World with so Much Technology

In a world with so much technology, it's hard to imagine that there was once a time when people didn't have cell phones or computers. The company named "Apple" took the world by storm. It is now one of the biggest companies in the world.

Steve Jobs' life started out rough. He was born in San Francisco in 1955. His birth parents gave him up for adoption, as their parents didn't approve of their relationship. His adoptive father supported his love of electronics, what started as a hobby turned into a passion. He was always smart but never liked school. He graduated from high school and attended Reed College. He later dropped out. He traveled to India in 1974 to pursue spiritual enlightenment. He often experimented with psychedelic drugs.

Apple started in his parents' garage in 1976. Jobs began working on Apple Computer with Steve Wozniak- someone he grew close too while working at the video game company Atari. Jobs was a college dropout, and Wozniak had been expelled from the University of Colorado Boulder. Despite their lack of higher education, Wozniak invented the Apple I, while Jobs oversaw it.

They sold the Apple I, but it didn't sell well. They soon after got funding to create a new computer. After creating the Apple II, they introduced it at the West Coast Computer Fair. It became a highly successful mass-produced microcomputer. It generated $3 million in sales in the first year alone. Apple was now a name known everywhere.

Soon the success of the company started to plummet. The Apple III did not sell as well as expected. They soon created the Macintosh, but it did not sell either. He had creative differences with the other higher-ups at the company, and he was fired. He lost all privileges and sold his stock.

Jobs wasn't just a businessman; his personal life was quite hectic. His girlfriend became pregnant and didn't know what to do. She had the baby and Jobs denied that it was his for years. He didn't get to know his daughter until she was already in elementary school.

After his firing from Apple, Jobs used the money he had from his sold stock, and he started a new company in 1988. NeXT Computer Co. released a new computer, but due to its high price tag, it was highly unsuccessful. Jobs stopped focusing on his computers, and he started to pay more attention to Pixar. He purchased Pixar from George Lucas in 1986 but hadn't put a lot of effort into the company until now.

Jobs wanted to be the first to create a totally computer-animated feature film. He signed a deal with Disney and began working on Toy Story. After Toy Story's success, Jobs officially put Pixar on the public stock market. The prices skyrocketed.

Not long after his successful film release, NeXT Computer Co. was bought by Apple. Jobs was given a job there. He became an advisor to C.E.O. Gilbert Amelio, but he was soon fired when the company took a major financial loss. Jobs took back his old position as C.E.O. To keep the company afloat, Jobs made an agreement with Microsoft. They invested in Apple's stock to give Apple some funding.

After Jobs pulled Apple out of the water, the company was generally successful. They churned out new products, such as the iMac, iPod, and eventually the iPhone.

In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He battled it for years. He resigned in 2011 and became a chairman of the board. He worked until he absolutely couldn't work any longer. The last day he worked was the day before he died.

Steve Jobs was an influencer, a businessman, and an entrepreneur. There is no doubt that he started a revolution. His work is a big reason why everyone has home computers nowadays. He left behind an extraordinary legacy.

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The Republic of Korea from the Korean War to Present Day

Contents

Introduction
History
Transition to democracy in the 1990's; Today
Analysis

Introduction

The history of South Korea from 1945 to the end of the Korean War and beyond is one of great upheavals and changes in culture, government, and economy that eventually propelled South Korea to being a well rounded regional power in East Asia. Officially known as the Republic of Korea, in contrast to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), South Korea emerged from the Korean War a much different nation than the one it would evolve into. Led by President Syngman Rhee from the end of the Second World War to 1960 South Korea was considered by many to be a state whose main focus, like many of the United States' allies during the Cold War, was the halt of communist encroachment even at the expense of liberties that the United States claimed to espouse and promote around the world.

History

After the Second World War the Korean peninsula was split between pro-United States forces in the south and pro-Soviet Union/People's Republic of China forces in the north. In the South a Korean politician was chosen to be the first President of the Republic of Korea: Syngman Rhee. He had long fought for liberation from the Japanese forces who had taken control of the peninsula in 1910. After leading South Korea through the Korean War until 1952, Syngman Rhee ruled over South Korea for a further eight years, working on rebuilding his country while had experienced a level of devastation akin to that of the Second World War. In 1960 President Syngman Rhee was forced to resign after allegations of rigging the 1960 election emerged and after the police fired on protesters. The resignation of Syngman Rhee would lead to a rise in authoritarianism which was endorsed by the government of the United States for the mere fact that this new dictatorship opposed communism.

In 1961 the May 16 coup occurred which saw the reversal of democracy in the Republic of Korea and launched a General named Park Chung-hee to the Presidency. A veteran of the Second World War and the Korean War, Park proved to be an effective albeit brutal leader of his nation. Economically his term in office led to a period of great growth in the country, and with numerous infrastructure programs underway it is evident that he had an impact on uplifting his country from its poverty stricken past. Throughout that all however, he managed to undermine the tenets of democracy that had been loosely established in the previous administrations. In 1972 Park solidified his power further with the adoption of a new constitution which greatly expanded his control over the government and drove them further from the ideology they were supposedly founded on.

Finally, in 1979, President Park Chung-hee was assassinated by Kim Jae-gyu, a member of South Korean intelligence and a friend of Park's. Following his assassination, a trio of leaders emerged as successors who took over the Presidency for a number of terms: Chun Doo-hwan (1980-1988), Roh Tae-woo (1988-1993), and, King Young-sam (1993-198). These three would see the eventual decline of the authoritarian government which finally ended upon Kim Dae-jung's election to President of the Republic of Korea in 1998.

Transition to democracy in the 1990's; Today

Analysis

The tale of South Korea is a unique story which, while holding similar aspects to other freed nations of the twentieth century, is completely its own. They underwent huge changes in society in the course of one hundred years that have since led to them being one of the most important economies in the world with a similarly impressive military. With all of this considered, South Korea has faced many issues over the years with a number of military coups and rather oppressive regimes that resulted in societal regressions and nearly sliding back into their authoritarian regimes. While the Republic of Korea has faced these challenges they have shown that they can pull themselves off of the proverbial dirt and brush themselves off. With one of the most developed nations in Asia they will be a force to be reckoned with for years to come, but as these years pass by they will begin to be more and more overshadowed by the monolith that is the People's Republic of China.

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Steve Jobs in San Francisco

Steve jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955. He was abandoned by his parents just after he was born. Luckily, Paul and Clara jobs, a nice couple, adopted him.

He lived near silicon valley in the United States. His neighbors were all employees of hewlett-packard company. Influenced by these people, jobs became obsessed with electronics as a child. One HP engineer saw how obsessed he was and recommended him for the company's discoverers club, a gathering for young engineers held every Tuesday night in the company's cafeteria. At a party, jobs saw computers for the first time, and he began to have a hazy understanding of them.
In junior high, jobs met Steve wozniak at a school reunion and the two hit it off. Steve wozniak was President of the school's electronics club and was very interested in electronics.

When he was 19, jobs took a one-semester break from school for financial reasons and became an employee of atari video game company. Living in the garage of woz's house, he often audited calligraphy classes and other courses at the community college. He made a pilgrimage to India in August 1974, at the hottest time of the subcontinent.

While at work, jobs often worked with wozniak on computers in his garage. They dreamed of having a computer of their own, but at that time, all the computers on the market were commercial, huge and expensive, so they prepared to develop their own. In 1976, he bought the 6502 chip at the Wisconsin computer fair in San Francisco. With the 6502 chip, the two young men installed the first computer in the garage of jobs' home.

Jobs sold his Volkswagen car to raise money for mass production, and woz sold his HP 65 calculator. So they have $1,300.
On April 1, 1976, jobs, wozniak and jobs' friend RON Wayne signed a contract to start a computer company. Jobs, 21, and Steve wozniak, 26, founded apple in their garage. The company was named apple by jobs. Their home-made computers have been dubbed the "apple generation".

In the early days of apple inc., the "apple" machine business was slow. In July 1976, an accidental opportunity brought about a turning point for apple. The retailer Paul Jay Terrell went to jobs' garage and, after watching jobs demonstrate his computers, decided to order 50 of them, his first deal.

Then apple started making small batches. In October 1976, markkula visited woz and their garage. Mr. Markkula, an electrical engineer who specializes in marketing, volunteered to help them develop a business plan and lent them $690, 000, which helped speed up apple's growth.
In April 1977, jobs presented the apple II codename prototype at the first computer show in the United States.
On December 12, 1980, apple stock went public, and within an hour, 4.6 million shares were snapped up, closing at $29 each. At that closing price, apple's top ranks have produced four billionaires and more than 40 millionaires. Jobs is number one as a founder of the company.
In 1983, Lisa database and Apple Iie were released for $9,998 and $1,395 respectively. However, Lisa's expensive price is not much in the market, and Lisa steals a lot of Apple's r&d funds.

Since jobs' business philosophy was different from that of most managers at that time, and IBM launched personal computers to seize a large market, the general manager and directors blamed the failure on the chairman jobs, who was removed from the management power by the board decision in April 1985. Jobs left apple on Sept. 17, 1985, after several unsuccessful attempts to regain power.
After resigning from apple, jobs bought Lucasfilm's Emeryville, calif., computer-animation effects studio from George Lucas for $10 million in 1986, and formed the independent pixar animation studio. The company became known as 3D computer animation and in 1995 released the world's first full-3d animated 3D film, toy story. The company was acquired by Disney in 2006, making Mr. Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder.

In 1996, apple was in trouble, and its market share dropped from 16% at its peak to 4%. By contrast, jobs' company became famous for toy story, with a personal fortune of $1 billion. However, jobs came back from apple's crisis. After his return, jobs made great changes, stopped unreasonable research and production, ended the patent dispute between Microsoft and apple for many years, and began to develop new products iMac and OS X operating system.

In 2000, during the technology bubble, jobs put forward the advanced idea of designing PC as "digital center", and developed iTunes and iPod successively. At the same time, he began to open stores in prime locations and achieved great success. Subsequently, a series of products such as Apple TV and iTunes Store were praised and recognized by the market.
On June 29, 2007, apple launched its own iPhone design, using iOS system, and then released the new generation iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS. On June 8, 2010, the fourth generation iPhone 4 product was released, and each time it was released, it attracted great madness and sales upsurge in the world. In addition to the iPhone series, the release of the iPad tablet computer using iOS system, which was not widely expected at first, was a great success.

On August 24, 2011, Steve jobs submitted his resignation application to apple's board of directors. In his resignation letter, he also suggested chief operating officer Tim cook take his place. In his resignation letter, Mr. Jobs said he could no longer serve as chief executive, but was willing to serve as chairman, director or general staff. Apple shares were suspended from after-hours trading. Mr. Jobs didn't specify the reasons for his resignation, but he has been battling pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

On August 25, 2011, apple announced his resignation with immediate effect and Tim cook took over. Apple also announced the appointment of Steve jobs as chairman and Tim cook as CEO.
On October 5, 2011, apple's board of directors announced that jobs died on October 5, 2011 at the age of 56. The funeral was held on October 6.

Jobs believed that innovation has no limit and imagination is limited. If it's a growth industry, innovation is about making products more efficient, easier to use, easier to work with. If it's a shrinking industry, innovation is about moving quickly out of the box, changing yourself quickly before products and services become obsolete and unusable.

According to jobs, the first ten employees of a startup determine the level of the company, because everyone has to be able to afford a tenth of the work of the company. He also used the beatles as a metaphor for the power of teams: no major job can be done by a single person, or by two, three, or four people. In order to get things done, work cannot be done by just one person. Finally, the forces generated by individual interactions are summarized, so that the overall force is far greater than the sum of individual forces.

He's also a perfectionist. He thinks, perfect quality does not have shortcut, must locate outstanding quality to oneself commitment, and hold to adamantly. When you are more demanding of yourself and pay attention to all the details, the product will be different from others. Instead of using a focus group approach, jobs told consumers to tell them what they wanted. That's why he succeeded.
Steve jobs has brought too much change to the world and great convenience to human beings.

Many celebrities have commented on jobs. For example, President Obama once said, "jobs is one of the greatest innovation leaders in America, and his outstanding talent makes him a person who can change the world. Bill Gates once said, "few people have had the same impact on the world as Steve jobs, and the impact will be long-term."

Jobs himself said, "your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly think. Everything else is secondary." "To live is to change the world. Is there any other reason?" "Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life." "Focus and simplicity have always been one of my secrets. Simplicity can be harder than complexity: you have to try to clear your mind to make it simple. But in the end it's worth it, because once you do it, it can work wonders.

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Steve Paul Jobs

Steve Paul Jobs was American entrepreneur, innovator, and creator who co-founded Apple. He was one of top business in the world and had a net worth of 36 billion dollars. Jobs realized there was gap in the market in the computer industry and his vision was to develop affordable computers for individuals. Jobs was also known as the ?Father of the Digital World and the best spokesman in the world. Steve Jobs, was somebody who liked simplicity, he wanted the organization to be simple and easy to understood which he also wanted in the products he made. Steve Jobs, will be always be remember as an American icon of technology and business. He was the CEO and owner of one the most successful companies on the planet.

The first computer Jobs developed was called the ?Macintosh' but this was not a huge success. When jobs was pushed in bad position, he decided to leave the company. In 1986, Jobs invested 50 million dollars in an animation company which he after called Pixar Animation Studios. Pixar created movies like; Finding Nemo, Toy story, The Incredibles, etc. After, Jobs started his software and hardware company called NeXT. NeXT was sold to Apple in 1996 for $429 billion.
This got him closer to Apple again and in 19797 became the interim CEO of Apple.
Apple created the following famous computer product; iPhone, iPad, ipod, mac,,Itunes, etc. and are seen as products of the evolution of the modern computer technology.

Steve Jobs dropped out of college after one semester and experiment with different things to come up with inventious products. He developed Apple at a young age with Wozniak in just a small garage. Jobs strived towards simplicity and perfection in what he did and developed. Jobs, left Apple when he got put in a difficult situation and got fired at Apple,afterward still returned at Apple as CEO. He was sawed a tough boss with high temperament but created one of the most successful companies on the planet. Small details were also really important to him, he patented all his inventions which were more than 300 patents. Jobs also did not like market research, and he rather relied on his instinct. He developed product that were easy to use and that people wanted to buy. He also believed a company main goals was to build products. Steve Jobs, was just a unique person who had a huge impact and the technology industry. Without him we will never be so far with our development on technology.

There were several things that made an impact on me when searching about Steve Jobs. First of all is that Jobs dropped out of college and created on the most successful companies on the planet. Jobs also started from working in a small garage trying to create computer and ending up with a net worth of 36 billion dollars. I also liked the idea that he did not like market research and he relied rather in his on instinct. Steve Jobs also never give up and always wanted to create something new and better even he did not have an engineering degree or business degree he was able to be one of the biggest American entrepreneur and innovator. I think he also created a great culture in his company and his not only know for the innovator of Apple but also as top negotiator and the best spokesman in the world.

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Alexander Osterwalder’s Business

After learning about Alexander Osterwalder's business model canvas, as well as reading Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson, I can see what methods Jobs used when launching Apple and how they differ from those used by the company today. Steve Jobs' use of the business model canvas was unique in the sense that his ideas and business strategies where incredibly innovative and not yet known to the general public.

This made the fulfillment of the right side of the business model canvas a bit more complicated. When first starting to create the Apple I with Steve Wozniak, the value proposition, customer segments, and customer relationships where somewhat unclear and changing rapidly. The late 1960s and early ?70s included not only the hippy movement, filled with political activists and pot-smoking teenagers, but also sparked a time of huge technological advancement.

Isaacson described the technology enthusiasts at the time, saying There was a hacker subculturefilled with wireheads, phreakers, cyberpunks, hobbyists, and just plain geeksthat included engineers who didn't conform to the HIP mold and their kids who weren't attuned to the wavelengths of the subdivisions. The way people viewed technology began to shift, seeing it more as a means of self expression rather than a complicated tool used by the government; this is an approach Steve Jobs continued to use with the development of Apple and personal computers.

Before Jobs could decide whom his customers would be and how to keep them, Steve Wozniak contributed more to the left side of the business model canvas. After the first personal computer named the Altair came out in 1975, Wozniak began attending the Homebrew Computer Club, a group of thirty or so people that were all interested in computing and technological advancement.

The Altair was an expensive kit, retailing for $495, and was made almost exclusively for hobbyists since it required the soldering of parts to a board. Discussion of the Altair as well as the microprocessor inspired Wozniak to start building a kit of his own which included the computer, monitor, and keyboard. This was what would later become the Apple I. Wozniak acquired most of the resources for the computer, finding a cheaper alternatives to the Intel 8080 microprocessor and writing the code by hand. Jobs also helped find components however, including dynamic random-access memory chips he managed to get free from Intel.

Jobs, being a natural businessman, instantly began to consider how to sell these computers and make a profit. This is where Jobs began using the right side of the business model canvas, which includes revenue streams. Wozniak and Jobs never had the same ideas when it came to introducing the computer to the public. While Woz wanted to give it away for free, Jobs knew it would be wiser to make them in advance and then sell them and earn a profit.

He was beginning to consider value propositions, or what sort of consumer problems could be fulfilled. At its start, the Apple I was created mostly for hobbyists and hackers, however Jobs didn't want to target a niche market, and believed that the computer could be sold to the masses. Jobs argued that most people didn't have time to build the computer themselves and that they could instead pay someone he knew from Atari to draw the circuit boards for a little over $1,000, sell them for $40 each, and make a profit of $700.

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Nike is an Organization

Nike is an organization that vigorously depends on buyer spending. The reason being is that their items are not viewed as things that satisfy essential needs. Customer spending is straightforwardly identified with the macroeconomic developments in the market. Every economy has a lot of principles and rules that they should follow too so as to accomplish these objectives. Gross domestic product is a proportion of how well customers are performing with respect to their income. These monetary pointers are critical to understanding the market that the item family is breaking into.

This item dispatch would be viewed as an extravagance specialty great accessible to shoppers who esteem brandishing merchandise and athletic wear. These are altogether different classes that have different proportions of execution. The item dispatch would be subject to the American individuals having extra cash and a huge enthusiasm for this specialty product offering from the Nike family. To additionally evaluate this rationale, we will see two noteworthy monetary emergencies over the most recent two decades, the money related emergency and the website bubble.

Both of these market busts came because of avarice and in the period of web. The website bubble was at the beginning of the web. In this day and age we are vigorously dependent on the web as a hotspot for association, assets, and numerous essential assignments. The Website bubble was a consequence of exaggerated innovation stocks, right now Nike had just been available for around 10 years. Its offer cost was exchanging between $5-6 on the NYSE (Yippee Back, 2017).

For the past ten years, Nike encounter moderate development in offer cost, yet extensive development on the worldwide stage and expanding footing on their real rival: Adidas. At the point when the rise of 2001 burst, Nike stayed stable. In spite of the fact that expansion was slanting at record highs and shopper opinion was down, this subsidence was a short retreat that shown financial specialists the significance of solid basics (Kliesen, 2003). Nike has had solid essentials which implies the organization's money related execution depends on a strong organization. There are resources, value, and genuine items behind every single deal. The valuations depended on something unmistakable and the capacity to climate through these recessionary tempests were the consequence of a solid organization. The cutting edge valuation contention can be conveyed through to the present condition. This is applicable since Nike is anticipating propelling another generation in a domain that is like the cutting edge valuations of the website bubble. Considering this condition realizes the subject of "in what capacity will this happen in the market?".

Will we see a similar burden around us yet not experience similar issues? Numerous financial specialists trust that the present world has numerous over qualities stocks and that the S&P 500 has achieved record highs a greater number of times than one has ever found in a year prior. One of the key things that has stayed steady is Nike's solid essentials that will have the capacity to climate an accident that is disconnected to their immediate line of business.

The monetary emergency that hit in 2008 was another market destabilizer. This occasion was additionally a vital time for Nike, the brand had re-characterized its self and was starting to perceive the ascent of new contenders like Lululemon and Under Defensive layer that were picking up footing with athleisure. Furthermore, amid the emergency Nike's offer cost went from $15 to $18 (Hurray Fund, 2017) and kept on drifting upwards. Amid this day and age, the athletic market took off. The development was driven by new contestants that had changed the essence of the athletic attire showcase until the end of time.

Shortage isn't a word that is utilized to depict this industry as there are adequate manufacturing plants willing to create the item joined with immovable interest and a flood of new participants. The main thing that has turned out to be rare in this space is the specialty non-aggregate organizations. The littler players. As a worldwide brand and friends, outside trade chance is moderately low. The organization has industrial facilities in numerous nations and dissemination assentation's that enable them to cost at aggressive market rates to counterbalance any potential money issues. For this item dispatch, the brand is centered on propelling just in America first and afterward gradually conveying it to whatever remains of the business sectors. The specialty is to construct it on a developing stage and let the European and bigger markets make up for lost time after. This moderate system will enable the brand to truly characterize wearing Nike rugby outfit as opposed to have the rigging characterize the brand.

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The Mayans and the Aztecs

The Mayans and the Aztecs built great civilizations in Mexico and Central America. The first of these cultures was the Mayan civilization, then the Aztecs. These are the ancient American civilization that the Spanish conquerors found when they arrived on the American continent. The Mayans and Aztecs were two great civilizations, which had the same religion, great monuments, cities and agriculture, but differ in terms of language, science, and where they lived, making the Mayas a better civilization for their superiority in science.

Aztecs and Mayas have left admirable artistic legacy temples, palaces, ceramics, sculptures, paintings, and woodcarvings. The two cultures presented pyramids and ceremonial centers. The architecture had a close relationship with religion, astronomy and geography. For example, the monumental buildings were decorated with images of religious and cultural importance and in many cases with writing. The Mayan cities were immense they had temples, pyramids and palaces, in these; they sculpted the stone to form figures and create many sculptures along the cities that represent their gods. These constructions had paintings, with which they recorded what happen. Same with the Aztecs their city was in the middle of a lake, with glorious monuments and pyramids. The size of the buildings and the great crowds who welcomed these strange-looking visitors left the Spaniards astonished. They saw huge palaces coated with shiny cement and swept and garlanded . . . adjacent to great oratories for idols, some of which were covered with blood. The Aztec island capital, Tenochtitlan was at that time one of the largest cities in the world with nearly 200,000 inhabitants(Carrasco, 2012, 1). All this was possible because the architects and urban planners designed and built important ceremonial centers, with pyramidal foundations, wide squares and beautiful palaces traced perfectly. In both cultures beautiful places were built, and above all so perfect, lacking metal tools that we have today, as is the case of hammers, shovels. Therefore, to do such wonderful things they needed a lot of strength. They made their cities places that still surprise for their harmonious concept as well as majestic. The Mayas potters and ceramist produced colorful sculptures with figures of animals and plants. This sculptures left proof of their mastery and talent in monumental pieces worked in stone, with which they generally represented their gods.

The religion was the same among the two; the religion was polytheistic. The Mayas believed in several gods represented of nature, they believed in the god of the earth, water, sun and moon. Similarly, with the Aztec civilization that also had a polytheist religion tended to believe in several gods like the god of heaven, and god of war. Although the two civilizations had the same religion, their gods were represented differently as the name of each god was different for each civilization; for the Mayas Chaac was associated with water, lightning and rain, so it was invoked to obtain good harvests and Tlaloc the god of water for the Aztecs. Likewise, in both civilizations they practice the sacrifice. The sacrifices were very important for the Aztecs because they believed that without these sacrifices, the gods would not receive their honors and a catastrophic could happen. The central notion was that without death there could be no life. Without that constant feeding to their gods, the Sun would stop going out. The sacrifice, then, was to maintain the balance of the universe, and avoid the end of the world. The Mayans made these sacrifices also to offer their gods as a gift in their honor, thanking for the good harvests, for the immense rain that the gods provided. Nature was the main motivation for the Mayas and the Aztecs. One of the main characteristics was the appreciation of a world linked to the idea of fatality and catastrophe, eventually the two civilizations were polytheistic and although they had different names for their gods, they were related to nature, however with different names, the gods represented the same.

In both civilizations, they practiced agriculture, corn was what they harvest most because it was the most important food, but their way of planting was very different, the Mayans planted the corn seeds in very long fields using the technique of cutting trees making more space and burning, the burning of the trees and plants with help as a fertilize. A clear difference in technique is that the Aztecs were famous for their method of agriculture called chinampas, which were floating gardens anchored, in a shallow lake covered with mud in which they planted vegetables, and small plants. On these chinampas, they could harvest seventh times in one year even more than in a regular field. The American Indian cultures left a great development of scientific knowledge and artistic manifestations. Existence of very advanced types of social organization, great development in agricultural cultivation, like the Maya, the Aztecs main crop was corn (The Aztecs, 2001, 9). Similarly, they use the same tools to work the land making it easier to plant the crops, a wood stick with tip, so they could easily make a hole to put the seeds, doing less work being able to plant big amounts of land.

In the same way the Aztec calendar and the Maya come from the same source of previous civilizations. Both calendars were built based on a 260-day series, and both Mayans and Aztecs used a 365-day calendar. Between the 260-day and the 365-day calendars, the only variation was the way the symbols and numbers were visually represented. The Mayans were more advanced reaching to establish a writing and being more exact on the days of the calendar . The Aztecs based their calendar on that of the Maya. Interestingly, it was more accurate than those used by Europeans at the time (Smith, Michael E., Calliope, 2005). It is impressive the fact that these two cultures in their period of full splendor did not meet, because the Mayans were older. A clear example why the two calendars were distinctive is because each of the civilization had a different language, the Aztecs main language was the Nahualt, and the Mayas was Maya with different dialects.

In contrast, the two-civilization were in two different locations and the time when they appear too. The Mayans settled in the southeast of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Salvador, the Aztec empire in the center of Mexico. The first Mayan cities were built years before Christ; they famous cities were Palenque south of Mexico, and Tikal in Guatemala. The Aztecs appeared after Christ in the 14th century in the lake of Texcoco, which was transformed into the powerful city of Tenochtitlan, now city of Mexico.

Finally, the Mayas was the best civilization because they were more advance in science such as astronomy and math. They produced extremely precise astronomical observations, their diagrams of the movements of the Moon and the planets without optical instruments are equal or superior to those of any other civilization. The Mayans measured the length of the solar year with a high degree of precision, with much more precision than that used in Europe.

The Maya, for example, brought astronomy, mathematics, calendar making, and hieroglyphic writing, as well as monumental architecture, to their highest expression in the New World(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015). The Mayans noticed that the stars were changing positions throughout the days, observing the position of the moon, the sun and the stars, they could predict what time of the year they were. For many years, they were concerned to know more about the sky and the stars, which they considered powerful gods. The Mayans used their pyramids as astronomical observatories. The Mayans were the masters of the numbers; they came to make difficult calculations because they had a deep mathematical knowledge because they use of zero. This great culture had impressive advances in science even for our time, particularly in mathematics and astrology. The Mayan and Aztec civilizations were great and perfect ancient cultures. But the Mayas achieved an impressive superiority in science, as well as their social, political and cultural structure. These advances led them to form their civilization, which until this day is recognized with admiration.

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A Hard-working American

A hard-working American has just finished their 40-hour week. It's Friday, and the check can't come sooner. Bills need to be paid, and a family needs to be fed. This individual makes $50,000 a year, but as they open up the letter to see the fruits of their labor it is clear something is missing. Looking down at the list of taxes removed from their paycheck, they find the source of their loss. The federal income tax has stripped 20% of their wages away.

Though on the surface their earnings seem like they should lead to a comfortable life-style, they find themselves once again living paycheck to paycheck, unsure what the next month might bring. No matter how hard they try it seems they just cannot get ahead. This is a problem common to everyone. There has to be a better way, but a solution does not need to come from some new, convoluted policy. In fact, it can be found in a traditional form of taxation well known throughout the histories of civilization, including our own: a tax on commodities, or as we call it, a sales tax. Applying this on a federal level we get the National Sales Tax, or NST, a system that would benefit the economy by encouraging personal savings, stimulating job growth, and simplifying the tax process.

Tax reform is on everyone's minds today and rightfully so. Many see the current system as a confusing myriad of paper work and bureaucracies - a system so difficult to navigate that entire professions have been dedicated to deciphering and navigating its intimidating maze. With the NST all of this laborious process could be eliminated at the check-out stand, leaving the power of taxation squarely in the hands of people. In practice, the implementation of a tax on all goods at retail would encourage consumers to save money. That money would become untouchable to the government if the practice of income tax was abolished. State governments are already using this method with success (see Figure 1 below).

Under the current system any interest gained on savings becomes taxable income. Taxes gains on investment is an unappealing exercise that hampers economic growth by dissuading reluctant investors. This economic growth diminishes within a consumer culture that demands it, and businesses that rely on those investments become unable to invest in new products, equipment and technologies for the market. An additional effect of our current double taxation of saving and investment income is that it increases the cost of capital. That makes it more expensive for businesses to obtain the financial resources they need to invest in new equipment and technologies (Stansel).

A culture more able to contribute to this growth through personal savings would find these investments returned back to them in the form of jobs, goods, and more money as these businesses expand. Since taxation only enters the scene when a final product is sold, a more meritocratic capitalist system is promoted as consumers and companies alike pay closer attention to where their money is going and whether goods and services are worth the cost. As Joe Messerli states, Consumer prices of certain items would fall since labor and tax compliance costs would be cheaper to businesses, (Messerli).

A fine line is walked by workers and businesses under our progressive tax system. It is a balancing act between tax brackets that can limit productivity simply through the anticipation of paying more for earning more. Hard workers begin to avoid overtime and wage increases in fear of being bumped into the next tier. Every time they go up a tax bracket their hourly work for additional work performed decreases. There are little incentives for the movement within the arrangement. An ideal capitalistic system would rely on merit and quality, but these attributes become meaningless as income drifts between percentages.

The wealthy may find ways to skirt these boundaries, but the average worker is often left to perform this balancing act on their own. Businesses often have to play this game as well, stalling their own growth through reduced production. Again, a NST negates this uneasy practice by focusing on the actual consuming of a product or service instead of the income generated by it. There is more incentive for marketing a quality product, for producing the product, and therefore, more work for the worker. In turn, the worker has more incentive to help achieve these business goals as he knows he will be rewarded for doing so.

While many of the benefits of a National Sales Tax point to a more growth oriented and meritocratic economy, it does involve overhauling a complex tax system built from the introduction of the modern income tax in 1913, a system honored and experimented with as the US economy struggled to finance its war efforts during both World Wars. It may be unclear if an NST would be able to adequately fund such a powerful and important state without drastic budget cuts caused by the loss of income tax revenue. Facing such an incredibly large deficit, it can seem to be an unpredictable way to deal with the financial problems this country faces. Being untested and relying heavily on a free market with limited government interference, it requires a dedicated participation of its citizens and their interest in personally managing their economy through investment.

It can be said, however, that these short-term issues can be offset by the growth such an economy would achieve by a saving populace. Having a direct connection with a simplified economic system would mean that people would find it a necessity to participate in the development of this system, being more intrinsically tied to its success or failure. The opportunity provided by a wealthier population would create a powerful incentive to grow and empower the economy as quickly and as successfully as possible, as all would benefit from such an achievement. As more goods are produced and more money finds its way into the hands of more citizens, the ability to both spend and save would bring about the dual effect of growing economy and supplying tax money necessary to the government, a funding provided by entrepreneurship, innovation and endeavor. This long-term capitalistic system would be strong and stable.

In many ways, being a flat tax, an NST in theory could create a greater wealth disparity as it would lead to a higher percentage for lower incomes than higher incomes in relation to the percentage of the sales tax. However, a flat tax across all products is not necessary, meaning that certain goods could be taxed higher or lower as needed. Certain taxes on goods wealthier citizens might purchase could be raised to compensate for lower taxes on necessary goods such as food and water. More accessible, every-day products could also be taxed lower to make sure the consumption of a particular income level matches it needs. As the tax is in the final product, saving and spending is still in the hands of the consumer without the need to dip into their income.

Another issue that might arise is that the population could begin to over-save. In this case, not enough money is flowing back into the economy and therefore the benefits of using the NST plan disappear. However, in a market full of varying products at different tax levels and prices it would be hard to prevent a populace from consuming at an appropriate level in accordance with their individual wants and needs. The benefits of saving are largely in the anticipation of buying upwards - purchasing that one might consider expensive. That money enters back into the economy in accordance with demand, and if that demand is a luxury (as more expensive products tend to be), that product's tax level may be higher than more necessary items.

Investment plays another key part in this economic model as well, as businesses will provide consistent tax revenue in the production process as they try to meet the demands of the public. The opportunity provided by a tax-free saving system naturally lead to a population with an achievable end goal of moving upwards as they participate more in the economy. It is possible to gradually implement a Nationals Sales Tax in tandem with a phasing out of the income tax system. In this way flaws and holes in funding possibly created by NST could be identified and addressed without sudden failure in a particular area of the economy, such as social services or military expenditure. As the economic responsibilities on an individual and direct level become more apparent, the possibilities and opportunities created will lead to more money finding its way into people's paychecks. As products become more affordable, the ability to save money will become much easier.

This sense of security will encourage a consumer culture to produce more, consume more, and invest more. Personal financial responsibility will become less convoluted, and taxes will be much easier to calculate beforehand, leading to more manageable and transparent budgets. Identifying the gaps left by the absence of income tax revenue will be a necessity, but they will reveal themselves with a gradual and steady progression in such an important transition.

The National Sales Tax system is a novel idea and has the potential to create economic growth that is naturally stifled by the current progressive income tax system. Though it relies heavily on the personal actions of citizens, their direct tie will be so apparent they will see the necessity to participate in their economy and their dependency upon it. Supply and demand for certain products can be addressed promptly by a less burdensome tax system on businesses and individuals, and more money saved gives greater opportunity for investment and individual economic movement. Lifting tax brackets will lead to a system based on meritocracy and quality and make higher levels of productivity possible. With time and observation, the market will provide a clear road to a free supply and demand dynamic that could create the strong and stable economy we need.

Bibliography

Messerli, Joe. BalancedPolitics.org. Death Penalty (Pros & Cons, Arguments For and Against, Advantages & Disadvantages), www.balancedpolitics.org/national_sales_tax.htm.
Staff, Investopedia. Progressive Tax. Investopedia, Investopedia, 18 Oct. 2018, www.investopedia.com/terms/p/progressivetax.asp.
Stansel, Dean. Considering a National Sales Tax. Cato Institute, 17 Oct. 1997, www.cato.org/publications/commentary/considering-national-sales-tax.
Walczak, Jared, and Scott Drenkard. State and Local Sales Tax Rates, 2018. Tax Foundation, Tax Foundation, 9 Nov. 2018, taxfoundation.org/state-and-local-sales-tax-rates-2018/.

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Career in Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering is a engineering where they design, research, build, develop, and test mechanical and sensors and devices, engines, including tools, and machines. Mechanical engineering work as services, research and development, manufacturing industries, and the federal government. They invented things like Wheel and Axle, Windmills Began to Replace Manpower, Pulleys Make Lifting Things Easy, Pulleys Make Lifting Things Easy, Piston, Levers, and many more things related to the ME feild. (ME) analyze problems to see how thermal devices and mechanical might help solve a particular problem, you have to be good in Problem-solving skills, Math skills, Listening skills,and Mechanical skills.

Mechanical engineers generally work in offices. They may occasionally visit worksites where a problem or piece of equipment needs their personal attention. In most areas, they work with other engineers, engineering technicians, and other professionals as part of a team. ME is the feild with many options to choose from, I would like to do mechanical engineering as my second option. As it is a field we can build and contract almost any kind of project you want.The field is getting popular and demand is also increasing in the near future.Theromedimaics plays a major role in mechanical engineering the laws help to understand the concept better. And you also do a dual degree through eurotech in some similar field like Aerospace, Dynamic Systems, and Control Energy and Power, Design and Manufacturing which is good because of the benifits more.

There are many electives to choose from in ME.As you can be Nuclear Engineers they processes, instruments, used to derive benefits from nuclear energy. Petroleum engineers extracting oil and gas from deposits, Physicists works as in the field of physics, and Astronomers,Engineering consulting where they consult others, Robotics, Natural Sciences Managers they are the one who works with scientists to help them and there are many others career option as ME. And having a dual degree will also open up many electives and have many job opportunities to work for. The pay scale is also comparable with many different engineering. The average annual salary for Mechinal enginnering is around $84,190 which is not bad for having just a bachelors degree. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $54,420, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $131,350.

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Fruitful Item Dispatch

Having a fruitful item dispatch is an overwhelming errand and it will regularly re-characterize the organization for better or in negative ways. As portrayed all through this paper, Nike is one of the universes most worldwide brands and the pioneer in game attire. From the organization's unassuming beginnings in the residential area of Beaverton, Oregon, the huge clothing firm has developed in to a widely acclaimed, worldwide, commonly recognized name. Bringing athletic wear into the overall population while affirming the thought that on the off chance that you have a body you are a competitor.

This item dispatch was centered on growing Nike's essence in the rugby sport. Rugby is a developing game in America and the item would be an upset and reclassified rugby boot that intensified player's execution. The item being propelled is a claim to fame item concentrating on catching the developing game of rugby. The product offering will begin with new rugby boots and envelop a whole line devoted to the game.

The chance to dispatch another item family toward the beginning of a developing dimension of enthusiasm on the world's biggest stage is an open door for Nike to become much more forcefully than they have over the most recent three years. The organization's development mindset has pulled in new ability, empowered them to extend universally and enabled the organization to concentrate on what they specialize in and that is make quality items for all competitors. Subsequent to investigating the majority of the market factors joined with the historical backdrop of execution inside Nike, this item dispatch finds a hole in the market and endeavors the chance to gain by a worldwide game with a worldwide brand.

These discoveries propose that the suggestion of beginning a rugby line in America toward the start of the quick development of enthusiasm for the game, is an approach to benefit from the youthful competitors that will stay with the brand as they develop with the game. It fortifies the thought of client devotion and staying consistent with the brand esteems to convey a sound item. By and large, the item dispatch will make more open doors for development inside the organization and as they enter the new market zone they can learn new things and test what they viewed as their typical. The way to starting dependably appears to be fantastically long and testing until the point that the dispatch is finished. While having a sound arrangement and objective at the top of the priority list, the wings of triumph will win like they had done on numerous occasions for Nike.

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Oprah Winfrey – One of the most Influential Women in the World

Contents

Depression
How Oprah Winfrey Overcame her Depression
What I Learn from Oprah's Experience
Conclusion

She is a known television personality, actress, producer, and a philanthropist. Although she has done various works in the media, Oprah is popular because of her show, The Oprah Winfrey Show. She has won many awards and is one of the wealthiest African-American individuals in the United States (Peck, 2010). Her wealth came after years of living in poverty and enduring abuse. Winfrey was born to a poor teenage girl in 1954 (Peck, 2010). She stayed with her grandmother during the first few years of her life. During that period, Winfrey was subjected to physical abuse.

After a few years, she joined her mother who lived in a poor and dangerous neighborhood. Winfrey's mother did not have enough time to supervise and protect her child, and in turn, Oprah was sexually assaulted by different men. Some of the men who abused her were family members whom she trusted (Illouz, 2003). Winfrey's first abuse happened when she was nine years old, and by the time she was 14 years she became pregnant (Illouz, 2003). Unfortunately, her baby died during infancy.

After a few years, Winfrey was sent to stay at her father's house. During her time there, she focused on her life and began performing better in school. That was the beginning of her story. Winfrey held several jobs before starting The Oprah Winfrey Show. She also started acting and later on, became a producer. She has also authored several books during her time.

Depression

Oprah Winfrey has openly discussed her struggle with depression in 1998 (McKenzie, 2017). Her depression was caused by the failure of her movie, Beloved, which had been produced in the same year. Winfrey had expected the movie to perform well at the box office, but things did not go as she had hoped (McKenzie, 2017). She had dedicated a lot of effort in the movies and could not believe that things did not turn out as planned. As a result, Winfrey started having negative thoughts and feelings about herself. The fact that she was already a successful person did not stop her from falling into depression. She felt like a failure at that moment.

During that period, Oprah sought solace in food. She would eat to suppress her emotions (McKenzie, 2017). At some point, Oprah began purchasing tickets to enhance the numbers at the box office. However, her efforts were fruitless thus resulting in more negative thoughts.

Winfrey also suffered from sleep disturbances, lack of energy, and the desire to stay alone (McKenzie, 2017). Just like many people who become depressed, she found something that could take away her pain. In her case, food was the only thing that could make her feel better.

How Oprah Winfrey Overcame her Depression

In most cases, mental health problems require medication. It is usually appropriate to seek medical assistance from healthcare practitioners (Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2018). However, some people possess certain unique strengths that can help them in overcoming their mental illness. Oprah Winfrey was one of these individuals. One of her strengths was that she was able to realize that she was not well. Realization enables people to start working towards finding a solution to their problems (Park et al., 2018).

After realizing that she was unwell, she began taking care of herself. She would focus on more positive things she had in life (McKenzie, 2017). Oprah started disregarding any negative thoughts and feelings she had about herself and instead appreciated herself. She began focusing more on the things she had instead of those she hoped to have. Oprah also controlled her eating habits, and within six weeks she was able to overcome her depression.

Oprah once said she learned never to put all her hopes and expectations in one basket (McKenzie, 2017). She learned always to appreciate whatever she had instead of what she did not have. Oprah was fortunate to have overcome her mental illness through self-care methods.

What I Learn from Oprah's Experience

Oprah Winfrey's experience shows that mental disorders can affect any individual no matter their social status. Winfrey became depressed even though she was very successful and rich. She had been working on her popular show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, for many years and had become very famous. From her experience, it is clear that anyone can be depressed when they are under extreme stress. On normal occasions, stress is a good thing, and it helps keep human beings alert and motivated (Needham et al., 2015). However, too much stress is harmful and can lead to episodes of depression.

In addition to that, Oprah's experience shows that every person has their way of dealing with their depression. Some people prefer staying indoors while others start drinking excessively. People suffering from depression use such methods to feel better about themselves (Midgley et al., 2017). However, such habits can be harmful to an individual's health. For instance, people who become excessive drinkers during their depression can suffer from alcohol-related diseases. On the other hand, people who seek comfort from food risk suffering from obesity-related illnesses. Therefore, suffering from depression can indirectly lead to other diseases or physical discomforts.

Additionally, Oprah's experience shows that high self-evaluation is important when dealing with depression. The moment she realized she had a mental disorder she decided to start appreciating all the things she had and stop stressing over those that she wished she did. Her experience shows that positive thoughts and optimism can cure depression. A person suffering from the illness can practice this method on their own or seek the help from a medical practitioner (Sobrinho, Campos, & Holden, 2016). One can also engage in positive activities like being kind to others, being grateful, meditating, and many others. Through such behaviors, a depressed individual will start feeling better about himself or herself (Sobrinho, Campos, & Holden, 2016). Consequently, such an individual will be able to come out of depression.

Lastly, Oprah's experience shows that people should learn to diversify economically, socially, and emotionally. Diversifying ensures that an individual will not be too attached to a specific item. As a result, such a person will not be overly disappointed if one of the important items in their lives fails to work as anticipated (Sobrinho, Campos, & Holden, 2016). The level of stress will be low thus protecting him or her from mental illness.

Conclusion

Oprah Winfrey managed to become very successful despite her poor background. In 1998, she was depressed for six weeks and was able to overcome her situation through positive thinking. Her experience shows anyone gets depressed and that positive thinking can get them out of their situation.

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The Functions of Political Parties

In the current political world, political parties play a crucial role in stipulating the political ideology of the ruling government. The U.S was the first country to develop promising national political parties with a primary goal of transferring power from the executive of one party to another through general elections. Democracy promoted the growth of powerful and well established political parties since the 1830s (Berg, 2007). Political parties bring people together to achieve a common goal, to get control of the government and to come up with policy favorable to their interest and group that support them, political parties persuade people to vote and elect their candidates. A political party is not a government itself and the constitution does not mention them. They are important in many aspects, for instance, they appoint nominees for public positions where they push for their political parties ideologies.

Besides political parties represents the public ideologies and interests in the ruling government through elected leaders. Republican and Democratic constituents give their ideas to their local leaders for representation in the parliament. Elected leaders represent both the parties' ideologies and constituent's interests to the ruling government (Berg, 2007). These leaders can support general and non-specific issues which regard to the minority groups such as farm, and small business people.

Additionally, political parties help to simplify choices. For instance, there are two political parties in the U.S which are Republican and Democrats. The Democrats are known for supporting ideologies that are related to labor-related issues, and support for the minority groups who believe that it is the role of the government to solve existing problems (Berg, 2007). On the other hand, Republicans are known for their support for business ideology, the size of the government and reserved position on social issues.

In sum, political parties assist in the development of policies and regulations. Political parties are not actively involved in the drafting of the policies but they give their opinion on the issues. According to the U.S constitution a political candidate who gathers the majority votes he or she is responsible for drafting policies that support ideologies of his political party. For example, in both 1992 and 1994, Bill Clinton failed to gather a majority votes where he was not responsible to support and ideology (Smith and Greenblatt, 2018).

Just like any other government political parties are also required to win elections in all local and state government. For instance, United States has 89500 local government which directly serves the people's interest and provide for their social amenities like police, education, fire protection, health regulation, and housing among others (Seidel et al., 2014). The local government level elections are nonpartisan. During campaigning period political activists suspend their party afflation to fair and credible elections. The local government draws their powers from the government immediately above them, unlike other governments that draw their powers from the people they serve. Local government is not equal partners in government but they are subordinates to the government that grant them powers. Finally, in the U.S, the local governments are the main forms of government which is mandated to provide essential services to the residents.

The state of New York is a Democratic stronghold and one of the largest in the U.S. These political parties use labor unions and educational politics to promote their ideologies. Also, these political parties have initiatives that promote the development of affordable houses, education institutions and economic development in New York (Smith and Greenblatt, 2018). Finally, the New York Campaign Finance Board gives public matching fund to qualifying candidates hence increases the survival of political parties in the region.

References

Smith, K. B., & Greenbalt, A. H. (2018). Governing States and Localities (6th ed.). Los Angeles, LA: CQ Press.

New York, S. (2017). New York State Constitution - As Revised, Including Amendments Effective January 1, 2015. [S.L.]: Lulu Com.

Seidel, A. J., Franks, M. M., Murphy, G. F., & Wadsworth, S. M. (2014). Bridging the distance: Illustrations of real-time communication of support between partners and deployed members of the National Guard. In Military deployment and its consequences for families (pp. 21-35). Springer, New York, NY.

Berg, B. F. (2007). New York City Politics: Governing Gotham (1st ed.). New jersey, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

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The Relationship between Political Parties & Interest Groups

Parties have a greater influence on government policy as compared to groups. This is because parties have a significant influence on the voting population and this facilitates a greater influence in government policy. Ideally, a democracy is a system of government that allows self-governance and plurality. America is founded on constitutional democracy; an ideology that had been influenced a number of elements and factors. Notably, John Locke in the 1700's argued that people were the sources of power. With the help of the Bible, Greek philosophy, Montesquieu and the Freemasons, John Locke were the primary influenced of the United States Constitution. This democracy has been quite imperative for allowing the public an increased level of control in their governance. This paper will ascertain a framework of understanding of the issue while establishing the significant power parties have over groups.

The United States Constitution allowed the establishment of the federal system and under this system of governance, the powers of the government are spread between the federal, state and local government. As such, each level of government has sovereignty in various areas and shares powers in others. Ideally, the concepts of checks and balances and the separation of powers are similar. This is because they purport to allocate governing powers over the branches of the government; executive, judiciary and legislative, with the intention of ensuring that none of the branches can consolidate undue power unto itself at the expense of others. American history is strife with issues regarding separation of powers whereby the president has the authority to appoint all federal judges while the legislature must confirm the president's appointments (Longley).

With the separation of powers, come the legislature, judiciary, and the executive. The legislature is responsible for making laws, standardizing foreign and federal trade, proclaiming war and monitoring expenditure and taxing dogmas. The executive on the hand consists of the president, various agencies and departments and his or her advisers. They are responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. The judiciary consists of the federal judicial center and the United States Supreme Court. The judiciary evaluates laws.

The US' political parties include the Republicans and the Democrats. Political parties are responsible for introducing major legislation in the houses of Congress and require a majority to accomplish this and undermine the impact of amendments and committee implications. Public opinion also has a significant role in the political system. Ideally, most of the policies and legislation in Congress are usually a response to public pressure. Essentially, public opinion has a significant impact in shaping political direction as parties and politicians align themselves to public demand. Public interest groups are groups of people with a common goal of influencing public policy. They represent the interests of various groups including large corporations and others with ideological perspectives. Notably, they do not have enough power to impact voting patterns of the population.

Ideally, as a citizen, one has the right to fair trial, to vote, to run for elected office and even applying for federal employment. A citizen also has the freedom to worship and expressing themselves as they wish. On responsibilities, a citizen is expected to support and defend the constitution while participating in the democratic process. The current political issues in the United States include immigration issues including the border wall between the US and Mexico, gun control issues and climate change. As such, these issues have been plaguing the political scene in America and it is up to the political parties to make significant efforts to influence government influence towards their alignment.

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India’s Political Parties

Political parties in India represent different regions and sections among the Indian society. Core values play a major role in Indian politics. India has a bicameral parliamentary system with both the executive and legislative branch of the governments are run by representatives of political parties who are elected by the people. Since India has a multi-party system there is a range of regional and national parties. Regional Parties in India are aligned to the ideologies of a certain region such as common languages, culture and the history of the regions they represent, limited to that area. The National Party, on the other hand, are all Indian political party that is officially recognized as national parties if they get national support and has influence all over the country.

The nature of India's political system was characterized as one dominant political system after India's independence in 1947 giving the power to The Congress System. After India's independence, the Congress party under Nehru was in power for twenty years from 1947 to 1967 as the center of Indian politics. Politics under the Congress part seem to have leaned on the left spectrum, in terms with policies for the poor and minorities such as equality and civil liberties. However, they have also made sure to satisfy the elite classes in India. In 1962, India lost to China which left the country with humiliation, there were also various corruption cases, and an economic crisis that ended up tarnishing the image of the Congress System. After the death of Nehru, the 1967 election was very different as multi-party system erupted in India among different castes, communities and religious minorities and the Congress system started to lose its predominated position on both a national and the state levels. From 1977-present, under Indira Gandhi, The Congress developed a new system and became known as Indira Congress or Congress (I). Its highlights a political culture that openly flaunts the dominance of a single Congress Party leader who controls the power of patronage, the party's treasury and the power to nominate loyalists to ministerial and party posts and election as members of parliament (Oberst 89). Indira Gandhi was later killed in 1984 and Rajiv Gandhi became the new Prime Minister.

Non- Congress parties were also an important part of India's polarized multi-party system. These groups included jats, the peasant proprietors of western Uttar Pradesh, the Yadavs, the Kurmis, other backward castes (OBCs) of Hindus, and Muslim minorities. Their supporters ranged from the very poor to well-educated citizens. All these groups shared a dissatisfaction with the Congress Party and BJP party. In 1977, the Janata Party came into existence with the emergence of socialists and other various groups to remove Indira Gandhi dominated the Congress Party from power. The Janata Party eventually succeeded by winning several state governments, especially in northern India. However, lacking a common program, a grassroots organization, and any sense of unity, this coalition of diverse factional leaders would not survive for long (Oberst 98).

The Bharatiya Janata Party is a right-wing Hindu nationalist party, that emerged as the second largest in the 1991 election, and again in 1996-1997. It virtually eliminated the Congress Party in Hindi-speaking states of North India. The BJP poses a major challenge to secularism political ideology and to the Congress and other centrist parties that have ruled India since independence in 1947 (Oberst 99). Till this day, the BJP remains to be the national challenger against the Congress. The BJP ideology is that India's national identity should be rooted in Hindu culture because of the Hindu majority population in India. According to this view, minorities must reconcile themselves to the political reality of Hinduism and its social values, as well as its centrality in the formation of India's national identity (Oberst 99). BJP is a party rooted from an organization called the RSS. This organization is filled with millions of extreme Hindu nationalists, promoting racism and Islamophobia in India. Yet Modi isn't as uninhibited as Yogi Adityanath, who says he wants a Hindu idol installed in every mosque, and who has encouraged his followers to kill Muslims if any Hindu is attacked (Class slides). There are many cases in India, where minorities like Muslims are discriminated against and taken away their right to practice their religion. For example, Muslims are not allowed to eat cow meat in many parts of India, and also Muslims are allowed to use their Islamic traditional practice in matters like divorce. After the Indian Supreme Court ruled in 2017 that this practice wasn't essential to Islam, a law in 2018 criminalized the practice (Class Slides). Another issue that has arisen is the genocide of Muslims in Rohingya, where the government is deporting more than 4 million Muslims calling them illegal immigrants. Under the BJP party, minorities, especially are discriminated which if compared to the Nehru-Gandhi era, actually gave equal rights to minorities.

In terms of India's economy, India is doing very good under the BJP party compared to the Nehru- Gandhi era. It has the IMF's highest projected growth among major countries for 2018 and 2019 (Class Notes). India is also doing very good with its foreign affairs as they have fixed their relationship with the US.

Works Cited

Oberst, Robert C., et al. Government and Politics in South Asia. Westview Press, a Member of the Perseus Books Group, 2016.

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Oprah Winfrey: Life

Some people are recognized for the many accomplishments they do through their life or career. Many celebrities can one day become our idols or some can be our heros. This woman was abused first abused as child and grew up without her father, but with her pursuing her dreams in being a philanthropist she has changed not only others lives but hers as well. Her name is Oprah Winfrey. She started going to college just like any other student until she decided to drop out as a senior and get a position in Baltimore with WJZ-TV as a co-anchor to come out on the evening news. Winfrey later decided to to move on to co-hosting People Are Talking in 1977. Then she was recruited in Chicago TV station to host her own show. Her show became one of the most popular on the tv. The Winfrey Show aired for 25 seasons, from 1986 to 2011. This show was being seen by 49 million viewers a week in the United States and is viewed internationally in over 117 different countries.

Oprah then founded Harpo Inc. which it used her name backwards. She has won many prizes for her work. She recently won the Nobel Peace Prize. She has inspired many people to follow her steps and become great like her. Due to her skills she has made so much money not only in investing in other companies and turning them into her own. Her net worth is now worth about 3 billion dollars. Thanks to her Discovery Inc. has invested $254 million dollars just in programming OWN, Oprah's Network Show. Other than her network she has her own website. Winfrey invested in a healthy restaurant chain called True Kitchen. On Oct. 2015 Oprah Winfrey declared that she had bought 10% of Weight Watchers. That's about 6.4 million shares. According to Weight Watchers she had the chance to buy 5% more and become their spokesman. Other than just investing in Weight Watchers , she was getting her into a restaurant biz, says CNBC.

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Hermia and Lysander in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”

Hermia and Lysander are in love but unable to marry because Hermia's father. They completely ignore her father's wishes and plan to elope. Hermia says By all the vows that ever men have broke/ (In number more than ever women spoke),/ In that same place thou hast appointed me,/ Tomorrow truly will I meet with thee. (1.1.171-181), in this quote Hermia is promising Lysander she will run away with him to the woods. This is a very important line because we see how willingly Hermia goes against Egeus knowing this could result in her being killed. She is also giving up all her friends and family all for this one man. What Hermia is saying truly reveals how truely passionate her love is for Lysander. We can truly see how important they are to each other. Compared to all the other couples in the play, Lysander never stops loving Hermia on purpose and Hermia never stops loving Lysander. This love is very unique and you know they will find a way back to each other.

In Midsummer Night's Dream, we see an example of artificial love. As the name implies it isn't real but it is so strong that it tricks you into thinking it is real.This love is not actually love but more of an illusion. Bottom and Titania are a perfect example. While practicing in the forest, Bottom wakens Titania who has had the flower juice placed on her, as soon as Titania sees Bottom, she is obsessed. Within a few moments of knowing him she declares Thou art as wise as thou art beautiful. (3.1.150) those words are remarkably deep to tell someone you just met. Titania believes that Bottom is the love of her life, with just looking at him. Due to the love potion she insists he remain in the woods with her and even tells bottom that she loves him. She is so in love with him while he just seems to be clueless and lost. So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle/ Gently entwist; the female ivy so/ Enrings the barky fingers of the elm./ O, how I love thee! How I dote on thee! (4.1.43-46). We see Titania completely starstruck by Bottom. We later see that it was all fake and as we already know is due to the Love potion that was put on her eyes.

Parental love is another amazing example of love in A Midsummer Night's dream, we see that Egeus refuses to give up Hermia because he believes that it is her best interest to marry Demetrius. Egeus says As she is mine, I may dispose of her,/Which shall be either to this gentleman/ Or to her death, according to our law/ Immediately provided in that case (1.1.43-46). He refuses to give her up and says that she will wither marry Demetrius or will die.

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Midsummer Night’s Dream: List of Scenes

Act I scene i, Begins with Theseus, duke of Athens and Hippolyta the women he will be marrying. They discuss how they want to set up their wedding which will be held in four days. While they were planning their wedding, Egeus a citizen of Athens and his daughter hermia come to see Theseus with a complaint. Egeus has a complaint against his own daughter because she was supposed to marry Demetrius. Hermia's father has promised her, but now Lysander also a citizen of Athens has won over hernias heart and she has fallen in love. Hermia does not listen to Egeus her father land refuses to marry Demetrius. So Egeus has no other choice but to let the law punish hermia. Theseus tells her if you do not go through with marrying Demetrius there will be consequences and hermia would be sent to a nunnery or put to death.

Theseus then asks Egeus if he could talk to him aside so they begin to talk leaving hermia and Lysander alone to talk, Lysander plans a crazy plan to get married outside of Athens at his aunt's house that treats him like his son. Doing this they say they will be free from Athens and could finally live there live together and that's exactly what they planned for the following night.

Act I scene ii, Far from Theseus palace in another place In Athens a group of actors meet at the house of Peter Quince to rehearse a play that will be performed at Theseus and hermias grand wedding. While Peter quince is trying to instruct the meeting the annoying nick bottom interrupts saying that the play they should be about two lovers that are separated by there parents and speak through a wall. But one night Thisbe gets attacked by a loin and Pyramus finds her bloody clothing realizing that the lion has killed his true love which then he commits suicide. After discussing the play Peter quince gives the actors their roles. The very annoying nick bottom tells quince that he should have the roles of the women's voice or Thisbe or evening the lion because he has the ability to roar the loudest and best. But Peter quince was very worried that he could scare the ladies in the audience which then he would be executed. But nick tells quince that he will be able to roar the sweetest as a nightingale so that nobody will be frightened.Peter finally gets nick to want to play Pyramus because that's the only part he could play. After Peter quince gets nick bottom to act out the appropriate role for him,The entire group the next night goes out to the woods to rehearse their play.

Act II scene i, while being in the woods two fairies meet and Oberon servants tells Titania that she should be careful and be sure to stay out of Oberon's sight.

Has you can tell Titania and Oberon are very mad at each other so Titania decides to take little Indian boy that was so handsome but, Oberon wanted him for himself to make this young boy his knight. Ofcourse Titania would not give him up.

After that incident happened one Titania's servants run into one of Oberon servants known as puck but aslo known for pulling outstanding pranks. But not shortly after the two fairies were interrupted by Oberon and Titania's coming from opposite sides of the woods they both asked immediately why they were so close to Athens before Theseus and Hermias wedding. Titania explains to oberon that she thinks he is in love with hippolyta and oberon explains to titania that she is in love with theseus.They argue but then the argument then leads to talking about the little indian boy.Oberon insist that titania gives up the boy but titania tells oberon that the little boys mother was a ''devotee'' and she must keep the little bo close to her. Soon after titania tells oberon about this she then asks him if he would like to dance with her at the fairy rounds and surprise him with her secrets that she shall reveal at the end of the night.Oberon tells titania that he doesn't want to until they have come to an argument with the little boy.Titania was not to happy about this but what titaina did not know was that oberon was sure that he will get his revenge at the end at the night. Oberon begins his revenge that was not going to turn out to pretty. Oberon orders his servant puck to find a white and purple flower that was once hit with a cupids bow. Oberon tells puck that if the flowers juice is to be rubbed on anybody's eyes,when they wake the first person at sight they will fall in love with and of course puck being the prankster he his was gladly to help out. Oberon plan was to rub this substance from the flower and he hoped that when titania was woken she would fall in love with a ridiculous creature. Oberon then said that if she did not give up the little boy he would not lift the love curse.

Act II scene II, After Oberon explained to puck what the plan was puck exstadilky raced to get this flower hit by cupid's bow. Oberon runs into demetrius and helena but he makes himself invisible to where he could not hear or see them. Demetrius was yelling at helena telling her that he doesn't love her nor does not want to see her.On the other hand oberon was approaching lysander and hermia and give them a curse, hoping that they will not get married so that Oberon could slay away lysander. But oberon was not done before the night was over he declared that demetrius will be the one chasing helena. Puck then shows up with the magic flower that will be used on titania,oberon tells puck that he knows where titaina usually sleeps and that he will go in and put the substance on her eyelid. Before oberon could do this he ordered puck to go in athens and find a random boy that is running after a young lady and give him this position so that when he wakes he will fall in love with that young lady.oberon tells puck that he will not know this young boy from athens but to still do it and puck was off to also achieve his master's request. After titiana had her long night of dancing she finally fell asleep and gave oberon his chance to go in and begin his revenge. Oberon sneaks up on titania while she was sleeping and rubbed the position from the flower on to her eyes and hoping that when she wakes she will fall in love with a hideous creature. When oberon was done he felt very accomplished but his night was not over has he was leaving titania he ran into lysander and hermia. Lysander explains ro herima that he has lost the way to his aunts cabin and that they should sleep till the morning she they could find there way in the daylight, they sleep apart because hermia says she wants to ''respect custom and propriety''. Puck on the other had was having a hard time finding a young athen boy that was in love with a young lady so puck gives up until he runs into lysander and hermia of course asleep puck revealed that they weren't lying next each other. Puck thought that this was the couple oberon was talking about and poured the position right into lysander's eyes.Helena pursues demetrius only to be insulted and screamed at again she tells him that she is afraid of the dark but he still doesn't listen and runs off into the woods she runs after him but she could not keep up letting demetrius go. Helena sees that lysander and herima laying down and she awakes lysander not knowing that puck put the position in his eyes. So when lysander awoke helena was the first person he saw and fell in love with her. He begins to tell helena that she was so beautiful but helena keeps trying to remind him that he his in love with hermia.lysander tells helena that hermia means nothing to him but hermia dose to take him seriously and storms off very upset. Lysander then follows helena which then wakes up hermia to find lysander gone and she goes off looking for him.

Act III scene i, The group of actors met at a pointed time to rehearse there play, since they will be performing to a novel crowned. Bottom says that there are certain parts of the play that have to be changed.bottom wants to make theses changes because he fears that Pyramus suicide that bottoms roaring will lead to the groups execution. Other men from the group write a prologue explaining that everyone is in safe hands and no one will actually die. During there acting bottom decided to take a break and step away from the group and when this happened puck the trickster turned him into a ass. When bottom returned to the group they were beyond scared and ran off back to Athens leaving bottom alone in the forest. A little while later Tatiana awake finally to see bottom and surely falls deeply in love with him at first sight. Tatiana was so in love she even ordered her servents to get whatever bottom would like.

Act III scenes II-III, Bottom and titania were really hitting it off,tatiana really was in love with a donkey. Puck later that day tells Oberon that his revenge against tatiana has worked . Although Hermia could not find Lysander after losing him but hermia was still stuck with Demetrius wad , puck was very surprised to see that hermia was walking with Demetrius rather than lysander her true love. puck relizes that he has made a very big mistake and he know has to fix it. Puck tells Oberon and Oberon tells puck he must fix this situation by morning.Puck finds Demetrius and pours the flower juice into his eyes, as Helena finds Lysander and they start yelling at each another this wake up Demetrius and he falls in love with Helena.lysander and Demetrius start arguing over who loves Helena, Helena gets mad and walks off because she think they weren't serious. Has she walks off she sees hermia and thinks that she has apart to do with the situation so Helena tries telling hermia that she is going to scratch out her eyes and hermia gets very scared. lysander and Demetrius argue to protect them both but they grow very anger and storm off into the forest. Oberon tells puck that he must fix this situation once again but this time by the morning. Puck flies through the forest to find Lysander and Demetrius, puck must fix the problem soon before the sun raises.

Act IV scene I, Titania and bottom still laying together tatiana. Puck and Oberon sneak over to see how Oberon's plan was going and Oberon would Say it was going excellent . Earlier that day Oberon spoke to Tatiana about the India buy and if she would give him up and she most definitely did. Oberon Now knows that Tatiana will give up the boy so he could now undo the spell.As the magic wore down she was very surprised to see that she was laying next to a donkey.Oberon was very happy to get what he wanted and took Tatiana to the dance .Puck transformed bottoms head back to a normal head has the sun came up, but the night was not over Theseus and his other attendants Hippolyta and egeus enter into the forest, they come across the young Athens laying in the grove. They wake them up and ask them to explain what is going on, they could not explain because they could not remember what had happened all they knew was that demetrius and Helena love each other as do lysander and hermia. So theseus just ordered them all to the temple to where the grand wedding feast.

Act IV scene ii,

At quinces house the group of actors worry about bottom because he still has not returned from the night before. They all worry that he has been captured by a creature in the forest. Flute on of the actors considers that they should go on with the play but it would be impossible because bottom would be the only man that was capable of portraying pyramus. After speaking about what they shall do snug enters the room and announces that Theseus has been married and along with him lysander hermia,Demetrius and Helena, and they are eager to see a play. There only problem was that if they go without bottom, bottom would have to pay a great amount of money in portrayal of Pyramus. Just then bottom returns and comes running into the room. Bottom tells everyone that he has a story to tell and they ask to hear it but he says there is not enough time, and they all go to the dukes palace to perform their play like planned.

Act V scenes I, As everyone in the audience finds there seats , Quince approaches the stage to presents the prologue, once the the prologue was reed. Two actors walk onto the stage and act out has the wall and the moonshine they perform their parts. After bottom was done acting out his part he asked the audience weather or not they wanted to see a epilogue or a dance. Theseus responds with the dance, flute and bottom dance and everyone clapped and the group went on to get some sleep.

Cause and effect between the movie and the play

In the movie there are certain parts that were not played in the movie and this made me very confused on what was going because when reading the play there were many changes.

My opinion between the movie and play:

In my opinion I think that the play was better than the movie. I think this because the play was very descriptive and I felt like the movie had too many changes. They play gathered more of my attention rather than the movie I say this because shakespeare work in the play was very good I enjoyed reading about the midsummer night dream it had a lot of detail and I could see the imagine in my head I think reading the play is also very fanstating to read.

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A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Symbols and Symbolism

In Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream comedy uses two separate worlds and these two settings symbolize different things. The setting at the beginning of the play is the court and the city of Athens. The Duke of Athens, Theseus and Hippolyta are planning their wedding. Egeus asks a help from Theseus because he wants Hermia to marry Demetrius, but she refused Egeus's orders. The duke told Hermia to obey her father or she will face the consequences of death. The second setting at the middle of the play in Act III is the wood. Hermia does not want to marry Demetrius and runs away to the forest with Lysander. In the forest, Oberon and Titania are the king and the queens of the fairies. The woods are near Athens, where they are home of the fairies. The city represents human reality and the city is a place with law and order. The forest represents a fairy realm of dream and the laws and order are not applied in the woods. The setting of the play shifts from realism to fantasy. The nature and the forest play an important role in the play. At night in the woods is the best setting for this play because the laws cannot touch the young lovers, protection and privacy for Peter Quince, and It allows the mischievous fairies sprinkle magic love potion.

Hermia and Lysander love each othe,r but Demetrius loves Hermia. Egeus has arranged for Hermia and Demetrius get married, but Hermia is angry because she does not want to marry Demetrius. Lysander and Hermia are not allowed to marry due to the laws and order. Hermia must marry the man Egeus has chosen and if she doesn't follow the rule she will be punished by death. Lysander plans to escape out of Athens and runs into the woods to be free of Athenian laws. In the wood Lysander and Hermia can freely marry each other because laws and orders are not applied to the wood.

Peter Quince wants to perform a play Pyramus and Thisbe to celebrate the king Theseus and his wife Hipployta wedding. Quince assembles the craftsmen to play as actors. Quince and the band of Anthenian craftsmen meet to rehearse in the woods outside of the Athens. The wood is a protection for peter Quince and his craftsmen of actors because it shielded from the court. They want to rehearse in the woods for privacy, they won't be bothered by the crowds people. Prince thinks the wood is the perfect spot to rehearse because no one will know the plot of the play.

The wood is a dark, mysterious setting where fairies and magic can be performed. Oberon angry with Titania, because he wants the Indian boy for his henchman and comes up with a plan for revenge. Oberon sent puck to fetch the magical flower that was struck by cupid's arrow. He anoints the eyes of Titania with the magical juice while she is asleep so that Titania will fall in love with the first thing she sees. She falls in love with bottom, whose head was transformed into a donkey. Oberon tell pucks to find a young athenian man and make him love the woman who is chasing him after he overhears the conversation between Demetrius and Helena. Puck smears the magical juice the Lysander's eyes. He turned the young lovers worlds upside down and Oberon seeks a way to undo the spell. When the young lovers are awakened the fairies have turned their real experiences into faint memories. The night in the woods is easier to lose direction and to become confused.

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A Midsummer Night’s Dream Analysis

A Midsummer Night's Dream is comedy literature by William Shakespeare. The play was written in 1595/96 portraying the happenings around the marriage of Hippolyta and Theseus, Duke of Athens. The marriage was a four-day festival that would be characterized by entertainment and pomp. Egeus wants his daughter, Hermia to marry Demetrius. However, she does not want to comply with her father’s wishes since she is in love with Lysander. Egeus wants action to be taken against her for disobeying the wishes of her father (Shakespeare 3). Theseus gives Hermia until the wedding day to have made a decision or else she is executed or taken to a convent. The scene is concurrent with that of two groups in the woods. One is of a band of fairies that include Oberon and Tatiana, while the other is of Athenian artisans that are preparing a play to perform at the wedding. Shakespeare can outline a variety of themes in the play which provide a deeper meaning to the message he intended to portray. The concept of magic and dreams form a critical part of the entire play and helps in advancing the storyline as well as the intended message. It makes the reader view the happenings in a new light and developing significant interpretations. As the play expands it is a warp between the feeling of dreaming and reality. It expands the audiences into laughter of wondering the reality of A Midsummers Night’s Dream.

The fairies’ magic plays a critical role in advancing the theme of the play. It illustrates the hilarious and bizarre elements of the play. There are facts and fiction that are associated with the use of magic in the different scenes. One of the significant uses of magic is to describe the supernatural power of love that can make people focus on loving one individual (Dent 117). The use of love portion is critical in helping illustrate the power of love that may surpass other aspects in life. For instance, Demetrius and Lysander are influenced by the magical juice, and they follow Helena, both of them confessing the love they have for her. It is a mysterious type of love since Lysander forgets about Hermia with whom he had fallen with love with. Shakespeare focuses on showing the power of love and how it can influence individuals in going to a different extent to find what love. It is critical to note that despite the use of magic in influencing the decisions of Lysander and Demetrius, they depict the impact and the power of love. It is also clear that magic could be used for the right reasons and as a result, creates a magical effect on the individuals that are subjected to the aspect. For instance, Demetrius is forced to love Helena since she loves him very much. Consequently, magic has been used for the right reasons and it has created a significant impact in magically illustrating the power of love. Magic is also used in the play to cause chaos and as a result, allow Puck to have his way.

Lysander and Demetrius fall in love with the same girl, and as a result, they are in some form of conflict. Helena does not know what to do with the two gentlemen that are confessing their love for her. She is confused and is not aware of whether they are telling her the truth or they are just playing with her emotions. The use of magic has confused and caused chaos between the characters. Moreover, Titania falls in love with Bottom’s voice despite him having a head of a donkey. It is during the period that Oberon uses the young Indian prince that had been given to Titania as a knight. He takes the opportunity that had been created by the magic used by Puck to influence his way. Shakespeare is keen to illustrate that magic may have some detrimental effect on the relationships individuals have with each other (Szakolczai 12). The use of magic negatively influences the relationship between Oberon and Titania. Oberon ensures that he uses magic to distract Titania and as a result get what he wants. The use of magic to affect one party negatively is an aspect that is evident in contemporary society, and it is guided by selfishness and greed. Shakespeare is aware that magic is both used for the good and the bad; hence, he illustrates so in the play. However, it is suitable for the use of magic to always portray the good as opposed to the bad.

Dreams also form a significant part of the themes advanced in the play. They are linked to the magical and bizarre happenings in the forest. At the beginning of the play, Hippolyta's words portray the prevalence of dreams and the effects it may have in the entire play. He states that fur nights will quickly dream away the time. It is evident that dreams influence the aspect of time and may lead to individuals forgetting the actual happenings. It is an element that Shakespeare uses in conjunction with magic to illustrate the aspect of reality in advancing the various themes (Hendricks 42). For instance, when there is the use of magic and the individuals involved are made to believe it was a dream, there is a link between fiction and reality. Bottom is unable to fathom the happenings that are caused by magic and as a result, states that they are caused by slumber. He recognizes the element of dreams as critical in addressing the aspects of magic that cannot be explained. Similarly, in contemporary society, individuals do not recognize magic; instead, they link it to dreams and hallucinations. It is similar to the position Shakespeare takes in the play since he uses dreams to convince the characters that there was no magic involved in the happenings they experienced. The aspect of dreams as portrayed in the play show of happenings that are fictitious and unbelievable.

Consequently, the characters that have been subjected to magic believe whenever they are convinced that they had a dream and nothing of the experiences they went through was actual and real. The actual workings of dreams also take center stage in advancing the themes of the play. Shakespeare focuses on illustrating how events occur without explanation as well as time losing the normal sense of flow and as a result, the impossible happens. He mixes the element of magic and dream in the forest to show how dreams work clearly and the extent the cause events that are explainable (Miller 258). For instance, Bottom changes to have a head of a donkey. It is critical to note that it is hard to explain how the head of a person can change to that of a donkey in the real world. Such a phenomenon could only be explained if they are linked to dreams. Similarly, Lysander and Demetrius shift their love for Helena, but previously they loved Hermia. The change is fast, and they cannot explain how they fall in love with Helena to the extent they insult Hermia. For instance, Lysander does not want to see Hermia anywhere near whenever they are with Helena. It is an aspect that cannot be explained easily since also the subjects cannot describe the sudden turn of events that has made them change their position on love. Such happenings can be described as dreams since no one can fathom what has transpired.

At the end of the play, Puck illustrates the idea of dreams to the audience by telling them if someone has been offended they should remember that is nothing more than a dream. The illusion and bizarreness in the play are critical in illustrates the different themes Shakespeare would not have been able to advance if he had used the elements of reality in the entire play. Conclusion A Midsummer Night's Dream is a comedy play that includes both fictitious and reality aspects. Shakespeare is keen on advancing the themes as well as the intended message; hence, he uses a variety of tactics. He focuses on the concepts of magic and dreams as the propelling force of advancing the themes. Since the use of magic would be unfamiliar to the characters, he incorporated the aspect of dreams to make it easier for them to explain some of the bizarre happenings in the different scenes. It creates a fantastical experience in the play that is interesting to read.

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Genetic Engineering: the Benefits of Human Genetic Modification

Genetic engineering is a field that studies the modification of organism through the manipulation of their genetic material. It is a method in which a new animal or plant can be produced from specific genes obtained from a different animal or plant. The required trait for that gene will then be conveyed in the new organism (N. R. C., 2004). This method is a highly controversial subject within the scientific and social world. The application of genetic engineering is prevalent in several fields already such as agriculture and medicine. Although there are alternatives to genetically modified crops, such as organic foods, there is an economic and time saving allure to it. And while genetic engineering has produced countless benefits in the field of science and for the wellbeing of human survivability, there are some aspects of the field that have become controversial in the ethical field. One of these topics is the idea of human genetic engineering. Human genetic engineering is a heatedly debatable topic since a selection of people believe that being able to alter the natural genome is playing God. They believe that scientists do not own any jurisdiction in the manipulation of nature (John H., 2002).

Due to this preconception, there is disapproval to the advancement of this discipline by people who do not grasp the significance in genetic modification. They may, understandably, even fear what gene altering may steer to for us as a society and as humans. Discoveries throughout history owned by genetic engineering has guided us to the development of numerous inventions directly leading to various applications utilized to benefit society (Patra, 2015). For example, it has been said this method could allow an individual with two copies of the Huntington's disease gene to produce a child immune to the disease. It also has the ability to let parents enhance their children by including a resistance to cancer or HIV infection (Dresser, 2004). Besides the vast animal, plant, and other laboratory research, the evaluation of the safety and efficiency for genetic modification of embryos for clinical use would be required for human trials. With these trials, in vitro fertilized embryos would first be genetically altered and then relocated to the uterus for incubation and maturation. Therefore, the wellbeing and condition of the future child would spark a prominent ethical concern (Dresser, 2004). It is vital to understand the implications and risks of something as sensitive as human genetic engineering, but it is undeniable that this approach could majorly benefit society. Not only does the theory of human genetic engineering remedy genetic disorders, but it also crafts an optimistic viewpoint concerning a variety of ailments.

For many generations now, genetic manipulation has been practiced on other species by humans. The breeding of animals and plants for a specific target such as dogs, horses, corn, etc. have been long performed, but the term genetic engineering only been originated in 1932 (Eisenberg, et. al., 1997). It is a technology utilized on animals and plants for ages and is now being contemplated to be operated on human genes. In 1994, Oswald Avery and his colleagues discovered gene therapy, the application of genetic principles to the treatment of human disease (Eisenberg, et. al., 1997). The transmission of genes through viruses was first determined in Salmonella where they learned that the transferring of genes can be done within the nucleic acids. The incorporation of viral genomes into the cell genome were found to be responsible for cell transformation, according to Eisenberg. In the 1970s, recombinant DNA technology indicated the launch of a new era for biology (Hsu, et. al., 2014).

The 70's gifted molecular biologists the ability to change and influence DNA molecules for the first time, accomplishing the opportunity to examine genes and controlling them to create cutting edge biotechnology and medicine. The latest developments in genome engineering technologies have ignited new innovation in the research of biology. Hsu (2014) states, Rather than studying DNA taken out of the context of the genome, researchers can now directly edit or modulate the function of DNA sequences in their endogenous context in virtually any organism of choice, enabling them to elucidate the functional organization of the genome at the systems level, as well as identify causal genetic variations. In recent years, a nuclease-based genome editing tool has been created that allows accurate targeting and effective alteration of various eukaryotes. From the recent group of gene editing tools, the most prominent of them is known as Cas9, an endonuclease from the microbial adaptive immune system CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats). This nuclease is effortlessly targeted to practically any location on the genome by a short RNA guide. The CRISPR tool has been recommended as a means of treatment for various human diseases, particularly those with a genetic source, such as diabetes, heart disease, schizophrenia, and autism (Hsu, et. al., 2014) and is a remarkable device to advocate gene therapy.

There are four potential applications of gene therapy. There is somatic cell gene therapy which inserts, removes, or modifies genes within a human cell. This method engages in the rectification of a genetic blemish in somatic body cells, which is mainly helpful in substituting an abnormal or absent enzyme or protein. There is germline gene therapy in which there is gene modification within the gametes and embryos. This calls for the addition of a gene into a patient's reproductive tissue, causing the rectification of the disease in the offspring too. These changes would occur in every cell of the body. Germline gene therapy is currently being researched and has yet to be trialed on a human. There is also enhancement genetic engineering where the addition of a gene is executed in order to develop and improve a specific trait, such as hair color or height. Lastly, there is eugenic genetic engineering which seeks to change and better complex traits like personality or character (Eisenberg, et. al., 1997).

Eugenics is one of the most infamous and controversial topics regarding human genetic engineering and is more of a far-fetched idea rather than a plausible one. Currently, only somatic cell gene therapy is practical and there are already ethical debates on its features and consequences. Modern research goals to alter human genes include somatic cell gene transfer involvements and this form of intervention is created to change somatic cells in the body of the subject. Scientists running this type of gene transfer investigation attempt to distribute operational and effective genes to adults and children using a rather common method: through genetically modified viruses. With a successful trial, the virus would infect the correct target cells with the appropriate normal genes that are then integrated into the genome of cell. The genes would then carry out the appropriate function (Dresser, 2004).

It is possible for recessive diseases to be responsive to treatment by just an inclusion of a single gene. A few problems which need to be solved is the ability to access the affected tissue, the exact regulation of the specified gene, and the probability of the infliction being permanent by birth. The substitution of a dominant gene or the abnormal nucleotides from that gene is able to amend dominant disorders. But, in the case of recessive disorders, they are not the source of a majority of critical diseases. Somatic cell gene therapy can be viewed as a normal addition of frequent and common medical procedures. Presently, there are numerous trials being worked on that include gene altering at medical centers globally. The aim is to accomplish short-term goals where in a multistep procedure, every individual clinical trial is deemed to be an intermediate step, and to outline the possible advantages and disadvantages for participating subjects (Eisenberg, et. al., 1997).

So, the question is: should the research human genetic engineering be pursued? Do the advantages outweigh the possible perils? A significant advantage of this area is the idea of curing diseases and disorders in fetuses. Performing a genetic screening for a fetus leads way to gaining permission for treatment. Eventually, the increasing sweep of disease can be influenced in the upcoming generations. The mass-production of human insulin in bacteria was one of the greatest achievements created through genetic engineering (Goeddel, et.al., 1978). This was a revolutionary discovery that greatly benefitted the world. However, the opportunity to completely diminish genetic diseases is probably the most promising concept of human genetic engineering; if no genetic diseases are passed on to offspring, they will cease to exist (Eisenberg, et. al., 1997). Consequently, the rate of abortion would drastically decrease since the difficult judgement of aborting a fetus due to a genetic disease would not have to be confronted.

The capability of parents to pick and choose specific desired genes, such as for appearance or character, for their offspring is a rather drastic yet possible option. This thought appears keener to science fiction, but if researchers are able to connect a gene to a trait, genetic modification is very possible. For example, if researchers determine a specific group of genes to be linked with intelligence, those genes can be enhanced and improved to be transferred to embryos. Even more radically, this notion can be applied to the opportunity to insert traits from animals into humans. Echolocation in bats or the eyesight of an owl are just a few possible abilities that could be taken advantage of. With numerous possibilities, one could find it difficult to conceive as to why this could be disagreeable. Nonetheless, it is necessary to apply limits to something as revolutionary as genetic engineering. Is the appeal of governing our evolution so dominant that the possible risks facing our species by genetically engineering ourselves is ignored?

There are disadvantages to this field that may be ignored or unnoticed but must be addressed before any sort of advancement is made. The anticipation of forming genetic superhumans could potentially blur better judgement. The more reoccurring ethical argument centers around the idea of playing God. Ethical arguments, however, are simply opinion-based. Hence, ethical outlooks cannot be considered as evidence whether it is for the continuation of genetic engineering, or the elimination of it. But, the one thing that can be agreed on is the fact that it is highly possible that, without proper research and clinical trials, the damages of gene altering could be irreversible. Particular topics must be seriously contemplated when the subject of human genetic engineering is being deliberated, such as society and social structure. The ability to change the phenotypic traits of children and/or incorporate eugenics to alter their personality or character would almost give a feel of creating a sub species of humans. Naturality would be questioned and from a social aspect, a degree of classism may reoccur within America.

With this in mind, regulation of research and control of practice is imperative. The ability to modify the genetic code should not be applied to those who seek to exclusively change appearance or character. The research, first and foremost, should be applied to solve genetic health problems and diseases. The focus of academic discussions regarding the altering of genes were on how it can affect ethical and policy concerns if this practice was broadly accessible. Mostly, those who contend that such modifications are desirable and inevitable and those who challenge this view emphasize the technology's broad ethical and social implications, often overlooking the ethical issues that would arise earlier in the technology's development (Dresser, 2004). Even though several experts have stated some worry regarding the morality of using humans for testing, the concerns for the research have not been observed thoroughly enough. For example, a group assembled by the American Association for the Advancement of Science explained the essential preclinical research developments needed before any deliberation of human trials. But what the group did not assess was the federal policies on human subjects. Also, a current philosophical evaluation recognized that risks and doubts would be exhibited concerning human trials for germline genetic therapy involvements, but merely suggested careful scrutiny of any protocols for experiments involving those interventions (Dresser, 2004).

The policy and ethical works overlooked the human subject phase of technology advancement where scholars and authors just did not commit enough attentiveness to the human part of research which is important in determining if certain health interventions are safe and appropriate. Conversely, there was not enough attentiveness by policymakers, as well, concerning these interventions. Even though federal research policies encompass rules and directions important to creating adequate preimplantation embryo genetic modification (PGM) studies, major policy gaps are in the way. The boundaries and limitations of federal policies leading the different areas of research and safety of human participants exposes the uneven coverage on it (Dresser, 2004).

There have been a few proposals to research PGM in humans that would be watched over by federal organizations who oversee gene transfer research. The Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) evaluates propositions to operate the genetic transfer research in establishments obtaining federal funds for any sort of recombinant DNA research. If the research is privately funded, the RAC does not need to assess it, but officials recommend that privately funded sponsors present the research for assessment. Technically, even federally funded genetic transfer propositions cannot be turned down from being executed, since the RAC does not necessarily have the authority. But, a full RAC assessment and debate may be needed by federal officials to bring up important scientific, safety, medical, ethical, or social issues (R.D.A.C., 2002). Since the public can be involved in the assessment and debate, sponsors could encounter rigorous criticisms if they ignore the RAC's advices. Lastly, information and material from the RAC are accessible to institutional review boards. They can reject propositions that ignore advice from the RAC regarding the protection of human participants (Dresser, 2004).

The past 30 years, policy consultations of human embryo research concentrated on studies that involve the eradication of premature embryos. However, when innovative procedures, such as genetic engineering, aim for embryos that are likely to be relocated for maturation, the wellbeing of the future offspring could be disturbed. Consequently, the procedures should be watched over and assessed conforming to regulatory policies. The board was asked to contemplate if this sort of research was morally okay and if it should be qualified for federal funding. Dresser (2004) states that in the report, the board was worried about IVF safety and requested the researchers to gather information and data on the feasible dangers imposed on children. But policies for human subjects were not determined in the end (Dresser, 2004).

When it comes to research that includes genetic alteration of embryos that are to be fostered and matured into infants, there is inadequate protection for human subjects. Because there are shortcomings and insufficiencies regarding the current policies, it indicates how unprepared the officials are when it comes to PGM studies and research. They are ill-equipped to answer to the possible risks that may occur during experiments (Dresser, 2004). This does not mean that it is acceptable to drop a whole field that can offer significant and great potential to society. Analysts and researchers ought to counter the shortcomings of the policies. Professionals and specialists in related fields should help lead genetic modification studies by creating ethically and morally defendable rules and guidelines. If these efforts are not taken, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to take a step forward in significantly reducing disease, disorders, and death rates.

The current progressions in science have made utilizing somatic cell gene therapy as treatment for grave genetic disorders possible. The performance for germline gene engineering is also in progress, but society should deliberate its stance and approach for the intent of genetic enhancement. The idea of eugenics is still simply theoretical and ay be untouched for a long while. However advantageous genetic engineering sounds to eradicate many illnesses and enhance certain positive traits, it is important to understand the limitations and risks for it. Gene therapy, overall, should be utilized to preserve dignity and the wellbeing of those who have lost it. There must be a limit to everything, so all the possibilities that genetic modification can bring about must be narrowed down to procedures that can benefit the health of society ethically.

Genetic engineering has the potential to shape the future for society. There are those who believe it can bring upon great improvement and beneficence, and there are those who believe it has the potential to harm society. It is likely that human genetic modification will continue to be researched on and may lead to one of the two paths, but it is imperative to control the direction of this field. This intervention has great potential benefits and it would seem absurd to not investigate further. Regulations and control of practices are crucial with the tampering of something as complex as the human genome, so one must proceed with caution and with the intent of helping those in need.

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Genetic Engineering In Modern World

Contents

Genetic Engineering
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cited Page

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering also known as genetic modification, is the direct modification of an organism genes. It’s used by scientist and doctors to intensify or amend the characteristics of an individual organisms. It can be generated by methods such as gene targeting such as, nuclear transplantation. Throughout many years, studies have develop a method to justify the characteristics of humans, plants, even animals by manipulating their genetic material. These altered organisms may have benefited many species. But might it also fire-back?

Advantages

Advantages of genetic modifications include a faster growth rate. Genetic modification allow plants or animals to be modified so their maturity can result at a quicker pace. It allows it to occur outside of the normal growth without any genetic changes. Whether there’s high heat or low levels, it becomes almost impossible to expand the growth enormously. Genetic modification could also assists new products to be fabricated. With this modification, new products can be developed by adding or combing different profiles together. For example, let’s say you take any specific product like carrots that are freshly bought. Let’s say you alter its profile so that it can produce more nutrients without genetically modifying it. This make it possible for people to get more nutrients, even when limited.

Disadvantages

Disadvantages of this modification include unhealthy side effects that are sometimes unexpected. It’s guaranteed to produce changes. Many of these changes are positive, creating more healthier foods. Others can be negative and sometimes never expected. For example, animals that are modified to produce milk, but have a shortened lifespan at the same time. So therefore, farmers suffer greater livestock. This creates threats to the foods we supply or personal health due to viruses, bacteria and diseases that goes to adapt to the changes that produce the process.

Overall, in my opinion, I am against it. In studies, there were high numbers of disadvantages allowing scientist to leave barriers untouched. Although genetic engineering can lead to a potential to live longer, and or defeat illnesses in younger and older people it still doesn't mean that scientist are 100% sure it will advance. Some studies show that it takes approximately years for it to finally kick in. In fact, living longer has become an issue in today's society. But honestly, is it even right? Are people even a 100% sure it would work? When genetic engineering became possible, people quickly began to question themselves whether it was ‘right’ or whether it ‘worked’? Another real problem, is that it led to the questioning about the safety. For example, scientist have a way to eliminate out one disease only to for it to produce something way more brand new and or dangerous. Additionally, if they modify babies in the womb, mothers would face present danger that can lead to complications such as, miscarriage, premature birth, and or even stillbirth ( the delivery, after a 20th week of pregnancy of a baby who has died). The success rate of genetic experiments leave a lot to be desired. The human body is way to complicated that not even doctors know absolutely everything about the way the human body works.

All in all, genetic engineering has its own concern to certain people. Do you think that it's worth the outcome and effects to have this fitted? I mean it does benefit us tremendously with the foods we eat and our health that worries us all, but don’t you think a line should be drawn? When it comes to altering animals and babies, I personally go against. I believe that the only time is should be approved is when curing or helping stabilize genetic disease and or, serious illnesses. I also believe that if Jesus Christ our creator wanted to produce a superhuman or any type of animals that lays natural eggs then dont you think it would have been done a long time ago? People must realise that he has given us the knowledge to be able to redo life but it is our responsibility to be wise and confident enough to use our knowledge to a certain level or extent. In my personal view, genetic engineering is a superior choice when used wisely but negative when used irresponsibly or unnecessary reasons.

Cited Page

Sander’s Margaret- Student. “Genetic Modification: Disease Prevention or Future Disasters?” Voices FHS Lang & Comp. March 26.2017. Accessed on January 1,2019 https://medium.com/fhsaplang/genetic-modification-disease-prevention-or-future-disaster-32b86a27cbd2
Grimm Jackie. “What is Genetic Modification?” Massive Science. July 30,2018, Accessed on January 1,2018 https://massivesci.com/articles/gmo-excerpt-what-is-genetic-modification/
No Name. “Pros and Cons Of Genetic Engineering.” Conserve Energy Future. Not known when date publication or last revision. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/pros-and-cons-of-genetic-engineering.php#

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Question of Modifications

Did you know that dimples are there from a malformation of muscles? This is a result of a gene that is dominate. Technology is not only improving the lifestyle of humans but the future of medicine. Every time you scroll on a social media you see these inventions that are a new alternative to everything. From new ways to suture skin to concrete that absorbs water these automations are taking over fast. You might have a slight idea of what genetic engineering is but let me get a little into detail. Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. You might not know that many animals are made from being genetically mutated like the featherless chicken, glow fish, and glow in the dark rabbits.

Modifications can be generated by methods such as gene targeting, nuclear transplantation, transfection of synthetic chromosomes or viral insertion. Selective breeding is not considered a form of genetic engineering. With genetic engineering, we will be able to increase the complexity of our DNA and improve the human race. But it will be a slow process, because one will have about 18 years to see the effect of changes to the genetic code. - Stephen Hawking. What this portrays is that it takes a long-concentrated process to come up with what could be the future of genetics. For example, a designer baby is a human embryo which has been genetically modified, usually following guidelines set by the parent or scientist, to produce desirable traits.

This is done using various methods, such as germline engineering or preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Let's talk disease. Everyone at some point gets a cold but that I transmitted by a virus that can be treated with a simple dose of dextromethorphan but what about genetic disease. All genetic diseases can be corrected with genetic engineering. The most deadly and difficult ones. Some genetic deceases don't have a cure for example: Autism, Alzeimer, or cystic fibrosis but with the miracle of genetic engineering we can save thousands of lives. Some are deadly since birth or in utero like DiGeorge syndrome or genetic disorders like heart defects that effect more than a million births worldwide wide. Genetic traits can be passed through families in several distinct patterns. Dominant genetic diseases are caused by a mutation in one copy of a gene. If a parent has a dominant genetic disease, then each of that person's children has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. Chinese scientists have reported using CRISPR to correct genetic defects in human embryos. CRISPR was introduced in 2012. It cuts DNA but does not repair it. If combined with other techniques, however, researchers say it could both cut out disease-causing genes and replace them with healthy versions to cure genetic human diseases. If the DNA is edited in the embryo or sperm, it can be a permanent solution and can be passed down to generations to come. If your mom carries the Alzheimer gene the most probable thing is that you now carry it too. You could peruse genetic engineering for your future babies.

The reason you need to plan before conceiving is because your embryo will carry your genes. If CRISPR can modify and cut the DNA it will either heal its self or the scientist can put healthy DNA in to replace it. What about gene therapy. Gene therapy is a clinically tested procedure to modify T - cells in order to cure things like cancer ect. It is still early days for this type of treatment. Some of these treatments are being looked at in clinical trials. Others can now be used for some people with types of cancer such as melanoma skin cancer. This treatment uses genes to treat illnesses. Researchers have been developing different types of gene therapy to treat cancer like leukemia. I believe that genetic engineering is our ultimate solution to the human health.

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CRISPR – a Great Genetic Editing Technology

Contents

History of Genetic Engineering
CRISPR - What Does It Do?
Potential Futures through CRISPR
Moral/Ethical Barriers
SUMMARY

CRISPR is a breakthrough in genetic editing technology, introduced in 2012. It cut the costs and time of genetic experiments by 99%. CRISPR is an acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and is a genetic tool used to modify a living thing's DNA. It could spell the end of many human genetic diseases, slow the aging process, and help create designer babies. To achieve this, man needs to enhance and invest in genetic technology like CRISPR, convince the majority to support it, and break some moral/ethical barriers.

History of Genetic Engineering

Humans have been genetically experimenting with living things for around ten thousand years (8). They started by breeding wild animals together to derive specific traits that provided the most use. Through selective breeding, man created all the breeds of dogs and cats that are seen around the world today. In the 1970s, genetic engineering on a molecular scale dramatically grew in popularity among the science community. In 1973, the first successful DNA transfer experiment was conducted by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen (8). About 20 years later, in 1994, the first genetically modified food was put out on the market, the Flavr Savr Tomato (11). The rotting enzyme in these tomatoes' DNA was suppressed, giving them a longer shelf life. Crops came next, leading to modern day corn, potatoes, soybeans, cotton, squash, and much more (12). These were mainly modified for protection against disease and resistance to herbicides. Since the early 2000s, humans have made a variety of genetically modified animals including hypoallergenic pets, super pigs, glow-in-the-dark fish, and see-through frogs.

CRISPR - What Does It Do?

CRISPR has been praised by many scientists as the key to unlocking the full potential of the human genome. In a nutshell, CRISPR functions like the copy and paste feature on computers. It employs a protein called Cas9, which copies the DNA of harmful bacteria and stores it in CRISPR. Then, CRISPR is put into a cellular structure, such as a human, plant, or animal. Cas9 uses guiding RNAs to search through the living thing's DNA, with surgeon-like accuracy, for a match to the bacteria DNA stored in CRISPR. When it finds a match, Cas9 cuts off the anomaly, eliminating the disease (1). Genetic scientists claimed that CRISPR was revolutionary when they discovered it could be programmed (9). To prove that CRISPR worked and that programming it could be done, a test was done on rats that had 99% of their blood cells infected with HIV. With treatments of CRISPR injected through their tails, 52% of the HIV infected cells were eliminated (10). In another CRISPR experiment, a team from Imperial College London successfully modified the mosquito breed responsible for the spread of malaria to go extinct in the lab (13). In the near future, scientists are expecting to be able to create a modified version of Cas9 that is meant to change a single letter (ATCG) in a living thing's DNA. If CRISPR gains the ability to do this, it could eliminate a large number of genetic diseases such as cancer, sickle cell, color blindness, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and many more (10). If CRISPR is used to its maximum potential, it could eventually remove most genetic diseases from the human gene pool.

Potential Futures through CRISPR

The definition of science-fiction would have to go back to the drawing board because of CRISPR. It could enhance humans to withstand prolonged space travel, or adapt to different environmental conditions than Earth's. It could also modify humans to have a better metabolism, ending obesity, slow down the aging process, or enhance the immune system greatly, potentially eradicating cancer; humans could basically breed themselves. This may seem impossible, but scientists recently proved it is possible to correct DNA before birth. They performed a CRISPR experiment with mice embryos that corrected a liver failure mutation planted in their parents (2). CRISPR also has a higher birth rate of mutated rodent embryos than other gene editing methods, see Figure 1 (6). This makes designer babies a real possibility. Furthermore, there is always a slight chance that genetic modification could bring about a disastrous divide among populations or destroy the society mankind has created. It could separate those who are genetically modified and those who aren't. Nothing could stop a power-hungry country from creating an army of super soldiers to take over other countries that banned genetic engineering (10).

Moral/Ethical Barriers

There are many speculations on the effects of genetic modifications, especially when it comes to humans. Genetically modified animals and plants already exist, and not many people have a problem with them. The real controversy emerges around man playing God by tinkering with their own DNA, which conflicts with many religions. Should a person ever successfully modify their DNA before or after birth, a door will be opened for humanity that cannot be closed. Humans are already pre-selecting other humans based on their health in the womb. For instance, in 1990s Europe, 92% of pregnancies diagnosed with down syndrome were terminated pre-birth (7). What if genetic engineering could prevent down-syndrome? What if it could prevent generation based illnesses? It is likely that the parent would do anything to spare their child of suffering. What if it could end cancer by making the human immune system better cancer-cell hunters? Even if CRISPR could do all this in the future, genetic modification would be difficult to make laws on. If governments ban genetic engineering research, then it would probably be used with evil intentions. Support from the public for genetic modification of humans would probably be weak at first, but it would most likely skyrocket once the technology is perfected. One day, it might even become law to not have a baby genetically modified because it would be condemning them to a lifetime of suffering. Genetic engineering needs to be transparent so it can be safely researched, regulated, and rapidly developed. The world's governments should actively communicate discoveries in this field and keep up with one another, so its power does not go unchecked.

SUMMARY

Amy Maxmen from Wired says swarms of investors are racing to bring genetically engineered creations to market. The idea of CRISPR slides almost frictionlessly into modern culture. (3) She insinuates that genetic engineering will be a hot topic of society in the coming years, with CRISPR being the center of it. To support this, scholarly references of gene editing technologies have skyrocketed since 2011, with CRISPR leading the pack, see Figure 2 (5). With genetic modification possibilities on the rise, CRISPR should be viewed as a gateway for mankind to achieve a future with nearly unlimited potential.

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A Problem of Abnormal Number of Chromosomes

Having an abnormal number of chromosomes is known as aneuploidy. Aneuploidy opens the window for many possible diseases, and among these are down syndrome, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia. Normally, baby fetuses have 46 chromosomes; 23 from the sperm cell and 23 from the ovum. However, if there is an abnormal number of chromosomes, there will be complications during the growth of the fetus. Aneuploidy diseases can be deadly but new developing technology would help prevent this and allow for future healthier generations. Currently, there is an experiment that has been done to reverse the damage done by aneuploidic diseases. The study was done with Xo mice, which are mice born with only one X- chromosome. In this study, the aim is to be able to remove an extra chromosome in human cells that have been diagnosed with a trisomy 21 chromosome, a diseases commonly known as down syndrome. If successful, this could be a breakthrough in the genetic engineering field of study and could possibly be a gateway to cure cancer. In this study, the goal is to completely eliminate an entire chromosome in human cells from trisomic cells.

A study was done using mice, specifically with Xo or monosomy X mice which means that they were born with one sex chromosome (Probst et al, 2008). The Xo mice were born with what we call Turner syndrome, which is a disease where a fetus is born without an X-chromosome. One of the differences between the syndrome in mice and humans is that when a woman is born with Turner syndrome, she becomes infertile, unlike the Xo mice, who do not (Probst et al, 2008). They managed to delete this extra chromosome from the offspring. They began by obtaining male mice that had the Y chromosome, which contained inverted LoxP sites, and mated them with female mice carrying the Cre gene. A LoxP site is a site on the P1 bacteriophage consisting of 34 base pairs. The Cre gene creates recombination. Cre recombinase is an enzyme designed to cut out genetic sequences between two LoxP sites (Hu et al, 2015). The loss of the chromosome was ultimately achieved by recombination due to the Cre enzyme presence between LoxP sites on identical DNA strands during the embryonic creation. Apart from the cre inverted LoxP sites, what was also included was a cassette that contained green fluorescent protein (GFP) and drug resistant genes bracketed by a pair of inverted LoxP sites(Sato et al, 2017).

The GFP was added to be used as a visual tag and ensure visibility. A similar process was done to humans. A cassette was made which contained two inverted LoxP sites and human herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase type 1 gene,(HSV-TK). The HSV-TK is a gene that is both added and used as a marker to select specific cells lacking the targeted chromosome (Iyer et al). The way this cassette was added was through the process of homologous recombination, which is a specific recombination where nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. The technology used is called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins 9 nickase system. CRISPR/Cas9 is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria that contain bits of DNA viruses that have previously attacked the bacteria and this process is unique because it allows for alteration of sections of DNA (Questions and, 2017). The process began by using HeLa cells, which are cells that were preserved and were originally taken from Henrietta Lacks, a woman who died of cervical cancer(Dimanno & Spigner, 2017).

These cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and gave off fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyzation, after hybridization was performed on them(Sato et al, 2017). Hybridization is the process of forming a double stranded nucleic acid from joining two complementary strands of DNA/RNA(Savic, 2017). This occurs in a situ, specific site. The next step is plasmid construction, which is a typically circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm that can independently replicate without chromosomes. CRISPR/Cas9 nickase system was used to integrate the DNA cassette into the HeLa genomes. The cre recombinase was used as a vehicle to direct and artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell. The fifth step is to isolate the genomic DNA from the HeLa cell and to use it as a molecular mold for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

The final step is to count the cell viability. It was then concluded that at least 200 cells were counted in each culture after four days. In this experiment, chromosome 21 was targeted in the HeLa cells due to how three dots were fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. HeLa cells have an unbalanced set of chromosomes, which in this case, carried three copies of chromosome 21. The donor plasmid and the constructed DNA cassette were used and integrated first. The donor plasmid introduced nucleic acids into cells with the CRISPR/Cas9 nickase system. Homologous recombination was induced by using the CRISPR/Cas9 nickase system. Essentially, the DNA cassette was integrated between the genes in chromosome 21. As this process continued, Cre recombinase induced the elimination of a chromosome, which was shown in the HeLa cells. FISH analysis helped signal that there were now only two chromosomes left due to the signals in the nuclei. It was also noted that the DNA cassette spontaneously disappeared in the HeLa cells and cre transfected colonies contained cells that had chromosome 21 trisomy successfully eliminated.

In conclusion, the system used allows for the elimination of the chromosome 21, however, only in human cells that have not had spontaneous chromosome loss. Nevertheless, the system was successful and could be useful to help determine the set of causes for chromosome abnormalities using cultured cells. It has created a window to continue genetic engineering research and eventually find a solution to bring about a healthier society.

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Question of Nuclear Energy

We live in an age in which information can be obtained in a matter of seconds. News outlets seem to get their story as it's happening, and the world is a little smaller because of it. However, with the advantage of having information at our fingertips comes disadvantages. It appears anyone with access to the internet is an automatic expert in the subject they wish to talk about, but that doesn't come without biased opinions and incomplete information being thrown into the mix.

With just anyone having the capability of publishing information online, basic things such as citations and quotes get left out; and because of society's sheep mentality, most of the public trusts what they read without question, without truly understanding. When the public refuses to ask questions and question their own knowledge, polarization can occur; creating a battle between emotion and fact. This is especially true for scientific subjects such as Nuclear Energy. On the quest to find general articles for this subject, I came at a crossroads between factual, unbiased journals and completely biased and emotional pleas to end the use of Nuclear Energy.

According to the highly emotional and biased short article by GreenPeace, Nuclear energy has no place in a safe, clean, sustainable future. The article states that this anti-nuclear movement has been going on since 1971 and offers a wide array of articles based on other earth damaging processes such as the use of oil, as well as ways to participate in their movement towards eliminating all forms of nuclear energy use.

Another point that was brought up was that Nuclear waste is still a long way from being safely disposable; Radioactive waste leaks into the surrounding environment, making it hazardous and inhabitable. The author also brings up that with all these risks, there is a threat of nuclear weapons that could affect our national security as well as the safety of the entire world.

The article brings up the obvious Fukushima and Chernobyl, which states that they released enormous amounts of radiation into the surrounding communities, forcing hundreds of thousands of people to evacuate. Many of them may never come back. If the industry's current track record is any indication, we can expect a major meltdown about once per decade. The last sentence of this quote was highlighted and when clicked on, links you to another article completely dedicated to the Fukushima disasters. Which includes facts, data and a wide array of citations, many of the facts include real threats such as food shortages, emergency evacuations, radiation poisoning and decontaminations.

This sub article also uncovers what seems to be conspiracies against the Japanese electric company, TEPCO (Tohoku Electric Power Co), which has multiple accusations of falsifying information inspection records, concealing knowledge of future disasters if a tsunami were to hit and creating a false sense of security when it came to nuclear safety; which in turn put workers and the public at risk. The rest of the article goes on to talk about not having an effective way of safely eliminating nuclear waste as well as the impact is having on our environment and how un-cost effective it really is. The theme of this article is very one sided and passionate about implementing clean energy, but from this article, it offers no real solution other than hopes and dreams.

While the outside link to the article about Fukushima offered more tangible evidence for the dangers of nuclear energy, the author of the original article that is being presented today, did not give any solutions for alternative sources of energy other than a giant Take Action at the end of the article.

Other than that, the article doesn't seem to offer too much data or citations, it's more of compelling rhetorical questions that offer no real solution to the problem being presented. This seems to be the problem with most articles on controversial subjects, which is disappointing because this is an issue that affects all of us as well as our planet. These articles are also easy to access, even for the most technologically impaired.

I feel as though this article is of lower quality, as there is very little evidence provided and it seems to just go on tangents that spew facts without providing any form of tangible evidence other than passionate statements. And while there is nothing wrong with this, this type of writing is becoming the most popular way people are getting their information and it provides a very surface level of understanding towards a subject. This article also doesn't seem to provide a name of the author that wrote it, because of this, I am led to believe that this was done by someone who doesn't really know an expansive amount about the subject, or it was a collaborative effort. Either way, the lack of citations and authors is off putting, and I would not consider this as a trustworthy source.

On the other end of the spectrum, an article written by Karl Grandin, Peter Jagers and Sven Kullander goes through the history, statistics and future of Nuclear Energy.

The article starts off with a basic abstract that goes through the benefits as well as examples of apprehension from the public when it comes to the use of Nuclear Energy. As you go through the article, the authors discuss the priorities of Nuclear Energy according to the Energy Committee which includes Safety, Nuclear Waste, Non-Proliferation, Fuel Availability, Life-Cycle Analysis and Economic competiveness. It is mentioned several times in this article, the importance of constant studies and research to be done; safety seems to be the main concern and is almost promised to be integrated into future designs for the reactors. And the fate of nuclear energy lies in research of our current 2nd generation of generators to create the 3rd and 4th generations of reactors.

However, according to the article, the fission seems to be the future of energy, as it has no long lasting radioactive waste like it's counterpart. Fusion is thought to be the energy source of the cosmos and is sustainable and environmentally friendly, as fusion is material efficient.

Not all is so promising though, with the good outlook on less waste, comes more studies to be conducted to ensure all issues are solved. To test this, a demonstration reactor called DEMO will be implemented around the year 2030. This reactor will test the technological aspects as well as the economy of the design, as the current model for energy is not cost effective

The theme of the paper is mostly research with data collected from a few reactors, but it seems as the rest of the data is hypothetical. The authors of this article also seem to be cautiously optimistic about Nuclear Energy and its future in fusion. This standpoint somewhat puts it in a positive light, but beyond hypothetical situations, there is no real tests of data to be collected.

To be honest, this article has a lot of information in it that required additional research to be able to understand a little bit more. However, from my understanding, the that is somewhat misleading, as it says, nuclear energy. My search for peer-reviewed articles was already sparse, finding an article that is mostly broad and general is next to impossible. On the subject on trustworthiness and quality of this article, I feel it is unfair to judge it harshly, as it did not meet my criteria of being broad about nuclear energy in the first place.

However, there aren't too many citations and references given in the article; and most of the citations are credited to one source of information. Which could mean that not too much research was put into this. It is misleading to believe that anything published or peer reviewed is trustworthy. A topic as important as nuclear energy should be thoroughly researched, looked at from both sides and with all this information, an individual should be able to question their own beliefs and form a strong rhetoric on the subject. When something is looked at too closely and not objectively, emotions get in the way of facts. The search for articles was proof of this. Finding an article that gave true facts was hard and quite frankly, sometimes presented in an unappealing manner, which might deter the average person. Overall, I would not trust either of these sources alone. Additional reading would need to be done on my end to properly understand and form an understanding on the subject.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

Contents

Abstract
Nuclear Energy: Status In The United States
Nuclear Energy: Advantages
Nuclear Energy: Disadvantages

Abstract

In our world and particularly in the United States of America, we face many environmental issues that put us at risk for years to come. These issues range vastly from pollution, climate change, ozone depletion, and natural resource depletion. In the United States we consume fossil fuels to power our homes, factories, and cars. The rate at which we consume fossil fuels has drastically increased and the question of sustainability has been addressed many times with various responses. These responses are solar power, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass (Renewable Energy). Many of these renewable energy resources are in action today but with our growing demand for energy, the United States has looked to Nuclear Energy. The idea of Nuclear energy usually has fear associated with it. The reason for this is because many terms are associated with it such as radiation, radioactivity, criticality, and meltdown (Ristinen, 2016). These terms have been used throughout history, for instance they were used when the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine exploded and caused radiation to leak from the plant. To this day it is known as the Chernobyl Disaster (Thomson 2016).

The people of the United States have great reason to be fearful of Nuclear energy but our need to find a source of energy that can sustain our growth, has led us to Nuclear power. Nuclear energy can produce vast amounts of energy that is greatly needed and on top of this, there are zero carbon emissions. The promise of nuclear energy seems like the answer to our energy and environmental problems. However if we take another look, we can see that nuclear energy also has many negative aspects that can potentially harm our environment even worse then we already are. The debate over Nuclear energy has been going on for years and will continue on into the future. Generations to come will have to decide for themselves if nuclear energy is a resource that benefits mankind or if it is a resource that hinders the growth of mankind. This paper will address the many positive and negative aspects related to nuclear energy. These aspects include environmental, health, and financial factors. This paper will also address the status of Nuclear energy in the United States. The topic of nuclear energy is important in current times because of the problems the United States is facing. The ever-growing threat of environmental issues, terrorism, and financial uncertainty is on the rise. The promise of Nuclear energy to many seems as our saving grace but to others it is viewed as the beginning of our own demise.

Nuclear Energy: Status In The United States

To understand why Nuclear energy is as prevalent as it is in the United States, one must look back in history and acknowledge its origin. During World War Two, there was great fear that the Nazi Germany could develop a nuclear bomb that had the potential to wipe out entire cities and change the tide of the war. The United States devoted much of their resources in developing a nuclear bomb before the Germans did. As history unfolded the Americans were victorious in this effort. This opened the world to the various ways Nuclear Energy could be utilized. Following the war, efforts were made to utilize nuclear reactors for the generation of commercial electricity. ( Ristinen 2016). This shift from a weapon of war to the generation of energy signified a major change in how Nuclear energy could benefit the United States. The first reactor that started production of electricity for civilians was at Shippingport, Pennsylvania 1957 (Ristinen 2016). This reactor proved that nuclear energy was a viable option and from then on the number of reactors created increased in the United States.

Today, nuclear energy is a key component to the United States energy infrastructure. The country's nuclear reactors produced 805 billion kWh in 2017, 20% of total electrical output. (Nuclear Power 2018). Nuclear Energy almost accounts for a quarter of total electrical output in the United States. This is a big factor to take in when understanding why Nuclear Energy is so prevalent in the United States. There are 104 power reactors in the United States (Ristinen 2016). Plans for building new ones have been met with challenges due to events that have occurred in the past. Nuclear developments in USA suffered a major setback after the 1979 Three Mile Island accident (Nuclear Power 2018). On top of this, there have been financial factors that setback the production of nuclear plants. The initial capital cost for many of the reactors in the United States was relatively high owing to the customized basis depending on the needs of the individual utility and its particular site requirements (Ristinen 2016).

However in recent years, license applications for new reactors have been submitted. This is due to the Energy Policy Act of 2005. There has been a flurry of activity, with submission of 16 license applications, partly motivated by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which provide financial incentives for investment in electricity infrastructure. (Ristinen 2016). In the years to come, the United States will have to decide if the prospects of Nuclear energy are worth the financial costs.

Nuclear Energy: Advantages

The advantages of nuclear energy to some people outweigh the negative aspects. These advantages can potentially help our current problem with Global Warming. The burning of oil results in vast amounts of CO2 emissions. These emissions have the potential to harm our environment drastically. Nuclear reactors on the other hand emit no Co2 and do not rely on fossil fuels. Reactors are not affected by the availability of fossil fuels, and they emit no CO2, SO2, CO or particulates into the atmosphere. (Ristinen 2016). Nuclear energy also has the advantage of creating more energy then fossil fuels.

Nuclear energy is very high in density. More energy is created through nuclear fission then by burning fossils fuels. (Ballish 2015). These factors play a key role in lessening the amount of CO2 emissions.

The cost of building a nuclear power plant is immense but the trade off can be beneficial financially. It actually costs less to generate nuclear energy than it does to generate energy from fossil fuels such as gas, oil, and coal. (Ballish 2015). This can be further seen when Moore states, In 2004, the average cost of producing nuclear energy in the United States was less than two cents per kilowatt-hour, comparable with coal and hydroelectric. (Moore 2006). Existing nuclear reactors have seen an increase in lifetime extensions and power rating. This ultimately leads to more energy being produced without spending additional money to build new reactors. New investments are ongoing for promotion existing plants, lifetime extensions to 60 years, and for power up rating. The marginal generating costs of such projects are roughly only a third of that for new plants. (Hejazi 2017). The financial benefits are exceptional when compared to the fossil fuel alternatives.

The advantages of Nuclear energy seem promising when considering the positive effect it has on reducing cost and carbon emissions. This can lead to more sustainable environment and economy but for every story there are two sides.

Nuclear Energy: Disadvantages

The disadvantages contain a growing list of problems and uncertainties that pose a serious threat to the wellbeing of humans and our environment. One of the most major problems that Nuclear power plants are faced with is the nuclear waste produced. While nuclear power plants emit negligible amounts of pollution into the air, they do produce nuclear waste. (Ballish 2015). The disposal of this waste is a major issue because no country has found a way of proper way of getting rid of this waste. The management and disposal of high-level radioactive spent fuel from the nuclear fuel cycle is one of the most intractable problems facing the nuclear power industry throughout the world. No country has yet successfully implemented a system for disposing of this waste. (Dawson 2003). Plans to dispose of this waste through depositing it into the ground have not been successful. Despite 15 years of effort, Yucca Mountain still hasn't been licensed(Dawson 2003). Burring nuclear waste, can have severe implications on our environment. Burial might result in radioactive leakage into groundwater due to unforeseen geological movement. (Abbot 2016).

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Benefit of Nuclear Energy

I don't know why nuclear energy has a bad rap, mainly it is because there are misconceptions about the safety of it and when people are uneducated they tend to fight against what is actually very beneficial. Nuclear energy is energy that is released either by splitting atomic nuclei or by forcing the nuclei of atoms together.

Nuclear energy comes from mass-to-energy transitions that occur during atom splitting. This explains the well-known mathematical formula of Albert Einstein E = mc2. The equation says: E [energy] is equal to m [mass] times c2 [c denotes the speed of light]. This means that the mass is multiplied by the square of the speed of light.

Nuclear energy is produced by a controlled nuclear chain reaction and creates heat”which is used to boil water, produce steam, and drive a steam turbine. power plants actually produce less green-house gasses than other energy sources. Nuclear energy has led us, and the United States to have become a major superpower in the world. The average global efficiency of nuclear power is 92%. Throughout the history of nuclear power, there were only three major natural disasters - Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima. Over the past 25 years there have been more than 10 large disasters with fossil fuel energy - the largest of them reset the BP oil. Nuclear power can come from the fission of uranium, plutonium or thorium or the fusion of hydrogen into helium. Today it is almost all uranium. The basic energy fact is that the fission of an atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal.

So, the real question is why aren't we using it more? Its because there are misconceptions about the safety of it and when people are uneducated they tend to fight against what is actually very beneficial. Nuclear energy is energy that is released either by splitting atomic nuclei or by forcing the nuclei of atoms together. Nuclear energy is produced by a controlled nuclear chain reaction and creates heat”which is used to boil water, produce steam, and drive a steam turbine.

Nuclear power can come from the fission of uranium, plutonium or thorium or the fusion of hydrogen into helium. Today it is almost all uranium. The basic energy fact is that the fission of an atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal. Nuclear power plants need less fuel than ones which burn fossil fuels. One ton of uranium produces more energy than is produced by several million tons of coal or several million barrels

So all that we have to decide is what do we want more energy efficiency with minimal risks or use of other energy sources that are less efficient like coal or solar.Nuclear power plants can generate up to a million times more energy than coal, of oil. In France, nuclear power is the most widespread, supplying 80 percent of the country's electricity. By this we can see that nuclear power is beneficial. A protest movement exists, called Sortir du Nucleaire, or Get Out of Nuclear, but it appears to have made little headway.

Nuclear energy was first discovered accidentally by French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896, when he found that photographic plates stored in the dark near uranium were blackened like X-ray plates, which had been just recently discovered at the time. As of 2004, nuclear power provided 6.5% of the world's energy and 15.7% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for 57% of nuclear generated electricity.

Nuclear energy (nuclear power) accounts for about 19 percent of the total electricity generated in the United States, an amount comparable to all the electricity used in California, Texas and New York, three most populous states. There are 104 commercial nuclear generating units that are fully licensed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to operate in the United States. Of these 104 reactors, 69 are categorized a pressurized water reactors (PWRs) totaling 65,100 net megawatts (electric) and 35 units are boiling water reactors (BWR) totaling 32,300 net megawatts (electric).

On June 27, 1954, the USSRs Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant became the world's first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power grid, and produced around 5 megawatts electric power. Russia has begun building floating nuclear power plants. The ??100 million ($204.9 million, 2 billion vessel, the Lomonosov, to be completed in 2010, is the first of seven plants that Moscow says will bring vital energy resources to remote Russian regions.

The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), is used to communicate the severity of nuclear accidents on a scale of 0 to 7. The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (now Ukraine) was the worst nuclear accident in history and is the only event to receive an INES score of 7.

Nuclear energy is released by three exothermic processes: Radioactive decay, where a proton or neutron in the radioactive nucleus decays spontaneously by emitting a particle Fusion, two atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus Fission, the breaking of heavy nucleus into two nuclei. The sun uses nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms. This gives off heat and light and other radiation.

Nuclear energy is really making a comeback because nuclear energy has virtually none greenhouse gases emission and therefore isn't warming the planet and causing global warming like some other energy sources. Although, i do see the point of the other side when they say that it is hard to dispose of the waste is a problem because you have to deal with the problem of the waste, but with proper regulation of it the benefits out way any negative effects

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Thorium as an Alternative Form of Nuclear Energy

Contents

Scientists View on Thorium
Consumers View on Thorium
Economist View on Thorium
Conclusion

Nuclear Energy has been a source of power for many years. When it was first revealed as a source of energy, the people became excited to think of a new energy source to counter energy issues, though nuclear energy has become more infamous than nostalgic. Thoughts of nuclear power from uranium and plutonium are crowded by its usage in nuclear weapons and the incidents with plant meltdowns like the Chernobyl incident, which was caused by a faulty reactor design that led to a meltdown and major radiation leak. These incidents ended public support, causing nuclear energy to be pushed aside, and increase the usage of fossil fuels . At the end of the next century, there's a consensus that the world population may be saturated at the value between ten and fifteen billion. This means about ten kWH or seven kWH per capita on an average corresponding to the two times or three times increase in the world population, respectively (Thorium 1990). This is significant because with an impending energy crisis on the line, researches have turned back to nuclear energy as a possible solution, and extended their research into other types of nuclear energy besides uranium, specifically thorium. thorium is a metal with an atomic number of ninety. thorium and uranium are closely related in their properties, so thorium could be an alternate form of nuclear energy. thorium would be an effective energy source that can replace most of the usage of fossil fuels and other nuclear energy forms. Both scientists and energy consumers, that being the public, agree thorium based fuels would be safer than uranium based fuels in terms of meltdowns, proliferation, and cheap fast ways of waste removal, but the economist believe there would need to be more companies mining, working with thorium, and a complete change of the infrastructure needed to produce thorium-based energy, an expensive process and not worth the benefits thorium has.

Scientists View on Thorium

Current nuclear reactors use plutonium and uranium to create the energy, through a process where the elements undergo nuclear fission, creating thermal energy. The issue with this is that plutonium can't catalyze efficient consumption of uranium in slowed neutron reactors, and fast neutron reactors have their own challenges, including an increased chance of overheating and meltdown. If plutonium is allowed to instead fission near thorium, the thorium would absorb the neutron from the plutonium and become Uranium-233. In the three-phase plan for efficiently using thorium, a uranium-fueled reactor consumes U-235 and as it fissions it generates neutrons that are absorbed in U-238 to create Pu-239. The Pu-239 is chemically extracted from the reactor and put into another reactor for the second phase. The second phase consumes the Pu-239 through fission, releasing neutrons near thorium that generate U-233. In the third phase, the U-233 is fissioned and releases neutrons near thorium, which absorbs the excess neutrons and creates enough plutonium to continue turning out energy as long as thorium is supplied (Sorensen 2016). U-233/Th cycle is best suited from molten salt reactors, where a breeding ratio of 1.05 can be achieved (Banerjee 2016). This means thorium is nearly self sustaining. Another benefit of thorium is its waste. Average uranium burnup is fifty GWd/t, with optimization at 135 GWd/t, which means large amounts of waste (Irwanto 2012).

Equilibrium burnups of about 10 MWd/kg of heavy element per pass are feasible in 1200 MW(e), units operating on an SSET cycle provided careful attention is given to neutron economy, and reprocessing plus fabrication losses can be kept below 1% This is important because it shows how at equilibrium, neutron economics are most efficient, and this equilibrium can be reached using thorium. (Critoph 1975). thorium already has a much shorter half life than uranium does, which means its waste lasts a shorter amount of time. Along with this, a study has shown biosorbents, especially the ginkgo leaf, which are cheap natural adsorbents, can be used as a inexpensive way to absorb radioactive thorium ions, absorbing the nuclear waste (Huang 2018). Scientists believe thorium is an effective nuclear energy source for these reasons, but there are other benefits to thorium besides the scientific examples.

Consumers View on Thorium

The benefits of thorium are more appealing to the public than those of uranium. As the consumers of the energy, their views are an important consideration. Their major concern involve risks of proliferation and meltdown. thorium isn't a concern of proliferation, with its requirement of uranium or plutonium to kickstart the reaction (Schimmoller 2014). For meltdown concerns, thorium is fertile not fissile, which means it cannot undergo radioactive decay by itself, but it can absorb a neutron from plutonium making it become Uranium-233, which is fissile, and will start the process that generates electricity (Nelson 2012). This means the reactor create energy until there's manual interference from the scientists and/or reactor operators, so there's no threat of the reactor reaching the critical temperatures for meltdown, since someone would be present to shut it down. However, thorium reactor requirements include design changes to existing reactors, which would allow thorium-oxide and uranium-oxide fuel rods to be interchangeable. Also, a new reactor design would be important because reaction with oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor cause thorium to degrade (Nelson 2012).

This is a costly switch to the reactors needed to consider using thorium. Another concern with the current usage of uranium is the depleting amounts of the element in the earth's crust. thorium is three to four times more prevalent, and uranium is estimated to last 100 years with the current uranium reserves and consumption rate (Schimmoller 2014). The more abundant thorium, burned in breeder reactors like large High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors, followed by chemical reprocessing of the spent fuel, could stretch the 100 years for uranium supply to 15,000 years (Furukawa 2013). thorium is more appealing to consumers out of their concerns of proliferation and depleting uranium amounts, because these are not threats with thorium, and with some expensive reactor changes thorium also isn't a threat of meltdowns, which is another consumer concern.

Economist View on Thorium

Though there are many benefits of using thorium, all costs must be considered. This includes the costs needed in mining thorium and to create reactors where thorium could be used. Since there are so few miners of thorium, prices for the metal are currently much higher than uranium, although Cameco corp and unity energy corp are uranium mining companies working in areas with high thorium concentration. These companies currently don't mine the thorium, but are in a position to do so if the demand for thorium increases, which would decrease thorium price. There are also few companies working on creating thorium reactors, with the only notable one being Lightbridge corp, a company working on creating thorium reactors that use thorium-uranium oxide pelletized fuel rods in light water reactors, replacing the uranium-oxide currently used (Energy and Capital 2018). This means there's an opportunity for the thorium industry to grow, but with the current lack of companies working with thorium, economists believe the costs would outway potential benefits.

Conclusion

thorium would be an efficient source of nuclear energy with many benefits over currently used uranium. The scientist perspective is efficiency of thorium in reactors is greater than uranium, as it's largely self sustaining, that thorium is safer because it cannot have meltdown without manual interference, and because thorium waste is much less of a lasting concern. The consumer perspective is that thorium is ideal because it isn't a concern of proliferation or meltdowns, and would be an answer to the crisis of depleting fossil fuel and uranium amounts. However, the Economist view is the insufficient thorium miners, which contributes to high thorium prices, and the costs required to transfer uranium reactors to, or build new, thorium reactors are too high. Though there are comparative advantages of thorium, the costs involved with the creation of thorium reactors, and insufficient tests that thorium-uranium oxide will be a successful energy source, means the costs and risks of the infrastructure switch out needed to use thorium efficiently outway the benefits of thorium.

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Clarifying Doubts about Nuclear Energy

Contents

Clarifying Doubts about Nuclear Energy
Introduction
Thesis Statement:
History of Nuclear Energy
Contributions in Nuclear Energy Source
Reliability:
Nuclear Power Policies:
Dynamics of technology development
Economy:
Potential Cost
Operation Cost
Cost Saving
Environmental safety
References

Clarifying Doubts about Nuclear Energy

Introduction

Thesis Statement:

This research paper seeks to highlight the history, dynamics of technology development of nuclear energy, and strategies contributing to the economic growth of countries that utilize nuclear power as a source of energy. MAYBE:people's attitude towards

History of Nuclear Energy

The story behind the discovery of nuclear energy began with passionate scientists, who started studying and investigating the composition of atoms and its ability to produce energy. Atom, which is a Greek word, defines unseen shape or phenomena and it represents the smallest element of matter. In 1900, Earnest Rutherford, Physicist, was called the father of nuclear science due to his experiments and research which helped define the structure of the atom. However, thirty-four years later, Enrico Fermi was amazed when he noticed that bombarding the Uranium with neutrons resulted in producing several elements even lighter than Uranium. This observation opened the door for scientists like Lise Meitner, Fritz Strassmann, and Otto Hahn to conduct more in-depth experiments. Later, Lies figured out that the mismatch in calculation was due to the lighter elements of the atomic mass. As a result, fission,which is the mechanism of splitting the nucleus, was proven since it complied with Einsteun's Law of mass and energy. In 1942, the first self-sustaining experiment was conducted in the University of Chicago, sparking to the nuclear era (U.S. Department of Energy, 1995).

During World War II, a whole body of research was conducted on weaponizing this atomic energy and using it as a massive destruction weapon. For example, in 1945, Manhattan Project was the cover name for this type of research in the United States. First experiment was executed in Almogordo, New Mexico. After the use of atomic massive weapons, namely Little Boy and Fat Man, the world began to realize how dangerous this technology could be? In response to that devastating event,, in 1946, the US congress established the Atomic Energy Commission for the sake of managing and promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy (U.S. Department of Energy, 1995).

In the 1950s, the objective of atomic energy was aimed to the production of electrical energy. Many electrical power plants were established either for commercial or military use. The reactors were simple in technology and used water to cool them down. In addition, companies started to invest in this kind of light-water reactor and its operations. However, in 1979, one of the commercial reactors in Pennsylvania, Three Mile Island power plant, had a major accident due to failure in cooling system, which, in turn, led to a meltdown and released hazardous radiation to the environment. Both the regulations and safety measures were changed following the aftermath of this accident. The worst major meltdown however took place in Chernobyl, Ukraine, in 1986. This one t resulted in releasing radiation due to lack of containment of released radioactivity. The latter incident pushed and triggered many social movements to fight for the consideration of shutting down all nuclear power plants for good (U.S. Department of Energy, 1995).

Generally speaking, sources of energy depend on many factors including the country's geographical location for hydroelectric sources, geological situation for geothermal energy, coal, and oil and gas resources, latitude and longitude for the solar measures, height in sea level and climate conditions for wind energy, and last but not least, the heavy metals and metalloids. Limitations of energy resources in terms of lifetime usage , costs, and location have affected the growth of many countries and left them with power shortage. However, permissibility of using nuclear energy without those restrictions, apart from security and safety, which were the most critical and sensitive restrictions in the eyes of the world, gave it an advantage. Scientific progress in this type of technology have led to an efficient energy fits to support both the economy and environment. This research paper concerns itself with the investigation of the different factors, dynamics, and strategies contributing to the economic growth of those countries utilizing nuclear power as a source of energy.

Contributions in Nuclear Energy Source

Reliability:

Every power source plays an important role in the field of energy reliability. A reliable source is a source in that has the sustainability within its elements and constancy in its generation process. Uranium, which is one of the most precious radioactive materials from which nuclear energy is extracted , is just like any other natural material that is found in nature. In addition, many countries have begun the exploration process which includes mining and production the Uranium. Canada, as an example, started a serious mining program in 1942. Despite the fact that it was potentially for the military use, in 1959, production of Uranium started to exceed 12000 tonnes with total of 23 mines and 19 treatment location. However, total production of 14039 tonnes of Uranium ,in 2016, in Canada represented 22% of world's total production. Thus, it is difficult for countries in which have no resources of this material to rely on type of energy. (Uranium in Canada, 2018)

China situation is setting a good example within its inconvenient population expansion with distribution of resources. While 80% of china's coal were based in the North and 70% of the hydroelectric power are in the Southwestern region, the growth and the population expansion is heading towards the East. As a result of the difficulties of transportation either in the power transmission or the logistic resources, the supply of growing areas have demand building nuclear power plant for Eastern blind spots in different areas to support and cover the growing demand of electrical energy. Thus, with all of the steps has china proceeded with its progress in gaining well experienced professionals in designs, operation, and building the base form for training nuclear specialists. However, projects of Qinshan and Daya Bay had been the most proven progress towards a sustainable source with two 900 Megawatts power units capacity. (Ping, 1987)

Nuclear Power Policies:

In the 23rd of October 1956, the law of International Atomic Energy Agency was confirmed and became applicable in the year after. The mission of the agency is to support the whole world with the nuclear energy development, energy planning, offering expertise, assisting facilities to ensure safe running, standards, guidance, assistance, and security against nuclear terrorism. According to the Statue of International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA (Statue, 1989) The Agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. It shall ensure, so far as it is able, that assistance provided by it or at its request or under its supervision or control is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose."

As for the concerns of nuclear energy, the topic of running nuclear power plants is still debatable in many countries. Conducting a nuclear power policy is a big step ahead for many countries where they have the resources but they haven't entered the era of nuclear energy yet. Australia, for example, holds 30% of the world's Uranium deposits, all of which is being exported by the Energy of Resources of Australia (ERA) to the power utilities in United States, Spain, Sweden, Japan, South Korea, Germany, France, and even China. The nuclear power policies here are limited to electricity generation. They regulate the processes of mining, extracting, treatment, and exporting of nuclear materials . As a matter of fact, Australia has its own policy for exporting the uranium with an international dual protection statues. (Australia's Uranium, 2018)

Dynamics of technology development

Economy:

Potential Cost

The cost of an entire nuclear power plant involves aspects such as the type of nuclear reactor technology, the construction of the power plant, the environmental measures of protection, and overnight cost, which is the delay cost of the project and loan interest. Most of the times, the price of the construction results in 12% of the total cost. According to the cost assumptions of David Kennedy, in 2006, in " New nuclear power generation in the UK: Cost benefit analysis", construction period is accumulated in 8 years of predevelopment, 5 years for licenses issuing and site construction development, as well as 3 years of public inquiry. However, based on the financial situation of the project, an overnight cost might be involved due to the extension usually this sort of construction has. The overnight cost adds 20%.

Operation Cost

The cost of the nuclear power plants differ for many factors. Those factors include the size of production referred to as capacity. Kennedy estimates the construction cost to be ??900/KW which means for a capacity of 10 GW, it costs ??2.8 billion by TVO company Project. In addition, the cost for constructing additional EPR reactor, in 2006, in Flamanville, France, was ??3 to 3.3 billion and ??22 to 36/MWh. However, the inclined price was due to the rise of steel price.

The main cost to be discussed is the actual cost a client is supposed to pay. This cost is represented by the unit of one Kilowatt- hour consumed by the costumer. According to (Sims, Rogner & Gregory, 2003),"new nuclear power generating costs between 3.9 and 8.0 c/kWh can be competitive with coal and natural gas where coal has to be transported over long distances or natural gas pipelines and infrastructures are not in place."

The cost might vary on some changes within the resources basis such as the variation price of the oil, and low and high price of gas scenarios. The changes of gas and oil prices, thus, are related to each other's market prevalence. With the assumptions of central averaged prices of gas, coal, and nuclear resources, the price of produced gas energy is ??35/MWh within 37 pence/therm while the price of nuclear costs ??37.50/MWh. The first sight of the comparison shows that gas has better price comparatively, thus, the rapid related changes of oil and gas prices has to be considered. The price of gas energy was assumed at $40/bbl. However, the changes are reflected within the range of 21 to 53 pence/therm to the cost of ??25 to 45/MWh. (New nuclear power generation in the UK: Cost benefit analysis David Kennedy). Despite the narrow difference between nuclear and fossil fuel sources, the main concern is based on the rapid increases and the instability within fossil fuel sources prices.

Cost Saving

Based on the previous numbers regarding expenditure, it's is critical to address the concerns critics have nowadays about nuclear power plants. In fact, the cost of unstable power source can even be more sensitive to both the consumers and power utilities. The consumer will experience an increased cost per the consumption of power ues, as a result of increased maintenance and operational cost compared to nuclear energy cost of maintenance and operation. On the other hand, renewable energy sources are not sustainable sources to frequent rely on due to environmental changes, as wind or solar energy, within a constant demand. Thus, based on the category of load, which has base, intermediate, and peak load, the load require a tremendous and sustainable source to prevent the frequent supplying changes. Those frequent changes could result on overloading and hence black out the power plant. In addition, installation of nuclear power plant expands the capacity of nominal rated power energy could be produced by that plant compared to most of fossil fuel resource. A clear example of that is the reactor type AP1000, which is the most popular type in power plants, has the capacity of 6 MWe instead of the usual fossil fuel power plants of which doesn't exceed 2 MWe production capacity. (Sims, Rogner & Gregory, 2003)

Environmental safety

Nuclear power can be a fatal source of energy. Fatalities caused by this source need to be compared with sources of carbon dioxide emissions, such as coal or gas. Forecasting the initial impact as well as previous collected data are being considered in such a comparison of the most dangerous source on the environment or fatality rate. In recent years, only five countries plus the OECD Europe have the impact on environment by producing more than half of the world's emissions of carbon dioxide. Those countries are China, US, India, Russia and Japan. However, estimations of fatalities caused by greenhouse gas (GHG), carbon dioxide emissions, or the number of lives saved by nuclear source of energy are based on the amount of annual production of each source between 1971 and 2009. As a result, the rate of deaths in regards to each source based on unit of generated electricity. (Kharecha & Hansen, 2013)

Every process works on both inputs and outputs in which waste is one of the main out measures related to the environment. Scientists and researchers consider the effect of nuclear energy on reducing the emission of carbon dioxide is one of the major factors towards saving both the environment and human lives. However, power plants operation on fossil fuel results in the emission of carbon dioxide. Air pollution caused by this emission due fossil burning , such as gas power plants, has direct effect on the global warming. In fact, generation of 6 GW by gas power plant release total of 15 million tons of carbon dioxide, on the other hand, this amount would not release if it had been a nuclear power plant. However, in relation of the effects of this huge CO2 production, both the environment, and human health and mortality were affected. According to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center "Nuclear power prevented an average of over 1.8 million net deaths worldwide between (1971-2009). This amounts to at least hundreds and more likely thousands of times more deaths than it caused. An average of 76,000 deaths per year were avoided annually between (2000-2009), with a range of 19,000-300,000 per year."(Kharecha & Hansen, 2013)

References

Ceyhan, M. (2009). World distribution of uranium deposits (UDEPO) with uranium deposit classification. International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA TECDOC-1629, 1, 117.
Deutch, J., Moniz, E., Ansolabehere, S., Driscoll, M., Gray, P., Holdren, J., ... & Todreas, N. (2003). The future of nuclear power. an MIT Interdisciplinary Study, https://web. mit. edu/nuclear power.
Hohmeyer, O. (1992). Renewables and the full costs of energy. Energy policy, 20(4), 365-375.
Lelek, V. (2006). Uranium as Raw Material for Nuclear Energy.
Sims, R. E., Rogner, H. H., & Gregory, K. (2003). Carbon emission and mitigation cost comparisons between fossil fuel, nuclear and renewable energy resources for electricity generation. Energy policy, 31(13), 1315-1326.
ZHOU, D. (2012, June). Nuclear power development in China. In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 44th Session: the Role of Science in the Third Millenium:" E. Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Italy, 19-24 August 2011 (p. 181). World Scientific.
Rossin, A. D., & Rieck, T. A. (1978). Economics of nuclear power. Science, 201(4356), 582-589.
Strbac, G., Aunedi, M., Pudjianto, D., Djapic, P., Teng, F., Sturt, A., ... & Brandon, N. (2012). Strategic assessment of the role and value of energy storage systems in the UK low carbon energy future. Report for Carbon Trust, (2012).
5- EIA, U. (2013). Updated capital cost estimates for utility scale electricity generating plants. US Energy Inf. Adm, 524.
Yi-chong, X. U. (2012). Nuclear Power in China. Global Asia, 7(1), 32-43.
Zimmerman, M. B. (1982). Learning effects and the commercialization of new energy technologies: The case of nuclear power. The Bell Journal of Economics, 297-310.

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Amy Tan’s the Joy Luck Club

Many literary devices are used throughout Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club. The Joy Luck Club is filled with separate stories that focus on a women's club, called the Joy Luck Club. Tan describes the complex relationships between mothers and daughters. Generational and cultural conflicts contribute to these complex relationships. The novel tells stories of four mothers, with three living and one deceased, and four daughters. Tan portrays these mother-daughter relationships in a variety of ways. Three literary tools that Tan uses are symbolism, point of view, and flashback.

One literary tool that Tan uses is symbolism. Tan uses symbolism throughout the entire novel to further show the complex relationships between mothers and daughters. The novel begins with a parable about a woman and a swan. The woman and swan then journey to America. The swan symbolizes the hope that all four mothers have for their daughters in America. The woman tells the swan:
In America I will have a daughter just like me. But over there nobody will say her worth is measured by the loudness of her husband's belch. Over there nobody will look down on her, because I will make her speak only perfect American English. Over there she will always be too full to swallow any sorrow! She will know my meaning, because I will give her this swan”a creature that became more than what was hoped for. (Tan 17)

Upon arriving in America, immigration officials take the swan away from the woman. The woman is left with only one feather from the swan. The feather symbolizes these failed hopes and dreams that the mothers had for their America-born daughters. As the story progresses it is found that the daughters are judged by their husbands and looked down upon. The mothers do not accept that these things are happening to their daughters because their daughters speak only perfect American English (Tan 17). Jewelry is another symbol used to show mothers and daughters unique relationships. In the novel, jewelry is passed down from the mothers to the daughters. The jewelry symbolizes the bond between the mothers and daughters. Suyuan gives Jing-mei a jade pendant. Jing-mei does not appreciate the pendant when it is initially given to her, but after her mother's death she understands its importance. The pendant Suyuan gives her daughter symbolizes her hope. When giving Jing-mei the pendant, Suyuan says, This is young jade. It is a very light color now, but if you wear it every day it will become more green (Tan 208-209).

Tan also uses point of view to portray mother and daughter relationships. Point of view is used to show each character's perspective. Tan divided her novel into four sections with four stories each. The stories are told in first person, changing narrators with each story. There is a parable before each of the four sections that is an introduction to the four parts that follow it. The parables are told in third person. There is a total of seven narrators, three mothers and four daughters, with one of the daughters telling her mother's story. Half of the stories are told by the mothers and half are told by the daughters.

While the different narrators tell their stories they mainly focus on themselves and their feelings. By doing this a more personal connection is felt with each story and narrator. Many instances throughout the novel are narrated twice. A mother will narrate an occurrence and then a daughter will narrate the same occurrence, or vice versa. This gives multiple perspectives to the same story, showing that mother and daughter relationships are filled with so many misunderstandings. Jing-mei hated piano lessons and trying to become a child prodigy, which were her mother's wishes. Jing-mei felt that her mother was just too overbearing and forceful. Jing-mei is shocked when she learns of the choice her mother was forced to make in China regarding Jing-mei's sisters. Jing-mei realizes that she is too late for her mother has already passed and says, I think about this. My mother's long-cherished wish. Me, the younger sister who was supposed to be the essence of the others. I feed myself with old grief, wondering how disappointed my mother must have been (Tan 281).

Flashbacks are used all throughout The Joy Luck Club. Tan's use of flashback further reveals the complexity of mother-daughter relationships. In Waverly Jong's story she describes her childhood in America and her conflict with her mother, Lindo Jong. Waverly felt that her mother was selfish for pushing her in chess, but her mother was doing everything for Waverly out of love. Lindo Jong flashes back to her own childhood and her upbringing in a Chinese cultured society. Lindo grew up being unhappy with an arranged marriage. Lindo says, I once sacrificed my life to keep my parents' promise (Tan 49).

Using flashback to describe Lindo's unhappy childhood reveals why she parents Waverly so strictly. Lindo does everything for her daughter Waverly out of love. When describing experiences that the mothers had in China, Yuan Yuan says, sometimes, they turn their China experiences into a disciplinary lesson that reinforces restrictive cultural values (para. ), but this is something that the daughters do not initially understand. Flashbacks through the novel reveal the differences in how the mothers were brought up in China and how the daughters were brought up in America.

The novel The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan presents many literary devices. Symbolism, point of view, and flashback all are used throughout the entire novel. Their struggles of high expectations, psychological trauma, and cultural differences (Chow para. 13) are prevalent through each individual story. The novel shares with the reader various stories from seven narrators. Disagreements and misunderstandings between mothers and daughters are the basis of each story. The mothers, according to critic Gloria Shen, are possessively trying to hold onto their daughters, and the daughters are battling to get away from their mothers (qtd. in Henrickson para. 7). The novel leaves each daughter with a better understanding of their mothers.

Works Cited

Chow, Andrew R. The Lasting Impact of ?Joy Luck Club'. New York Times, 10 Sept. 2018, p. C1(L). General Reference Center GOLD, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A553594654/GRGM?u=rain34738&sid=GRGM&xid=a28f4a53.
Henrickson, Shu-Huei. An Overview of The Joy Luck Club. Literature Resource Center, Gale, 2018. Literature Resource Center, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1420004450/GLS?u=avlr&sid=GLS&xid=df4c1b59.
Shen, Gloria. Born of a Stranger: Mother-Daughter Relationships and Storytelling in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club. Modern Critical Interpretations: Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club. Chelsea House Publishers, 2003, pp. 111-123. Originally published in International Women's Writing: New Landscapes of Identity, 1995.
Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Penguin Books, 2014.
Yuan, Yuan. Mothers' ?China Narrative': Recollection and Translation in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife. Contemporary Literary Criticism, edited by Jeffrey W. Hunter, vol. 257, Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1100083898/GLS?u=avlr&sid=GLS&xid=b4544e93.

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