suicide the day after their wedding. Their bodies would later on be burned in an area outside of the Reich Chancellery.
Due to Hitler's massive political programs that brought out World War II, this left behind huge devastation and brought upon a lot of poverty in Central and Eastern Europe, including Germany. Hitler's political policies caused human suffering on a large scale and resulted in more than tens of millions of deaths. Included in those deaths would be more than six million European Jews. The defeat of Hitler marked an ultimate end in Germany's power and dominance throughout European history. Due to the aftermath of the violence of world war II, the Cold War would later emerge.
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How Significant was Hitler’s Leadership?
Hitler's leadership was significant because he forced many people to do things his way and was very stubborn. Hitler was a very smart, yet stubborn man. his reign was cut short, but was and still is very influential on the world and his country. It was significant because he made sure by enforcing his rules. the significance of his leadership will not be forgotten. He was also very conniving to his people and his country. but yet, he was a very good leader. He pulled germany out of the hole that they were in during a worldwide economic depression. He made sure or tried to make sure people were respectful of germany. He did many things to show that he was a man that was going to be respected even since he was very young. There are many other ways that hitler's leadership was very significant. Such as, we still talk about his reign and his dictatorship 85 years later. The nazis did many things and took advantage of time during his reign to do many things, all of these things impacted the world. His ways shaped the way the world is today, and especially how germany is today. Overall, he was a good leader. Hitler's leadership also influenced the collapse of international peace in 1939. He influenced it in a few ways.
One of those few was the policy of appeasement that was brought upon by the english prime minister of the time Neville Chamberlain. This policy was manipulated by hitler when the english prime minister made the policy of appeasement. This was made when Hitler was expanding the german territory. Many people did not agree with this policy. It was not agreed because many people knew that hitler was going to take advantage of everything, and even if he had everything that he needed he was just going to want more and more. Appeasement was a policy that fed on emotions as well as intellect, at least with Chamberlain. The British prime minister had lost his beloved cousin in World War I. From then on, he advocated the basic principle of all pacifists: Wars have no winners, only losers. Wiegrefe, K. (2009, September 02). The Road to World War II: How Appeasement Failed to Stop Hitler - SPIEGEL ONLINE - International. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/the-road-to-world-war-ii-how-appeasement-failed-to-stop-hitler-a-646481.html
Another , was the remilitarization of the rhineland. Hitler was or seemed like an inspiration to the germans. They seen him like this because the germans were desperate for a leader during the time that hitler came. they were in the middle of a worldwide economic depression and they needed help. then here comes hitler and pulls them out of their troubles and rebuilds germany. when he took over, he remilitarized the rhineland , and the germans seen him as a strong man who knew what he was doing. This made him look stronger to the rest of the world. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Pact by sending German military forces into the of them and would then take them to a building. They would then tell the prisoners that they were going to shower, they would then get undressed and would all walk into a very crowded and tight building. The guards then closed the door and lock them in the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone along the Rhine River in western Germany. History.com Editors. (n.d.). Hitler reoccupies the Rhineland. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hitler-reoccupies-the-rhineland
The last of the reasons that i will list, is his beliefs on anti-semitism and his thoughts on jews. hitler believed that jews were the reason that the germans were not a as superior as they used to be. he also blamed this on intermarriage. he seen jews as lazy and jewish people did not contribute to the world as a civilization is what he stated in his book mein kampf. the killing of a german politician in paris by a jewish teen also sparked a movement in germany. this was called the kristallnacht. Hitler encouraged germans to go and smash the glass to jewish owned businesses and loot them. After this, the germans had it against the jews. Later, the jews were taken into jewish concentration camps and were kept there. They worked as slaves and were mistreated. The nazis would call a group of about 100. From the top, they would then pour zyklon-B a poison gas and the prisoners would then die. After they were taken out, they were then burned. After the war ended and hitler died, people found these camps and told the world. The locals would say that they had no idea that camp was there. But he reserved the brunt of his vituperation for the Jews, whom he portrayed as responsible for all of the problems and evils of the world, particularly democracy, Communism, and internationalism, as well as Germany's defeat in the War. Jews were the German nation's true enemy, he wrote. They had no culture of their own, he asserted, but perverted existing cultures such as Germany's with their parasitism. As such, they were not a race, but an anti-race. Meier, D. A. (n.d.). Adolf Hitler's Rise to Power. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/dmeier/Holocaust/hitler.html
In conclusion, there are many ways that hitler's leadership was significant, he was a great leader to the the germans. But, that doesn't mean that he was a good person. He was a good leader because, he was able to manipulate the policy of appeasement that was set by england, he remilitarized the rhineland even after the treaty of versailles said that was not allowed, and he sparked a hatred movement that he believed was the right thing to do. It was significant because he made sure by enforcing his rules. the significance of his leadership will not be forgotten.
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The Consequences of Pearl Harbor
The road to war between the United States of America and Japan began on the surprise aerial attack on the United States Navy base in Pearl Harbor on December 7th 1941. This was the first step that brought the might United States into the Second World War Relations between the two countries started to deteriorate in the early 1930's when Japan started to become aggressive in Asia, mainly in Manchuria in 1931 and tried to start conquering the rest of China into 1937. Japan in 1940 decided to allied itself with the Axis with countries like Germany.
Japan, a vastly resource free country needed supplies such as oil from countries like the United States. With their aggression in Asia the United States decided to put an embargo on Japan and halt valuable resources such as oil which the Japanese empire need greatly to expand their mighty war machine . Japan had only enough oil reserves to fight a war for about six more months, something that they couldn't stand to bear with and the only solution to counter this problem was to move further down south into the vast and oil rich areas of Southeast Asia.
With their aggression already in China, Japan wasn't a very favored country in the United States, already banning immigrants from Japan and angering them even further they drew out plans to counter this problem and the only solution left was to destroy the United States Pacific fleet that had recently been shifted to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by the United States President Roosevelt.
The United States of America's Navy Pacific fleet was established way back in the late 1800's but established their Headquarters on February 1st 1941 only 10 months before the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. Pearl Harbor was seen as impregnable by the United States. Having this massive United States Navy a stone throw away from Japan was of a large concern. If Japan was to take further aggressive action down south, the United States would be sure to come to the defense of their allies and stop the Japanese. The only option left was to eliminate the United States Pacific Fleet so they would have superiority over the entire Pacific waters and further their interest down south with little resistance if at all from the United States.
For months the Japanese Navy has been practicing simulations on the attack of Pearl Harbor, if the diplomatic talks in Washington DC had failed they were prepared to go to war at all costs . On the 26th of November, the Japanese set sail of a Navy task force of six heavy aircraft carriers, the Shokaku, Zuikaku, Kaga, Akagi, Hiryu and Soryu and accompanying these aircraft carriers were two battle ships sailing to Pearl Harbor spearheaded this task force was Admiral Chuchi Nagumo . The plan to attack Pearl Harbor was devised by Admiral Yamamoto, he wanted the United States Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor to be neutralized so he could purse Japan's goals in achieving domination.
The task force set sail and was to avoid detection by the United States Navy at all costs. If detected they were to set sail back home to Japan immediately. Admiral Chuchi Nagumo later learned that the United States Navy most prized possessions, their aircraft carriers were not in port but some carriers were doing training exercises while other carriers were stationed elsewhere and others delivering planes to remote Pacific islands . This was certainly a major downfall in the usefulness of the attack in the Pacific fleet but the attack was to go ahead, December 8th Japanese time which is December 7th the local date in Hawaii. Chatter was created on the radios in Japan to make the United States think that the aircraft carriers were at bay but this didn't work.
The conditions were in favor of Japan, apart from the aircraft carriers belong to the United States Navy not in port, the weather with the heavy fogged helped provide good coverage over the carriers from overhead reconnaissance planes that were out looking for the missing Japanese carriers. All Japanese ships were to remain on radio blackout. Visibility over Pearl Harbor was clear, and this information was given over the local radio station in Oahu. In the early morning at 0600 hours the first launch of 183 aircraft, bombers laden with torpedoes and bombs, flanked by fighter aircraft escorting them they made their 1.5 hours journey to Pearl Harbor.
The attack on Pearl Harbor came at a great cost to the US but then again this is very debatable. During the two waves of strikes by the Japanese, only lost a total of twenty nine aircraft . This is a very small price to pay for the huge losses the United States Navy occurred, on that day, December 7th, 2403 people were recorded as dead, a further 1178 were injured, four battleships were sunk, the Oklahoma, West Virginia, California and the Nevada. The Tennessee, Pennsylvania and Maryland were damaged but the Maryland was put back into service in February 1942. Aircraft lost by the United States were massive as well, with aircraft parked tightly to avoid any sabotage; this made it easier for Japanese bombers. Out of the 394 planes based, 165 were damaged and only some still able to fly.
This attack on Pearl Harbor seemed like a success on the day for the Japanese and my view is that it seemed like this from both sides. The United States suffers a huge loss compared to the minimal loss suffered on the Japanese side. Japan now has put a major dent into the United States Pacific fleet and is able to further their goals down south but my personal view is that the attack created more problems for Japan the solving.
No aircraft carrier was in dock at all, the power of the Pacific fleet is with the might aircraft carriers. It did not sink, damaged or even find any of the aircraft carriers. All of the battleships that were sunk in Pearl Harbor were raised except the Arizona were repaired and put back into service thus making the United States Navy rely more on their carriers. The air raid on Pearl Harbor didn't even attempt to destroy any of the logistics, logistics such as the vast supply of oil that was in dock, without this oil the United States Navy would not have been able to repair and return to service the battleships that were damaged at such a quick rate.
From the Japanese point of view, it can only be seen as a success that they were able to sink many battleships, destroy many aircraft and end the lives of many soldiers at such a small physical price. It is hard to determine whether this attack on this day was one of the biggest mistakes ever made by the Japanese empire, had they sent a third wave to destroy more of the logistics or if the aircraft carriers had been in port it may have changed the outcome of the war.
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The Consequences of Pearl Harbor. (2019, Jul 17).
Retrieved November 7, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/21/
In the Name of Jesus: Book Analysis
Cite this page
In The Name Of Jesus: Book Analysis. (2019, Jul 17).
Retrieved November 7, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/21/
