Month: July 2019
William Blake and Emily Dickinson
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An Importance of Emily Dickinson’s Works
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Emily Dickinson’s View on Marriage
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A Personality of Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson, born 10 December 1830, is known for her compassionate, complex, and powerful style of poetry in the 1800s. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts, Dickinson began her life as a poet in her early teen years. Emily was the he second child of Edward and Emily Norcoss Dickinson, and the sister to Austin and Lavinia Dickinson. The 1800s poet led a life of seclusion, writing over 1800 poems throughout her lifetime.
Though, despite the achievement, only seven were published. Dickinson's literary workings were regarded as idiotic, attracting early scholars to criticize her efforts and her education. Despite early criticism, she is now considered the most influential female poet of her time, winning recognition for her obscene form. The cultural significance of Emily Dickinson's work and life have triggered debates, past and present, concerning her poetry, gender and sexuality, and education, or lack thereof. Thus, in this case proposes Emily Dickinson through evidenceas a revolutionary woman of her time, and a great influence on poetry and writing of the modern era.
Emily Dickinson: Early Criticism.
After Emily Dickinson's publish upon the literary horizon in this decade, she was addressed as a discovery of twentieth century critics. The revelation of an overlooked genius is always a pleasure, since it reveals not only the excellence of our own taste but also the obtuseness of someone else. Therefore, when in 1924 Conrad Aiken called hers perhaps the finest poetry by a woman in the English language, the book reviewers, at least, were inclined to overlook the fact that William Dean Howells had spoken similarly of it in 1891:
If nothing else had come out of our life but this strange poetry, we should feel that in the work of Emily Dickinson, America, or New England rather, had made a distinctive addition to the literature of the world, and could not be left out of any record of it. This poetry is as characteristic of our life as our business enterprise, our political turmoil, our demagogism or our millionaires.
Emily Dickinson: Influence of Gender and Sexuality.
The idea of women's writing in the 19th century was not a new phenomenon. Several male authors of the time readily agreed with Nathaniel Hawthorne's condemnation of the mob of scribbling women, while some renowned literary magazines, like the North American Review, refused to carry more than a limited number of poems by women. The critics of 1840 began arguing that women were attending a school of poetry based on feminine characteristics and ideas. Produced [poetry] absolutely without the thought of publication, and solely by way of expression of the writer's own mind. This idea implied that women lacked both proficiency and personal motivation but deemed the selflessness writings by women honorable. Additionally, many believed a woman's leading inspiration for writing was the desire to bring happiness, comfort, and moral enlightenment to others' lives. Women were expected to conform to societal laws by writing about issues that spring exclusively from their personal experiences. Despite this expectation, their affections had to be general enough to fulfill the motivational goal that could excuse the immodesty of posing in public. Critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson expressed the cultural idea of femininity in the image of the Invisible Lady, as:
The Invisible Lady, as advertised in all our cities a good many years ago, was a mysterious individual who remained unseen, and had no human organs except a brain and a tongue. You asked questions of her, and she made intelligent answers; but where she was, you could no more discover than you could find the man inside the Automaton Chess-Player. Was she intended as a satire on womankind, or a sincere representation of what womankind should be?
The extent to which Dickinson was engaged in exposing the drama of the female subject's alternation between acceptance and critiquing conventions is not at all restricted to the few poems style. Though shying asway from daily government and popular reform movements, Dickinson sets a prosperous revolt. Through her idiosyncratic language, which subliminally fought the social conformity agenda enacted on white middle-class American women. Her language takes no significance, let alone definition at face value: it explores veiled semantic realms, and the connotational. This language use denies commitment to any fixed meaning but presents meaning in constant circulation. Since the terms used by Emily are often basic categories of social consensus, her idiosyncratic gesture suggests a radical challenge to the assumption that socially approved definitions would be natural, or God-given, in any case, superior to her individual reading. Thus, offering the possibility of modification and undividable freedom through a resisting reader's gesture that invites a radical revising of the social contract.
Furthermore, the widespread reception of socially authorized, non-sexual "romantic friendships" between women during the 19th century has deceptively caused even modern feminist critics to dismiss the possibility of sensible eroticism or sexuality between women of the Dickinson's era. However, a recent critical doubt about taking these idealized representations of "romantic friendship" at face value should open the door to rethinking the relationship between Emily and Susan Dickinson. The assumption that Dickinson was unaware of her desire for Susan undoubtedly contradicts the written evidence in her Antony and Cleopatra references.
Furthermore, Dickinson's meditative translation of her homosexual desire in the letters and verses written to Susan Dickinson puts her much more securely in the tradition of later American homosexual writers. When reading Emily Dickinson with an open-mind, one can carefully understand the message she conveys when she likens her relationship with Susan to that between Antony and Cleopatra. Nonetheless, Dickinson uses the theme and symbolism of sexuality in much of her work, as master. This notion provides important and noteworthy evidence in revealing much of her puzzling verses by broadening our conceptions of nineteenth-century women's sexuality.
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Biography of Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson is known for her famous exclusive American poems that she used to write. She was not recognized during her time due to the fact that most people haven't realized her innovativeness in form and syntax. Emily Dickinson started her favorite work of writing at the tender age when she was a teenager. She was influenced by some other famous writers such as Leonard Humphrey who was the principal at Amherst Academy. He she started this work of writing she encountered some challenges which hindered her from performing it well. In the year 1855 Dickinson had a chance to move outside her own town Amherst and ventured some places such Philadelphia and Pennsylvania where she met a minister by the name Charles Wadsworth who was also impressed by her work.
Dickinson was born in the year 1830 in Amherst she left school as a teenager and started to wring some poems while as a young teenager though to an extent her poetry work was not recognized by people. The poet created bundles of poems and letters which were revealed later by her. This made it difficult to be recognized in by the American till the time her sister Lavin revealed this poetry work which was received by a lot of intimate by the American scholars and other people who loved poetry and literature in general. In quite so many years people in Amherst didn't know this young poet and her work. On the 15th day of May in the year 1886 Emily Dickinson's work was recognized in Amherst where she was considered one of the most important writers in the state.
The family background favored Emily to advance in her career of poetry. She was coming from one of the families that had deep roots in the New England her grandfather by the name Samuel Dickinson was famously known as a founder of the Amherst college and also once served as a state legislator this boosted the famous of Emily as people would easily link her to her grandfather. The poet would also get the support from her family members despite the challenges which may be encountered by any new writer in the literature she would sustain the challenges and work out to ensure that she remained competitive in writing poems and other impressive letters.
Emily Dickinson was a lucky and excellent student who attended Amherst Academy. In this school, she was also able to acquire further knowledge on how to make her work of poetry more interesting. The poet is believed to be slightly emotional that is evident where her father decided to remove her from the school he was working by saying that she has fragile emotions. Emily Dickinson never believed in any religion this is because she used not to attend any church from her childhood till she was a mature person who was able to make her own decisions. The culture allowed children to choose whether to have a religion or not this is because from the history we get to understand that Emily was not involved in any religion nor she showed any interest in any religion while she was staying with her parents.
The poet's gender has drastically enticed so many readers to be interested in her work. This is because to a certain extent many people have a notion that the female author expresses their feelings through writing which it is believed to be a true reflection of life in the society. Through the poetry work that was done by Emily people had to understand the importance of having female gender in literature. They vividly illustrated they life experience in the community and the views of their counterparties of the male gender. Thus Emily being a female gender she had undergone some experiences that would have not known if she was a male. People tend to perceive the female gender to be somehow truthful as compared to the male gender hence Dickinson's poetry work was received by many people as a true reflection of what was happening in the society.
Dickinson was an experienced writer whose work became famous after her death. Her seclusion emerged with a lot of speculation in the later years. Many scholars are still asking what the cause of her death was. It was found that the famous poet suffered from conditions such as depression, agoraphobia, and anxiety which may be caused by the responsibility of taking care of the sick mother. In this case, a conclusion of the intimacy of a girl to the parents being high can be drawn this is because Emily Dickinson believed to have died of the depression because her mother was sick. From this observation, it is also believed there was male superiority because it is only Emily who died due to the depression of having a sick mother.
Emily Dickinson died in the year 1856 and was laid to rest in her family plot. Her work was published after her death and a few works were altered and edited later on to ensure that her legacy still maintains in the poetry industry. This was a vital action that was taken by the publishers to ensure that her work still would be remembered even after the death of Emily Dickinson whose work was cherished by many poetry and literature readers.
Works Cited
- Dickinson, Emily. The Collected Poems of Emily Dickinson. Neeland Media LLC, 2017.
- Dickinson, Emily, et al. Emily Dickinson. 2016.
- Dickinson, Emily, and Mabel L. Todd. The Letters of Emily Dickinson. 2015.
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Iraqi Refugees
Iraq is a country of southwestern Asia, the middle east. Iraq gained its independence in 1932 but still remained subject to the British empire. Iraq was able to overthrow the monarchy in 1958. It was later found that Iraq had large amounts of oil reserves coming in second in the world. These discoveries were able to help with financial assistance on new buildings and remodeling. Iraq would then suffer from two major wars, Iran-Iraq War and Persian Gulf War. The country was affected financially and socially affected due to that now it was harder to make trade and connections with other. But in 2003 they would be once again into another conflict, Iraq War. Iraq's capital is located at Baghdad. Its official religion is Islam and has a population of about 38,893,000.
History of Region and Reason for Crisis
The Iraq War is the most recent war that has occured in Iraq. The war started in 2003 and would end in 2011 but to this day there are still some remains of it. The war consisted of the United States and British forces against Iraqi military. War was declared by the US after the attacks of September 11. This occurred due to that there were suspicions Iraq was still making weapons of mass destruction, which they were prohibited to do so after the Persian Gulf War. The war was against a terrorist group al-Qaeda. They began by ending a diplomacy between both countries the president was even given a chance to leave the country, but he refused to do so. Due to his refusal the US and other allied forces attacked on March 20. Majority of the battles were taken in Iraqi territory meaning that its peoples lives were put at risk. The total number of casualties was at about 650,000. The war left a large trace of violence and it was difficult for the country to retrieve its order and common life. Iraq was actually declared as one of the most dangerous places for children. The Iraq War actually left a trace of new terrorist groups such as ISIS and they were using people but most importantly children for their in country wars. The wars that were being brought up were due to peoples difference in religions.
Financial Impact
The ongoing warfare leaves a lot of casualties and economic struggles. Iraq suffered with refugees and reconstruction process. There were large amounts of people that fled, At the end of 2015, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that over 4.4 million Iraqis were internally displaced, and an additional 264,100 were refugees abroad (Watson Institute: Iraqi Refugees n.p.). The large amounts of people that fled away cost the country money due to that they needed to place them and provide for them a place for them to settle. Iraq lost lots of influential people, they were the first to flee. Their doctors fled leaving them with small amounts of doctors amounts that couldn't support and attend the large population, The war has brought increased rates of illness and disease to Iraq, while displacing the very medical professionals who could have treated the sick (Watson Institute: Iraqi Refugees n.p). The small amount of doctors couldn't treat much meaning that many casualties and losses occurred. The loss of people meant the country had to supply the people with care and they had to also supply with sanitation. The country had to provide shelter, clean, water, and medical services. The help was at large amounts but it didn't help everyone. Some people didn't have that access but to provide that access it meant more money would have to be spent.
Humanitarian Impact
As of 2011 the violence level has decreased but still hasn't yet disappeared. Minorities is the main population whose life is at risk. The government still hasn't provided with much support or protection from terrorist attacks. The main focus of attack are people of religion. This is due to religion differences. There are a total of two million refugees fleeing the country and about 1.7 million internally displaced.
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Go Vegetarian
Diet has always played an important part of our body's health. Deciding on a diet that is balanced and healthy is essential. Society promotes many options about eating foods that could be easily confused. Many people have debated whether to become a meat-eater or vegetarian. A person's health is affected by both diets. One option for the person would be adopting the vegetarian diet. The vegetarian diet would be beneficial because it could help people lose weight, help the environment, live longer, and reduce the risk of chronic disease. Because of the health benefits associated with this lifestyle, a vegetarian diet is the best choice.
With the typical stereotype definition of a vegetarian diet, people usually think the diet excludes meat like beef, fish, or poultry from the diet; however, vegetarian diets can vary in what foods the person wants to include and exclude from their diet. Five different types of vegetarian diets include: lacto-vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian, pescatarian, and vegan. Lacto-vegetarian diets do not eat fish, meat, eggs, and poultry along with any foods that contain those ingredients. The ovo-vegetarian diet excludes seafood, poultry, meat, and dairy products, but accepts eggs. The lacto-ovo vegetarian diet does not eat fish, poultry, and meat, but they can consume eggs and dairy products. The pescatarian diet excludes dairy, eggs, poultry, and meat, but allow fish. Last, but not least, the vegan diet does not consume poultry, meat, fish, dairy and egg products and any food that contains the products (1). A vegetarian diet overall generally does not consume fish, meat, or poultry. The vegetarian diet is plant-based and contains natural foods such as: fruits, nuts, vegetables, grains, and seeds. Some vegetarian diets can consume dairy products, eggs, and other nutrient-dense foods (2). If a person would to plan their own vegetarian diet, a plan with healthy plant-based foods, like vegetables and fruits, whole grains, and legumes and nuts would be the ideal decision. People should also try to avoid drinking sugary drinks and fruit juices, along with eating refined grains (1). A vegetarian diet is just like any other diet the media tries to post on television. The diet will work and be healthy if all parts of the food pyramid are fulfilled.
Scientists have found a relationship between reduced chronic diseases and the vegetarian diet. Chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease can all be reduced by implementing a vegetarian diet; however, non-vegetarians have higher bone density than those eating this special diet (3). Eating a plant-based vegetarian diet can help the body by providing high quality nutrients. An inverse relationship has been shown between the vegetarian diet and cardiovascular disease, total mortality, and cancer. The results from five prospective cohort studies explain how heart disease was twenty-four percent lower with vegetarians than non-vegetarians. Prostate and colon cancers along with just overall cancer death had lower rates among vegetarians than omnivores. Reduced risk factors of hypertension, arthritis, and diabetes were also shown. Scientists raise the question of as to why the disease percentage is lower because of the presence of certain plant foods or lack of meat; however, consuming large amounts of specific plant nutrients can help raise the health of all people on the vegetarian diet (4). People consuming the vegetarian diet overall receive more nutrients because of the consumption of healthier more natural foods compared to the average omnivore diet.
Non-vegetarians have a higher risk of dying from diabetes compared to vegetarians. Different plant foods that are low in glycemic index and have high fiber provide benefits that prevent diabetes. Foods like legumes, whole grains, and beans all have low glycemic index that greatly affect the insulin and blood glucose levels by forty percent. Foods high in fiber like beans give the body the feeling of fulness which indirectly reduces the change of obesity, a big factor for type two diabetes. Vegetarian diets are frequently recommended for people with diabetes because plant proteins do not alter the blood flow, unlike animal protein. The special diet helps restore and protect for people with or at risk of diabetes (4).
The more restrictive each diet becomes, the more challenging it is for a person to receive all the right nutrients for the body. Ingredients that are lacking in the vegetarian diets include calcium, vitamin D, Vitamin B-12, and protein. Simply eating normal sources of these vitamins would include drinking milk and eating animal products. With calcium, people maintain and build strong bones and teeth. The highest source of calcium is found in dairy foods and milk; however, dark green vegetables like broccoli, kale, and turnip are calcium enriched when eaten in large quantities. Vitamin D also plays a vital role in bone health. Vitamin D is found within cow's milk, margarines, and cereals. Without the source of milk, people are required to take a vitamin D supplement when eating the vegetarian diet. Vitamin B-12 is required in order to avoid anemia and to produce red blood cells Vitamin B-12 is found entirely in products from animal. Receiving the vitamin in a vegetarian diet would be extremely difficult. The shortage of vitamin B-12 could go unnoticed in vegetarian people that could lead to severe problems. People on the vegetarian diet must take different vitamin supplements to satisfy the body's needs. Protein helps the body maintain strong bones, organs, muscles, and healthy skin. An easy fix would be to eat protein; however, good sources of protein is found in dairy products and eggs. Some plants rich in protein include: seeds, whole grains, nuts, and lentils (1). A vegetarian person has specific downfalls that the diet does not always provide. Drinking milk and eating meat, poultry, and fish could solve the problem, but a vegetarian diet does have different supplements for a person. Overall, a diet where people eat, and drink animal products is not necessarily more beneficial than the vegetarian diet.
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How does Food Impact Health?
Once Gandhi stated To my mind, the life of a lamb is no less precious than that of human beingI should be unwilling to take the life of a lamb for the sake of the human body. As foodis directly related to our health, it is very important to know what we are eating. Some wonder how many calories are in a plate of chicken, steak, beef, or other meat dishes. Everyone wants to have a healthy and fit life, so why not try to go for vegetarianism. Vegetarianism was not common in United States until when Francis Moore bestsellerA Small Planetwas published in the year of 1971. The book encouraged the American people to eat more vegetarian food than meat. Becoming vegetarian became so controversial in U.S. some people started to eat less meat and more vegetarian food. Vegetarian food is healthy and better for the health than consuming meat because it gives complete nutrition, reduces the risk of cancer, reduces the greenhouse emissions, unethical to kill animals, and increases the life span of the person.‹The first reason is that vegetarian diet provides complete nutrition and provides all nutrients.
Avegetarian diet provides proteinand improves health. It also providesnecessary nutrients like vitamins, fats, calcium, carbohydrates, iron andminerals and can improve the health.Meat is not essential part of the meal (ProCon.org). Food like grains, fruits, beans, and vegetables. Carbohydrates provide energy and vitamins for the brain and muscles. Grain products such as whole grains, are very important because they provide the carbohydrates, fiber, and many vitamins that every human body needs. Vegetarians also need to include sources of fat,and many vitamins that every human body needs. Vegetarians also need to include sources like fats such as nuts, oils and avocados. Vegetarians have to be careful not to just cut out the meat with high-protein vegetarian foods (Center for women's Health). Protein is also found in dairy foods such as milk, yogurt, and cheese. The vegetarian meal reduces the chances of occurring kidney stones.
According to the research a high animal protein is responsible for high rates of kidney stones (Mandi-Lou Schantz).Eating vegetarian food helps to build strong bones because vegetarians have more ability to take on calcium than meat eaters. Non-vegetarians have high renal acid in their body which neutralize by leaching calcium from the bones. There are many vegetarian sources that provides calcium such as kale, spinach, broccoli, and as well as fortified cereals.Look at the Nutrition Facts Label to find out which brand has the highest calcium and which has artificial calcium added to the food (Vegetarianism).Vegetarians gain lot of nutrients by being vegetarian but also have less chances of cancer.The second reason is that eating meat develops cancer. Cancer researchers report that vegetarianism reduces the risk of cancer. A recent study among fifty thousand vegetarians emphasized results that have shocked the world in the field of cancer research. The study clearly shows that this group presents a low percentage of people with cancer. People say that saturated fat from meat does not cause serious diseases like cancer, heart diseases, and obesity (Hammock). According to World Cancer Research, eating processed meat increases the chances of cancer. A recent studyover cancer shows that diets that has high animal protein were associated in cancer death risk compared to diets that are produced from plants.(Proctor).Twenty-two experts from ten countries reviewed more than 800 studies to reach their conclusions.
They found that eating fifty grams of meat daily increases the risk of colorectal cancer by 18 percent. That is equal to about four strips of bacon or one hot dog. The AmericanCancer Society recommends eating fish, poultry, or beans instead of eating red meatand processed meat (Motavalli).Eating meat not only reduces the risk of cancer but it also reduces animal waste and greenhouse gas emissions.The third reason is vegetarian diet lowers the greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse emissions are created by animal fart and animal burps (ProCon.org).According toAgriculture Organization raising animals creates gas emissions.Animal agriculture is also responsible for local pollution from animal waste and chemical use and for greenhouse emissions from the energy-intensive process of growing feed and raising livestock (Hammock). Global warming is the biggest threat to the health of the planet, and meat consumption plays a bigger role in greenhouse gas emissions than even many environmentalists realize. Animals, especially cattle release gases like methane and nitrous oxide that that are up to thirty times more damaging than carbon dioxide (Vegetarianism). The Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that meat is only half of the U.S. agriculture share of domestic greenhouse gases and that the entire agriculture industry produces 7.56 percent of the contribution. This is less than the transportation sector. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates roughly 29 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emission (Hammock). Whether it is air pollution, water pollution, land degradation, or a negative effect on biodiversity, there is no getting around the fact that animal agriculture is destroying environment (ProCon.org).Being vegetarian decreases the animal waste, local pollution, gas emissions and also reduces the chances of animals to be killed.‹The fourth reason it is cruel and unethical to kill animals for food when vegetarian options are available.
They have emotions too. Scientific studies show that cattle, pigs, chickens, and all warm-blooded animals can experience stress, pain and fear. In United States about thirty four million cows, hundred and fifteenmillion pigs, and eightbillion birds are killed for humanbody needseach year.Meat eaters say that being vegetarian also kills animals like rabbits, ants, mice and many more but those animals are not killed on purpose they are killed accidently while farming but meat eaters kill cows, pigs, birds and many other animals on purpose because they consider having meat at least twice a day in their meal (ProCon.org). We do not need to eat animals to survive.United States produces fifty percent of meat that comes from CAFO's where animals lives in unhygienic and overcrowded places. CAFO's staff cuts off animal tails, birds' beaks, remove cow horns and tails with no painkillers.Life of animal and is full of pain and fear (Kongs).
The meat production industry is highly unfriendly to the environment. It has been proved that the results of these mindless actions are extremely harmful to the whole planet (Motavalli). A cow can eat 16 pounds of food, and only one pound becomes the meat that people can eat. The other 15 pounds are waste. It has been proved that decreasing global meat production by ten percent would allow us to feed more 60 million people (Kongs).‹The fifth reason is that vegetarian lives longer. A vegetarian diet can expand the life span of a person to 20 years. Eating meat causes heart diseases and to cure those diseases it takes lot of antibiotics and lot of antibiotics is not good for the health and many of them have lots of side effects. But being vegetarian and eating vegetarian food reduces the risk of heart diseases (Center for young women's health). The National Institute of Environmental Health Science found that vegetarian diet reduces the overuse of antibiotics (ProCon.org). Meat eaters says that it is myth that vegetarians do not live longer because they believe that vegetarians are very health conscious, eating more balanced diet and exercising more. According to doctor, eating more healthy vegetarian diet and exercising more does helps the heart and the internal organs to stay healthy and fit (Proctor). Meat eaters have an average body mass index (BMI) 8.3 percent higherthan vegetarians. Another 2006 Meta- study that compiled data form 87 studies also found that vegetarian diet does helps a person to live longer (Motavalli).
Vegetarian food is healthy and good for the health than eating meat. The first reason vegetarian food is good because it provides nutrition like proteins, vitamins, calcium, carbohydrates, and iron. The second reason is that vegetarian food reduces the chances of cancer. The third reason is vegetarian food lowers the local pollution, animal waste, and chemical use for greenhouse emissions. The fourth reason is that it is cruel and unethical to kill animals, and the last reason is that being vegetarian increases the life span of the person. Vegetarian food can be very healthy. It provides all the nutrients to the body that meat fails to provide sometime. By eating foods like grains, fruits and vegetables can provide nutrients that body needs from non-meat eating source. As Gandhi said, the life of an animal is just as precious as the life a human.
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Einstein Syndrome and Late-Talking Children
Did you know that Albert Einstein supposedly didn’t even start talking until he was three? Something not a lot of people know about Albert is that he loved to smoke. He even acquired a life membership in the Montreal Pipe Smokers Club in 1950. Another cool thing about Albert Einstein is that he has an element named after him, it’s the 99th element of the periodic table, Einsteinium to be more clear. My next cool fact about Einstein is that the FBI spied on him for decades. One of the reasons for this is because they thought he was building a death ray. Now that you have learned some things about Albert Einstein you can read about his life.
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14th, 1879. One year after Einstein was born his father, mother, and uncle moved to Munich, Germany. When he got older his parents were worried about Albert’s learning ability because it took him a little while to learn how to speak, to be more specific it took him until he was three. When Einstein was in his early teens he developed a passion for music. Later in his teen years, around the age of 17 years old, he wrote his first scientific paper. From the ages of five to eight Einstein went to the Catholic Elementary School as well as Secondary Schooling in Munich, Germany. From the ages of nine to fifteen he went to the Lutipod Gymnasium and Secondary Schooling still in Munich, Germany. From ages sixteen to seventeen he attended Angovian Cantonal School in Arau, Switzerland. In turn, Albert Einstein had a great education as a child who grew to be a successful adult.
When einstein turned 21 he earned his physics teaching diploma. At 23 Albert had his very first child. In 1905 Albert Einstein developed his most famous equation “E=mc2”. In the year of 1909, he was offered his first academic position, but he turned it down. The following year Albert had another son, also his last biological child Einstein was nominated for a Nobel Prize in 1910, but didn’t get his prize until 10 years later. After everything he had accomplished he died on April 18th,1955. Albert einstein attempted to get out of his last year of school, but did not succeed. Instead he finished school and proceeded to go to ETH Zurich from 1896-1900, the University of Zurich in 1905, and Leiden University of Mandrid. In conclusion Albert Einstein was a hard working and determined person who grew to be very successful and did great things in his life.
Albert Einstein contributed to society by creating many amazing inventions and by creating one of the most popular equations known to mankind along with many other equations and scientific discoveries. He is mainly known for his famous equation”E=mc2”. He is also known for his many inventions such as one of his theories that later ended up in the creation of television. In conclusion, Albert Einstein made many contributions to society, as well as making many great things.
In conclusion, his name was Albert Einstein. He was a very good learner who developed a passion for music and got an amazing education which led him to finish school. He raised a family of his own and created many things and solved many equations along with writing many scientific papers. He made many contributions to society with all his inventions and equations. To wrap it all up, Albert Einstein was a very intelligent person who inspires many people still to this day.
Sources Cited:
https://www.history.com/, https://www.quora.com/
https://www.thejournal.ie/, https://www.thoughtco.com/
https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/
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Einstein’s Greatest Blunder
American astronomer, Donald Goldsmith, was born on February 24, 1943. He studied astronomy at the University of California at Berkeley and earned his PH. D. in 1969. Over the course of his life, Goldsmith has written over twenty books related to science and astronomy, one of his more popular ones being Einstein's Greatest Blunder. Donald Goldsmith is a respected astronomer and author, and has received the American Institute of Physics Science Communication Award and the Annenberg Lifetime Award for astronomy popularization from the American Astronomical Society.
In this book, Donald Goldsmith strives to point out the biggest questions in cosmology today, and discusses why astronomers are having difficulties solving these inquiries. He also introduces possible solutions to these problems based on new information from the latest astronomical satellites. Goldsmith takes the first half of the book to explain how astronomy has developed over the past 500 plus years in a way that anyone, including non-scientists, can understand. He then dives into the current problems in this field of study faced by astronomers today. This is a very effective and interesting way of setting up this book as it allows the reader to utilize the information learned in the beginning of the book to make inferences about possible solutions to current issues in cosmology. The topics covered in this book range from topics as small as the discovery of new particles, to as large as the discovery of black holes and dark matter. It is very interesting to see how every new discovery builds off one another, and how many different branches of science are required to come together to figure out the greatest puzzle of all - the universe. This book directly relates to the Physics 10240 course because it discusses a timeline of the biggest cosmological discoveries in past years, while also describing the methods and principles that cosmologists had to utilize in order to form these theories about the universe. Ideas, including the Doppler Effect, the curvature of space, and Einstein's theory of general relativity, that we learned about in class from Kip Thorne's book, Black Holes and Time Warps, were also explained in this book, but at a more basic level.
The book, Einstein's Greatest Blunder, is subtly, yet strategically, split up into two parts. The first eight chapters discuss information about cosmology and the universe that is known as facts, or is at least widely accepted as fact. It includes information about the wavelengths and frequencies of light, the process by which stars shine, how to detect the ages of stars, the location of galaxies in the universe, and more. He uses proven equations and laws, such as Newton's Laws of Motion and Einstein's famous energy of mass formula, to support the reliability of the information he is providing. The first two chapters of this book introduce some of the main questions asked by cosmologists today, like will the universe always continue to expand, or will it eventually contract, and what type of matter makes up most of the universe? Then, Goldsmith begins describing fundamental knowledge about gravity, light, and motion that is required to later understand more complex theories about the mysteries of the universe. He refers to Newton's universal law of gravitation, Newton's laws of motion, and Newton and Einstein's astrophysics work, along with studies of spectroscopy (the study of different colors of light) to explain the facts of these topics. Right in the beginning, Goldsmith also defines what Einstein's greatest blunder was - the cosmological constant. This term that Einstein introduced was used in his mathematical models so a universe without expansion or contraction could exist (7). Once Hubble later discovered that the universe is currently expanding, Einstein regarded this constant as his greatest blunder, however, some scientists still use a non-zero cosmological constant in Einstein's original equations in order to keep their theories in agreement with observations (8).
Chapters three and four begin to get into characteristics of stars and the formation of galaxies. Goldsmith explains that nuclear-fusion (the melding of two atomic nuclei to form a new nucleus) at a star's extremely hot center is the process that allows for stars to shine. He also described that differences in the mass of a star dictate the star's characteristics after it stops burning. The lightest stars eventually become white-dwarfs, while heavier stars may become a neutron star or a black hole. These differing types of stars have been observed in the universe as telescopes have become more advanced over the years. Galaxies, or clusters of stars, were first discovered by Galileo's telescope, but the differing types of galaxies were discovered centuries later. The general idea in this part of the book is that more concentrated groups of stars are called global clusters, whereas open clusters represent much smaller groups of stars. In addition, nebulae, and more specifically spiral nebulae, describe the shapes of galaxies like the Milky Way, and were discovered through telescopes by astronomers like Charles Messier and Edwin Hubble. These varying arrangements of galaxies in the universe is something currently being investigated by astronomers today, which leads to the next topic discussed in the book - Universal Expansion.
The next several chapters contain information known about the current expansion of the universe, and current questions about the ultimate fate of the universe. Starting from the beginning, the Big Bang is the moment when the universe came into existence. It began with many particles, including protons, neutrons, electrons, and photons, which eventually became the ever-growing universe we know (for the most part) today. In order to answer the major question of whether the universe will always continue expanding, or if it will eventually begin to contract on itself, scientists would need to find the average actual density of matter in the universe to compare to the critical density, and would need a better understanding of Hubble's Constant (the unit of measurement used to describe the universe's expansion). This leads cosmologists to the second big question of what matter actually makes up the universe. Goldsmith mentions the huge mystery of dark matter, and the issue of actually being able to discover and study it due to its lack of electromagnetic radiation and visible light. Finally, he wraps up the book by predicting that as scientists develop better telescopes and infrared detectors, as long as gain knowledge about Hubble's Constant and the kinds of dark matter still undiscovered, we may have a much better understanding of how galaxies formed, and what the fate of the universe is.
In conclusion, this book was a good read because it was very informative and easy to understand. It included pictures taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, and many diagrams the help explain the main concepts described. These visuals, along with the simplified, straightforward diction made the book a good read for even those who have no prior knowledge in the subject of cosmology. For that reason, I would say this book is not targeted necessarily toward a specific age group, but more towards anyone with an interest in cosmology and little to no prior understanding of the universe and all of its contents. The last four chapters of the book were the best, in my opinion, because they discussed the questions cosmologists have today, and the progress, if any, that is being made in these areas. More specifically, chapters eleven and twelve talk about missing matter, and how most of the universe is made up of dark matter, which cannot be seen by way of visible light nor through electromagnetic radiation. The only way astronomers actually know that dark matter not only exists, but in fact makes up at least 5 to 10, maybe even 50 times more matter than matter that is familiar to scientists, is through how it affects gravity. Dark matter is still one of the biggest cosmological issues in discussion today, and at the time this book was published, governments in the United States and Europe had a number of dark matter searches being funded in places like California, Russia, and Italy.
My least favorite chapter was probably chapter eight, The Exclusive Age of the Cosmos, because estimates of the age of the universe are based on a number of fudge factors as Goldsmith likes to call them, which are theories not proven to be true, but that models are based off of and are only valid if these factors are correct. One of the main questionable factors mentioned in this chapter is Hubble's Constant. It has been found that 1/H (H being Hubble's Constant) is the amount of time that has passed since the Big Bang, but scientists have yet to figure out what this age is. Estimates of the age of the universe range from roughly 6 billion years all the way to 13 billion years, which is such a large range that the actual age of the universe is, in my opinion, still a huge unanswered question. Overall, I would recommend that Einstein's Greatest Blunder stays on the reading list as it is very informational, and gives a simplistic, clear explanation of many of the cosmological concepts relating to content discussed in this course. In addition, it introduces many of the biggest questions about the universe that are still unanswered today.
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Hurricane Katrina was a very Costly Disaster
This hurricane was the most destructive in the United States. It was extremely tragic with the loss of homes, valuables, and even family. I know that I personally am thankful for the lives that were saved, but with forever remember the lives that were lost. Hurricane is a was a category 3 storm that hit ground near Grand Isle Louisiana. The category of the storm is based on the wind speed. A category 3 storm is considered extremely dangerous because it is a storm that is capable of taking lives. This category 3 storm was the most destructive hurricane that hit the U.S. It was 127 miles per hour with severe flooding that damaged cities along the Gulf Coast, New Orleans to Biloxi, and Mississippi. The water and the wind made homes in extremely bad conditions. Because of the damage, there was a need for emergency evacuation. The flooding caused half of the damage that occured. Because of the flooding, 134,000 units and 300,000 homes were destroyed. The worst flooding had taken place in the New Orleans' 9th Ward. That part of New Orleans was mostly insured.
Hurricane Rita was a storm that joined with Katrina. This happens when there are two atoms around 140 miles per hour and close by to join together. There can also be an incident when a small hurricane comes around a big storm, it will just rotate around it. When there is a medium hurricane and a big hurricane, they will rotate around together. Hurricane Katrina and Rita were two big storms together. Hurricane Rita was a category 5 storm. That means that a category 5 and 3 storm when they were together. The two storms damaged 457 oil and gas pipelines. Katrina also destroyed 113 offshore oil and gas pipelines when it was combined with hurricane Rita, which continued shortly after. (The Balance 1) This caused over 8 billion gallons of oil to spill. This event almost spilled as most oil as the Exxon Valdez disaster. Because of the loss of oil and gas, there was a three dollar increase on each barrel. That means that each gallon of gas increased by 5 dollars. Katrina force 75 percent of 819 manned oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. This hurricane damaged 19 percent of the U.S. oil production. That reduced oil production by a third. This hurricane did more damage than any other natural disaster in the U.S. history. The storm was massive before it even made contact with the land.
The people that were involved in the storm lost so much. For example, the Lee family, who were victims of hurricane Katrina, had to go to a new city to get out of the disaster that was made. They decided to travel to Houston to get out of the storm. They lost so much and they were treated like dirt there. I don't know why they were treated like this, but I do know this is a terrible way to live. They had to hide every little thing about their culture. They couldn't speak with their accent because one of the incident was that they were getting shot at for being from the New Orleans. They had to leave their homes and come to a city that treaded you terrible. They lost their valuables, their loved ones, and their homes. Forty percent of the deaths were caused by drowning, 25 percent wer from injury or trauma, and 11 percent were caused by heart conditions. (CNN 1) There was 1,836 deaths altogether. (The Balance 2) 71 percent of the people that died were 60 and older. Half of the 71 percent were 75 and older. In fact, 68 were in nursing homes and possibly were abandoned by their caretakers. This is extra sad because many of them most likely couldn't walk so how are they expected to swim. I personally think that the caretakers were just thinking about themselves. Fortunately, the government Accountability Office released a report that includes one million dollars that was used for sheltering 270,000 people.
There was also 114,000 families that were raised in FEMA trailers. FEMA is the abbreviation of Federal Emergency Management Agency. For 10 years after the storm, FEMA owed more than 15 billion dollars to the Gulf states for public work projects, including the repair and rebuilding of roads, schools, and buildings. So many people had pasted on or moved away because of this event. The populationas the New Orleans went from 484,674 to a dereastic 230,172 in 2006. When 2017 came around it increased to 393,292. Of more importance was the impact on people and animals. Katrina displaced 770,000 residents. That's more than the Dust Bowl migration during the Great Depression. Seventy-five thousand returned only to find their homes destroyed. (The Balance 3) The animals and pets were either killed or ended up homeless. There still are some pets that were able to find a new home with their families. Because it was so hard to get people out of there it was even harder to add getting animals out of the mess. Over 600,000 pets were left homeless of died.
For the flooding alone it was 250 billion dollars. Because the oil platforms were destroyed it costed a staggering 108 billion dollars. Oil platforms are offshore drilling structures. Insurance covered 80 billion dollars of the losses. The U.S. economy grew by 3.8 percent in the quarter before Katrina hit. After the storm had made landfall, it went down to 1.3 percent in the fourth quarter. The fourth quarter was October through December. There was so much money put to this natural disaster. This was the worst disaster to have hit the States so far. It has been cleaned up and people are back to their normal lives. I know the lives of all the victims will be honored forever to come.
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Hurricane Katrina – August 2005
Hurricane Katrina hit the southern shoreline of the United States on August 28, 2005. The focal point of Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans on the morning of August 29, 2005. The staggering impact of this storm brought about in excess of 1,800 natives losing their lives, and in addition in excess of an expected $81 billion dollars in harms happened. By August 31, 2005, 80% of the city ended up submerged in light of the fact that the tempest flood ruptured the city's levees at different focuses. On the off chance that the levees are harmed monstrous water will surge Louisiana from the Gulf Coast, the Mississippi River, and other encompassing waterways. A few regions of New Orleans were 15 feet submerged. Winds of Hurricane Katrina achieved a surprising classification 3 as it went through downtown New Orleans; be that as it may, it felt as though it were classification 5 winds. A huge number of unfortunate casualties clutched rooftop tops for their lives and scattered to covers amid and after the storm. In Southeast Louisiana, 90% of its subjects were cleared in the best route in our countries history. Be that as it may, the elderly and the poor stayed in the zone. The individuals who did not empty acquired sanctuary in the Louisiana Superdome. Likewise, the individuals who did not leave there homes needed to swim for their lives through profound waters or stayed caught in their storage rooms or housetops. The national calamity of Hurricane Katrina brought about durable ramifications for the natives of New Orleans, essentially which the general public will never totally recuperate from; Social Consequences, Economic Consequences, and Environmental Consequences.
In the days before the storm, many of the area's residents took heed of warnings concerning the potential severity of the storm and began the process of evacuation. But as often happens, others took the riskier course and resolved to ignore the warnings and attempt to ride out the storm. Those are choices. But many other residents who lacked a personal means of transportation were unable to get out.
As the hurricane arrived at an end numerous individuals acted the hero, the first on location were the nearby police and fire divisions, yet they were not sufficiently equipped to manage the horrible conditions. The Coast Guard arrived not long after and numerous other little organizations, the protect and tidy up started. As there various gatherings of individuals began it was confusion nobody knew where to try and begin. There were individuals living out of the super vault who required help yet, in addition, the general population stuck in their homes. As the pursuit and save started so did the loss of life, house by house they number just went up.
After New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin ordered a mandatory evacuation, local officials opened ten designated shelters for those unable to flee on their own. The Super Dome assumed a tremendous job in the safe house for the general population who required it most. Individuals fled from their perilous homes to discover a spot in the colossal secured football field. Numerous individuals were within the vault when the tempest struck, and many came to it after. While remaining in the vault you had what you carried with you, a cover and a cushion and your family. The restrooms were flooding and the air possessed an aroma like demise. Individuals were pushing and pushing to discover a spot to rest in the crowed unsanitary place. If you somehow managed to stroll outside of the vault and around the bend you would see the groups of the people who didn't make it and who couldn't be acquired, a large number of them had a bit of paper with them expressing the names of their relatives so that after it was all over they could be covered. Individuals abandoned sustenance and water for a long time, some were stranded over their very own homes. Vehicles were submerged alongside a few homes and structures, numerous individuals couldn't swim so that was the passing of them.
Eventually, the Superdome was beginning to fall apart and the humidity started to build up even more because of the body heat, the bathroom began backing up and overflowing. Even though there was negativity all around, there was still someone trying to bring positivity back into the picture. A man that goes by the name ""Radio"" helped bring encouragement to the dome by going around and singing ""this little light of mine.""
Even with this encouragement, there were some people that couldn't take the no clean water, no food, and no medicine ""policy"". So they began doing what is known as ""looting."" Looting means, to take goods from (a place) by force or without right, especially in the time of war or lawlessness. In the wake of massive disasters, fears about crime and other forms of disorder almost always rise. But while some people do take advantage of the collective distraction, the fear of crime typically outstrips the reality. Fear of crime is typical after a massive disaster when the peace of mind goes with the rest. If a person lacks basics like clean underwear and a dry place to put their children to sleep, feeling frazzled and grasping for anything that will restore a sense of order becomes everyone's main priority. It's important to distinguish between taking resources for survival and non-essential luxury goods such as electronics (Flat screen TVs, DVD players, Play Stations) shoes and more. This type of looting is the one that deserves jail time. How can you benefit from these items? There's no type of electricity present, and I don't believe anyone wants to purchase shoes that are soaking wet. Looting isn't legal even if it was for a good or bad cause. A looter can only be charged with a crime if he or she is caught. In contrast, there were cops that were looting as well. Do they go to jail or do they get a pass because they're cops?
Let's look at looting from another perspective. I feel if I was one of the victims of hurricane Katrina and I had to steal from a local corner store or grocery store to get valuable things for my family or friends I would do it. The Act of Utilitarianism refers to a person's act is morally right if and only if it produces at least as much happiness as any other act that the person could perform at that time. It is a concept that believes that the morality of an action is determined by its usefulness to most of the people that this act is in accordance with the moral rules since it brings greater good or happiness. Yes, I would be breaking the law by stealing however, I would bring happiness to my family and friends when I bring back food and beneficial supplies to help us survive the tough times. If I was a police officer I wouldn't focus on trying to get the people that are stealing items that could help them survive.
Before I watched, ""When the Levees Broke"" I had already made my mind up on how I felt about stealing from the supermarket. After watching this film my decision still didn't change. Hurricane Katrina brought out the best and the worse in people. The wealthy were treated fast and kind, whereas the poor had to suffer until the government felt like doing something about it. Some went without food and water for 3 or more days. Houses were destroyed, cars were underwater, and people were neglected. Hurricane Katrina affected over 15 million people in different ways varying from having to evacuate their homes, rising gas prices, and the economy suffering. At this point, it seems like every man is for themselves. So, if one wishes to protect their belongings against looters, the only way to do so is by putting themselves between their possessions and those who wish to take them. However, in a natural disaster, I do not believe that people in a local corner store are going to be guarding their items. Yes, it is illegal to looter but if you do it fast and not get caught, you should be fine. So I completely agree with going up to my local supermarket and getting things that could benefit me and my family. And if I was to get caught I doubt I would care because I know I was doing it for a good cause.
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Hurricane Katrina Military Failure or Learning Experience
What would the outcome have been if the military had guidance in place to respond to national disaster? Could lives have been saved and could have homes and businesses been protected? To evaluate this question, we need to look at the restraints that the military faces during a national/natural disaster. Due to the lack of national guidance, Hurricane Katrina, made the military reevaluate its role in natural disasters
Restraints of the Military
The major restraints imposed on the military are derived from the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878. This act states was enacted in an effort to reaffirm the deeply held American principal the civilian and military spheres should be kept distinctly separate. The extensive use of federal troops serving in domestic law enforcement roles during the reconstruction era for Congress to place new limits on the military's role in domestic affairs. Thus, this limits the military's role in national disasters. After this disaster happened, federal state and local officials realized that there was a need to expand the existing authority of the president to call in the military at a more rapid pace. At this time, the Northern Command of the United States Department of Defense, also began to construct a program to create units in the military that were specifically trained and equipped to handle national disasters.
Extensive Loss of Life
Nearly 1900 people lost their lives during Hurricane Katrina. With the miscommunications of Gov. Kathleen Blanco, the federal government could not come to a conclusion to exactly what was needed and held up aid being sent. With such an immense loss of life, it gave the nation and the military the opportunity to come up with a better strategy on how to deal with natural disaster. As stated in the research brief, Learning the Lessons of Hurricane Katrina for the U.S. Army, researchers also concluded that the absence of changes in how the Army plans for response to operates in catastrophic domestic emergencies, future responses will not look very different. However, the research also shows that the Army can take steps to make its response quicker and more robust. At the time of Hurricane Katrina, the United States military did not have a set of standard operating procedures, that they could rely on for guidance. National guidance for the military was lacking to nonexistent. With the separation between civilian and military forces, the had to rely on waiting for executive orders to allow them to proceed to the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina. Had the military been able to step in on day one, we think back could more lives been saved. The military had assets to do more effective search and rescue, and sources to evacuate as many people as possible. With that in mind, the premise would be, that more lives could have been saved.
Extensive Loss of Property and Livelihood
With an estimate of nearly 250 billion dollars in losses, the states involved lost most of their economic construct. 770,000 residents, of the impacted area, were displaced by Hurricane Katrina. They returned to their homes destroyed and no jobs. Had the military stepped in, such as engineers, more flood walls and barriers could have been put in place to help protect property.
During the havoc of Hurricane Katrina, we also must account for the thievery and looting of the homes and businesses affected. Some reports have even stated that local officials, police officers, etc., had been seen looting businesses. The military could have put in place law and order military police forces to control and contain situations of theft and looting. This was not possible as we refer to The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, and to the fact that Gov. Kathleen Blanco would not relinquish control of the National Guard for her state.
Lack of Trust in the Government and the Military
The lack of trust in the government and the military became very apparent after Hurricane Katrina. The cries of the residents in the areas affected went unheard. Trust in the abilities of the local, state, and federal government to help the residents of the impacted area were greatly scrutinized. As stated by Col. Alan D Campen, USAF (Ret.), It found no unity of command- or more specifically, no one in charge and no unified incident reporting system to coordinate efforts of local, state, and federal agencies. It also goes on to state, In addition, there was what the military would call a lack of situational awareness at all levels. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, local state and federal governments, to include the military, had to rethink their policies for natural disaster.
Learning for the Future
In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the military and government, learned an important lesson on how ill prepared they were to handle a natural disaster such as this. Federal agencies, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), realized that there had to be a collaboration between the civilian sector and military. Some of the results allowed us to unify the commands set in place for the reaction to national disaster. With the collaboration between the United States military and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the military now has standard operating procedures that they can follow.
Conclusion
Although many would say that the reactions of the military were a failure, we have learned many lessons to rectify the situation. From creating collaboration between the commands, and the commitment to unify the civilian sector and military when it comes to responding to natural disasters, the effects of Hurricane Katrina will not be felt again.
REFERENCES
Campen, A.D. (2005, December). Hurricane Katrina Represents a failure to communicate.
Retrieved December 9, 2018, from www.afcea.org/content/hurricane-katrina-represents-failure-communicate.
Learning Lessons of Hurricane Katrina for the U.S. Army. (n.d.). Retrieved from
www.rand.org/pub/research_briefs/RB9255/index1.html.
Tkacz, S.R. (2006). In Katrina's Wake: Rethinking the Military's Role in Domestic
Emergencies. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal. 15(1). Retrieved from
https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol15/iss1/11
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Hurricane Katrina Deaths
Hurricane Katrina surfaced around the Bahamas on August 23, 2005. It was a very traumatizing storm and it killed many people. There are many different conclusions on how many people actually died. Katrina hit many places in its path, leaving people with absolutely nothing. The O'Colley discovered 3 sources and analyzed the information, and the different sources reported what happened during hurricane Katrina. Source 1 discusses the deaths during hurricane Katrina, source 2 discusses the numbers for evacuations before and during the hurricane, and source 3 gives a reason for medical assistance during and after the hurricane. So, for this week in the O'Colley we will be discussing the number of deaths that occurred during this devastating hurricane.
Referring to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, hurricanes range from 1 to 4 with 4 being the worst. Hurricane Katrina started in the Bahamas, then made its way to Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and then Florida. Katrina also hit parts of Mississippi and Louisiana causing devastation to southern parts of the United States. The Hurricane stared at a category 1 with an average of 74 miles per hour winds. It then strengthened to a category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 miles per hour.
New Orleans was not hit exactly, but the flooding throughout the town was unbelievable. Britannica published an evaluation on Hurricane Katrina. It includes information about what happened during the hurricane and also the shape of the cities that were hit very hard how they are doing now. It became electronically viewable to readers on August 16, 2018. It seems that this source had more time to evaluate the circumstances over the past years, other than just focusing on what happened. The source is a .com source, which sometimes means that it is not as accurate. Due to it being published much later than others, it seems to be precise and it matches information with other sources as well. The author is The Editors of Encyclopedia, who seem to be correct. The information is mistake free and also provides before and after pictures of New Orleans. The purpose is to inform the readers of, Hurricane Katrina and it is the main focus is to provide information on the number of people stayed or evacuated during the hurricane. The source states, 1.2 million people left ahead of the storm. However, tens of thousands of residents could not or would not leave. Knowing that people would not leave is heartbreaking. So many people were worried about losing their belongings, houses, and even lives. Also, over a million people left before the storm, and yet so many people still died. With Katrina being one of the worst Hurricanes to ever hit the United States, and especially New Orleans, over 80 percent of the city was underwater at the end of the hurricane.
When we hear that New Orleans evacuated 1.2 million people we immediately think that is a lot. The overall state of Louisiana evacuated 1.5 million, and most evacuees were from New Orleans. Environmental Public Health Impacts of Disasters published a book named, Hurricane Katrina: Workshop Summary. It was published in 2007 on nap.edu. The information relates to my topic, because it states the number of evacuated people during the storm and how many stayed. It is insane to think that people wanted to stay through the storm. Many lost their lives during the storm, and mainly are the people that would not evacuate. Also, the source is a .edu URL, which usually means that it is used for education. As well as, it is a book which typically results in that it has been proofread many times. The context is very unbiased as well, the information just tells us how it went. The overall purpose of this source is to inform us of the state of Louisiana and give us more information throughout the book. The source states, The state of Louisiana evacuated approximately 1.5 million people before Hurricane Katrina made landfall. However, approximately 150,000 to 200,000 individuals remained during the storm. While many people chose to stay, others did not have an opportunity to evacuate because of unavailable resources, noted by Jimmy Guidry of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals. It is very depressing to know that the state of Louisiana could not protect their citizens and that many lost their homes and lives. This source gives us so much information on what happened, as well as what the government could have done better to protect more citizens.
Not only did Hurricane Katrina leave many people without medical attention, but is also did not help that Rita hit just a couple of weeks after. Even though Hurricane Rita was not as bad as Katrina, it still damaged Louisiana. The citizens of Louisiana were still trying to recover from Katrina, and yet they could not. Louisiana had many families mourning over deaths in the family, very minimal number of medical supplies and a lot of depression. Direct Relief published an article describing the massive necessity for medical supplies Louisiana needed. Direct Relief is a website that works internationally to help nurses and doctors with medical needs and supplies to help citizens around the world. On the website, people can donate money and it goes straight to training nurses and doctors to travel worldwide to help people during disasters. Direct Relief posted a final report on June 6, 2018. This source was to inform the readers on Hurricane Katrina and explain how much of an impact Direct Relief helped the citizens during this depressing time. Direct Relief has raised 85 million dollars from the day Katrina hit to the day this article was published. This money helped with bills, medical expenses, doctors, nurses, and to rebuild cities that were destroyed.
This source relates to my topic because it discusses that the hospitals filled up very quickly, due to all of the injuries and deaths Hurricane Katrina caused. The Direct Relief organization is the author of this article. The source is a .org website meaning that the source is a type of organization. The information is supported by pictures, as well as quotes from doctors and survivors of the hurricane. The purpose of this information is to inform and the authors' purpose is very clear and understanding. The author is also persuading people to donate money to help fellow citizens during disasters that are uncontrollable. The source states, On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana, forever changing the lives of thousands of families. Hurricane Rita followed just a few weeks later, making landfall on September 24. The impact of these storms revealed a vast unmet need for medical aid throughout the Gulf Coast region, particularly with community clinics and health centers experiencing a dramatic surge of people in need of care. As hospitals quickly filled up, many patients turned to the network of safety-net providers throughout the region. Direct Relief was positioned to help. This quote from Direct Relief really reveals how in need much families were in need of medical attention. Also, it shows the significance of the cities that were hit by both Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita within weeks.
With all of this being said, it is heartbreaking that so many people were trapped and lost their lives. Most of the people that died were in Louisiana due mainly to chronic diseases, drowning, and lack of medical care. Most of the victims died in their own residences. It is awful to realize that many family members had to watch other family members die in their own homes. It is very interesting to dive into Hurricane Katrina and how many deaths were accounted for. Also, it is eye-opening to know why so many people died and what went wrong during the evacuation process. While source 1 gives us information about deaths, source 2 tells us the numbers evacuated and source 3 tells us the reason for the lack of medical assistance. All of these sources explain the many pitfalls that occurred during hurricane Katrina. The sources chosen have good facts and details regarding the details that happened before, during, and after hurricane Katrina. I chose this topic because many of my family members were affected by this epic natural disaster. My hopes are we will never experience another Hurricane Katrina, as she definitely left her mark.
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Lingering Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Vulnerable Populations
A Category 3 hurricane made landfall in the Gulf Coast of the United States near Grand Isle, Louisiana on August 29th, 2005. Named Hurricane Katrina and hitting winds of 127 mph the storm caused fatalities, flooding, and severe property damage in the Gulf Coast from New Orleans, Louisiana to Biloxi, Mississippi. Due to the aggressive nature of the storms and flooding, numerous levees failed around the New Orleans area, causing additional devastation to those communities (C.N.N. Library, Hurricane Katrina Fast Facts, 2018). The impact of the storm along the Gulf Coast was further enhanced by the arrival of Hurricane Rita a few weeks later. Residents were initially evacuated from Eastern Louisiana to Western Louisiana, and then had to be relocated again, due to the geographic location of Hurricane Rita's landfall as well as structural damages caused to existing shelter locations. As temporary housing for evacuees became challenging, many makeshift locations were utilized in areas less affected by flooding. In one case of sheltering, evacuees taking shelter at a sports complex had to relocate due structural damage to the building's roof. The associated storms caused 1,822 fatalities recorded in 5 different states and approximately $125 billion in damages, according to 2005 prices. (C.N.N. Library, Hurricane Katrina Fast Facts, 2018). Although recovery efforts in the affected areas have been made with success; the lingering effects of Hurricane Katrina which manifested in communities, present pervasive public health concerns, especially in those individuals considered to be from vulnerable populations.
An estimated population of 1.7 million in Louisiana required evacuation prior to the unforgiving weather (storms and floods) affecting the area. Only about 1.5 million people were able to be relocated in other areas that were deemed not affected. Several hundred thousand people either decided against relocation or were unable to move out of the area and stayed behind due to limited capabilities, such as individuals in hospitals. Although several shelters capable of housing hundreds of thousands were set up in multiple locations, the addition of Hurricane Rita in subsequent weeks after the flooding, further taxed resources and made additional relocation to other safer areas inevitable (Institute of Medicine, 2007).
The initial recorded population of New Orleans, L.A. was 450,000 prior to Hurricane Katrina. According to data gathered within 4 months post disaster, approximately 378,000 residents were still displaced from the New Orleans metropolitan area. The demographic data showed that the majority of those able to remain in the area during and post storm, were primarily of a socioeconomically stable, and predominantly White and non-Hispanic demographic, at 54%. After the storm, this demographic population increased to 68% in New Orleans from the original 54% (Whoriskey, 2006).
To analyze data gathered regarding fatalities caused during the original storm and the subsequent flooding; 971 Louisiana deaths and associated causes were documented and organized for use in future disaster mortality reduction stratagems in 2008. Sources used to verify this information were Katrina related death certificates from 8/27/2005 to 10/31/2005 and the Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team victim database in pertinent parishes in Louisiana (Brunkard, Namulanda, and Ratard, 2008). The resulting information indicated three primary causes as well as demographic data showing the mortality rates were higher in men at 53%, African Americans at 51%, and Caucasians at 42%. Additionally, another vulnerable population documented, lay among residents over 75 years of age. This number is likely caused by factors that include the elderly in residential and nursing homes, hospitals, and those with limited mobility. Other information of note were the causes of death, listed as 40% drownings, 25% injury and trauma, and 11% heart conditions (Brunkard, et al, 2008).
According to a study published in 2012 and based on data gathered by the American Community Survey (Sastry and Gregory, 2013), a significant increase of 4% disabilities were documented among residents a year after Hurricane Katrina. These metrics can be observed through data comparison. The information was compared to previous metrics gathered in New Orleans a year prior to the event. The data included demographic data collected among various ages, races, and genders. Some of the findings included a marked increase in mental health needs and a limited increase in physical disabilities. Most notably, the disabilities appeared to affect young to middle aged African American women (Sastry and Gregory, 2013). It is speculated the changes in circumstance can be attributed to living in homes located in areas highly damaged by the event. Children were also more likely to experience separation in the household dynamic and be of more susceptible predisposition to stressed conditions. Although, it is likely most disaster survivors will experience some sort of psychological trauma from displacement and witnessing the destruction of a disaster, many studies that are published focus on victim mortality rates and pathogenic infection that affect public health. From a public health perspective, these areas must be focused on to prevent and mitigate outbreaks of disease after disasters. Studies such as this one published by Sastry and Gregory, show a holistic picture of disaster survivor trends that include the psychological components along with the physical and physiological. This study correlates the disparity in psychological wellness of displaced New Orleans residents and in more detail, that the African American demographic is markedly more affected. This study along with the disaster mortality rate study published by (Brunkard, et al, 2008), highlight that vulnerable populations, such as: the elderly, minorities, and children, experience increased detrimental physical and mental health effects after disasters.
During the flooding in Louisiana, levee systems failed around New Orleans further increasing water levels. An evaluation of the water quality was conducted to determine what chemicals and toxins were present in the water that flowed into the adjacent body of water (Lake Pontchartrain) (Institute of Medicine (US), 2007). The sewer and waste water systems in New Orleans were compromised and in need of repair as they were under several feet of water. The quality of potable water and waste systems are always areas of concern to public health, especially after flooding of metropolitan areas. Symptoms that are examined in the population after such an event may include: diarrhea from exposure to contaminated food or water, respiratory distress due to mold and other microorganisms found in dwellings and the air, and additional anomalous systemic issues that may appear viral or bacterial in nature.
In 2005, elevated amounts of microbial and toxicant contamination were found the residual flood waters in New Orleans (Sinigalliano, Gidley, Shibata, Whitman, Dixon, Laws, Hou, Bachoon, Brand, Amaral-Zettler, Gast, Steward, Nigro, Fujioka, Betancourt, Vithanage, Mathews, Fleming, and Solo-Gabriele, 2007). Fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli amounts showed that waste and associated harmful lifeforms were present in the water.
Although tests were not conducted to detect Vibrio vulnificus, the conditions of the water were encouraging for their development (Sinigalliano, et al, 2007). According to a Center for Disease Control (CDC) report, 5 deaths were attributed to Vibrio vulnificus which were contracted from Hurricane Katrina flood water. Vibrio vulnificus is a type of cholera and can be introduced to the body through a wound that has encountered contaminated water (Katrina Disease Kills Five, 2005). Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, and those with compromised immunity are especially at risk of infection.
An additional issue of concern during the recovery phase after any major flooding, is the growth of molds and other organisms thriving in homes that have experienced significant flooding and have been left vacant for a period. Evacuees sometimes have difficulty returning to their place of origin due to the lack of habitability of their home and in some cases, financial resources to return to their respective places of origin. Molds grow quickly in the right environments and must be mucked and gutted with personal protective gear by individuals who have debris and mold removal knowledge. There are various barriers that may prevent home occupants from the immediate removal of moldy materials, followed by sanitation methodology before a rebuild can begin. A study conducted from material samples obtained in New Orleans, inside homes that had not yet undergone the process of sanitation in the affected areas in 2007, showed the presence of several microorganisms. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cadosporium were found inside dwellings, as well as other molds and fungi in elevated amounts (Bloom, Grimsley, Pehrson, & Larsson, 2008). These findings were consistent with recorded findings in dwellings after exposure to flood water and the materials tested had not yet been compromised by sanitation procedures. The mold amounts in air particulates tested in these dwellings were similar to the material samples tested from within the home. The study showed the importance of utilizing the appropriate protective equipment for individuals conducting the sanitation and rebuild of the affected homes in this area, for mitigation of health hazard exposures (Bloom, et al, 2008).
According the CDC, cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease also significantly increased in the year following Hurricane Katrina. For the analysis, the data compiled in the affected Louisiana areas was compared to information previously recorded. Although, cases of West Nile had already begun to be reported prior to the storm, it was speculated that the spike in cases were attributed to an increase in medium for mosquito reproduction (stagnant water, quality of living conditions, etc.) (Caillou?«t, Michaels, Xiong, Foppa, and Wesson, 2010). West Nile is a virus most commonly spread to people by mosquito bites and no immunizations are currently available (CDC.Gov, 2018).
Naegleria fowleri was also the culprit of a recorded death of a child, even years after Hurricane Katrina. Naegleria is an amoeba that mostly inhabits fresh bodies of water such as lakes and rivers. The organism thrives in warm climates and usually does not infect hosts through ingestion of water, but instead N. fowleri (the species type that is communicable to humans) enters the nasal cavity and travels to and infects the brain. The host is usually infected during contact with contaminated water during participation in recreational water sport in lakes and rivers, however cases have occurred of people becoming contaminated in chlorinated pools and in this case, a slip in slide. N. (2018, July 17). ParasitesNaegleria
Reports of brain eating ameba related deaths have surfaced over the years in Louisiana since Katrina. The initial presumption is that waterborne illnesses are related to contaminants from flood waters or excessive heat conditions in rivers and lakes, but organisms such as N. Fowleri, can reside within city plumbing and thrive there because of lack of pipe flushing (Fox, 2017). In anticipation of disasters, residents are evacuated and do not return to these locations until after some time, giving these organisms a warm and sedentary medium to grown in (Cope, J. R., Ratard, R. C., Hill, V. R., Sokol, T., Causey, J. J., Yoder, J. S., . . . Beach, M. J., 2015). In 2013 a case of Naegleria fowleri in tap water was reported to have infected a 4-year-old boy playing on a slip and slide. The tap water had undergone the U.S. standard water treatment. The patient in this case died of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology but the Cerebral Spinal Fluid and brain samples were cultured and confirmed the presence of N. fowleri, changing the final diagnosis to Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis. Testing of the associated water supply and sources also confirmed the presence of the organism (Cope, J. R., Ratard, et al, 2015).
There have been reforms and revisions to many federal documents and policies since Hurricane Katrina in response to after action reports from the disaster. In current events, the handling of Hurricane Maria is also facing criticism for a response slower than expected in resource aid, as well as lack of resources, or resources not being provided in a timely manner from government contractors. Conducting studies and analyzing data related to public health and welfare (acquired through government and nonprofit agencies) immediately following disasters, is imperative for mitigation of other events in the United States. The Administration of Children and Families when engaged, can provide essential demographic data in regard to immediate needs of disaster survivors, to include mental health needs, physical, and basic needs (Kramer, Finegold, Kuehn, 2008).
This data is usually collected in the commission of assisting to address said needs by linking disaster survivors to community resources able to provide tangible goods and services. Metrics gathered include trends that transcend geography for persons that relocate after disasters, the changing of immediate needs to long term needs, and various other information pertinent to the improvement of human health and welfare (Kramer, et al, 2008). Analyzing this data can assist with the creation of new programs and improvement of existing programs in these communities to enhance public health and other human service programs.
In conclusion, it is imperative to compile data and complete analysis and/or correlation studies to identify gaps in services and resources comparatively; prior to and after natural and anthropogenic disasters. Doing so can establish accurate baseline models in neighborhoods and cities with socioeconomic disparities and specific demographic data for the purpose of addressing challenges that may arise during and after emergency events. When building community resilience in the mitigation phase of emergency management, it is essential to bridge these gaps to lessen burden of resources and loss of life in the future. Based on historical and geographical information of water source contamination, public health issues, and populations most affected by disaster; emergency managers can learn to anticipate areas that will require swift remediation, especially in areas that are frequently impacted by hurricanes and storms. Vulnerable populations such as the elderly, minorities, and children experience additional needs and difficulties daily. Throughout this analysis of events in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, studies have shown that vulnerable populations in New Orleans, Louisiana have had significant increases in geographical displacement and public health concerns consistent with their susceptibility. The elderly residents experienced increase mortality rates, women and children experienced an obvious increase in psychological health and wellness, and pathogenic organisms are especially fatal to the immunocompromised and children.
References
Bloom, E., Grimsley, L. F., Pehrson, C., Lewis, J., & Larsson, L. (2008, September 4). Molds and mycotoxins in dust from water-damaged homes in New Orleans after hurricane Katrina. Retrieved from https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00574.x
Brunkard, J., Namulanda, G., & Ratard, R. (2008, December). Hurricane Katrina deaths, Louisiana, 2005. Retrieved September 30, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756175
Caillou?«t, K. A., Michaels, S. R., Xiong, X., Foppa, I., & Wesson, D. M. (2010, July 08). Increase in West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease after Hurricane Katrina - Volume 14, Number 5-May 2008 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/5/07-1066_article
Cope, J. R., Ratard, R. C., Hill, V. R., Sokol, T., Causey, J. J., Yoder, J. S., . . . Beach, M. J. (2015, April 15). The First Association of a Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Death with Culturable Naegleria fowleri in Tap Water from a U.S. Treated Public Drinking Water System. Retrieved September 30, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4627687/
Fox, M. (2017, August 31). The floodwaters are only the beginning of the problem. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hurricane-harvey/unexpected-health-impacts-hurricane-n797591
Hurricane Katrina Statistics Fast Facts. (2018, August 30). Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/23/us/hurricane-katrina-statistics-fast-facts/index.html
Institute of Medicine (US) Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine. (2007). Environmental Public Health Impacts of Disasters: Hurricane Katrina: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2007. 3, Hurricane Katrina: Challenges for the Community. from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54237/
JH Bloomberg School of Public Health. (2013, January 07). Katrina Health Concerns. Retrieved from https://www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2005/katrina/katrina_health.html
Kramer, F. D., Finegold, K., & Kuehn, D. (2008, April). Understanding the Consequences of Hurricane Katrina for ACF Service Populations: A Feasibility Assessment of Study Approaches. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/resource/understanding-the-consequences-of-hurricane-katrina-for-acf-service
Mohney, G. (2015, July 24). 'Brain-Eating' Amoeba Reappears in Louisiana Parish's Water Supply. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/Health/brain-eating-amoeba-reappears-louisiana-parishs-water-supply/story?id=32665555
N. (2018, July 17). Parasites - Naegleria fowleri - Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) - Amebic Encephalitis. Retrieved September 30, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/general.html
N. (2005, September 07). Katrina Disease Kills Five. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://www.terradaily.com/reports/Katrina_Disease_Kills_Five.html
N. (2018, October 02). West Nile virus. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html
Sastry, N., & Gregory, J. (2013). The effect of Hurricane Katrina on the prevalence of health impairments and disability among adults in New Orleans: Differences by age, race, and sex. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 80, 121“129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.009
Sinigalliano, C. D., Gidley, M. L., Shibata, T., Whitman, D., Dixon, T. H., Laws, E., . . . Solo-Gabriele, H. M. (2007, May 22). Impacts of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the microbial landscape of the New Orleans area. Retrieved September 30, 2018, from https://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/9029
Whoriskey, P. (2006, June 07). Katrina Displaced 400,000, Study Says. Retrieved September 30, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/06/AR2006060601729.html
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Are Serial Killer Born or Made?
Dr. Samuel Loomis once said, The darkest souls are not those who choose to live within the hell of the abyss, but those who choose to break free from the abyss and move silently among us. In this quote, it explains that anyone, your closest friends, a family member, or a neighbor could potentially be a serial killer. We have many thoughts on how and why these people become the way they do. The theory on whether a psychopath's upbringing is still highly debated today. We believe that a serial killer is either created by either the brain or psychologically abusive childhood. The answer to that question is both. Certain activities in the brain, a gene, or activity in the amygdala, or if you were abused during your childhood; these are certain factors that ultimately decide if someone will be a Psychopath. Many infamous serial killers have the same uprisings, but there are a select few that weren't abused during their childhood.
Ted Bundy, for example, had a good childhood and showed no signs of abuse or neglect. It was presumed that he had low activity in his orbital frontal cortex. With this in mind, it can be said that serial killers can be both born and created. Over the course of the years, Adrian Raine and his team have scanned the brains of numerous murderers and all of them have shown similar brain changes. Their brain showed reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain which controls emotional impulses, and over-activation of the amygdala, the area which generates our emotions.
A study from 2000 by Dr. Richard Davidson concluded that people with a large amount of aggression in particular people who have committed aggressive murders or have a social disorder have almost no brain activity within the orbital frontal cortex or the anterior cingulate cortex whereas activity in the amyglade continued perfectly. The orbital frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex control emotional impulses, while the amygdala controls reactions to fear. Davidson concludes that though the setting can have an effect on a serial killer's thoughts, it is a killer's genetic makeup that inevitably creates murderous thoughts.
If you've got the high-risk form of a certain gene, however, if you were abused early on in life, your chances of a life of crime are much higher. But if you have the high-risk gene and you weren't abused, then there really wasn't much of a risk. So just the gene by itself, the variant doesn't really dramatically affect behavior, but under certain environmental conditions, there is a big difference. This gene produces an enzyme called MAOA, which regulates the levels of neurotransmitters involved in impulse control. If you lack the MAOA gene or have the low-activity variant you're suspected to lead a more violent path.
This variant became known as the warrior gene. About 30% of men have this purported warrior gene, but whether the gene is triggered or not depends crucially on what happens to you in childhood. Raine's studies also suggest that part of the reason may be childhood abuse, which can create killers by causing physical damage to the brain. The prefrontal cortex is especially vulnerable. Serial killers also have certain biological markers: being male, certain gene variants, a low resting heart rate, brain damage, and a mother who smoked and drank while carrying you in her womb. Sometimes rejection or neglect can create a psychopath.
Victims of abuse or rejection, serial killers, or psychopaths find comfort in their fantasies and dreams that take them into a place that only they can control. I recognize that the childhood of a serial killer could cause them to become a psychopath. Or perhaps their genetic makeup can create a serial killer. However, with frequent studies and findings of the brains of serial killers, and the way they were raised, we can conclude that a serial killer is both born and made. With the studies of Dr. Raine, Dr. Davidson, and Dr. Fallon we can confirm that if someone has the high-risk gene and wasn't abused then they are not going to become a serial killer. But if they were then chances are they are a psychopath.
So it appears that a genetic tendency towards violence, together with an abusive childhood, are literally a killer combination - murderers are both born and made. Some biological factors that can create a serial killer: you have the warrior gene if you lack the MAOA gene or low activity in the orbital frontal cortex. Some physical factors that can create a serial killer: abuse, neglect, or rejection from the parents. All of the factors can mold someone into a psychopathic killer. Society wants to believe it can identify evil people, or bad or harmful people, but it's not practical. There are no stereotypes. These are the words of Ted Bundy, one of America's most notorious serial killers; which suggest that anyone might potentially be a psychopath.
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What Happened at Pearl Harbor?
On December 7, 1941, 361 planes launched from six Japanese aircraft carriers and delivered a surprise attack on the American naval base and airfields at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor?). Pearl Harbor is a very important event in American History and changed history. The attack made sure that the United States would enter WWII with the Allies against Japan. After the fatal attack on December 7 1941, Americans did everything in their power to save their country and the wounded soldiers on the boats. Multiple hours later, Japan declares war on the United States of America. In fact, about half of the population was from Japan in the United States. Even though, Japanese leaders understood the risks and hazards of attacking the naval base at Pearl Harbor they still did it. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor due to increased need of goods, the new order, and the pacific expansion.
To start with, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on behalf of the increased needs for goods. Japan had imports of goods coming in from the United States. Japan depended on the U.S. for oil, steel, and scrap iron. In fact, about 80% of Japan's oil came from the United States. Japan especially wanted the oil in order to fuel their boats and planes. According to Document D, Japan had few oil reserves and produced very little of its own oil (Chart). This establishes the fact that Japan relied upon the United States for their trade and goods. The oil that Japan received from different countries were about 10,000 tons of petroleum. The United States was 80% of that from the late 1930's. According to the timeline by Akira Iriye, The United States freezes all Japanese assets and bank accounts (Document C). President Franklin Roosevelt discontinued trade and didn't allow Japan to get money from them. The government embargoed the goods so it wouldn't go in or out of the country. Japan clearly did not admire this because they wanted to dominate the world and fuel their planes or boats to attack the countries that surround them; for example China. All in all, Japan had an increased need for goods but due to the United States embargoing they were frustrated and attacked Pearl Harbor.
Moreover, Japan may have also attacked Pearl Harbor because of the New Order. Japan wanted to dominate and rule all or most of the world. The old order is referred to as the rules that are established now are crumbling. Also, Western nations controlled most of the world and had a system of colonization and trade. According to The Way of the Subjects, An old order (European and American) is now crumbling (Document A). England, France, and the United States had controlled the old order. Japan was attempting to make a new order to rule everyone in the world. Japan can be compared to a fountain where Manchuria is the land that will provide water and be ruled by Japan and China or East Asia will be the land irrigated. This proof in fact hints to us that Japan wanted to make a new order just so they can dominate the world and everyone will be under their control. The United States did not want to be controlled by another country so they did not approve of the new order. In the end, Japan may have attacked Pearl Harbor because they knew the United States did not approve of their new order.
Furthermore, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor due to the Pacific expansion. In 1932, Manchuria was declared as a puppet state or a country that is controlled by another country.Japan also were seeking to expand their empire in order to obtain oil from other countries fields. If Japan were interested in seizing oil fields they would invade the Netherlands. According to Hideki Tojo, We can expect an expansion of our country only by stationing troops (Document E). By stationing troops in other countries to attack they could expand their force. This deemed to be a problem to the United States because they were expanding their forces to Pacific. President Roosevelt moved the fleet from California to Pearl Harbor. This also posed as a problem to Japan because they also wanted to expand in the Pacific. America also had interest in taking over the Philippines. Japan did not enjoy this because they want to easily strike and take control to rule the world. In conclusion, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor because of the Pacific Expansion.
Finally, the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor by Japan due to the increased and frozen need for goods, the new order for Japan to dominate the world, and the Pacific expanding. Although there were reasons for the attack their goals were not completed. The attack did not allow Japan to expand into the Pacific. The attack did not result in more goods or resources. Finally, the new order was not enabled and didn't allow Japan to control the countries around them. What would occur in History if the attack on Pearl Harbor didn't take place?
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Transgender Restrooms
We became not a melting pot, but a beautiful mosaic; With different people, different beliefs, different yearnings, different hopes, and different dreams. said our 39th U.S. president Jimmy Carter. The United States is not only a multi-racial country, but also a place with different sexual orientations. In terms of gender and inclusion, we talk about a process. Historically, there have been other measures such as giving the right to vote to women and stopping the separation of people of color in establishments: this breaks the status quo. In this case, a sign is placed and that makes people wonder why? For the commencment of these new sexual oriented individuals stepping up for their own rights, we have made some changes to laws and our views for them. As the years have progressed there have been many law revisions made due to our LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgenders).
Non- discrimination bills have been passed along with same sex marriage in some states. Nevertheless, one law that is striving to be enforced is transgender restrooms. Should transgender restrooms be opened in public places? There is a massive contradiction against this new law the government is trying to pass. Despite the fact of several possible hazards, people are overlooking all the problems that come with opening up transgender restrooms. They are putting at risk young adults and kids with these restrooms. Alongside these minorities they are risking the safety of all LGBT individuals, and the escalation of equality discrimination endured by transgenders. There are also inumberal reasons to why safety is difficult to be inflicted onto society about these latrines.
According to LGBT organizations, and opinions on social networks comments from person to person range from open acceptance, to rejection and discriminatory judgments. Equality amongst LGBT and cisgenders have been established through bills. Acceptance has come calmly and slowly towards the LGBT, allowing them to have more of a human reputation than some strong willed religious cisgenders have given them credit for. Although, some citizens can not grasp the concept of transgenders and view them lowly, there are many supporters and advocates to help them fight for their own rights. However, are these restrooms found offensive amongst the LGBT? Some individuals may interpret the restrooms as a kind of discrimination. Why open a third restroom for gender and sexual minorities? Why can we not just allow them to go to their preferred restroom, with the one they associate with? Nevertheless, the discrimination will follow them regardless of which restroom they decide to use. Barry W. Lynn explains how some Anti-transgender advocates have dressed men as woman and allowed them to enter into women's restroom, but they still insist that people must remain with their assigned birth gender. allowing for the discrimination to take place. Despite the fact they possibly used cisgender men instead of definite transgenders. Most people conducting this experiment would not allow transgenders to help conduct their observations.(23).
These restrooms are presumed to form equality amongst cisgenders and LGBT. Yet, there is not an idealistic view point on these restrooms. Some results of research show why restricting the access of transgender students to shared spaces is not only an unnecessary measure, but also discriminatory and dangerous. Prohibiting transgender students from accessing facilities that are safe, comfortable and reassert gender is discriminatory, and this discrimination causes actual harm. It exposes transgender students to an increased risk of harassment, assault and bullying, which hinders their ability to receive education and participate fully in school life, and can harm their physical and emotional health. In turn, there is no evidence that allowing transgender students to choose restrooms and changing rooms that match their gender identity poses a risk to other students. With the start of a new school year, it is crucial that schools and school districts implement measures that promote the rights of all their students, regardless of their gender identity or expression.
The likelihood of threats can be increased with the opening of these restrooms. Transgenders can be presented as the predator in these situations. Stones states the many possibilities that Americans dread to the commencement of these latrines, Williams is a female student who claims that a transgender female student was harassing another female student in a school bathroom, The transgender female either uses the female bathroom and makes 30% of the girls uncomfortable, or he uses the boy's restroom and gets beat up. He did not hurt or harass anyone. but as a transgender he is displayed as a malicious predator (285). We can not risk transgender students to be punished for harassment, when they have not done any sort of wrongdoing. Not only do the threats harass transgenders but, allows for sex predators to ruin the transgenders rights. The wants of a few should not outweigh the needs of the many. A man can simply decide one day that he wants to ?identify' as a female, then he can use the girl's bathroom. this shows us how effortless it is for exploitation to take place in bathrooms. Including, if we open up a transgender restroom we can admit some teens and kids will be allowed to go into these restrooms, and a strong likelihood that predators can take advantage in these restrooms than simple boy and girl latrines. We should not allow the LGBT to jeopardize kids with these restrooms just for their own rights (286).
Considering there are not many restrictions on these latrines due to the transgenders, Lisa Sushay interviews Gov. Terry McAuliffe father of a transgender daughter. He states "Where is my daughter's Fourth Amendment rights to privacy? Where? She has none? There is only two sexesa male and a female. Nothing protects transgender as a sex. Therefore, the LGBT community is not a protected class and therefore you cannot discriminate against them," these complications make it troublesome to enforce safety for all genders.
Although, imposing safety precautions for the security of the LGBT has overpowered the rights of others. There is only one form of protection, and would be conducted under the proposal that states According to the Sexual Assault Awareness and Prevention Center of the University of Michigan, most rapes and sexual assaults are conducted by white males. A Swiftian modest proposal that I think will solve this dilemma: ban all cisgender white men from public bathrooms. How will this work? Keeping out all cisgender white males is impossible. In this proposal they state having a security guard checking identification cards and looking if it is marked male or female. Looking deeper into this subject how comfortable would everyone be if a guard was at the door to the restroom asking for an I.D. to allow one to enter or tell someone they are not allowed to use the restroom (Mamone 7). Inclusively, having transgenders receive another I.D. that says what sex they relate to. But, who is there to state a transgender white man comes up and gets turned away for being white and possible cisgender. No matter what precautions we make to help establish a safe environment in the restrooms, there will always be that hint of discrimination due to sex. This fraudulent proposal displays how there is no valid approach towards defense against possible issues.
Conclusively, transgender restrooms can be viewed by both the pros and cons. Yet, we must be mindful of the possible dangers and discrimination that can take place for the opening of transgender restrooms or letting them decide which latrine to reside to. These dangers are not necessarily directed to children or young women but also the the LGBT who have been shamed for their sexual preferences. Yes. transgenders can get a feeling of equality as restrooms are allowed for their use, but our country can not risk the dangers that affects all of us. Not only restrooms will be affected with these laws but as president Donald Trump states they will also affect the school changing rooms. As the country continues to grow some will be open to more judgment than others who may view more acceptance towards their restroom usage.
Regardless to say, each individual would evidently agree there are a few defects in these restroom policies that should be rationalized before making any sort of hasty decision making. Safety amongst everyone straight or LGBT should be stabilized and achieved before risking the sanity of our citizens. Loretta Lynch, the first African-American woman who served as United States Attorney General, proclaimed before trans Americans: "We see them, we defend them, and we will do everything possible to protect their way forward." she became one of the firsts that declared that all students should be treated in the same way, regardless of their identity. This social struggle was transferred to schools and study houses to help with bathroom rights for LGBT students. Although some places have put signs up in their restrooms saying there is no specific gender to use the restroom we are loosing a place of privacy for these rights.
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Expansion of United States in John Gast’s Painting
In 1803, the Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the country. As Americans began to conquer this unclaimed land, they pushed the Natives that had been living there further west. The Southerners desired new land suitable to grow cotton, which would spread slavery across the new territory. Despite the possible economic gain for the country, many in the North fought against the expansion of the country. John Gast's painting entitled American Progress Spirit of the Frontier justifies Manifest Destiny in the United States in order to gain wider acceptance in the North.
As destiny moves across the painting, she brings with her American ideals. By doing this, she enlightens those that choose to live on the new territory with Christianity and American ideals. This is represented by the light and dark portions of the painting, as well as the book she carries. The Native Americans are shrouded in darkness as they run from new traditions, and a new religion. The portions of the painting bathed in sunlight represent the land now conquered by Americans, making those living on the land enlightened. The book represents education, both religious education and scholarly education. As education expands, American ideals spread across the land, and so does Christianity. The spread of democracy and American ideals were a key factor in the decision to move west. Lady Liberty brings Christianity industrialization, and democracy, which would greatly improve the lives of those living in the new territory.
American inventions also are pushing the frontier, making life better for many. In the background, the pony express can be seen, yet the women in white carries Telegraph wires. The railroad is also in the background. Farmers in the foreground are taming the west and are growing crops, something very important to people. Not only are there farmers, there are also structures being built. There is a cabin and a fence, which although small and seemingly insignificant, symbolize the pushing of society further and further west. The background has steamboats and bridges on the river which shows the future of the rivers of the west.
Mountains are in the background, and are still shrouded in darkness. This shows the possibilities that are open to America if they keep expanding. Not only would this open up many new economic opportunities, but it would expand democracy. This was something very important to citizens of the new country. Native Americans are also cloaked in darkness, showing their unwillingness to join society. Joining society would mean adopting Christianity, something many natives were not ready to accept. This is portrayed by them fleeing westward into the depleting darkness. The many animals on the frontier seem to be following the Native Americans. Animals like bison are in darkness, clearly fearing the people on this land and leaving behind their carcasses.
John Gast's painting American Progress Spirit of the Frontier was instrumental in gaining support for the expansion of the country. It portrays the past, present and future of the United States and highlights the new possibilities now open to the United States. The possibility of expanding democracy from sea to sea pushed America westward, even though the threat of expanding slavery loomed. This oil painting was instrumental in changing the minds of those still believing the expansion of the country was dangerous to freedom, and that it was a slippery slope to becoming to powerful. Much like Great Britain, which they had revolted against in the Revolutionary War, the fallout of which created the new nation they inhabited.
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Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was a term created by John Lewis O'Sullivan, a New York newspaper editor. It was first mentioned in 1845 and it was connected with America's belief that they had the right to expand. It had many reasons behind it, all either being political or religious, and was in many ways achieved and justified. Manifest Destiny was achieved and justified by means of expanding further into the North American continent and claiming it was God's will for them to spread democracy and their destiny to spread democracy to the rest of the North American continent.
The main goal the United States had for Manifest Destiny was expanding further west and spreading Democracy to the rest of the North American continent. The attitude behind Manifest Destiny had long been a part of the American experience (Heidler 3). One way for them to expand the country and potentially achieve their manifest destiny was the annexation of Texas. Crisis for the 're-annexation' of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending U.S. immigration into Texas in 1830 (History.com Editors 2). American immigrants, however, ignored this because they were eager to expand their agricultural fortunes (Locke 18). In 1834, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna rose to power, becoming a dictator. Settlers in Texas, Texians, opposed Santa Anna's centralizing policies and met in November (Locke 18). On March 2, 1836, Texas declared their independence. Soon after, the Texas Revolution began. The Texas Revolution of 1835-1836 was a successful secessionist movement in the northern district of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas that resulted in an independent Republic of Texas (Locke 18-19). On May 14, 1836, the Treaty of Velasco was signed, and Santa Anna agreed to withdraw his army from Texas and acknowledged Texas independence (Locke 19). On March 3, 1845, President Tyler made an official offer to Texas to become a state in the United States of America. On July 4, 1845, the Republic of Texas accepted and became the twenty-eighth state. Adding Texas to the Union allowed them to further their democratic influence in the North American continent, which could be considered an achievement of their manifest destiny. The annexation of Texas was one step closer to the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent (John O'Sullivan 1).
The Mexican-American war began in 1846. The two countries were at odds over what the southern boundary of Texas was. Mexico claimed it to be the Nueces River but Texas claimed it to be 150 miles west of the Rio Grande. After the United States Army invaded Mexico and took control of Mexico City, the two countries negotiated for a period of about four months, while General Winfield Scott's men still occupied Mexico City. Finally, after that period of time, they came to an agreement. Following the war with Mexico, on February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed between the United States and Mexico. As a result of the treaty, the United States gained lands that would become the future states of California, Utah, and Nevada; most of Arizona; and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming (Locke 22). The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ultimately added an additional 525,000 square miles of U.S. territory (History.com Editors 3). They also guaranteed the Rio Grande as its southern border (Locke 22). Gaining these territories and adding them to United States could also be considered an achievement of their manifest destiny because they were able to expand farther into North America and expand their democratic influence into more parts of the continent. Just a few years later, the Gadsden Purchase of 1854 further added to American gains north of Mexico (Locke 22). As they added to the United States, they also increased their influence, more specifically their political influence, to the rest of the North American continent.
America felt that it was necessary to expand and it was their destiny. America is destined for better deeds (John L. O'Sullivan 1). Americans felt it was their destiny to spread democracy to the rest of the North American continent, which was done through Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny eventually became a standard historical term, often used as a synonym for the territorial expansion of the United States across North America (Manifest 1). Many Americans had different justifications and reasons for expanding westward. Many believed the mission to be divinely inspired while others felt it more as an altruistic right to expand the territory of liberty (Manifest 1). Whether they took part in westward expansion due to the belief that it was God's will or their belief that they were destined to dominate North America, these beliefs is how they justified Manifest Destiny.
Americans felt that their culture was reason enough to expand to the west. Many Americans believed that the strength of American values and institutions justified moral claims to hemispheric leadership (Locke 2). They believed that the rest of the continent should live as they do and have same values and morals as the United States. They believed that the truthful annals of any nation furnish abundant evidence, that its happiness, its greatness, its duration, were always proportionate to the democratic equality in its system of government (John L. O'Sullivan 1). One of America's political values was having a democratic government, which is what they thought should be the form of government of the rest of the North American continent. Having this belief is what allowed them to justify their westward expansion.
Americans also felt that the land itself was meant to be apart of America. They believed the lands on the North American continent west of the Mississippi River (and later into the Caribbean) were destined for American-led political and agricultural improvement (Locke 2). They did not think so much that the United States was not big enough and needed to grow, they just believed that the United States should not be restricted to just a part of North America. They believed that they should have control of the majority of North America and that the land on the continent itself needed the influence of the United States in order to survive, which is how they justified expanding further west of the United States. In their eyes, in order for all of North America to be successful, it needed to grow economically and only the United States had the best means of doing so, which would mean that they had no other choice but to move further west of the United States border.
In addition to it being their destiny to expand westward, they also felt it necessary to expand due to religious purposes. Americans believed that God and the Constitution ordained an irrepressible destiny to accomplish redemption and democratization throughout the world (Locke 2-3). They believed that it was God's will for them to move westward and spread their American political views and values to the rest of the North American continent. The land to the west of the United States was seen as needing to be enlightening with American values and morals, such as democracy. In the well-know painting, American Progress, by John Gast in 1872, he depicts a scene of Americans traveling to the west while an angel travels above them carrying a book. Behind the travelers and the angel is land that is filled with light but in front of them is darkness. This could symbolize that as they travel more to the west, they are bringing light onto the land. Claiming that the lands west of the United States border needed their influence in order to survive is also how they justified expanding further west and Manifest Destiny in general.
Manifest Destiny was achieved in several ways, one of them being the Texas Annexation because they were able to expand the country. They achieved their manifest destiny each time they expanded their borders because the main goal of Manifest Destiny was to expand further in the North America and expand their influence on the rest of the continent. They also justified it in several ways, such as claiming it was God's will and saying it was their destiny. The United States was successful in fulfilling their manifest destiny and were able to justify in their own way.
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In the Novel all Quiet on the Western Front
In the novel All Quiet On the Western Front, author Erich Maria Remarque describes the flat character Kantorek to emphasize the round character Paul B?¤umer's negative feelings about fighting in the war. By only showing ideas of gaining honor Kantorek is fighting for the fatherland, an abrupt contrast is made of advertised ideas and publicly of the war and the view of the soldiers in the war. Because of nationalistic propaganda from the people back home, just like Kantorek the regular citizens saw the war as heroic and exciting. In the mean time soldiers are survivalist and weakened by the fighting of war. This divergence indicates how the soldiers feel betrayed by the wrong ideas of fighting in war.
In the beginning of the book, Kantorek writes a letter to the boys claiming that they are the iron youth. The difference is a statement of strength. The iron youth phrase is employed by Kantorek to say thanks to the boys for enlisting in the war. It's very loyal to the country, because he indicates that the people back home are proud of the men that are fighting in the war. Born and raised in their hometown Germany must be very strong like metal. Although, the iron youth don't feel strong at all when Remarque writes, Suddenly little Kropp throws his cigarette away, stamps on it savagely, and looking around him with a broken and distracted face, stammers Damned shit, the damned shit!' (Remarque 18).
When saying phrases like broken and distracted face, and little Kropp. Little makes Kropp seem like a small boy, and has a weak meaning. Remarque explains how the soldiers are not the brave, confident soldiers that Kantorek explained them as. Broken and distracted suggest that the soldiers are not heroic but that regular citizens see them as boys and men who have all are going through the hard, tragic war together.
Later in the book, Kantorek's constant preaching is more described when Paul thinks, During drill-time Kantorek gave us long lectures until the whole of our class went, under his shepherding, to the District Commandant and volunteered. I can see him now, as he used to glare at us through his spectacles and say in a moving voice: Won't you join up comrades?' (Remarque 11). Instead of warning anyone about the dangers and what war would do to you, Kantorek talked to his students about how great it is to fight for the fatherland. He made all of his students volunteer for the war because he loved the honor of war so much.
Although, Kantorek's speeches about the war he loved, turned out to be much different then what the students thought of it. Paul states, There were thousands of Kantoreks, all of whom were convinced that there was only one way of doing well, and that way theirs. And that is just why they let us down so badly, (Remarque 12). The differences in his tones show how different their two attitudes are. Won't you join up comrades? is such a nicer tone then Let us down so badly. The first phrase feels all happy and hopeful while the second phrase is all mean and regretful. The contrast between Kantorek's nationalistic phrases and Paul's actual reality of war is what makes him feel so let down. He ends up with the dirty reality of trench warfare when he thinks and hopes its going to be a honorable war.
The difference in the war described by the propaganda versus the real war is brought up again when Paul realizes, While they continued to write and talk, we saw the wounded and dying. While they taught that the duty to one's country is the greatest thing, we knew that the death-throes are stronger. Compared to Kantorek preaching about how amazing and great the war is, Paul's statement is much different. He knows first hand that the death-throes, are way more important then the country. This quote shows that one of the men would rather be alive and stay alive then die with honor. The idea if dying scares then so much more then even fighting in war, overall the death-throes are stronger.
Lastly in chapter ten, Paul thinks about the real horror of war and thinks this:
A man cannot realize that above such shattered bodies there are still human faces in which life goes its daily round. And this is only one hospital, one single station; there are hundreds of thousands in Germany, hundreds of thousands in France, hundreds of thousands in Russia. How senseless is everything that can ever be written, done, or thought when such things are possible. It must all be lies and of no account when the culture of a thousand years could not prevent this stream of blood being poured out, these torture-chambers in their hundreds of thousands. A hospital alone shows what war is. (Remarque 263)
This quote really shows how big of a toll war life can give, and how soldiers know it but don't want to. Paul realizes this when he counts how many hospitals there are (hundreds of thousands). At this time war doesn't sound like an honor at all, it just sounds like a horrible defeat. The sentence A hospital alone shows what war is, shows the difference between Kanorek and the soldiers. Kantorek always described them as the iron youth and believed that there was nothing better then fighting in the fatherland. Over all Paul thinks a hospital in the closest thing to a war. In a hospital people are dying every day, just like war.
This quote didn't only highlight how Paul has lost hope of anything involving war, but also took many lives from the war. The quote how senseless is everything that can ever be written shows and explains that nothing will ever come close to compare the horror and awful consequences from the war.
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Millennials are an Interesting Subculture
Millennials are an interesting subculture, they are changing the way that companies are driving their businesses since they have a very different habits than other generations. Millennials' demographic, geographic and psychographic cultures are interesting, they are expected to overtake Baby Boomers as the largest generation in America in the next years and that is why companies must be aware of how to deal with them. It is important that companies understand who they are, their purchasing habits, what they value, their motivations, and how they will affect businesses in the future.
The reason why Millennials are a subculture is because they share elements of an overall culture that is unique to their particular generation where their attitudes, values, and purchasing decisions are very similar. Millennials are people born between 1982 and 1996. They are expected to overtake Baby Boomers as the largest and crucial generation for businesses in America. Millennials currently are 71 million and Baby Boomers are 74 million, but Millennials are expected to be 73 million in 2019 and 76.2 million in 2036 while Baby Boomers decline to 72 million in 2019.
The growth in Millennials are mainly due to young immigrants while the decline of Baby Boomers is because of the number of deaths (Fry).Millennials' demographic in the United States is very young and they are connected to each other especially in social medias. They make up about 23% of the population and most of the them live in the largest areas. Those are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas and Houston (Carmichael).
The way that millennials shop can be very tricky since it is expected that they do all of their shopping through their smartphones, tablets or laptops when in fact they rather make their purchases in a physical store. Only 16% of millennials make purchasing decisions through a mobile device. This can be logical because women tend to buy more fashion things and they prefer to see it in physical and try them while men tend to buy more hard goods which they also like to see it in physical, so they can evaluate the product quality. There is also a difference between old millennials, ranging from 32 to 35 years old, with young millennials, ranging from 20 to 23 years old, and that is that old millennials are actually more likely to make purchases through a mobile device and young millennials make them in physical stores (Kestenbaum).
There are some principles that any business must consider when targeting millennials and those are the following:
They are consumers based on an ethic of collaboration: that means that they enjoy the possibility of collaborating with businesses and brands.
They are hyper social: This means that they are a sociable generation and that is expressed in real life as well as online where they make feedbacks about customer service, product and service satisfaction
They expect technology to work all the time and hope it is easy to operate: Because they have growth with technology, they see it as their main tool to operate in their everyday lifestyle.
They value experiences, discoveries and excitement: They view every opportunity to connect with people or businesses as a way to get experiences that can help them growth as a professional as well as a person. When they shop, they expect that the environment of the store is exciting or when they dine out, they search for something out of the normal and expect to get a great discovery and experience from a new kind of food.
They are values-driven and seek for authenticity: They try to look for a company or brand where they can relate their beliefs and feel supported from this company or brand. They also care about the uniqueness or authenticity of a product or service because they believe that tells the company's honesty or truth (Solomon).
Other important things to know about Millennials is that they are more caring, political involved and liberal than the previous generations, they are also very optimistic about not only their future but the world in general and they have a higher education level than the previous generation in the United States.
Understanding what their habits and leisure activities are is also important. Some facts that we can find about them is that 51% of them have an Instagram account and 42% use Snapchat, 31% post on Instagram on a daily basis while 29% tweet every day, and 72% plan to travel for leisure as to compared with 48% of Baby Boomers. They also prefer to get the news through the TV or the Internet rather than on newspapers or magazines.
Millennials believe that career success is driven by a meaningful work, a high payment and a sense of accomplishment. They do not care too much about how challenging the work is, if there is a high level of self-expression and of responsibility. Other things that they really care about is being a good parent, having success in their marriage and help the people in need (Ayyar).
Marketers need to get a better understanding of how to connect with millennials, they cannot do the same marketing campaigns that they were doing with previous generations because they already know that millennials have a different point of view and thus, a different reaction to any kind of campaigns. Some of the ways that they can connect with millennials are the following:
Advertising needs to be: Brief, entertaining, funny, fresh/new, unique, informative and relevant to who they are. This is because this generation just do not look at the ads, but they also seek to connect themselves with what is being advertised so they can share it.
Understand the Millennial Mindset: Millennials question whether the company truly knows how to get their attention, they touch multiple devices daily, they are aware and accept that personal information will be collected, they want to connect with companies in social media to get discounts, they are more likely to engage with trusted brands, they want to discover content through social networks, they expect to engage with their preferred language, and also, a fast response and instant gratification from the company that they are spending their time or money with.
Who they are and what do they really want?: Research shows that millennials influence their parents purchasing behavior and they prefer to shop in: drugstores (91%), consumer electronic stores (68%), apparel stores (80%), department stores (84%) and in discount/mass merchant stores (83%). It is expected that by 2020 millennial spending in the United States will represent the 30% of total retail sales, that being a grow to $1.4 trillion annually (Gray).
As known, millennials will have an enormous impact in businesses in the future and it is a key to success that all companies are aware of that. Millennials will cause an economic growth in the United States' average GDP and they will change consumer spending. They will cause a boost to the education and housing industry. In education because the US' college enrollment between 2000 to 2011 climbed by 30% and it is expected to only go up for the next ten years or until all millennials are past college age. They will boost the housing industry thanks to the improvement in economy which will drop unemployment rates that along with an educated workforce will result to more estate being purchased around the country. They will favor socially responsible brands that are trustworthy and go with their beliefs, and they will embrace technology in every way (Ayyar).
Overall, Millennials are a subculture that all companies should be paying more attention and try to focus their marketing strategies, products and services to them or at least make a future plan when Millennials overtake Baby Boomers. The reason why companies should be paying attention to this generation is because they are very different than the previous ones, they care more about the environment, they seek for authenticity and trustworthiness, they share their feedbacks online where everyone can see it and they will have an important impact in the United States' economy and industries.
Works Cited
Ayyar, Rohan. Here Come the Millennials! Who They Are and How They Affect Your Business. 07 August 2014. 01 December 2018. .
Carmichael, Matt. Where the millennials are. 10 March 2011. 01 December 2018. .
Fry, Richard. Millennials projected to overtake Baby Boomers as America's largest generation. 01 March 2018. 01 December 2018. .
Gray, Chloe Mason. Marketing to Millennials: 6 Studies & Reports You Need to Read. 14 July 2015. 01 December 2018. .
Kestenbaum, Richard. This Is How Millenials Shop. 14 June 2017. 01 December 2018. .
Solomon, Micah. For Small Business Week: All About Millennial Consumers And Millennial-Friendly Customer Experiences. 03 May 2018. 01 December 2018. .
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The Novel: the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
The novel The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain is an exciting book that describes the story of a young boy and his friend Jim. Huckleberry Finn, who is the protagonist in this tale, is a young boy who enjoys his immature life to the fullest. Playing pranks, going on adventures and running away from society are part of his daily thrill. At first sight it might seem that Huckleberry Finn might be an uneducated boy who has no interest or probability of growing mature. However, throughout the story the immature boy has plenty of encounters which strengthen his character and lead him from boy- to manhood.
Huckleberry Finn, the son of a known drunk in town, is already able to look back at some exciting adventures and a chaotic and disobedient lifestyle. As he was taken under the wings of the widow Douglas. He lived in her nice house with the intentions of making him an acceptable figure of the american society. After three months Huckeberry Finn cannot take, living a high social life, full of annoying expectations, that he eventually leaves the town St. Petersburg. On his way to freedom and away of authority he gets to know Jim. A colored slave who also escaped from his owner because he was about to be sold to a new plantation owner. They become friends and start to head down the Mississippi river on a self-made raft.
On which they experience a bunch crazy adventures, sometimes even dramatic ones. While on their trip Huck basically only experiences fraud, theft and lies as he runs into his father and a clever couple of swindlers. He soon notices that justice, faith and humanity is only presented as a camouflage. At the end of their travels Huckleberry Finn and Jim meet Tom Sawyer and eventually return back to St. Petersburg. In the town Huck would again have the possibility of receiving a normal life and a bright future, but once more he decides not to stay. He wants to travel to the west, far far away from the newly experienced reality on his adventures. Huck is being presented as an all-knowing narrator, with corresponding commentary, but also as a naive boy who is going through a time of character strengthening and development in his life.
The novel, which was written by Mark Twain, soon showed to be one of the greatest american works in recent literary history. In the beginning of the writing phase of the book, it was at first solely seen as a continuance of Tom Sawyer, because the reader can tell that Huckleberry Finn has similar thinking styles as his Tom. But soon one will realize that Huck is a class by itself and showed himself as a strong character which can stand by himself and make the whole story of the novel worthwhile. The author includes in the novel things that have really happened his his live and the lives of some of his friends.
Furthermore, Mark Twain grew up in a time period of slavery which build his character while growing up. Therefore Huckleberry Finn as a character in he novel cannon simply be seen as a fictional figure but more as a person description which was drawn from real life people and events. I think that that is an important fact to know, because it adds more credibility to the main character of the novel. And one is able to believe changes that he goes through during his adventures with Jim are real and can be drawn to real life situations.
Now let's get to asses the main character of the novel and how his status changes during the course of the story. Many readers of the book 'The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn' ask themselves whether Huck is a character that went through changes and developed as the story went on, or whether he is a character that is static and does not change at all in his believes and actions. But in agreement with many scholars and critics the character of Huckleberry Finn is changing and developing.
One can basically say that he is a character that grows from boy- to manhood. He is becoming more independent as he is able to witness many harsh realities that one faces in an adult life. Even though Huck does experience these things and does develop into more maturity some of his childish characteristics are still present in the final evaluation of the character. Following I will further discuss the development of the character of Huckleberry Finn and which events lead me to believe that he is a character that changes, and how these events are capable of strengthening the relationship between him and his new friend , the runaway slave Jim.
The whole story is being narrated in the first person and Huckleberry Finn is the narrator. So, the reader is able to witness the changes though the inner eyes of a little boy which experiences new things in life. By sharing as he seem them occur and by interpreting them in his own words and thoughts. Which is interesting for the reader because he basically has a front row seat to what is happening to the character and how he is changing. Because of this narration style there are no outer descriptions of the character throughout the novel. Meaning, that there are no other people evaluating and describing the character to us, the readers, in the story. All we witness are Huck's own words and thoughts. In other words, one can say that the character is being fully described as the story is being told from the beginning to the end. Huck went through a very tough childhood, which shaped him to the person he is.
He grew up without a mother and his father was drinking all the time, which is the reason he often was not at home and was not able to take care of Huck. The main character also never had the chance to go to school and therefore is an illiterate and has not learned much in his life, yet. One day in the story a widow named, Douglas sees the character of Huck and is determined to help him get his life straightened out. She want him to go to school and wear proper attire. As well as going to church, teaching him manners and how to read and write. Huck on the other side does not like the fact that people are trying to change the way he is used to doing things and cannot adapt to the way society want him to be presented. The realization that Huckleberry cannot adapt to the changes and fit in with the people that he is surrounded by now, give him reason to flee from his miserable situation.
Even though he does get to wear clean clothes and gets to eat every day, are not good enough reasons for him to stay and his wish for freedom is even stronger. That is why he takes on the long journey down the Mississippi river. On that specific trip down the river Huckleberry Finn feels completely free from obligations and has a great time doing whatever he want to do. He feels very comfortable floating down the river and just relaxing on the raft, while not being in contact with anybody else and it is just himself and the nature surrounding him. But soon Huck realizes why he is so comfortable floating on the river. To him it seems that every time he get off of the raft and lands on shore he is exposed to society, which is only cruel and he does not like that. One night he went away from the river and witnesses a fight that happened in a family house. He was mad that he saw that unreasonable conflict and noticed that he did not want to be part of such things. That is why he stays on the river as long as possible so he can be free.
During his travel alone and after he meets Jim he goes through some moral struggles. He has to deal with the fact that society wants him to act and handle things in a certain way, but he personally seems to stuggle with the decisions of doing what he believes is right. It is hard fro him to decide how to act in front of Jim, whether it is right or wrong to help him in certain situations. The new decisions that he makes and the way he handles those struggles he has with himself and society show that he is developing as a character. The first time that Huckleberry Finn has an own feeling that he is doing something wrong and seeing where society's views are different. When Jim and Huck are about to float past the city of Cairo and Huck somehow realizes that he is helping a slave escape from his master. He know that, that is an unacceptable fact in the society he lived with for a little while.
So, after assessing the situation Huck is determined to tell on Jim and hand him out to the next white slave holder. Bus as soon as he is about to start moving the raft towards shore Jim tells him how thankful he is that Huck helped him run away, and that he is the only person he ever met that did not break a promise that was made to him. At that statement Huck's mindset changes again and when he is ashore and has the opportunity to give Jim away does the opposite and keeps his mouth shut. Huck notices how much Jim depends on his and realizes that he trusts him a lot. Futhermore he sees that he might be the only person to ever help Jim reach freedom, which is also what Huck strived for as he ran away from St. Petersburg.
Now both characters have something in common, the longing for freedom. The change in Huckleberry's decision can be seen that he is gaining a feeling for compassion and is maturing in character. But as soon as the narrator gets back on he raft he realizes that he is not one hundred percent happy about the decision he has made. He know that he helped Jim but still understands that he has done wrong in the eyes of society.
Another example of a situation where the main character, Huckleberry Finn, gets a chance to develop his character is when he has to decide between friendship and society. This time Huck is again determined to go by society's ways and tell on Jim. He is back in St. Petersburg, alone, and wants to tell Mrs. Watson where her runaway slave is. Also, this time the decision is even harder to be made by Huck than the first time while he was traveling on the river. At this point he had spend even more time with Jim and experienced great things with him and had a good time hanging out with Jim. Huck wrote a letter, where he admits helping Jim and telling his location. Only again to reconsider the whole situation as he thought about the great times he had with Jim.
Jim was now an even closer friend than he was while still on the way downstream. He recognized that Jim is not merely a slave, but a person with character and a good heart. Both characters finally have met somebody whom they can trust. That thought process makes Huck decide not to tell on Jim anymore. Even though he still continues to accept the fact that he is doing something really wrong in the eyes of society. This even really shows how the character of the narrator has changed and developed.
He disobeys society's rules to help his friend find freedom. For Huck, Jim is now more important than society's negative judgment on him. Huckleberry further explains that he would 'rather go to hell' is society's eyes than to tell on Jim.
All things considered, the above mentioned examples should be proof enough for a reader to recognized that the main character, Huckleberry Finn, does go through some positive changes in his character. He has developed from a boy like thinking to a more complex human being, which can now determine on his own what is right or wrong, by the process of understanding what is acceptable in the eyes of society and what is acceptable in Huck's own moral standings.
At the end of the novel Huck is able to make a decision on his own, not by merely disobeying and doing the exact opposite of what he was told to do. But understanding the difference of right and wrong and making a judgmental decision, while including his own values, morals and believes. The character is now able to make decisions based on two different sources. His own mind evaluations of a certain situation, and society's accepted ways.
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Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
A theme that is very present in the book Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is lies and false appearances. Huck the main character need to find out what is happening on shore, I done it. She loved me all over with her little shinny eyes Sarah Williams''' (55). Huck needs to find information about himself and if people are still looking for Jim. His only option to ho find out without any one recognizing him is dressing up as a girl.
But through all these lies Huck doesn't know who he is anymore. Jim and Huck mean two con artist that trick them The king got out an old ratty deck of cards(128). The king came out of no where they have no idea that this man is not who he says he is. He is trying to use Jim and Hucks kindness to his own self enjoyment. This really does hurt Huck and Jim in the long run not knowing who these mans real identities are. The book has many of these lies to keep readers on edge and to make the characters think a question everything in the joinery of freedom.
In the book Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain a theme that is constantly seen due to the time period is Slavery and Racism. The time period is in south United States which is a very place of slavery and a whole lot of it. Huck wants to get Jims family back to him, would buy his wife, which was owned on a farm close to where Miss Watson and then they would both work to buy the two children (92). The fact that he has to buy his children back and steal his wife shows how the times are.
He was going to be sent away from his family so he ran away to make sure he can stay. He had to sacrifice so much. Huck has to help miss lead hunters for some other run away slaves, Well, there???s five niggers run off tonight up yonder, above the head of the bend. Is your man white or black?(93). The language that is used was okay to say during the time because it was a common word. But now in our society it is offensive due to what the meaning of the word has towards black people of America. This book teaches lessons about everything.
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Modernism Vs Postmodernism
You cannot have one, without the other: Modernism vs. Postmodernism.
In American Literature there are different movements that affect the author's styles in their writings. Modernism and postmodernism are two of the major movements that we covered in class. Modernism is based on rationale and logic; while postmodernism is based on subjectivity and one's belief. The authors in the modernism movement focused on interiority, like Alan Seeger and William Faulkner. Seeger used a sense of disillusionment in some of his writings that led the readers to be objective and to interpret the text as they wish.
The literary movement that followed modernism was postmodernism. Postmodernism is based on unscientific and irritational thoughts and prose baseline. The authors in postmodernism movement focused on exteriority, like Ralph Ellison and Allen Ginsberg. Ellison used irony and skepticism in his writing to display the attitudes of his characters and tried to avoid suggesting underlying meanings for the reader. Despite that both movements have the word modernism in their name, they are distinctly different; but you cannot have one and not the other.
The modernism movement was from the early 1900s-1965. Britannica's definition of modernism is A radical break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression. Modernism was popular and commonly used after the end of World War I and during the Great Depression. Modernism was the rebellion of realism. Realism was a faithful representation of reality, and it focused on the middle class. Modernism authors writers tried to reveal profound truths of experience and life. In Alan Seeger's poem I Have a Rendezvous with Death was told by a WWI soldiers point of view and how he may have to face dying in the war.
In Seeger's poem he compares lively spring to the inevitable of death it makes the poem not as harsh due to the imagery and the contrasting of the two main points of the poem. Seeger's idealism contributes to the tone of the poem. The poet does not push the thought of death away, he seems to welcome it. Seeger was optimistic in this poem, despite the possibilities of what could happen. In the article I read, George Watson said: On a longer view, classic Modernism was a decadent version of literary humanism. Literary humanism can be defined as a system of thought that focuses on humans and their values. Another characteristic of modernism is that often times the poem, in this instance, meanders through thoughts that feel fragmented. Take William Carlos Williams's poem The Red Wheelbarrow for instance.
The eight lines in this poem is very simple. But the use of the strange break points in this piece, makes certain word have more emphasis than if it was not broken up. This poem also has no main character, which is yet another characteristic of modernism writing.
The postmodernism movement was from mid 1965s and slowly started to fade with the evolution of technology. This movement started at the end of WWII. This was the reaction again modernism. Authors in this movement avoided drawing conclusions or suggesting underlying meanings, instead they let the reader draw their own conclusion.
In Ralph Ellison's novel Invisible Man, the story is about a black man living in a racist American society and he felt trapped. Whether it being trapped in his body, or trapped in this society. Subjectivity is one of the main characteristics of this movements writings. It took me a long time and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to achieve a realization everyone else appears to have been born with: That I am nobody but myself. But first I had to discover that I am an invisible man.
In this direct quote, the author is telling the reader that he is invisible and it stated a person's blindness, and that was being meant as metaphorically; that the perception is flawed by the person. Postmodernism is based on unscientific and irrational thoughts and perceptions. It uses a mixture of conventional writing styles. Black dark humor is another characteristic of postmodernism. One of the well-known authors of this movement was Allen Ginsberg. Ginsberg wrote a highly controversial piece of literature that was banned when it was first written due to the sexual content, offensive language, and raw material that he wrote about.
The text describes the "suffering and persecution" that these people are experiencing, there is a generation who is clearly lost, hurting and is crying out for acceptance. Frustration or falsehood could also be used to describe the style in which the authors write in. For instance, in the above quote, it used the idea to covey that everything is not always as good as one believed it to be. Postmodernism has redefined the relationship between two spheres in which the work of each of us lies: the critical and the social cultural. The possibilities of representation within this cultural shift are greater than before. Postmodernism does not deny these possibilities any more than it denies reality.
Postmodernism is hard to define, but is usually written in clear, easy to read language. There are only a few similarities between these two major movements in American literature. Each movement is based on changes in cultural and social behavior around the world. Not only did modernism and postmodernism influence literature, they also influenced art, architecture, culture and society. They are both difficult to define but by trying to define them, it may have limited the movements ability to grow and expand.
So, in conclusion, modernism and postmodernism are widely and well known American literature movements that have influence the world today. Modernism is based on rational and logic; while postmodernism is based on subjectivity and one's belief. While the going theory of modernism was that it could be harmful and not beneficial, it took flight. And many believed that postmodernism was the worst time in history, but due to the cultural events that took place, both of these movements helped influence American literature today. If modernism did not exist, neither would postmodernism; they go hand in hand. Despite that both movements have the word modernism in their name, they are distinctly different; but you cannot have one and not the other.
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About Victorian Modernism
When reading a writers works one can notice that they have their own writing style. One could say a signature stamp on the way that they write, whether it is a modernist approach or the way they piece together their stories. In this paper, I will discuss Virginia Woolf's stream of consciousness in "Mrs. Dalloway" and both her and Katherine Mansfield's "The Daughters of the Late Colonel" and her modernist approach to a short story. First, both authors have a very modernist approach to their styles of writing. With Virginia Woolf, her approach to "Mrs. Dalloway" was very modernist in the fact that the protagonist of the story is a woman and for the most part is told from a woman's perspective. This was very different in that it was not seen often in writing during this time, let alone from a woman writer. The same can be said for Katherine Mansfield's approach to The Daughters of the Late Colonel" there are two protagonists in the story and both are women. Both authors use women protagonists to show the flaws in Victorian society and the after-effects of World War I, the things that no one really wanted to acknowledge and that seemed taboo. They approached modernism in slightly different ways but still overlapped in certain areas.
Virginia approached by bringing the attention to the effects of war on men. This can specifically be seen in the character Septimus. Septimus Smith was a war vet who suffered from PTSD. As discussed in Karen Demeester's article Trauma and Recovery in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, Virginia Woolf's characterization of Septimus Smith in Mrs. Dalloway illustrates not only the psychological injuries suffered by victims of severe trauma such as war but also the need for them to give meaning to their suffering in order to recover from the trauma. Incorporating this character into her story was a very modernistic move because it was showing us the ugly side that no one wanted to discuss. She was bringing an awareness that was taboo and is somewhat until this day. Karen further goes on to say, Septimus's death is the result of his inability to communicate his experiences to others and thereby give those experiences meaning and purpose. Virginia Woolf modernistic views helped reveal the Victorian society ways of ignoring issues. Fictionally, Septimus's death could have been prevented if there was better awareness of the psychological effects war vets goes through after war. Thus his death was symbolic of those who went to war and came back and were psychologically scarred. Septimus's war trauma, however, is perpetuated and its psychological damage aggravated by a culturally prescribed process of postwar reintegration that silences and marginalizes war veterans. His thoughts provided the society at this time with an insight that had not been there before.
Keeping with the psychological theme, another character that showed some psychological issues was Mrs. Dalloway herself, Clarissa. Clarissa herself suffered from the everyday oppression of the Victorian society. At first glance, Clarissa seems very shallow and does not care much about anything outside of her Westminster neighborhood. She is very well known by everyone and considers herself a sympathetic woman, Clarissa is a complete snob. She is the wife of a high ranking government worker, and she frowns upon those who do not abide by the correct social standards put into play during the Victorian society. The latter of the statement plays a huge part in the oppression that she is feeling. This was the environment that she was raised in and because of this she is now depressed and has anxiety. She uses the partying lifestyle to deal with it. Clarissa, much like the society at this time was affected by World War I and she cannot help but see the changes in the society around her. Also, the narrator mentions that she witnessed her own sister being killed. Although Clarissa does not think about it all the time she was traumatized by it today. Overall with Clarissa, Virginia used this character to show the kind of self-awareness that was happening during this time, and by doing such made this a modernistic short story.
Continuing on, Katherine's also had a psychological approach in her short story The Daughters of the Late Colonel. Here we have two women protagonist, who are sisters dealing with the death of their overly strict father. The psychological aspect comes into to work directly with Katherine's writing style. Her fragmentation of the text and often accompanied by the frequent use of ellipse as stated in Speaking Silence in The Daughters of the Late Colonel", is very prominent in this short story. Kathrine's use of this particular writing style allowed her to show us how the characters feel with the lack of actions, and how conflicted the sisters are about their father's death. In the story, she takes on the identity to show the judgment on them. Katherine, much like Virginia puts the reader in multiple characters heads. However, there was one way that differed and was very unique to her modernistic writing style.
In the seventh section of the story, she gives both protagonists the same imagination. Both Josephine and Constantia here the barrel organ being playing outside the house. Constantia and Josephine panic somewhat as they know their father did not like the sound of the barrel organ. However, they pause and reflect on their lives for a moment when they realize they do not need to stop the barrel organ from playing. This brief reflection and Constantia's looking at the Buddha may be important as for a moment Mansfield may be offering both women the possibility to change their lives. However, the fact that both Constantia and Josephine forget what they want to say to one another suggests there will be no change in either woman's life. If only one could imagine a future there could have been hope.
They are to remain disconnected from the world. Living as they have controlled by their father or at least his memory. There will be no freedom for either woman. With no immediate family of their own, life has passed both women by and the reader is left asking that both women may be fully aware of what they have lost or missed out on in life. Due to their devotion and dedication to the Colonel, neither Constantia nor Josephine have been able to let their father and his influence over them, go. All of this was portrayed with minimal written action, and all by Mansfield's fragmented text and strong portrayal of emotions and character self-awareness. I believe that Mansfield created this story not only to give some commentary on the effects of World War I but to give some social commentary on Victorian ways. During this time patriarch was at a high, and not only did Katherine show how controlling a father can be but she showed the long last effects it can have on women.
Lastly, Virginia Woolf's modernistic stream of consciousness in Mrs. Dalloway", this short story was different because of this specific reason. The whole story of "Mrs. Dalloway takes place in only twenty-four hours. However, the way that Woolf went about writing it makes it out to seem longer. In a typical story it is written in chronological order, the came can somewhat be seen here as well. Virginia style is called stream of consciousness. Here the order of events comes as close to a person's real thought process. On an average day to day thinking, how one thinks is very scattered. Seeing one thing can trigger the memory of something else causing a jump in time. In Virginia's own words, "'stream of consciousness', is in which the imprint of experience and emotion on the inner lives of characters is as important as the stories they act out. T
he technique aims to give readers the impression of being inside the mind of the character - an internal view that illuminates plot and motivation in the novel. This happens a lot in Mrs. Dalloway considering that we are in the minds of multiple characters. This particular style of writing was completely new and unheard of until, Mrs. Dalloway. She wanted to show characters in flux, rather than static, characters who think and emote as they move through space, who react to their surroundings in ways that mirrored actual human experience. The point of view is constantly changing. She uses this process to show the reader that everyday life, as lived by normal people, can be pretty captivating. When Clarissa says, in the opening line, that she'll go get the flowers herself, this seems like kind of a plain declaration. Why do we need to know what this woman is doing this very minute? But we find out as the story unfolds that this small detail has huge implications in terms of class, society, and individual identity. Woolf suggests the small things, like looking at a book in a shop window or running into a friend, are the very moments that make life meaningful. Which all ties into why Woolf chose to create this stream of consciousness, to reveal the beauty of how the mind thinks and processes memories while still giving social commentary on the post-World War I world they were living in.
In Mrs. Dalloway, the style works closely with both tone and genre. The style of Mrs. Dalloway is complex, psychological, intricate, and dense. Even in one sentence, we can encounter multiple ideas and multiple tones: this is all thanks to the style. And of course, the style changes throughout the story. We're in the minds of several different characters, so the reader is hearing various styles of speaking and thinking. Woolf was very concerned with subjective reality, that is, what reality looks like from any one person's point of view; what and how each character thinks is very different. Additionally, Woolf wanted to convey what people said and what they didn't say. For this reason, she includes a few different types of speech for us. First, we have direct speech, in which people actually talk to each other, as in Clarissa's exchange with Hugh, asking about Evelyn. This is also known as dialogue. Second, we get indirect speech, in which the narrator lets us know that a character is thinking of something.
Finally, and most notably, Woolf gives us a free indirect speech. In this style, the narrator doesn't set up that the person is thinking something, but instead just puts it out there. For example: "But Lucrezia herself could not help looking at the motor car and the tree pattern on the blinds. Was it the Queen in there the Queen going shopping?" Instead of saying "She wondered if the queen was in there shopping," Woolf just makes the announcement and shows that she has special access to the characters' minds. In this one short story, Virginia Woolf exhibited multiple styles of writing and one very unique way of showing the readers a character everyday life, all while still giving the reader social commentary on what was going on at this time and how wrong it was. Not only was there self- awareness but it was a new way of writing, it was daring.
A writer's works one can notice that they have their own writing style. A signature stamp on the way that they write, For Virginia Woolf it was her unique way of writing, creating her well know stream of consciousness and for Katherine Mansfield, it was her modernistic approach to a short story. In this paper, I discussed Virginia Woolf's stream of consciousness in Mrs. Dalloway and both her and Katherine Mansfield's The Daughters of the Late Colonel and her modernist approach to a short story.
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Mexican Postmodernism
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Mexican architects have sought to incorporate historical sources and elements to create local, legible, and comfortable variants of modernist forms. Thus, Mexican architecture has been characterized by eclecticism and the cannibalization of architectural styles from the past. Those are also characteristics of postmodernism. However, it is difficult to evaluate what distinguishes postmodernism in Mexico in the decades of the 1970s and 1980s from the work done previously since a lack of clear periodization. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Mexico began to face economic problems with large public debts and the severe devaluation of the Mexican peso. Throughout the tenures of both Luis Echeverr?a (1970 1976) and Jos© Lopez Portillo (1976 1982), large infrastructural and public projects were made; however, because of low investor confidence, large-scale and private architectural commissions remained limited. In addition, Mexico never had the political situation that enabled postmodernism to emerge in other Latin American countries as a subtle critique of political or military dictatorships (as in Brazil and Argentina). Unlike other Latin American architects did, Mexican architects in the 1970s and 1980s did not emulate the styles and forms developing in North America or Europe, despite Mexico's relatively open political system and their proximity to the United States. Despite these circumstances, a particular form of Mexican postmodernism developed as a response to these conditions, and we can define four characteristics or expressions of it as the following below.
The first and most recognizable one is based on the popularity of the architecture of Luis Barragan. His work became the emblem of what Mexican (and, to a certain extent, Latin American) architecture would be as seen from abroad. In this way, the historical references embedded in his work became a synecdoche for traditional Mexican architecture that had undergone the process of modernization. The references pointed to very specific historical forms and colors of the central region of Mexico as well as colonial architecture and its Mediterranean nuances all of which were associated with Barragan's past and with his travels to Europe. The use of specific elements: bright colors; architectural components such as the staircase in his house; unornamented, plain, heavy, thick walls, etc. became emblematic of a regionalist response to modernism but also a continuation of the experiments of the twentieth century. Characteristic of this tendency is the work of Ricardo Legorreta, a disciple of Luis Barragan and carried Barragan's ideas to a wider realm. Barragan's influence can be seen in Legorreta's design for the Hotel Camino Real (Mexico City, 1968) that has the chromatic references through the use of bright pinks and yellows; the inward focus; the artistic associations such as the large-scale entry screen by Mathias Goeritz; the thick, unornamented walls; and other elements that are present in many of Barragan's works. Legorreta's later works, such as the Hotel Camino Real (Ixtapa, Guerrero, 19801981) and the City of the Arts Master Plan and School of Visual Arts (Mexico City, 1994) continue this trend. Both structures show the contrast of bright colors highlighted by natural light, use of large-scale sculptural elements, and the use of historical forms (such as the water troughs from Mexican ranches typical of Barragan, in the first, or the domes from the colonial Capilla Real in Cholula or the pyramidal-shaped spiral stairs reminiscent of pre-Columbian ruins). In the Guti©rrez Cortina House (Mexico City, 1987 1988), Legorreta reproduced the stair without handrails, the contrasting bright colors, and the expression of the wood rafters on the ceiling which can all be found in Barragan's own house (Mexico City, 1947 1948). In these works, we can see how Barragan's work became representative of a proto-postmodernism: historical citations without social content that announced the end of the social project of modernism and the avant-garde.
While the hyper-chromaticism of Barragan was the most prominent style, a more North American type of postmodernism emerged in Mexico that was devoid of any theoretical armature. Neither Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966) nor Learning from Las Vegas (1972), which developed as historical systems through which to criticize the limits of the modern movement, became points of reference. In addition, there was no clear connection with or influence by the New York school (Peter Eisenman) or, even, with the Spanish neo-avant-garde, such as the architects and theorists who revolved around the Barcelonan magazine Arquitecturas Bisa sort of response to the polemics coming from North America which was involved in investigating the character of European architecture and theory at the time. These tendencies can be seen in F©lix Sanchez's own architectural office (Mexico City, 1986). A rehabilitation of a historical building, the project's forms and details are typical of a North American postmodernism influenced by Michael Graves's early work: exposed steel structure, glass block, wood, gray-painted steel tube handrails, inset arches within square openings, among others. Other examples to be cited include the myriad of buildings designed in the Santa Fe district of Mexico City that, at the time, became one of the new centers of financial activity and information economy based on the emerging globalization. Emblematic are office buildings and shopping centers that are modeled primarily on their North American counterparts.
The third expression of Mexican postmodernism is not only tied to a monumental tradition that is indebted to pre-Hispanic architecture, but also to Le Corbusier's postWorld War II turn to exposed and expressive reinforced concrete. Following many of these tendencies is the work of Teodoro Gonzalez de Leon that can be characterized as neo-Aztec. Along with Abraham Zabludovsky, Gonzalez de Leon developed a new architectural language that would become emblematic of a monumental postmodernism. In the Colegio de Mexico (Mexico City, 1974 - 1976), the primary organizational system is a courtyard that Gonzalez de Leon referenced both colonial and pre-Hispanic plazas. That central open space becomes subdivided into a series of platforms that allow access into the different programs and levels of the building. In addition, the design introduces a triangular geometry in the plan to make the experience of moving from the large open entry portico through the courtyard more dynamic. The concrete used for the construction is hand chiseled to expose the marble aggregate, giving the work becomes less monolithic and signals a return to the importance of the handicrafts of construction. A similar organizational system and approach to handicrafts is present in J. Francisco Serrano's campus for the Universidad Iberoamericana (Mexico City, 1981 1987) that is arranged around a multilevel central courtyard. Like the Colegio de M©xico, the layout of the campus also uses diagonals as a compositional method. Its stepped terraces create a dynamic spatial sense that also allows access to the surrounding structures at differing levels. The most notable difference from the Colegio de M©xico is the use of brick as cladding and infill throughout, giving the different zones and elements a unified and coherent reading. While these examples could be characterized as neo-Aztec, the work of Agust?n Hernandez that is most emblematic of this and even of a "Aztec High-Tech". By using contemporary technologies, Hernandez generates forms that pre- Columbian people had built in the past. The Heroico Colegio Militar (Mexico City, 1973 1976) demonstrates this clearly not only because of its overall organization around a large open plaza - reminiscent of the main plaza in Monte Alban, Oaxaca but also because many of the buildings that surround the plaza have glass curtain wall fa?§ades that angle inward to give a pyramidal profile. In other cases, the forms are monolithic constructions with continuous horizontal bands of windows that subdivide the buildings' masses. One particular structure appears to be a typical International-style building, with horizontal windows and expressive floor slabs, that has tipped over and, thus, appears pyramidal. The most emblematic is the Administration Building, which, formally, looks like an enormous pre-Hispanic mask: its mouth composed of a reinforced concrete tribune, eyes made of cantilevered and angled volumes with horizontal windows, the nose of a protruding volume with glass openings.
The most difficult to stylistically characterize and has had the fewest repercussions is probably the Carlos Mijares' work, the final variant of Mexican postmodernism. This work features formal manipulation of space based on the use of brick to make primarily industrial architecture and religious buildings. In the Mortuary Chapel (Jungapeo, Michoacan, 1982 1985), the central feature is a hyperarticulated roof plane composed of elaborate brick pendentives and, in the Christ Church (Mexico City, 1991 1992), that is overlapping brick arches. In both cases, the spans of the brick structure allow for the simple square plan to rotate as it moves upward, creating a visual effect reminiscent of the baroque architecture of Guarino Guarini or Piranesian spatial layering. This work is most akin to that of the Uruguayan architect and engineer Eladio Dieste. While the material and inspiration is based on local traditions of construction, the work is hardly regionalist and difficult to define as characteristically Mexican.
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