Month: July 2019
Ancient Egyptian Theocracy
Ancient Egypt was a theocracy, which is a government ruled by a Pharaoh. The Pharaoh is the ruler of Ancient Egypt because they have the belief that they were sent on this earth because a god chose them. The Pharaoh was thought to be a form of a god due to having a religious belief. Ancient Egyptians government social structure contained the Pharaoh, Vizier, Nomark, Other Officials, Scribes, and the Monarchy.
The Pharaoh was the Ruler/Leader of the Government. Under the Pharaoh is the Vizier who was the primary leader of the Government. The Vizier was like the prime minister of supervisor. Under the Vizier was the Nomark and Nomarks ruled an area of land called a nome. Under the Nomarks were the Other Officials. Other Officials were the Army commanders, Chief treasurer, and the minister of public works. Scribes were important to the Government. Scribes would record taxes and keep track of finances. Scribes would ensure everybody paid taxes and determine if the population has grown. Under the Other Officials were the Monarchy which was just the government being ruled by a Pharaoh/King.
Ancient Egypts social class was different from the Government's social structure. Ancient Egypts social classes from most important to least important started with the Pharaoh. The Pharaoh was the ruler and he was the king of Ancient Egypt. After the Pharaoh was the Government Officials like the Vizier, Priest, and Nobles. The Government Officials helped manage the temples and government. After the Government Officials were the Soldiers who fought against invaders and protected the land. After the Soldiers were the Scribes. Scribes could read and write better than most egyptians. When Scribes were older there job was to record taxes and keep track of finances. After the Scribes were the Merchants. Merchants would trade products or exchange goods. After the Merchants were the Craftsmen. Craftsmen would make/produce goods. After the Craftsmen were the Peasants. The peasants farmed and were construction workers, peasants also made the pyramids not slaves. After Peasants were Slaves. Slaves were prisoners or house servants and had to obey there commanders rules.
Ancient Egypts largest pyramid was called the Great Pyramid of Giza. It's also called the Great Pyramid of Cheops. The pyramid is the oldest and the largest pyramid and it was built out of stone. Another Ancient artifact was the Great Sphinx. The great Sphinx is just a sitting lion with a human head. Egyptians made pyramids for the dead Pharaohs tombs.
Egyptians believed to preserve the body so they could keep the souls alive and so the Egyptians could go to the After life. Egyptians also believed in embalming. Embalming is the process of preserving the body after death so the body doesn't rot or fall apart. It takes years to learn how to embalm a dead body but egyptians were skillful doctors.
To preserve the body ancient egyptians would wash the corpse with scented palm oil. Then the embalmer would remove the liver, intestines, stomach, and lungs. The brain was then removed with a hook through the nose. Each organ was placed in jar of solution for a few days. Then the body was washed on the inside of the body. The embalmer would then wrap the organs up and place them back in the body. When the embalmer places the organs back in the body, the body will then be completely wrapped up.
Also when the embalmer was taking out the organs, they didn't take out the heart because ancient egyptians believed that the heart was the fountain of life. A completely wrapped preserved body is called a mummy but when your wrapping the body up it's called mummification. When the mummy is fully wrapped it would be put in a sarcophagus. The sarcophagus is just a decorated coffin. The sarcophagus has hieroglyphics on it. Hieroglyphics are the egyptian language and drawings. Egyptians used the papyrus plant to make the first paper. The paper was then used to record taxes keep track of finances.
Egyptians believed of holy animals but the main animal was cats. Egyptians worshipped cats. All cats were holy animals, if you were to kill a cat you would be sentenced death. Egyptians also embalmed cats. Cats were so important that egyptians would draw and paint pictures of cats on walls of the temples. Other holy animals in Ancient Egypt were Crocodiles, Snakes, and Storks.
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Ancient Egyptian Theocracy. (2019, Jul 24).
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Ancient Egypt: Mummies
Recently, I made a visit to the Field Museum of Chicago, which is located on South Lake Shore Drive in downtown Chicago. Formerly named the Columbian Museum of Chicago, the Field Museum was founded on September 16th, 1893, and was created for the infamous World Fair that was to be held in Chicago. The official opening of the museum was held on June 2, 1894, originally in the location of the current Museum of Science and Industry.The year of 1915 was when the construction began for the current building that the museum resides in. Costing around 7 million dollars at the time, blueprint designs were created by Chicago architect, Pierce Anderson, who belonged to the Chicago architectural firm, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. All archeological findings were transported from the former museum location to the current South Lake Shore Drive location in 1920. Once findings were transported, the official opening of the museum took place on the great date of May 2nd, 1921, and still a gaping attraction hub and nationally renown site of archeological findings today! (Administrator). When visiting, I was lucky enough to attend a special, limited time exhibit called Mummies, which focused on the ancient process of mummification, both in Egyptian and Peruvian cultures. For this course paper, I choose to focus on the Ancient Egyptian culture as it relates to their religious practices, Art and process of mummification.
The Ancient Egyptian culture thrived under a specific religious and traditional ideology for almost 3000 years, from roughly 3100-330 B.C.E. The religious traditions within Ancient Egyptian culture were based on polytheism, the belief of many Gods. The Ancient Egyptians of this time placed heavy importance on the land and were ruled by 'Pharaohs,' who were considered a god in human form. As referenced in The Humanistic Tradition, by Gloria K. Fiero who received her Ph. D, from Florida State university in interdisciplinary Humanities stated that Theocratic Socialism served as the Ancient Egyptians political system to guide their various spiritual beliefs and day-to-day life (Fiero 48). This quote demonstrates how the Political system of Ancient Egyptians fueled their spiritual guidelines they lived by.Egyptians used the art of Hieroglyphs, which was a form of two-dimensional art, inside of tombs. This art was not created for the intent to be seen outside these tomb walls, even though they do depict what the day-to-day life was and help us better understand what life was like in ancient Egypt. Fiero shows many examples of different forms of hieroglyphs that were painted inside burial tombs throughout the text in Chapter 2.
Fiero explains the method of how Ancient Egyptians were able to create the two-dimensional art. There are two specific rules that these artists followed, and Fiero describes them as 'cannon:' a set of rules or standards used to establish proportions. And 'module:' a unit of measurement used to determine proportion by the use of a clenched fist. (Fiero 62). These definitions of canon and module show how Ancient Egyptian artists we able to draw proportional Hieroglyphs inside tombs.The Field Museum showed remade hieroglyphs through carved stories that were brightly painted by modern-day artists who specialized in Ancient Egyptian Art, whichalso show a close representation of how these hieroglyphs would have looked like in Ancient Egypt. The Field Museum explained why Ancient Egyptians found it important that Hieroglyphs were to be painted inside the burial tomb. A specific example showed farmers cultivating the land for food. This was significant because Ancient Egyptians believed that even long after family members and priests stopped bringing donations such as food for the dead, that these Hieroglyphs such as these farmers cultivating crops would ensure that the deceased would not go hungry in the afterlife.The Cult of the Dead was the Ancient Egyptian group of people who partook in the belief and process of mummification”preparing the dead for the afterlife, and making sure the person has all of the necessary items and protective spells to ensure safe passage to the after life.
The Cult of the Dead along with the rest of the Egyptian culture placed great importance in the Osiris myth. The myth states that Osiris was the first son of gods Geb (earth) and Nut (Sky) (Mark). Osiris was created instantaneously as Geb and Nut created the Earth. But as the myth states, Osiris's younger brother, Set, kills him not long after the earth was created, but brought back to life by his wife Isis who was his sister-wife. Information received from Joshua J. Mark, part-time professor of Philosophy at Marist College New York and free-lance writer. The Cult of The Dead honors the God of the Underworld, Osiris. As Fiero explains, The Osiris myth vividly describes the idea of resurrection that was central to the ancient Egyptian belief system (p. 46). This myth was seen as the backbone for early Egyptian religion and culture. Egyptian saw Osiris as the Judge of the dead and made the decision to allow those to pass on to the afterlife or not.Many of the Pharaohs were buried with 'death masks' after they were mummified. Fiero states Death masks or 'reserves' portrait heads of the pharaoh might be placed in the tomb to provide the king's ka (life force or divine essence) with safe and familiar dwelling place (Fiero 51). These masks seemed to have served as an additional measure of protection to aid and guide the dead pharaohs into the after life and preserve their divine essence to be able to gain access to live their afterlife alongside the gods. The Field Museum had a brief description of these portrait masks that connect with what Fiero states in the text.
Saying that ancient Egyptians tried to make the mask as similar to the deceased face as possible so they would look similar in the afterlife. They had a mummy mask from the Ptolemaic Roman period that was similar to Fiero's figure 2.13 (Fiero 52). of the cover Tutankhamen's coffin cover with the portrait mask.The Ancient Egyptians communicated the importance of honoring Osiris and preparing for the afterlife through rituals, and are most historically famed for their processes of mummification. As the book mentions, The promise of life after death seems to have dominated at all level of Egyptian culture (Fiero 51). Ancient Egyptian's practiced mummifcation in order to help the spirits live on in the afterlife. The Field Museum gave visualization of the burial scene. In order to demonstrate how The Cult of the Dead ensured a easy passing for the deceased into eternal after-life.The Book of the Dead, a collection of funerary prayers originating as far back as 4000 B.C.E., prepared each individual for final judgment (Fiero 53). These prayers were written on papyrus scrolls, serving as 'confessions' or 'sins' of the deceased Egyptian individual. These confessions were recited via ceremony ritual, and examples of these confessions include, I have not done iniquity; I have not robbed with violence; I havenot cursed the god; I have no increased my wealth, except with such things as are my own possessions (Fiero 53).
These translated confessions from a funerary papyrus from the book of the dead was seen very important and essential to ancient egyptians to ensure the dead pass on easily into the afterlife and not be rejected by Osiris.The Field Museum also explained the process of mummification and significance of Osiris. Osiris and his wife, Isis, are referenced in the Book of the Dead, as they are the Gods that officially 'allow' the deceased into the afterlife. Mummies were buried with pottery, jewelry, and other symbolic artifacts that were considered important to have with them in their after life.Horus was the falcon headed god and son of Osiris, his eyes were painted on the sides of the coffins, and these eyes are considered 'magical.' Their significance and placement on the coffin allow the deceased to 'look out' of their coffins, along with other various elaborate inscriptions and paintings carved on their coffin.
In addition to the physical artifacts, Horus's eyes served as blessings that the deceased would carry with them through the afterlife.During my visit to The Field Museum, there was a visual representation of the process called The Embalmers Art. I found this 3-D display very interesting because it depicted an embalming workshop from about 1085 B.C. It demonstrated how meticulous and specific ancient Egyptians were in the process of early mummification. The workshop demonstrated all the steps. The first was to remove all internal organs, then the bodies were stuffed to maintain shape while drying. The second step was to let the body and organs dry separately in a chemical combination of baking soda and salts known as natron. This process of drying took about forty days. The third step was to oil and stuffthe body. I think these steps are significant because it shows how dedicated the Egyptians were to preserve the body after the spirit has left it. Along with respecting the dead to the highest degree since it took about one third of a year to complete the whole burial process. I found it interesting that the internal organs were wrapped separately from the body and placed in Canopic jars.
I found these canopic jars interesting because they had head of of Norus Osiris's son. I think this is important because Norus is an extension of Osiris, the judge of the dead, and was probably believed that dedicating these organ jars to Norus the son of Osiris helped bless the organs of the dead equally to the mummy that was inside the coffin. The portrait masks were also very interesting due to the fact that they were designed to help resemble the facial features of the dead to preserve the mummies of pharaohs 'life force' into the next life. I think the art on pharoah's masks were significant because they were decorated with elaborate forms or jewels and rocks such as turquois, lapis lazuli. I think these elaborate portrait masks were significant because they helped Osiris decipher this pharaoh mummy was not a commoner and open an exclusive passage so they could rule with the gods in the afterlife. Overall the process of mummification and all of the steps inbetween really shows that Ancient Egyptians turned a tragic even such as death into this special celebration where friends and family would get together and celebrate the dead. Ancient Egyptians did everything they could to help mirror what their life was like before they died in belief that it would be carried with them to the next life. Including protective masks, hieroglyphs, Book of the Dead inscriptions, valuables and many other things.
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Ancient Egypt: Mummies. (2019, Jul 24).
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Nelson Mandela and his Peace
Mandela: His Essential Life, written by Peter Hain, takes you on a journey through the great Nelson Mandela’s extravagant life story, all the problems he faced and how overcame them. Nelson Mandela to this day is known as one of the few people who promoted forgiveness and equality after being mistreated himself. He was a nonviolence activist, politician, and philanthropist who became South Africa's first black president in 1994. In 1993, Mandela and South African president Frederik Willem de Klerk together was awarded The Nobel Peace Prize. Even after his tragic death, Mandela continues to be an inspiration to civil rights activists worldwide.
Nelson Mandela born as Rolihlahla grew up as a happy rural boy. He was born on July 18, 1918, in Umtata, South Africa, he grew up with many brothers and sisters as cousins were considered siblings at the time. His father was Chief Gadla Henry Mphakayisa and his mother Nosekeni Fanny, with his father out of the house a lot, as a child Mandela grew up under the influence of family, friends, and his South African culture. At the young age of nine Nelson’s father passed away, he was later adopted and taken under the wing of Jongintaba Dalindyebo, who started preparing Nelson for a role within leadership. Nelson was the first in his family to receive a formal education, he attended a local missionary school, where he was dubbed Nelson by his teacher. He later went on to attend the Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Healdtown, a Methodist secondary school, where he excelled in boxing and track as well as academic. In 1939, Mandela enrolled at the University College of Fort Hare, the only center of higher learning for blacks in South Africa at the time. In his second year at Fort Hare, Mandela was elected to the Student Representative Council. For some time, students had been unhappy with the food and lack of power held by the SRC. During this election, a majority of students wanted to boycott unless their demands were met, overturn by the student majority, Mandela resigned from his position. Seeing this happen the university’s Dr. Kerr expelled Mandela, only allowing him back if we're to return too SRC.
The police captured Mandela on 5th August 1962. The following year, he and his friends were charged with sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government in what is known as the Rivonia Trial. During the trial, Mandela gave his famous three-hour long “I Am Prepared to Die” speech, considered one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century and a key moment in the anti-apartheid struggle. In 1963, the South African government found Mandela guilty of sabotage. He was sentenced for 27 years in prison. The most important character traits of Nelson Mandela are the strength of spirit, integrity, honor, and leadership. Mandela's strength of spirit helped him survive 27 years of imprisonment. He was a man of peace, he defeated enemies with the power of a smile rather than his fists. Growing up Mandela was nothing but the same, he learned to move on from unfair situations and with these traits, he showed the world what forgiveness looked like. Mandela changed and influenced the world with the power of his great words, all of these things contributed too how famous he is now. In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became South African president and set about getting rid of apartheid. Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC, suspended executions, and in February 1990 ordered the release of Nelson Mandela. With his peaceful fight of freedom, Mandela was eventually released from prison.
After his release from prison, Nelson continued to be a non-violence activist. The majority of black South Africans felt that only Mandela can lead them, even when he was in exile. The overwhelming consensus was that if Mandela were released and ran for office, he would no doubt be the light to lead them out of the entrenched darkness of the apartheid. After a series of tense negotiations between the ANC and de Klerk’s administration, a date was set for the first ever democratic election. On April 27, 1994, Nelson Mandela voted for the first time in his life. His party won by a large wide margin, but not so wide that it would worry white
To this day Nelson Mandela is and always will be considered one of the greatest activists in the world. His traits inspired people all over the world to fight with peace. Even after going through hurt himself, he continued to be a peaceful and happy person. Even after his death in 2013, the world continued to mourn, respect, and appreciate Nelson Mandela.
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Ancient Egyptions Math and Time
Have you ever wondered where fractions originated from? The ancient Egyptians used different methods for keeping time and using math. Thanks to the Egyptians, we have fractions, also a(use a because unique starts with y sound) unique way of telling time.
We all need math. We all use math for different reasons, the ancient Egyptians included. What the ancient Egyptians started recording was seasons and lunar phases. The measurements were in body parts, and their numeric system was based off of their ten fingers. They did not have a zero. All their numbers were based off of the number ten. The symbol would appear as many times as its value. It was written by scribes on papyrus, which was their paper. Papyrus was found near the Nile River. You could not eat papyrus, but you could use it for a lot of other things. The ancient Egyptians had multiplication and division methods also. For multiplication, you would double the number and they would use the same method for division but reversed. They had shapes such as triangles and rectangles.
Thanks to the ancient Egyptians we have fractions, which helps us get even more exact. The ancient Egyptians invented fractions which is great because fractions make it possible to have an even more exact answer. Horus' eye, which is from an old tale that describes Horus' brother who cut his eye out and all the different parts of the eye equal different fractions, for example, the pupil equals ??.
Time is used every day, but ancient Egyptians used it in a unique way. The ancient Egyptians used shadows to tell the time of the day. It was called an Obelisk. The Obelisk made the shadows, they each had their own story. Later, the ancient Egyptians made a shadow clock which was portable. It was the first portable timepiece; you could bring it with you and it was lightweight. It had about a foot long rod, marked with ten or twelve sections. During the morning, the rod would point toward the East. In the afternoon, it would point toward the West. The shadow would fall on markings to tell the time of the day.
The ancient Egyptians had interesting ways of keeping time. They were fantastic at math, and were very intelligent. Now you know how the ancient Egyptians kept time and used math.
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Tell-Tale Heart: Reliability of the Narrator
Is the Narrator in Tell-Tale Heart Reliable or Unreliable?
While reading Edgar Allan Poe's, The Tell-Tale Heart, I found myself instantly questioning the credibility of the narrator and whether the events he was explaining were really happening or just a vivid descriptions of his imagination. Throughout the story, the narrator spoke with defensiveness and panic which ultimately made me question the validity and truth in what was being told. Upon completion of the story, I was completely convinced that the narrator was insane; Thus, concluding that he is not reliable.
From the start of the story, the narrator begins by pleading a case of his sanity to try and create credibility in the story he was going to tell. In order to support his case, he explains how he loved the old man and that the old man had never wronged him. The narrator was trying to clarify his reasoning of murdering the old man by stating for it was not the old man, that vexed him, but his Evil Eye. He felt that by detaching the connection of the old man and the eye, the murder was justifiable in his mind, but in reality it ultimately contradicted state of his mind. How can you murder someone you claim to love?
Not only did his apparent dissociation of what was really bothering him undermine his credibility, but the narrator's constant mischievous behavior contradicted his trustworthiness. I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. Despite his plans to kill the old man, the narrator started each day calling him by name in a hearty tone as if everything were ok. He treated the old man one way to his face, but carried a vendetta towards him in the night. On the night of the murder, the narrator admits to feeling pity of the old man's fear, but chuckled at heart.
The narrator further proceeds to show obvious signs of deception and mental instability on the day that the police come to question him. He led the police at length, to his chamber and proceeded to bring chairs to sit in the room where he murdered the old man. Then, again, his mental stability came into question as he began hallucinating. He began to hear a low, dull, quick sound he perceived to be the old man's heart beat. The calm manner her initially had, when allowing the police in, began to diminish. It grew louder”louder”louder! the narrator stated ultimately causing him to confess.
In conclusion, the narrator failed to demonstrate behavior to support his claim of sanity. Every claim he made as to why he was not crazy, he contradicting with his behavior. There was a clear disconnect between reality and what the narrator perceived to be reality which resulted in the murder of the old man.
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Tell-Tale Heart: Reliability of the Narrator. (2019, Jul 24).
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The Tell-Tale Heart Plot Summary
Edgar Allen Poe indicates how a man's inward unsettling influence and fear can make him insane through the illustrative tongue, astounding characters, and an amazing plot.
As it's for the most part the circumstance with first individual records, there are various settings to the story. The movement of this portrayed story occurs in the house the storyteller gives to the old man. Meanwhile, the storyteller is describing the story from either a correctional facility or an insane sanctuary where he has been detained. Be that as it may, impressively more basically, the setting is truly inside the focused mind of the storyteller himself, for the vital climactic event of the story his hearing the throbbing of the dead man's heart happens only inside his own special tormented inventive capacity.
The depiction of characters accepts basic employment being developed of the plot, without strong and solid characters, the contemplations the maker addresses would have all the earmarks of being plain. Edgar Allen Poe makes unmistakable characters that viably help the working of plot and musings. There are four characters in "The Tell-Tale Heart", the mysterious storyteller, the old man who was executed, the neighbor who called the police and the police who came to look at everything. The storyteller made a not too bad endeavor to cover his wildness and show that he is typical with the desire to not to get suspected by the old man. The old man with a blue eye that the storyteller fears, is acknowledged to be the proprietor of the house, he is straightforward and absent to what the storyteller is doing.
Frankly, nothing the storyteller edifies the peruser with respect to the old man fits the typical significance of madness, in any case, it fits the storyteller's definition immaculately as he declares "Insane people know nothing" (Paragraph 3, Edgar Allen Poe). The story isn't simply based on the physical settings introduced over, the mental setting of the storyteller is moreover an intriguing edge to examine. The storyteller felt invigorated yet beyond any doubt about the executing of the old man, he was displaying how perfect his course of action was to the reader. After the execution, he acted absolutely typical and calm, meeting with the police with no snippet of data of anxiety. In any case, as the discourse propelled he got progressively restless because of the sound of the old man's heartbeat, which evidently could be his imaginative vitality, in conclusion, went up against his excited breakdown.
The franticness of the storyteller is updated by the events that happen in the story. In addition, the bend toward the completion of the story furthermore updates this typical for the conniving storyteller. The story starts with the storyteller attesting that he is typical and following this event, the storyteller said that he will encourage a story to show his psychological steadiness. By then the storyteller gives the establishment of the story by prompting the peruser he means to butcher this old man since he is at risk for having a vulture eye, and that the old man himself isn't obligated for his death. Reliably the storyteller brings light and watches the old man. Until one night the old man opened his eyes in light of the way that the storyteller frightened him.
The storyteller got so hysterical in light of the way that the old man opened his vulture eye that he continued running into the room and gagged out the man with his bed. He by then dismembered the body in the shower so there is no pursue, in light of the way that he is predictable and "reasonable". The storyteller by then covered the body parts under freeboards of the ground surface. At 4 am, the police came in to glance through the room not long after the neighbors heard the old man yell. Nothing was suspicious to the police, yet the storyteller is hearing heartbeats from under the wood boards. The beats got excessively uproarious for the storyteller, making it impossible to manage so he concedes his bad behavior to the police. By then the story closes. The sound of "beats" is allegorically the sound of the internal fault in the storyteller., and this accuses affected the storyteller to admit.
Vernacular is the thing that breathed life into the story and characters. The tongue Edgar Allan Poe use is particularly associated with the storyteller's psychological state. The story is told through the touchy storyteller's point of view, updating the sentiment of nippy partition while the bad behaviors were submitted. The conflicting storyteller's fear has appeared with expressive tongue, which was as often as possible used for portraying the old man's vulture'- like an eye. This eye is a picture of the storyteller's fear, the trigger to his frenzy, and moreover the storyteller's clarification behind why the old man should be butchered.
Spoken with Poe's shrewd use of words and sentences, the storyteller's injury method of reasoning reveals his franticness, notwithstanding the way that he ensures for the most part. Around the beginning of the story, he intended to exhibit his reasonable soundness by "how gently I can unveil to you the whole story". (Poe, 1) The storyteller's tone was anxious and changes immediately between peaceful, cognizant decrees to nonsensical and diverted changes. These changes were consistently talked in short sentences. Poe's normal use of objections in like manner reveals the storyteller's anxiety. The short sentences and clamors elevate weight and fear, supporting the story's strain, by then finally breaking at the pinnacle of the story when the storyteller's fear drove him to absurdity.
The thought is being the "soul" of the story, without a keen idea, the story won't interest. In Tale-Tell Heart, there are three contemplations, which are "Fault and Innocence" and "Mental soundness and Insanity". At first, "Fault and Innocence". Resulting to slaughtering the old-man for no undeniable reason, he hears his wearisome heartbeat, and his sentiment of fault is released through the affirmation from the police, by hollering at them. Regardless, the storyteller never feels that he is faultless in the story since he's extremely satisfied with his peacefulness and plan of executing the old man.
In like manner, the most key point that one can see is the storyteller yielded that there are wild powers that drive him to submit such a viciousness demonstration. Likewise, "Mental soundness and Insanity". From the essential line of the story, "Genuine!” restless, awfully worried I had been and am, yet for what reason will you say that I am distressed?" The peruser can viably find that there is something unconventional that had occurred. Regardless of the way that he endeavors to pass on to the peruser that he is objective, through passing on, it had recently opened up that he is the nonattendance of mental soundness. The dumbfounding lingo reveals that he is rationally sick.
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The Tell-Tale Heart Plot Summary. (2019, Jul 24).
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The Importance on why we have Birth Control and Abortion
In our society everyone has become so quick to judge without the lack of knowledge. Criticism has become the norm. Instead of our country having positive attitudes we have allowed ourselves to feed on all the negativity that surrounds us. People lack knowledge on how important birth control and abortion are. Everyone should have knowledge as to why we have birth control and abortion in our country. Also, birth control and abortion are beneficial for woman in many ways. Unfortunately, the society views these topics as immoral and a destruction to human life. Although birth control and abortion are heavily debated, they should not be contentious.
Today, abortion is a very heavily debated topic. However, birth control is just as controversial. Abortion and birth control go hand in hand with each other. It's easy to judge people's decisions without background knowledge on how we ended up with birth control and abortion. Margaret Sanger was the women to make the term birth control popular and the founder of the birth control movement. Margaret was an early feminist and women's right activist. She faced personal experiences that made her want to fight for women's reproductive healthcare. Margaret also supported abortion because of the eugenics movement. Basically, eugenics is the theory that seeks to improve the human species through selective mating. Otherwise, abortion was immoral to her.
Sanger was influential on educating women about sex in the 1900's. Being a nurse, she wanted to be able to help people further than what her job allowed her to do. People don't realize that back in this time-frame woman were terminating their pregnancies on their own. Woman were chancing taking their own lives because of several different reasons whether it be poverty or knowing something was wrong with the pregnancy. Sanger later made a publication that promoted women's rights to have birth control which was illegal under the Comstock Act. This law passed in 1873 made it illegal to distribute materials that could be used as contraceptives. Sanger eventually opened her first birth control clinic in the United States that landed her in trouble, again. Everything Sanger went through ended up falling in to place because she was able to get doctors to prescribe contraceptives to those under medical reasons. Before she had passed away, she was able to get materials in to our country and have the first contraceptive pill available. Sanger was such an important part of women's rights even though she has been criticized for believing in eugenics.
If unplanned pregnancies play a pivotal role in explaining poverty rates among females, there is reason to think that providing access to birth control might reduce a woman's likelihood of entering poverty. The first contraceptive pill was made available in the 1960's. Although in the beginning unmarried woman who were still minors could not legally obtain the birth control because of the Comstock laws. The legal age for medical care was twenty-one which meant that anyone under twenty-one was considered a minor. Minors weren't allowed medical access for the birth control unless they had a parent's approval. All woman at age eighteen had access to birth control by 1975. Bailey (2006) estimates that access to the Pill before age 21 resulted in an 8 percent increase in labor-force participation among women ages 26 to 30 and is associated with a 15 percent increase in hours worked among women ages 16 to 30. The birth control pill becoming accessible to woman was an important part of history.
Many people see abortion as being morally unacceptable. However, abortion has its importance. Most states have a limit on how far the gestational age can be for it to be aborted. As stated earlier on, abortions are used to help the mother if it's unsafe. They are used for crimes such as rape cases. You shouldn't be made to carry a child for nine months after being raped. Also, abortion is used when there is a chance of the child having serious mental issues or there will be a chance of poverty. Long ago abortion was used as a contraceptive. Abortion should be one of women's many rights without having to deal with all the controversy from the public.
An important legal case called Roe v. Wade took place in 1973 changing everything for abortion. They stated, Roe was an unmarried pregnant woman who, due to economic hardship and the social stigma of having an illegitimate child, wanted to end her pregnancy with an abortion performed by a licensed physician in safe circumstances. Henry Wade was a District Attorney in Dallas County challenging Jane Roe. Jane Roe was a name they used to protect the privacy of the individual. However, he didn't think she had the right to terminate her pregnancy. However, it was voted that it's a woman's right to privacy to choose whether she wants to terminate her pregnancy under the fourteenth amendment. Roe v. Wade established a woman's legal right to abortion.
It's important that everyone understands the background on birth control and abortion, although neither one of these topics should be controversial. We live in a world where the phrase, don't judge a book by its cover fits. Our society is quick to judge without knowing important information. Birth control hasn't been as controversial as abortion has been in our society. However, it's just as important as abortion. The Hobby Lobby case created quite a bit of controversy for birth control and women's rights.
There were two specific cases that were dealing with the same circumstances regarding birth control. The one case was Hobby Lobby Stores and the other one dealt with the Conestoga Wood Specialties. The controversy was over the Affordable Care Act. Our law is that for-profit corporations are required to provide all employees with all forms of contraceptives at no cost. Several corporations including these two didn't agree that they should have to provide such things that went against their beliefs. Hobby Lobby's belief is that life begins at conception. They believe the morning after pill is destruction that is the same as abortion. It's forbidden by their faith.
There was a law passed in 1993 called the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Basically, the law protects people's religious freedom. With this law the corporations believed they had reasonable guidelines to be exempt from providing their employees with emergency contraceptives. Which led to a very heavily debate that not everyone has the same beliefs as the corporations and the employees should be able to have access to all forms of contraceptives. However, Hobby Lobby Stores and Conestoga Wood Specialties won with the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The corporations had a solid case for protecting their religious views. It was beneficial for the corporations on their beliefs, however it wasn't beneficial for women in the workplace.
Employers must not be able to understand that without giving women access to these contraceptives would result in unwanted pregnancies. If they were getting pregnant than they weren't going to be able to keep their employment. It would create a stressful situation of having to find employees all the time. The economy strengthens significantly from women and men being able to work. It's unfair that employers can't put their religious views aside to rightfully allow women to access of all forms of birth control.
Another important point would be the controversy on how birth control and abortion became just a woman's problem? Surveys have been conducted where men agree that contraceptives should be a joint responsibility. However, men seem to lack knowledge on these topics that are important. Sanger believed that it was more of a woman's responsibility. However, that was something women didn't have back in the early 1900's whereas today it's a different story. Today women have numerous different options for contraception. However, men have a limited number of options which makes it look like solely the responsibility is on the women. Men's choices are more permanent effects such as not being able to have sex. It's great how far we've came today to be able to have numerous options for woman, but it doesn't give men much responsibility. It takes two people to be involved and it should take two to prevent unwanted outcomes. Unfortunately, this situation will never have equality because women are the ones who conceive the baby. Society needs to understand that to prevent unnecessary controversy.
Nobody realizes the benefits that birth control has to offer women. Birth control isn't used just to prevent pregnancies which is why it is so important. Not everyone has the same type of menstrual cycles. Some woman suffer horrendously with irregular periods and heavy long periods. Birth control has allowed woman to live a better life with being able to track when they'll start there period. Menstrual cramps can be just as bad as the stomach flu. Woman also use birth control to control their acne as weird as that may seem. Birth control has came a long way from when Margaret Sanger first started pushing for it.
A very important benefit of birth control is that it's also used for a medical problem that a lot of woman suffer with. It is called, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome also referred to as PCOS. Basically, with PCOS your hormones are imbalanced which can create several problems. With your hormones having an imbalance it tends to throw off your cycle such as having a hit and miss period. Sometimes when woman do end up getting their period when they haven't for a few months it can be more severe than someone having a period monthly. Also, PCOS can cause excess hair growth, acne, and crucial pain. Men could be more crucial about this topic because they don't understand what woman can go through with menstrual cycles. Margaret Sanger would've been astonished to see the outcome of what birth control has become to be when it was only started for one purpose.
Also, birth control is also used to regulate childbirth. Many people use the term, family planning as to regulate childbirth. Birth control pills contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation which means if an egg doesn't release than there is no way of becoming pregnant. The advantage of birth control is that a woman can plan when she wants to try conceiving. However, every woman is different with how fast they'll start ovulating after stopping the birth control because it will take some time for the system to get back to normal. Some woman begins to ovulate right away as for others it may take a few months to get back to normal. Woman may want to consider what type of birth control they want to go with depending on when they are planning to have children. Not every birth control has the same guidelines. However, it's great that we have made progress with birth control for woman to have options.
Some woman are responsible by using birth control because they aren't trying to have a child. However, sometimes for some reason birth control doesn't work and a woman may end up conceiving. That's where society starts criticizing saying that these women are irresponsible. Not everyone gets pregnant under the best circumstances like those who are planning to have a child. Some woman aren't financially stable to support the child and they know that. Why would a woman want to put a child through not having everything that they need? Many circumstances that often lead to woman getting abortions are partner related issues, health concerns, not mature enough, etc. There are other circumstances such as criminal happenings like rape for instance. A woman more than likely that gets pregnant from being raped is not going to want to have a baby. The society doesn't want to look at any different point of view other than abortion being considered murder. However, it is a responsible decision for woman to be mature enough to decide whether they are in the right place to be able to provide for the child.
During the 1960's, not only did thousands of people march for an end to racist laws discriminating the black but the second wave of feminism was going on. During this time equality for woman was pushed heavily. Woman didn't have employment. There employment consisted of duties in the home. It was much different than how today goes with woman. The second wave focused on things like reproductive rights absence of voice, and employment. Woman during this time were often raped in their own home which leads to a point mentioned early about why woman would self-terminate their pregnancies. The women weren't getting pregnant by choice. If women couldn't control how many kids, they were having than they couldn't uphold a job. Important things took place during this era such as the first birth control pill in 1961 which helped women from getting pregnant. Birth control is what women needed to be able to take a stand and fight for themselves.
John F. Kennedy was the president at the time of second wave of feminism. Congress had passed an Equal Pay Act for woman facing inequalities. Although the act didn't help much. A Civil Rights Act was later passed that was intended for outlawing discrimination against African Americans. Women were still unsatisfied with what was happening. An organization was established to help gain equal rights as men. It took a long time for women to start gaining equality but once they started they didn't stop. Women's role has changed dramatically. Women having been growing in to political offices and many other important jobs. In 1968, Shirley Chisholm became the first African-American woman elected to Congress. After that, more women were brought into the political atmosphere. To think back in the 1970's there was separate columns under jobs for the women and the men. The second wave of feminism was a roller-coaster for women but it is very important to acknowledge what they went through. One little change with birth control made a huge difference in womens lives.
The country had a huge significant economic increase from birth control. Birth control was able to decrease fertility rates and increase employment rates. Women were able to pursue things with out having to worry about having an unexpected pregnancy or an unwanted pregnancy. It's hard to get anything done or accomplish goals when you never know when you are going to have an unexpected pregnancy. As for today, woman don't realize how easy they have it. They can use birth control for so many other things plus have a variety of options to choose from. Birth control has come much farther with the different methods they've been able to provide women with.
The social effects for women from the 1960's of being able to have birth control available was significant. Birth control gave women a sense of power that they never had before, and it was only beginning. Women feared that they would always be imprisoned by men in their own households. Only men were able to take part in what was available for employment and higher education because women were stuck at home taking care of their children. Birth control opened doors for women and they finally had control over when they wanted to have children. Many of them wanted a higher education and were able to fulfill their goals. They were able to pursue a career without the fear of unexpected pregnancies or unwanted pregnancies. It would mess a person up if you weren't able to have a choice on what you wanted to do with your life. It gave women a new role in society and a sense of relief.
The birth control wasn't intended to make such an economic difference like it did. Margaret Sanger was able to achieve more than what she intended on doing. Women took advantage of everything that they were capable of doing like going to school to get a good job that primarily consisted of all men. The pill gave women access to being able to invest in their careers instead of staying home with their children and taking care of the household. They had a choice for the first time. Women that were studying degrees in school were putting off motherhood till middle ages. Having children wasn't the only thing that was being put on delay. Women were getting married later because they could have intercourse without worrying about having an unwanted pregnancy. The pill changed everything for women making the economy a better place.
More than 99% of women today have used some type contraceptive method. Not everyone uses or has tried using birth control for the same reason. Back in the 1960's birth control was made for primarily a contraceptive. However, people today use it more for medical reasons. The pill is still the most common type of birth control that is being used even with all the different contraceptive methods that are available. The women who end up with unexpected pregnancies while on birth control often misuse their birth control. While a small portion, about five percent that takes their birth control correctly ends op with an unexpected pregnancy. Having a small percent have complications with pregnancy is amazing considering all the good that birth control has done for our country. There is plenty of information to make people see the significance in birth control and abortion.
As expressed, our society has become a place where we are quick to judge. In our country we would rather bring each other down than lift each other up. It should be someone's right to be on birth control or have an abortion without having to be questioned or judged. It's important to have knowledge on why we have birth control and abortion in our country. Women would be more appreciative being able to use birth control and abortion knowing the background. Birth control and abortion play a huge role in our history for women. Everyone should be aware of the importance that birth control and abortion have in our society. Although birth control and abortion are heavily debated, they should not be contentious.
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Birth Control and the Taboo Surrounding Contraception
Abstract
This paper explores the intricacies of birth control and the taboo surrounding contraception by providing thorough explanations of this commonly misunderstood topic. With nonbiased irrefutable facts it makes it nearly impossible to ignore what many try so hard to . Within this paper there will be an outlined history of the development of birth controls, and how contraception has gotten to the place that it is today. While birth control should be handled on a scientific basis, the United States, however, has made it a political dilemma. {NOT DONE, NEED TO SUMMERIZE WHAT YOUR ABOUT TO TALK ABOUT, also can include some hard facts}
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Education on the topic of birth control is critical, because ignorance creates taboo, which in turn adds fire to the flame. Because the average age for a male to lose their virginity is 16.9, and 17.2 for women, it is important to educate youth with the tools they need to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Without the knowledge of how to fight unwanted pregnancies, we lose accountability and power over our own situation. Teaching abstinence has served to be more subjective than it is practical, leaving sexually active people uniformed. Contraception is an issue that should be taught in school, because ignoring it only increases the chances of unprotected sex, in turn leading to unwanted and teen pregnancies. The ethical dilemma of birth control is a constantly debated topic, in which men should take more responsible in the matter of contraception. Through today's society we are taught that women are the one who should be held responsible for the prevention of pregnancies. There is a lot of responsibility when it comes to children, which begs the question: are there other options to help hold men accountable? We are aware of the common intervention options that men have such as condoms, vasectomies, and the infamous ""pull out"" method. But there are currently three encouraging new methods of male contraception which will help men gain more control in the birth control community. So far, a gel, pill, and a nonsurgical vasectomy are the most recent studies being tested today for men. The idea is to create a hormone that suppresses the male's sperm count. It is designed to work similarly to the female gel birth control. With this revolutionary proposal, however, comes obstacles. Overcoming the male biology, rigorous side effects, and women being the primary focus due to the intricacy of pregnancy and child birth are just a few of the issues preventing male birth control from taking off.
A prevalent and opinionated topic that tends to get ignored in America would be contraception, or what is more commonly known as birth control. There seems to be a widespread ignorance and obliviousness when it comes to this topic. There is a certain societal taboo about the topic that doesn't allow women and men to openly discuss the topics, nor politicians to rightfully represent female rights on the issue. Birth control is a preventative measure that helps in controlling fertility and avoiding unwanted pregnancies. The idea of birth control is to avoid the feasible egg and sperm cells from joining together to form a fertilized embryo. Not only does hormonal birth control become a viable preventative measure for women who wish to prevent unplanned pregnancies, but it also serves many other purposes that aid other female reproductive issues. Through the media and other extrinsic sources, it seems as though ignorance on the topic of birth control has become a popular taboo topic that people tend to be extremely opinionated of which they do not fully understand. We allow the beliefs and prejudices of others to become our own, without reason or question, which inevitable negatively effects society and those directly and indirectly involved; therefore education, history, and acknowledgement are the only solutions to the stigma that surrounds contraception.
Over the course of centuries what we now know today as modern birth control has evolved tremendously over generations. Around 3000 B.C condoms consisted of materials such as linen sheaths, fish bladders, and animal intestines. It later evolved around 1500 to introduce the first spermicides, which were made of materials such as chemically soaked cloth sheets that would dry before use. 1873 marked a monumental moment in history which introduced the Comstock Act, which made the distribution of birth control through the mail across the US a federal offense. This act was passed by the US prohibition information, advertisement, and the distribution of both controls. The first birth control clinic in America was opened in 1916 by Margaret Sanger. She would later be sentenced to 30 days in jail with allegations of maintaining a public nuisance (cite) the following year. This did not stop the work she had started because after her release she continued with her work. With the help of Sanger, the federal ban of birth control was removed in the year of 1938. Womb veils, or diaphragms, became prevalent means of birth control.
In 1950, while in her 80s, Sanger underwrote the research necessary to create the first human birth control pill. She raised $150,000 for the project. The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved in 1960, by the US Food and Drug Administration. The next step in moving forward, was in 1960 concerning birth control and married couples. In a court case Griswold v. Connecticut, gave married couples the right to use birth control. According to the Constitution, the right to use birth control is an individual's right to privacy. But even with this ruling, 26 states still denied millions of unmarried women the right to birth control. The FDA took another step forward in 1968, by approving intrauterine devices (IUD). The earliest versions to hit the market were Lippe's Loop and Copper 7. A concern arose over the safety of oral contraceptives (the Pill). In 1970, Feminists took their argument to the Hill in various well-publicized Congressional hearings. The results were a change in the formulation of the pill, as well as the packaging. The current look of the pill insert is how that came about. Birth control became legal for everyone to utilize in 1972. A Supreme Court case, (Baird v. Eisenstadt), paved the way for this change and marital status was not a factor. For the first time, the IUD came under fire. In 1974, the sale of the Dalkon Shield IUD was suspended by the FDA. Seven documented deaths and a growing number of infections occurred among users. Due to the backlash and the escalating costs of lawsuits, most IUDs were slowly taken off the market, which also included IUDs that were not implicated. During the 1980s, a new copper IUD, ParaGard (1988) was release onto the market. Along with a new IUD, low dosage hormonal pills were introduced, and a new emergency contraception was introduced, known as the Yuzpe regimen. During the 1990s, many new products were developed for women wanting alternatives for birth control. The first contraceptive implant Norplant was developed in 1990. In 1992, DepoProvera, the first injectable method was developed. A female condom, FC1/Reality was released in 1992 and a dedicated emergency contraceptive, Plan B was released in 1999. The beginning of the 2000s, brought changes in method availability, as well as improvements in safety and effectiveness. The first was Mirena, a new levonorgestrel-releasing IUD. In 2001, a hormonal patch called Ortho Evra was introduced to the market. Also, in 2001, the Nuvaring, a vaginal ring was introduced. This was followed by Essure, a method of transcervical female sterilization, in 2002, a single-rod implant, called Implanon was introduced, and in 2006, an improved version of the female condom, FC2 was introduced in 2009. Along with the growth of the contraceptive market, there were changes. Norplant, the first implant was taken off the market in 2002. Even though the market was running strong with the products available, pharmaceutical companies developed a new emergency contraceptive Pill in 2010 called Ella. In 2013, Skyla, a new levonorgestrel-releasing IUD was introduced. Also, in 2013, Plan B One-Step becomes available without a prescription. This was after lengthy protracted regulatory and legal battles. Even though women now have many choices of birth control, research is still needed about methods that protect against STIs, as well as birth control for men. Plus, barriers still exist for some women in certain parts of the world trying to gain access to reliable contraceptives.
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References
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From - To.
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name
https://shriverreport.org/why-are-50-percent-of-pregnancies-in-the-us-unplanned-adrienne-d-bonham/
https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book-excerpts/health-article/a-brief-history-of-birth-control/
https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/male-birth-control-on-the-horizon-a-mans-view/
https://www.teenvogue.com/story/teens-losing-virginity-age
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/for-educators/what-sex-education
https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control-benefits#less-pain
https://www.birthcontrol.com/options/male-birth-control-shot/
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Prohibition of Alcohol
Islam resolved the problem of alcohol and toxic in a very good manner. Information about alcohol prevention in Islam is to be obtained only by the word of Allah in the Quran (Holy Book) and in the Hadith by the Messenger of Allah (SWT). Describe Alcohol and its effects in the Quran many times. Alcohol affects the brain and works unjustly and acts badly. It creates hatred between people, stops them from remembering God and pushes them to participate in illegal and indulge them in sexual activities. Alcohol makes a person bad, hatred and shameful. It leads to revealing secrets and exposure to mistakes. Before Islam, Arabs lived harsh lives and realized that wine was an essential way to deal with their problems. Among all the troubles that the Muslim people had before in Islam were: competition, insecurity, child abuse, abortion of girl child, treated women as slaves, children were deprived of love and all these factors forced people to drink.
Furthermore, prohibition of alcohol in Islam, because, Muslim has to pray five times in a day and has to remember God each and every time. Alcohol day by day stopping people to visit the Mosque and insist them not to follow Allah's rules and regulations. In Holly book mention several times, the person who drinks alcohol cannot pray for a month and he or she cannot touch the Quran or any other thing that has relation to Allah. For Muslims, when something is forbidden, it means that thing is harmful to everyone's health and dangerous for the community. Muslims should not encourage others to ingest any forbidden (haram) thing. Unless dealing with the alcohol trade is including in haram category. The Prophet Muhammad forbid all the works related to the alcohol industry, in which alcohol drink, serve and sell is strictly prevent the expansion of damage due to alcohol. When the Islam first introduced in Saudi Arabia the first thing the Islam did was to stop people drink alcohol. In this case, Allah (SWT) sent his many Prophets to guide Muslims and tell them the disadvantages and showed them the reality of Alcohol. According to the Islamic medical research, the effects of alcohol are a lot, the nervous system is the first part of the body that is seriously harm drinking alcohol.
Heavy drinks can cause nerve damage, in which a person feels anxiety, depression, frustration, unhappiness, muscle weaknesses, body allergies, and physical disabilities and so on. After, the nervous system alcohol directly damages the liver and increase the death rate. For all these reasons, Allah (SWT) prohibited alcohol and addressed all the human beings doesn't matter who they are and which religion they belong from should not use Alcohol because it's not only damaging our health it's also destroying our calm houses and beautiful lives. In last, The Prohibition of alcohol in Islam to prevent all Muslims and pushing them towards the religion. Quran (holy book) is the best way to spread something among the Muslims. Prophets showed them the reality of alcohol. Banned on alcohol was and now Because Muslim has to pray five times in a day and has to remember Allah and his guidelines. Many research foundations explained the disadvantages of Alcohol briefly like damage our nervous system and also effect on our liver. According to Allah (SWT), Alcohol is not only damaging our health it is the poisonous insect that slowly destroys our houses and lives.
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Prohibition and the Influence on American Society
Introduction
Prohibition started with the ratification of the 18th Amendment in 1919 and went into effect a year later. However, according to Richard Hamm, this negative outlook on alcohol was heavily influenced by the actions of reformers from years prior. Many religious and women's rights organizations pushed the idea that alcohol led to abusive and destructive behavior. These groups had been, for a long time, trying to prevent alcoholism; eventually, this progressed to an attempt to end the consumption of alcohol entirely. Ramping up into prohibition, we were introduced to the Anti-Saloon League and the Prohibitionist Party, which is an organization that still exists to this day. They were groups that strongly advocated against the existence of alcohol, using religion and ethics to advertise and support their cause, according to the article Anti-Saloon League of America. Although some people believed in their cause, it was also forced into society by corrupting the politicians. They were pushing the government to pass the 18th amendment. Some were convinced that if alcohol was removed from society, then any crimes associated with alcohol or brought on by its effects would disappear.
Body
When the 18th amendment was finally passed, the law did not stop people from drinking, but changed the legality of how alcohol was consumed and transported, according to the article Prohibition and Crime. By banning the creation, transportation, and sale of alcohol, an alarming loophole was provided in the law. Although it was illegal to buy alcohol, it was not technically illegal to drink it. Only about ?…“ of alcohol consumers in the US population actually abstained from drinking after Prohibition came into effect, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. Since there were no longer any legal ways to acquire alcohol, this encouraged organized crime to get illegally involved with the production and sale of alcohol to profit and help feed the huge demand. At first, the law did what it was intended to do as people were temporarily too scared to get involved. However, the effects quickly reversed and crime and death rates started to rise tremendously, as well as prison populations. Prohibition was very hard to enforce because so many people from different backgrounds disagreed with it. Many turned against the law and found illegal ways to acquire alcohol. It turned out to also be quite poor for the US economically, as many jobs were lost.
All Americans working in saloons, breweries, and distilleries were left with no work, hurting them and their families. Not only were Americans losing jobs, but the Federal Government lost about $11 billion dollars in tax revenue throughout the entirety of Prohibition, according to David Kyvig. Police spending was increasing exponentially, and the government was no longer receiving any profit from the copious amounts of alcohol circulating around the country. Homebrewing started to grow in popularity, and bootleggers would smuggle and sell alcohol to those requesting it. Crime leaders, most notably including Al Capone and Johnny Torrio, thrived during the Prohibition period, as alcohol provided a perfect industry for felonies. Prohibition was said to offer a graduate course for training in the crime industry, from the article Prohibition, a gangsters paradise. According to Hilary Parkinson, these mobsters involved with bootlegging would run underground establishments or provide them with their liquor. Illegal alcohol was transported through complex waterway systems and was able to avoid detection this way. The creation of speakeasies also occurred during this time, born from this new American lifestyle.
Speakeasies provided a refuge where people could come together to mingle and drink, bonding over their shared distaste for Prohibition. This communal scene turned out to be highly diverse. Women began to show up and drink socially as well, which used to be typically only a hobby for men. This community included people from all different backgrounds, including class and race, who found a common ground through speakeasies, since this ban on alcohol affected everyone. Speakeasies also led to the popularity of jazz music in America. According to Robert Cottrell, these speakeasies doubled as jazz clubs, giving a place for performers to showcase their talent. The underground scene allowed musicians to avoid discrimination for their race. Famous bands, led by musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, were regularly contracted. Conclusion As the decade went on, there was eventually no more support for prohibition, because of the negative effects it had caused.
The unsuccessful amendment had turned common citizens into criminals as they were persuaded into breaking the law, while drinking slowly become more socially acceptable. Also, the law enforcement had been split into two sides - the ones who followed the rules and found the regulations nearly impossible to implement, and the ones who had given into bribes offered by mobsters. While Franklin D. Roosevelt was president at the end of 1933, the 21st Amendment was passed repealing the 18th Amendment and allowed states to create specific laws deciding on the legality of alcohol use and sale. Most states allowed the handling of alcohol to become legal once again. Although prohibition did not end up working out for America's government, causing more harm than good, it left lasting effects on our culture and society. These enduring results included influential jazz music, speakeasies and bars for socializing, and a new gangster culture.
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Alabama Juvenile Justice
The American juvenile justice system was founded on and guided by the principles of reform and rehabilitation; over 100 years ago, the first juvenile court in the United States was created to improve a criminal justice system which, at the time, did not have a way of helping wayward youth. However, before a string of juvenile delinquency cases in the 1960s, in particular the 1967 In re Gault case, children did not share the same legal rights or due process as adults and were often placed in adult prisons. In re Gault shaped the framework of the juvenile justice system by establishing the same rights as adults for juveniles (State Profiles: Alabama). The juvenile justice system as we know it today is very different from the adult system. The goal for the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation, while the goal for the criminal justice system is punishment. In the state of Alabama, many policies currently in place within the juvenile justice system often negatively impact the youth that system is meant to help reform. Overuse of the correctional system and misuse of funds and resources are issues that the state juvenile justice system faces. Placing one juvenile delinquent in a detention facility or out-of-home placement can cost the state up to $160,000 (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency); in 2015, 849 youths were being held in detention centers (State-by-State Data). That's approximately $135,840,000 for that year alone. In Alabama, despite juvenile complaints declining, the number of detained youths has increased by 6 percent since 2012. It was also found that low-level misdemeanors, such as shoplifting or truancy, were frequently given the most severe responses (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). Though some progress is being made, the Alabama juvenile justice system has a number of inefficient and ineffective policies which can have a harmful effect on the juveniles within it.
In the 19th century, the United States of America began to establish the juvenile justice system as we know it. In Alabama, the same year as In re Gault, Alabama Governor Wallace created a youth committee with the goal of preventing juvenile delinquency, which was eventually followed up by the addition of the Alabama Department of Youth Services, or DYS. This banned non-licensed facilities in state and allowed the construction of state-regulated and licensed facilities. In 1974, Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act which separated juveniles from adults and banned the institutionalization of youth for offenses that would not be crimes if they were adults (Barnes). Alabama then enacted the Alabama Juvenile Justice Act in 1975, to aid the goal of rehabilitation, protection and care of youth within the court while also maintaining the safety and protection of the public (US, Alabama Admin. Office of Courts). This bill has gone through a number of reforms, notably in 2003, 2008 and, most recently, in 2018.
The Alabama juvenile justice system is a work in progress. As it currently stands, resources are not being used efficiently and certain policies are not only ineffective but harmful to the youths they are meant to help. In December of 2017, the Alabama Juvenile Justice Task Force was put together to review the state juvenile justice system. According to the Alabama Juvenile Justice Task Force Final Report, their findings discovered that juvenile complaints have shrunk but not out-of-home placement, most of the youths in the system are low-level youths, the length of supervision on probation has doubled regardless of offense, and there is a lack of resources to meet the needs of kids in several areas. The report states that Alabama has seen an increase in the usage of out-of-home placement, or removing youths from their homes and putting them in the DYS-funded facilities. The number of juvenile complaints has gone down 27 percent since 2012, but detained youth has increased by 6 percent. Studies reviewed by the Task Force found that out-of-home placements increase the likelihood of recidivism, and overall do not improve results for the youths in the system. Racial disparities were also found while examining the increase in detention, which are maintained when compared to complaints and out-of-home placements for juveniles who committed misdemeanors. As stated in the Final Report, A larger share of black youth are placed in detention, out-of-home diversion, and DYS custody than their share of the overall youth population[they] also receive a disproportionately high share of dispositions to DYS custody when compared to their share of initial complaints. The juvenile courts of Alabama have the authority to place any juvenile out of home for virtually any offense; nearly 2/3 of detained juveniles were committed for non-felonies and technical violations (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). The most severe punishments and system responses are dealt to youths who committed low-level crimes and misdemeanors. Research has shown that the majority of youth are not on the path to become adult criminals, and that they can behaviorally improve with the proper support and care (AL Juvenile Justice Task Force Report Is Progress). The high detention and incarceration rates in Alabama lead to a higher risk of future delinquent behavior without rehabilitation; placing non-violent juveniles with violent juvenile offenders like this increases the chances of recidivism and committing a violent crime later on in life (Bonds). The Final Report revealed that the largest amount of juvenile complaints was found to be truancy, and the majority of the cases in the system are misdemeanor offenses. In 2016, 71 percent of these complaints were low-level misdemeanors. Interestingly, as stated in the report, the amount of truancy complaints has nearly doubled over the last ten years to more than 30 percent, despite ALSDE data showing that the truancy rate has not increased. Many in the juvenile justice system in Alabama are low-level offenders whose offenses include actions such as theft, truancy or getting into fights at school.
The length of probation supervision in Alabama has increased by more than double the median length since 2009. Despite research indicating that the odds of revocation and additional involvement with the juvenile justice system are higher with longer supervision terms, the median length of probation dispositions rose for all types, including an increase of 111% for misdemeanants (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). Strict probation conditions see a relatively high number of juveniles who remain under probation supervision for a long time due to minor violations for things such as fines and court fees. According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 24.3 percent of Alabama's juvenile population in 2016 were living in poverty (Juvenile Justice State Profile). As stated in the Task Force's Final Report, in Alabama court fines and fees are becoming more common, which can lead to higher risk of recommitting offenses in the future, further time in the justice system, and aggravate racial disparities. This is particularly true for juveniles from poor families. This is incompatible with the juvenile justice system's goal of rehabilitation, and when these children cannot pay their financial obligations, their probation can be lengthened, or they can be placed in a detention facility (AL Juvenile Justice Task Force Report Is Progress). On average, the collection rates of these fees are low”5 percent of court costs and 15 percent of restitution”yet more than three quarters of Juvenile Probation Officers, or JPOs, reported that these financial obligations had to be payed before the juveniles could be discharged from probation. Technical violations are also a big factor in the lengthening of probation times; one juvenile in an out-of-home diversion program reported that she was meant to get off her probation earlier, but she was sent home for wearing inappropriate clothing, and her JPO gave her three more months (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). The Final Report reveals that Alabama does not have statewide standards for both the conditions and length of probation supervision nor does it have a statutory limit or statewide guidance on the amount of financial obligations by the court, aside from a 250$ limit for disposition fines.
In many places within Alabama, particularly rural areas, resources are being used inefficiently or are unavailable to judges JPOs and district attorneys which can aid the process of rehabilitating and reforming juveniles as well as the juvenile justice system. Despite Alabama's high usage of out-of-placement programs, studies have found that community-based programs modeled to diminish recidivism create better outcomes in terms of public safety and care for juveniles (Lowenkamp). In the Final Report, two thirds of JPO respondents reported that there were not enough resources to meet the needs of the juveniles under their care. Youth within the Alabama juvenile justice system also voiced the need for effective in-home interventions, such as family therapy. High quality community-based services for probational juveniles are chiefly unavailable in Alabama, and those that are available are not required to be modeled to lower the rate of reoffences nor are they monitored for quality, the Task Force reported on their Final Report. On top of the lack of programs, obstacles for juveniles receiving community-based services include extensive wait lists, transportation blocks, and high costs for families. A significant amount of state and county spending in Alabama is used for out-of-home placement programs which are proven to fail to reduce the number of reoffences. In fact, they cost up to 91 times more than probation. Exacerbating this is the fact that Alabama's juvenile justice system does not have oversight nor culpability; the state does not keep track of recidivism in either the juvenile justice system nor the criminal justice system. Thus there is little accountability for the state resources that go into out-of-home programs and little to ensure system oversight and improved outcomes (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). In conclusion, resources are not being monitored or used efficiently, and thus are not giving the juveniles within the system the proper care they require.
Fortunately, there are reforms being supported in the Alabama government, though they are still limited and mostly have yet to be enacted. The Alabama Juvenile Justice Task Force came up with a series of recommendations which, if passed, could address a number of issues their investigation discovered, and this year a Juvenile Justice Bill was passed by lawmakers. The Task Force has recommended the expansion of effective pre-court responses to prevent deeper juvenile justice system involvement and catch lower-level juveniles early, and to focus the costly use of detention or out-of-home placements on higher risk juveniles. The Task Force also recommended the limitation of restitution to material loss and to remove court costs for low-level youth. It also recommended increased training as well as the development of an improved system of accountability (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). The bill proposed in March is aimed at keeping low-level juveniles out of detention facilities and at home by limiting the number of offenses that puts juveniles into DYS custody, as well as reduce the time in detention that probation violations cause (Chandler). While these are substantial and necessary steps being taken, the state of Alabama's juvenile justice system still has a number of areas to address. The main goal of the juvenile justice system, nationwide, is the rehabilitation of the children within it. Alabama is one of few states that have a direct file statute which puts juveniles into adult courts by the choice of a prosecutor and not judicial oversight. There is also the transfer statute, which allows juveniles from 14 to 17 years old to be transferred to the adult courts (AL Juvenile Justice Task Force Report Is Progress). Once a youth is tried in the adult courts, Alabama law states that the juvenile court's jurisdiction over that youth's future delinquent or criminal acts is finished and the youth will henceforth always be tried as an adult regardless of age (State Profiles: Alabama). These laws conflict with the stated goal of reformation that is the foundation of the juvenile justice system. Children are not as physically, socially and mentally developed as adults, and having a system that detains kids with adult offenders is destructive to the youth and increases their chances of committing more crimes later in life. As stated by the Southern Poverty Law Center in an article titled, Alabama Juvenile Justice Task Force is Progress, but More Needed, Children's safety is endangered, their behavior worsens from exposure to the adult system, and they receive none of the educational or rehabilitative services they need to become productive citizens upon release. Alabama is beginning to see reformation of its juvenile justice system but there is still a ways to go.*
Concurring with the juvenile justice system's aim of rehabilitation, I believe a trauma-informed care model for community programs is a necessity. Juveniles in the juvenile justice system are increasingly likely to have mental health issues as opposed to those in the general population (Hoeve). Dr. Julian Ford, a clinical psychologist and professor of psychiatry and law at the University of Connecticut, states as much as two thirds of teenagers have experienced some type of trauma, but that number increases to nearly 100 percent for teenagers living in conditions of violence, poverty, neglect, racism or discrimination based on gender, gender identity or disability. In the juvenile justice system, juveniles have frequently experienced polyvictimization, being victimized multiple times, as well as other childhood stressors such as familial separation or dysfunction. Up to 65-75 percent of youths within the system require care to recover from PTSD as well as a range of related issues which include eating disorders, exploitation, substance abuse, sexual abuse, dissociative, anxiety, etc. There is evidence that mental health issues could increase the likelihood of reoffences, and that substance abuse, behavioral issues, anxiety and stress are linked with recidivism (Hoeve). As opposed to practices which label and treat traumatized juveniles as irredeemable or mentally deformed, a trauma-informed care model provides evidence-based treatment designed to aid the healing process and help juveniles overcome traumatic stress reactions (Ford). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network outlined 8 essential element of a trauma-informed juvenile justice system, which includes trauma informed policies and procedures, identification/screening of youth who have been traumatized, clinical assessment and intervention for traumatized youth, trauma-informed programming, education of staff and resources, prevention and management of secondary traumatic stress, partnering with youth and families, trauma-informed cross system collaboration and trauma-informed approaches to address disparities and diversity (Essential Elements). The benefits of creating a trauma-informed juvenile justice system not only include potentially substantial long-term economic and social cost savings, but also help juveniles and families better understand trauma and its impact, as well as strengthen the safety net for children who have been traumatized through creating a basis for partnerships between systems which serve and protect children, not just the juvenile justice system but also education and child welfare systems (Trauma Among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System). A trauma-informed model educates people on the effects of trauma and paves the way for juveniles to recover and become functioning and successful citizens, thus bettering the public's safety and welfare.
The Alabama juvenile justice system is a system with a number of pitfalls in the form of inefficient and harmful policies and procedures. Out-of-home placements have increased, despite research which contests the idea that this is an effective approach. The majority of juveniles within the system have committed low-level offenses which are receiving severe punishments, though this only increases their chances of recidivism and prolongs their involvement in the system. The lengths of probational supervision have increased dramatically regardless of offense, and mainly due to technical violations and financial obligations that cannot be met. There is also a lack of resources and services to properly address the needs of juveniles within the system, and funding is flowing to ineffective out-of-home placement programs. The Juvenile Justice Task Force has given a set of recommendations which could help change these issues, and a bill has recently been voted in that could decrease probational supervision and the number of low-level offenders in detention. However, these are just the beginning stages of a reformation of the Alabama juvenile justice system, and I believe a trauma-informed care model is a necessary implementation to achieve the juvenile justice system's goal of rehabilitation.
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Alabama Juvenile Justice. (2019, Jul 24).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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Making Bombs for Hitler
A thrilling, heart racing story, Making Bombs for Hitler is a World War II novel that will keep you reading until the end. It focuses on a girl named Lida who is taken from the Soviet Union to work for the Nazis. She needs to stay with her sister, Larissa, but when she can't join her, she promises to find her after the war is over. With that in mind, she must embrace the tough pain of having to be in a Nazi concentration camp, where she is then moved to a factory to Make Bombs for Hitler.
Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch's novel Making Bombs for Hitler is a good book because it is a great and suspenseful What will happen next? kind of book that will leave you wanting answers. Almost everything is answered sooner or later, but there are some things that remain mysterious, like what happened to the younger kids who were taken away?
The suspense isn't all, because where would the great confusion go? Being FORCED to work for the Nazis as a prisoner will get you hated by the Soviets? The confusion is raised when she is told not to go back to the Soviet Union, because she was forced to work for the Nazis as a prisoner, so the Soviets will kill her because she worked for the Nazis?
The fact that she was put into child labor, and then moved into a mountain house may be a great and sorrowful tale, but at least it got better with friends! The novel Making Bombs for Hitler isn't just circling around just Lida, it also mentions the wellbeing of other kids that were taken,such as Luka, or Zenia. Though there are troubling times for them all, they can get through it together with a little kindness and a lot of friendship!
Making Bombs for Hitler is a good recommendation for a person who likes World War II fictional novels. Making Bombs for Hitler also has another sister novel, taking the life of Larissa, Lida's sister, called Stolen Child. The author, Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch, put enough detail in, you could pretty much make a movie in your head, a good one too! The novel is really just a great read for those who would like this kind of book!
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Making Bombs For Hitler. (2019, Jul 24).
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Adolf Hitler and Nuremberg Laws
After Hitler took over power in 1933, he created the Nuremberg laws. These were anti semitic laws. These laws restricted the rights of German Jews. After identifying who was Jewish, they prohibited marriage between Jews and others,and even banned sexual intercourse between Jews and non-Jews. Following the Nuremberg Laws on 1935, Nazi laws were issued to where the Jews were stripped completely to their rights as human beings.One of the houses burning.
Watching some of the survivor testimonies and trying to picture what they're explaining is horrifying. When you're reading all of it on a website it's one thing, but to imagine it and to put an image in your head is something else entirely. Researching information about selection was very difficult for me. Knowing that some children were put right into the death line pretty much was very hard to hear.
Knowing that these Germans, these animals, could sit there and kill an innocent child above anything else is the most disgusting part. Needless to say, it's a shame that the world didn't get light of this situation till way after it was done and over with. The only thing we can go off of now is survivor testimonies and knowledge of the subject. War and killing is definitely a part of this world we come to know and love, to say that we should live in a world of peace is almost too asinine a thought. I hope nothing like the Holocaust ever happens again. Too many innocent lives fell victim to what essentially was a racist/prejudice issue.
No one knows for certain why Hitler hated the Jews, but it is a good guess to say World War One and his childhood made him the way he was during World War Two. Hitler will always be looked at as evil, mentally unstable, and racist but I think he could have turned out a great person if born under different circumstances. He had the qualities to be a general in the army or president of the United States! I am not saying Hitler was a great guy, but I think anyone could have turned out the way he did if we had to walk a mile in his shoes.
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Adolf Hitler and Nuremberg Laws. (2019, Jul 24).
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Adolf Hitler – Good Leader or Bad Leader?
Adolf Hitler was not a good person in any way but he was a amazing leader. In this essay you will see many ways how Hitler was a leader and how he was not a good person. Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria on April 20, 1889. He was the fourth of six children. Hitler was always going through an emotional roller coaster growing up. His father was harsh and cruel. Hitler wanted to be a fine arts major which his father did not approve of. Adolf Hitler applied to a fine arts college and was denied both times he applied.
In WWI he chose to apply to serve his country by apply to be an in the German Army. He was later accepted in August of 1914. He was allowed to join even though he lived in Austria. He spent most of his time away from the front line. (Irimia R. 2). Hitler was wounded at war and he returned to Munich. After being returned to Munich, Capital of Bavaria's, he worked as a officer for the Germans. He watched the DAP which are called the Nazi. He later started to work for the Nazi. (Irmia R. 3 & 4). Adolf Hitler made the sign for the Nazi. On the Nazi sign was the Swastika which was over a white circle with a red background. After giving speeches which the community loved he took place as the Nazi chairman.
Hitler and the SA which was his followers went into a meeting that was open to the public. When they went into this meeting Hitler was saying how it was time for a new government. Hitler was arrested after this meeting not so long after they went into the meeting. He was arrested for high treason and was sentenced to nine year in prison, also not to mention this new government led to deaths which led to him getting arrested.
Hitler rose to power after he got out of prison. He lost the elect to be president twice, he did not stop trying though. In August of 1934 the president died and Hitler was chosen to become president, which meant to he was head of all military branches and called all of the shots. In 1933 the Nazi's and Hitler started to exclude the Jews from society and put them into a ghetto. This ghetto was only for Jews. Hitler declared that everyone needs a to boycott Jewish businesses. Hitler didn't only target Jews they targeted homosexuals, and people who has disabilities.
Jews were forced to wear the Star of David visible which symbolizes they are jews. Homosexuals had to wear a pink triangle to show their sexuality. When they left for these camps they packed all of their belongings that held memories or a special item. Jews, homosexuals , and disabled people thought they were going to camps to work.
This was Hitler's final solution they took out two-thirds of the Jewish population. (Irimia R. 7) Adolf Hitler was able to convince and hide all of this from millions and millions of people. Which is an amazing proof of how he was an amazing leader. He was not a good person at all but he was a good leader.
Hitler hid 42,000 concentration camp and ghettos from the world. He was not caught till 1945. 12 years of all of this unbelievable horror. Even when they were at the camps most of them didn't know what was happening. Woman, young children, and older men and women headed off to the showers with was really gas chambers. Workers drug up there own graves then got killed. They were told they were gonna see their families again which for most never happened. 17 million people were at these camps and 6 million were killed.
Hitler was what you could call a sociopath. A sociopath is someone who lies, can't love, manipulative, lake of remorse, shame, or guilt. Terrible behavior, secretive, and they wanna rule the world. (Hitler ruled Germany). Sociopaths make acts that lead to possible jail/prison time.
Most people truly believe that Hitler was the one who started the hatred for the religion of Judaism. In fact the hatred for this religion along with homosexuals started since the Middle Ages. All of this was because of this idea of that Jews weren't really apart of the Germans and came from a different country. Hitler started hating Jews since a very young age which meant he could only start to hate them more and more. There was so many diseases that this poor people went through.
Adolf Hitler died in 1945 after the camps were found. Adolf Hitler died from suicide. He killed himself by taking cyanide pills and shoot himself in the head. Many people have theories he did it because he has terrible mental health, and he wanted to escape the sentence he had for killing millions upon millions of Jews.
In conclusion, Adolf Hitler was far from a good person but was a good leader. Adolf Hitler was a compulsive liar, he turned all of the Nazi's against Jews, homosexuals, and elderly people. He was able to hide a terrible part of our history for years without no knowledge. Who knows how long Adolf Hitler wouldn't been able to hide this if it wasn't for our United States military. Adolf Hitler was one of the most greatest leaders for his manipulation skills.
Works Cited
Hitler's Teeth Reveal Nazi Dictator's Cause of Death. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.history.com/news/hitler-death-cause-teeth-analysis
Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefort Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: E7720. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720. (n.d.). doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720
Retrieved from https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-camps
The Holocaust. (2018, December 16). Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust
Why did Hitler hate the Jews? (2018, December 02). Retrieved from https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/why-did-hitler-hate-jews/
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Adolf Hitler - Good Leader or Bad Leader?. (2019, Jul 24).
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A Problem of Gender Dysphoria
The purpose of Yildizhan et al.'s (2018) article was to examine transgender individuals who had gone through Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) and sex reassignment with those who had not yet gone through those procedures and compare their lifestyles, personal and social relationships, adjustments to society and quality of life. Previous research has gained some insight into the aftermath of a transgender persons full transition, but it has been hard as when a person fully transitions they tend to try and hide as much of their past as possible. Participants in this study consisted of 70 transgender men and women who were either just starting their transition or had already fully transitioned in terms of surgery and medication (estrogen and testosterone). The participants ranged from the ages 16 and up. 50 of the participants were new referrals (NR) meaning that they had yet not gone SRS and the other 20 were gender reassigned transsexuals (GRT) meaning they were individuals who had made the transition, made the necessary changes and had gone through the gender reassignment procedure of changing their sex in documents. Of the NR 60% (n=30) were transmen and 40% (n=20) were transwomen. Of the GRT group, 45% (n=9) were transmen and 55% (n=11) were transwomen.
The participants from each group were evaluated in an interview for about 90-120 minutes and then asked to fill out survey like forms. These forms assessed the patient's sociodemographic background, gender dysphoria, housing difficulties, physical violence and discrimination due to their gender, anxiety, and how well the patient's family functioned. The results of this study indicated that the biggest improvements were interpersonal relationships, acceptance by themselves and others, and better quality of life overall than those in the NR group. Although this study offers useful ness, it is not without limitations. For example, many of the people who fully transition move away and hide their past which makes it harder for studies like these to recruit. This means that there is underrepresentation and a possible bias in the study. Future studies should aim to define the area were participant come from as too know if it will be representative of the whole country. The purpose of Austin and Goodman's (2017) article was to understand and examine how internalized transphobia and social connectedness among transgender and gender non-conforming adults (TGNC) affected their self-esteem and well-being. Previous studies have demonstrated how internalized transphobia affects TGNC but this is the first study to specifically show how social connectedness affects the self-esteem.
Participants of this study included 65 TGNC adults from the age range of 18-73, with it not being ethnically diverse as 74% of the participants were non-Hispanic Whites. Although ethnicity wise it was not diverse, the gender identities were as they included bigender, genderfluid, man, man of trans experience, transgender, transman, transwoman, transsexual, two-spirit, and woman. These participants (n=65) were asked to fill out a paper-and-pencil survey which assessed the relationship between transphobia for one's self, social connectedness and how that affected self-esteem. The results of the study indicated that TGNC adults with internalized transphobia tend to have a lower self-esteem, while those who feel more socially connected to others have a higher self-esteem. In addition, it was found that social connectedness does go hand-in-hand with self-esteem but, it does not implicate the effects it has on internalized transphobia. Despite the usefulness of this study, there is some limitations to be aware of. One of the main limitations would be that the sample used in the study is limited as it not representative of TGNC people. The sample size was small (n=65), social connectedness with the TGNC community might have been different for each participant, and the majority was non-Hispanic White. Race and ethnicity play a huge factor as they make up a person's background and way they view things, and in this study it was scarce. Future studies should use not only a larger sample but a diverse one as well.
Incorporating diversity lets you have a better study. The purpose of DuBois et al.'s (2017) article was to examine stigma and diurnal cortisol levels among transgender men who were transitioning and receiving testosterone therapy. Participants included 65 healthy transgender men who were not taking medication for cardiovascular or immune related conditions. Medication was excluded as to eliminate the chances of the diurnal levels being a certain way because of medication. Participants ranged in age from 18 years or older, were assigned female at birth but identified with the male gender, and were undergoing testosterone therapy. Race and ethnicity was not mentioned in the study but it was mentioned that participants were from western Massachusetts, Boston and southern Vermont. Participants were then intensively interviewed, asked to provide health exams, saliva samples, testosterone therapy information, and stress evaluations pertaining to 3 major categories: transitioning-identity stress, coming out stress, and gender-specific public bathroom stress. The results of this study indicated that stress among transgender men who are transitioning amplify cortisol levels, with stigma having to play a role.
In addition, the saliva samples that were collected, consisted of samples from different times of the day, a majority of the samples indicated that stress levels and cortisol levels were higher during waking periods. These results are important because they show how stigma for the transgender community negatively affects the person transitioning. Although this study is useful, it does not come without limitations. For example, this study focuses on the stress transitioning transgender men experience while excluding transitioning transgender women. Apart from this, the sample size is too small as it only contains 65 participants. Future research should aim to include transitioning transgender women. The sample size could also be bigger as it did limit the amount of diversity. The purpose of Basar's (2016) article was to evaluate whether there was a relationship between the quality of life of a transgender individual experiencing gender dysphoria and the levels of discrimination and social support they receive.
Previous research has only focused on a transgender person's quality of life following their full transition. Participants included 94 individuals from the Hacettepe University Hospital in Turkey. Race and ethnicity were not established but it is inferred that participants were Turkish as the study recruited participants from a Turkish clinic. Age of the participants was not disclosed but it was said that the median age was 26 years including transgender men and transgender women. Participants were asked to fill out forms that assessed quality of life, transitioning experience, discrimination, and social support from friends and family. The results of this study indicated that discrimination affected a transgender person's quality of life including social. The more discrimination a transgender person with gender dysphoria experiences the more dysphoric and poorer they feel about themselves causing poor social relationships.
It was also found that hormone treatment such as testosterone and estrogen predicted a better quality of life rather than surgery such as genital re-assignment. Despite the usefulness of this study, it is not without limitations. For example, individuals who applied to be in the study were not given equal chances of being selected as there was some restrictions. Another limitation present was that sample size could have been larger. Furthermore, the study relied solely on one population and race which happened to be discriminatory towards the transgender community which could have affected the outcome of this study. Future studies should plan to incorporate many backgrounds as to see if the way transgender communities are seen affects someone's gender dysphoria, social support, and overall quality of life.
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A Problem Of Gender Dysphoria. (2019, Jul 24).
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Transgender Females in Women’s Sports
Since ancient times, sport competitions have been used to showcase men, their masculinity, strength, and physique. According to Doriane Lambelet Coleman's article Sex in Sport, men used to compete in various competitions naked to show off their bodies to, . . .pay homage to Zeus by showing him how they had trained their bodies to their physical peak. Not only did they want to pay homage to Zeus and show their skill, men also wanted to prove that they had, but Coleman says that . . . balance between body and mind (85) were critical. Women were excluded from these prestigious activities because they were considered to be unimportant and the lesser sex.
Today, women are very much a part of competitive sports. Yes, times have changed slowly, but the discrimination of women participating in sports has changed significantly. Sports now work to support and uplift women. To do this, however, sport organizations have separated male and female athletes by creating a women's only category. The reason for this is so women can confidently showcase their own abilities without having to compete against the advantage that men have over them. Men are biologically stronger than women because they produce more testosterone, an androgen that promotes muscle growth, strength, endurance, and power.
A study was done in 2004 to show the differences in muscle function in males versus females. The authors concluded that there are significant contrasts between male and female skeletal muscles in how fast they contract, their fiber content, and energy metabolism most likely due to the effects of testosterone versus estrogen in their makeup; male muscles work faster and can bring forth more power than the muscles of females (Glenmark, et al., 1125, 1127). In an article titled, The Transgender Athlete, Pablo S. Torre and David Epstein state that the Y chromosome introduced to the developing fetus after six weeks immediately causes the development of testicles, which begin producing large amounts of testosterone, the sex hormone responsible for the performance gap between male and female athletes. Testosterone gives men the competitive advantage of, . . .[more] height and weight, higher bone density, larger muscle mass, and a [larger amount of red blood cells, which can carry more oxygen], a definite advantage when a body is exerting itself (5). Therefore, if athletically trained women were to compete with athletically trained men, they would continuously lose and not get the true recognition they deserve. Thus, the need for a women's only category.
In sports today, the women's only category is being challenged by the new way society is embracing the idea of gender identity instead of biological sex classifications. This idea revolves around whether a person's gender is determined by how they feel and what they believe it is rather than the sex they were assigned at birth due to biology. A result of moving toward gender identity classification is that in the wider variety of gender categories, LGBTQ+, intersex and transgender females are participating in the women's only category of sports competition, which begs the question of whether they should be allowed to participate because of the known advantage that testosterone provides. This is the controversy and debate that is in the forefront of competitive sports today. Should they be able to participate? Should they not be able to participate? There are two sides to this argument and although in this present day, transgender females and intersex persons are allowed to participate in women only categories in the Olympics, it is not a settled argument with clear cut answers.
In 2009, the controversy of sex versus gender became front and center when a South African runner named Caster Semenya won the 800-meter race in the World Championships in Berlin. Because of her deep voice and muscular body, speculation began as to whether she was really a female. The International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) had Semenya undergo supervised sex testing to verify her biological sex; her result was that she has an intersex condition, which causes her body to produce as much as three times the amount of testosterone as an average female (Buzuvis, 55, 56). Intersex conditions are present in persons that have a DSD or disorder of sex development. Through no fault of their own, they simply can have the biological sex hormones and traits of both sexes; they are neither fully male, nor fully female (Coleman, 78). Should Semenya be able to compete as a woman? With the push for change in sex classification from biology to gender identity, Semenya can compete as a woman because that is what she identifies as. This would also hold true for transgender athletes, especially male to female. Torre and Epstein ask, What happens to the athletes whose physiology doesn't match their gender identity? Against whom do they compete (1)? If they feel that they are female, then they should be able to participate in all female activities and visa versa for females who identify as males. Gender, to them, is a state of mind, and not just a physical attribute.
The main argument that many sports organizations bring up is the fact that transgender females and intersex persons have higher testosterone levels than biological women. Due to this fact, transgender females and intersex persons can have an advantage over biological females; Coleman firmly states that, There is no scientific doubt that testosterone is the reason that men as a group perform better than women in sports (75). When a biological male has reached his developmental peak through puberty, he has gained the total benefits of testosterone. This leads to the conclusion that when a male wishes to transition to become a female, the advantage that they might have will be difficult to reverse because in the article, Transsexual and Transgender Policies in Sport Heather Sykes points out that males, ?have been under the influence of hormones under their former gender during their puberty' (7).
There has not been any scientific data published to confirm how long it takes for the advantages of testosterone exposure to dissipate (Torre, 6). To keep transgender women and intersex persons from competing with an advantage, the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) have created policies that require certain criteria. The LPGA had a rule that players had to be female at birth since the early 1990s. If a person's identity did not match their sex documentation, they were deemed ineligible to compete. Lana Lawless, a male to female transgender, had won the 2008 Women's Long Drive Tournament put on by the Long Drive Association (LDA) but was denied the right to play in the 2009 tournament because the LDA had adopted the policy of the LPGA. Lawless was disqualified for not fitting into the category of being female at birth (Robson, 1, 3). The NCAA followed the LPGA's rule similarly. However, it was not until the IOC changed their policy, that both the LPGA and NCAA changed their policies to what the IOC required. The IOC has changed their policy from not letting, specifically, female transgenders compete, to allowing them to compete only if they undergo sex reassignment surgery, or complete two years of hormonal suppression therapy as well as change their sex identification on legal documents (Buzuvis, 64).
What course took place to create this rule that the IOC has implemented? Several legislative acts and policy implementations paved the road. The first legislative act affecting the IOC's policy was Title IX. Title IX is a part of the Education Amendments Act of 1972. According to the NCAA's, Title IX Frequently Asked Questions, this amendment applies to, . . . educational institutions, both public and private, that receive federal funds ( Jackson, 1). Title IX applies to sport, specifically in the educational systems of high school and college because sport is considered to be a part of educational programs. Therefore, sport cannot discriminate against a person based on their sex identification, and sport must give equal opportunity to all athletic persons. It also broadened its policies to identify harassment based on gender characteristics to be in the same category as sex discrimination (Sykes, 5). Title IX has given transgender and intersex athletes more opportunities in high school and college sports.
Another legislative action that the IOC drew from to try and rectify the issue of transgender and intersex athletes, is the Gender Recognition Act. The Gender Recognition Act was passed in the United Kingdom. This Act stated that, according to Sykes, . . . transsexual people may be restricted or prohibited in competing in ?gender affected sports' where ?the physical strength, stamina, or physique of average persons of one gender would put them at a disadvantage to average persons of the other gender' (7). The Gender Recognition Act was not well received because it did not allow transgender and intersex athletes to compete with their same gender.
A final example of legislative action or policy that the IOC drew from is policy implemented by the Gay Games. Unlike other organizations, the Gay Games has had difficulties creating a policy that is inclusive to all genders. Their policy had similar requirements to the current IOC policy in that athletes were required to show proof of reassignment surgery, or undergo hormonal therapy. However, this was poorly received by athletes of the Gay Games, so they changed their policy to require athletes to show documentation of their legal sex change or that they were in the process of doing hormonal therapy. This policy is what influenced the IOC's most recent policy for transgender and intersex athletes.
The argument from the LGBTQ+ community to solve all of these issues is to simply get rid of biological sex classification and rules and regulations and, replace the word and idea of ?sex' with the word and idea of ?gender' , says Coleman (63). Gender identity is defined by Coleman as, an individual's internal sense of gender, which may be male, female, neither, or a combination of both male and female, and which may be different from an individual's sex assigned at birth (64). Advocates for identity over sex believe this will ensure that all people are included in whatever gender, career, relationship, sport, or way of life they choose. Transgender females want to compete in sports with their own gender because it is their chosen identity; they feel that not allowing them is to not validate who they are and is discrimination. Transgender women and their advocates know that their choice to fight against discriminatory policies that separate them from the sex that they identify with goes against traditional society's belief; their personhood is that of a woman despite their biological makeup. The entire point is to replace sex with identity so that classifying by just physical attributes will end (Coleman, 105, 106).
The second argument made for allowing intersex and transgender females to compete in women only sport categories is that the performance gap between biological females and intersex and transgender females would be smaller than the ten to twelve percent gap between biological males and females. It is also claimed that the populations of intersex persons and transgender males and females are not as huge as the populations of biological males and females, and therefore, would not have a significant impact in the arena of elite sports competitions (Coleman, 106).
Of course, those that advocate for keeping a women's only category for biological women, see the performance gap as still a performance gap even if it is as low as two percent (Coleman, 109). Even a transgender female having gone through hormone suppression therapy or sex reassignment surgery and getting her testosterone levels down to the lowest male standard, still has more than that of a biological female; you cannot eliminate all of the advantages that come with a male body producing testosterone (Coleman, 105). In regard to the size of the transgender and intersex populations, it is known that they are small in size in comparison to biologically female and male populations, but due to the changing climate of acceptance and empowerment for these groups, one could see their populations growing and increasing in participation in sports. If intersex and transgender persons could participate in whichever sport category they wanted without any conditions or controversy, bias, or prejudice, they may become the focus of the scouts and actively recruited for their prowess; Thus, the reported 3 to 8 incidence of males with very rare DSDs in the women's 800 meters final at the Rio Olympics was not a coincidence, nor was the fact that these athletes took all three spots on the podium (Coleman, 107).
Although, advocates for transgender and intersex athletes believe that the performance gap is not big enough, why is it that male transgenders (female to male) do not have as big of a problem as female transgenders playing sports? When a female transgender or intersex person wishes to compete with women, they are immediately met with obstacles. However, when male transgenders want to compete with their gender, they are allowed. The reason for this is because of the greater performance gap between biological men and transgender males. A female that has transitioned to being a male will never have levels of testosterone equal to a biological man. This is why transgender males choose to still compete in women's categories, and if they do, no one complains because male biology versus female is not an issue here. This discrepancy clearly shows that testosterone versus estrogen is a big deal.
Changing sex classification from biology to gender identity may bring about benefits for the identity movement, but it may wipe away a hundred years of anti-discrimination progress for biological females in competitive sports. The women only category was put into place to lift women up and give them a chance to be featured in an elite status, gain the chance to shine, have equal opportunities, and become role models for younger girls aspiring to do something great. That may all be changing with the push to exclude biology in gender classification allowing anyone to participate in the gender sport of choice pushing biological females back to fighting against the odds of advantage for a piece of the pie. Whether you agree that biological classification should be replaced with gender identity, or not, leaving the women only category in competitive sports untouched seems to be a reasonable compromise. This debate doesn't seem to have a clear answer so, competitive female sports will continue to see more intersex and transgender persons step forward to participate, and the debate will go on, and must go on until an equitable solution can be found for all.
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Science of Transgender Identity
Sixty-seven years ago, Christine Jorgenson, one of the first documented transgender individuals in the world at the time, began gender reassignment surgery. One might have predicted this extraordinary event to facilitate a process of societal acceptance and validation for future transgenders living in the United States over the next half century. Instead, the ensuing decades have been marked by political tension, social isolation, and marginalization that still affect the 1.4 million transgender identities that exist in the United States today. Additionally, the intersection of science and politics has emerged as a propaganda-driven tool, utilized by both major political parties in determining the legitimacy of gender in the United States.
Society now more than ever needs to establish standards to differentiate real science from pseudoscience in order to reveal the truth behind the scientific nature of transgender identity. In an examination of the historical context that has led to transgender politics today, an analysis of political pseudoscience is evaluated, revealing biases that are challenged by nonpartisan research, unconvering the truth behind the legitimacy of transgender identity in the United States. 1 The current climate of the United States drives varying interpretations of what it means to be transgender. Julia Serano, a feminist scholar, author, and biologist, offers a cultured view of transgender terminology through her professional experience. In an analysis of transgenderism, she defines transgender individuals as people who transgress gender norms or defy traditional gender categories in some way (Serano 2018). Further confusing the dynamics of the U.S. political landscape, the meaning of identity has become complicated in its definition, spurring a debate of identity politics.
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines identity as the distinguishing character or personality of an individual. The broad, vague, and inconclusive nature of this definition has unleashed a surge of quarreling translations regarding identity, particularly relating to transgenders, embodied by historical and political context throughout American society. Historical Context Ex-GI becomes blonde beauty read a headline plastered across the front page of The New York Daily News in 1952. On this day, George Jorgenson metamorphosed to Christine Jorgenson, challenging both gender boundaries and the norms of society. As a national conversation sparked regarding unique identities, Americans were forced to ponder the question, what is identity, and how this new perception of identity fit into existing gender roles. A timeline of transgender history began with this milestone, both outlined and shaped by the perpetuity of teetering American politics. 2 In 1987, The American Psychiatric Association formally classified gender identity disorder to be associated with those who identify as transgender. The influence of this decision propelled transgender attitudes into a negative light, forcing transgender individuals into further isolation and discrimination by opposing groups.
The United States became a dangerous climate for transgender individuals, as exemplified in 1993 by Brian Teena, a 21-year-old transgender man who was beaten and murdered in Nebraska. His story was told in the 1999 film Boys Don't Cry, gaining widespread empathy and support among the public for the transgender community and the dangers that threaten them. Marches and protests followed in the years to come in hopes of expanding the rights and protections of transgender individuals. Political strides were made in 2012 as transgender rights expanded through Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, prohibiting discrimination based on sex, therefore protecting the transgender employee. The American Psychiatric Association demonstrated social progress relating to the perception of the transgender community in 2013 as its manual replaced the term gender identity disorder with gender dysphoria. Even further, a plan to reverse the prohibition of transgender individuals in the military was announced in 2015 by the Pentagon. A social uproar and debate sparked in 2015 regarding bathrooms after the Houston Equal Rights Ordinance (HERO) was passed, eliminating discrimination against minority groups relating to gender identity in public accommodations. Opponents of the act pushed for a referendum, skewing public opinion by speculating that HERO's protection of transgender individuals would create danger in public bathrooms.
Conservative sources highlighted the potential for men to disguise themselves as women and assault women in public restrooms, which was soon implemented in a law by Republican governor Pat McCrory that banned all 3 non-discrimination ordinances in North Carolina soon after. Many celebrities and politicians took to social media in voicing their opinion on this debate, driving a sharp divide in public opinion regarding transgender rights in the United States. The result was a politicization of transgender rights with each major party taking a separate side, a driving force that has caused transgender rights to become a bipartisan issue today. In President Obama's 2015 State of the Union Address, he advocated, That is why we defend free speech and advocate for people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender ( Understanding Transgender Access Laws 2017). Obama's reference to transgender people in his speech was a presidential first for State of The Union Addresses. Obama's support for transgender rights further politicized the topic, rallying support among a large share of the Democratic party and driving opposition from the Republican party. Transgender Politics Today Today, transgender rights have become a bipartisan issue. According to Pew Research Center, there are substantial partisan gaps in views on transgender issues in America, with 80% of Republicans believing that gender is decided at birth, while 64% of Democrats believing that an individual's gender can differ from the sex that they were assigned at birth (Brown 2017).
As the topic of transgender rights becomes more and more politicized, this divide in opinion further dismisses transgender rights as a human rights issue and instead shifts the fate of transgender rights to the agenda of the most powerful political party. The Trump Administration has taken a hard stance on the issue, which could arguably be part of the blame for the growing divide between Democrats and Republicans regarding 4 transgender rights. The Department of Health and Human Services has led an effort to legally redefine gender and sex within Title IX, a federal law that prohibits gender discrimination in education programs that receive government financial assistance. The proposal, backed by president Trump, is to define gender as a biological condition determined by genitalia at birth, which would eliminate federal recognition of those who identify as transgender. Roughly 1.4 million Americans who recognize themselves as a different gender than they were assigned at birth would be affected by this new definition of sex ( Chappell 2016) . The identities of those affected would be erased, forcing them to be defined by a gender that they do not feel comfortable with as their own.
In response, over 1,600 scientists have condemned the science utilized in the proposal, labeling the tactics as pseudoscience. A joint statement with their signatures expressed that the proposal "is in no way 'grounded in science' as the administration claims...the relationship between sex chromosomes, genitalia, and gender identity is complex, and not fully understood ( Over 1,600 Scientists Condemn Trump Transgender Proposal 2018). Further complicating the matter, about 1 in 1,500 to 1 in 2,000 newborns have genitals that are not easily categorized as male or female at birth ( How Common Is Intersex? 2008). The unanswered questions that this proposal poses has created an immediate need for unbiased, nonpartisan research to propel legislative decisions, in addition to debunking pseudoscience that threatens fair policy. Furthering the president's agenda, The Trump administration is pushing to ban transgender individuals from the United States Military. The proposed policy overturns an Obama-era decision and prevents those with gender dysphoria from serving in the military unless they serve with the sex that they were assigned at birth.
Jennifer Levi, transgender rights project 5 director for GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders, explains that being able to serve in the military is about citizenship, it's about who counts (Lopez 2017). Excluding transgender individuals from the military sends a message to the American public that transgender people are not respected members of civic life in this country, a blatant propaganda-driven attempt to control the political landscape. Homonationalism is a questionable ideology that plays a part in transgender politics today. Jasbir Puar first introduced the term in her book Terrorist Assemblages, defining homonationalism as the dual movement in which certain homosexual constituencies have embraced U.S. nationalist agendas and in turn have also been embraced by these same nationalist agendas (Puar 2017).
Those who embrace homonationalism believe that particular cultures are inherently homophobic and in turn, leverage their place in the LGBTQ community to justify racist or xenophobic policies. President Trump utilized homonationalism to further his conservative agenda in the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign by antagonizing Muslim culture, stating, I will do everything in my power to protect our LGBTQ citizens from the violence and oppression of the hateful, foreign ideology, believe me (Villarreall 2017). As demonstrated through President Trump's proposal to annul transgender identity, homonationalism is an ideology commonly used by those who benefit from its effects; such as politicians furthering political agendas or LGTBQ members safeguarding their insecurities. Homonationalism threatens integrity within the United States by its inherent ability to encourage misconceptions throughout political, social, and ethical constructs.
It undermines the dignity of not only the constituencies that embrace it but also the plausibility of the LGBTQ community itself. Why are LGBTQ members entitled to equal rights if racial minorities do not 6 deserve the same liberties? Every answer to this question is likely groundless, exposing homonationalism as a social construct that skews the claims of those who utilize it. The concept mirrors propaganda-driven ambitions of pseudoscience, further demonstrating the urgency for true scientific reasoning to navigate the bases of such claims. Political Pseudoscience A wave, or in more realistic terms; a tsunami, of pseudoscience has bombarded Washington as politicians and political groups utilize fake evidence to further their different political agendas.
Differentiating the legitimate claims from the illegitimate has become more difficult as political figures develop their craft of duplicity and deceit. In order for scientific research to be impartial, nonpartisan, and therefore valid, it must strictly exclude biases throughout all stages of its course. Simultaneously, in order to accurately evaluate the validity of scientific research, the definition and criteria of bias must be clarified. Research bias is defined as a systematic error introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others by Christopher Pannucci and Edwin Wilkins in Identifying and Avoiding Bias In Research (2010). Through an analysis of various evidence-based medical articles, the authors identified criteria to evaluate the validity of research through its three phases: pre-trial, during trial and after trial. Pre-trial biases included flawed study design, selection bias and channeling bias; biases during trial included interviewer bias, chronology bias, recall bias, transfer bias, performance bias, and misclassification of exposure or outcome; and biases after trial included citation bias and variable confounding. In 7 order to credibly debunk propaganda-driven research relating to transgender identity, each study or piece of research referenced in this essay is thoroughly evaluated according to this criteria. Recent research findings relating to Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD) has sparked interest and support from varying conservative sources, such as The Family Research Council (FRC), a major Republican lobbying group that generated a revenue of 12 million dollars in 2016, as referenced in articles such as Those With Gender Dysphoria Can Find Healing (Sprigg 2017).
ROGD is a phenomenon that begins suddenly during or after puberty in an adolescent or young adult who would not have met criteria for gender dysphoria in childhood (Littman 2018). Members of the transgender community believe that ROGD seeks to undermine and discredit the validity of those who identify or seek to identify as transgender, implying a belief of binary sex among those who promote it. Dr. Lisa Littman, a researcher at Brown University, published a study entitled Rapid Onset of Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Young Adults: a Descriptive Study in the Journal of Adolescent Health. Littman's analysis of ROGD has received public scrutiny as her findings infer that teens and young adults, most commonly assigned the female sex at birth, are labeling themselves as transgender due to influences from the internet and social trends, rather than truly being transgender. Upon analyzing Littman's study, selection bias is evident in the sample group. Littman utilized three websites in distributing her survey when collecting opinions from parents with transgender children. The websites, 4thwavenow.com, transgendertrend.com and YouthTransCriticalProfessionals.org all share a commonality, which is that the parents of the subjects did not support their child's transition, or failed to recognize their child's identity to be 8 different from the sex that they were assigned at birth. Littman did not recognize this commonality in her abstract, which demonstrates a clear bias in the entirety of her sample group, and therefore skewing and invalidating the study results. Thus, sources that utilize Littman's research in furthering political agendas exemplify the dangers of pseudoscience, propelling misconceptions that deceive the American public. Nonpartisan Research Nonpartisan research is essential to credibly explain the science of transgender identity. Utilizing sources that have no political affiliation or agenda are necessary for cultivating research that represents accurate data. In the case of transgender identity, the importance of scientific integrity is often in conflict with politics in driving legislative decisions in the U.S. President Trump's proposal to redefine gender identity is a prime example of this. New studies suggest that the brains of transgender individuals more closely resemble the brains of the gender they identify with rather than the gender implied by their sex assigned at birth. A study from the University of Liege, Belgium led by colleagues from the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria at the VU University Medical Center examined sex differences in the brain activation patterns of young transgenders in their developing adolescence. Researchers used independent component analysis to obtain network maps from 172 children and adolescents, both cisgender (identity and gender corresponding with birth assignment) and transgender, through MRI scans, comparing the results across groups. Each scan measured the brain's microstructures and functional connectivity (FC) patterns with a technique called diffusion tensor imaging. Results of the study revealed that: 9 Within these networks adolescent transgirls showed FC patterns similar to their experienced gender (female). Also adolescent transboys showed a FC pattern similar to their experienced gender (male). Our findings provide evidence for the existence of both gender dysphoria-specific and sex-atypical FC patterns in adolescents with gender dysphoria ( Brain functional connectivity patterns 2 017, 187-195).
The study offers valuable insight to validate the scientific legitimacy of transgender sex and identity. The research was first presented at European Society of Endocrinology's (ESE) annual meeting in 2018. The ESE is a scientific society that promotes public benefit research and education through conferences, training courses and publications throughout Europe. The fact that the United States was not involved with the conference and study strengthens the case for a nonpartisan derived conclusion. Further examination of the research's design, controls and performance reveal unbiased methods; for example, the usage of a randomized sample group of cisgender and transgender adolescents.
Conclusion
The debate of transgender identification in America all boils down to one seemingly simple question: what is identity? The narrative of this essay has tested the very fabric of this question through various scopes, perspectives and ideologies. Backtracking to Merriam-Webster's wistfully vague definition of identity, we notice a failure to account for the history, politics and social dynamics that shape what identity means in the modern era. An 10 analysis of Dr. Littman's interpretation of identity reveals a dishonest rationale through pseudoscience and biased research. A short glimpse into President Trump's proposed definition of identity demonstrates a skewed perspective due to the absence of scientific reasoning in its entirety. This principal question intersects with another, not so simple question; how do we decide which definition of identity is legitimate? Establishing criteria to debunk pseudoscience and verify actual science is essential; as demonstrated through Pannucci & Wilkins' principles.
In an application of these principles, research from the University of Liege, Belgium offers an honest, and credible collection of research in legitimizing the authenticity of transgender identity. This research affirms that sex and identity are variable and multifaceted; and further, that an individual's identity can align with a sex that differs from the sex they that were assigned at birth, as proven through examination of transgender microstructures and functional connectivity patterns. Although science serves as a serious means in settling the validity of transgenderism, we must not forget that defining transgender identity is largely a social argument as well. 1.4 million Americans identify with a sex that challenges traditional gender norms, constituing the transgender community that exists today. Despite efforts to discredit and undermine their existence, the many voices of transgender individuals also speaks to the validity of transgender identity in American society.
To reiterate Christine Jorgenson's words, If you understand transgenders, then you understand that gender does not have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity. The simplicity of this manifesto exhibits the essence of transgenderism, yet has been overshadowed 11 by a half century of misinterpretation and controversy . Simply put, the core of transgenderism does not revolve around sexual intercourse or gender norms as political and social messages may suggest. Instead, transgenderism is defined by an internal discovery of gender identity as opposed to being confined to a biological assignment. The innate nature of transgenderism lies in the freedom of following one's intuition, which can only be navigated by individuals themselves.
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Analysis of Emily Dickinson’s Poem
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Emily Dickinson and Henry James
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Emily Dickinson’s i Heard a Fly Buzz
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Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address and Dickinson’s Poem
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Albert Einstein and Asperger’s Disorder
The subject of analysis for this paper is Albert Einstein. Albert Einstein was a world renowned physicist known for his theory of relativity and the equation E=MC2, which was the basis for atomic power. He was born in Germany to non-practicing Jewish German parents on March 14, 1879, the oldest of two children. He was born in Ulm, Germany, but when he was one year old, his family moved to Munich, ""the political and intellectual center of southern Germany."" (Frank, 1947) Einstein's father, Hermann, ran an electrochemical company with his brother, and his mother was a homemaker. Hermann's brother lived with him and his family, and was the first to introduce Albert to mathematics as he was a trained engineer. (Frank, 1947) Two items in particular had a great impact on Albert's thirst for knowledge: a compass given to him by his father, and a geometry book.
Many people have claimed that Albert Einstein really struggled socially and academically. Indeed, as a child, Albert ""was always taciturn and never inclined to enter into the games that nursemaids play with children in order to keep both the children and themselves in good humor....from the very beginning he was inclined to separate himself from children of his own age and to engage in daydreaming and meditative musing."" (Frank, 1947) Despite this and the fact that he did not speak before the age of three, when Einstein started school he excelled and was mathematically brilliant, although it often took him longer to come to an answer because he would consider each question thoroughly. However, he struggled with the rigid discipline expected by teachers, and with foreign languages. Einstein developed a passion for music (in part because of his mother, who played the piano) and reading (due partly to his father). He also enjoyed philosophy.
When Albert Einstein was 15, his father and uncle began to experience business problems and so they moved to Milan, Italy, but left Einstein behind in a boarding house to finish school. Einstein was unhappy there and wished to rejoin his family in Italy and leave the regimented societal expectations of German life behind. He left school when he was 16 and reunited with his family. He loved Italy, but pretty soon had to put aside his escapades and return to school as his father's business did not meet with success in Italy either. Albert applied to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich and took the exams. ""His knowledge of mathematics was far ahead of that of most of the other candidates, but his knowledge of modern languages and the descriptive natural sciences was inadequate, and he was not admitted."" (Frank, 1947) He instead attended a Swiss school in Aarau, which he enjoyed much more than the schools in Germany, and after one year earned his diploma and entered school at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich. During this time, he became more social and excited about school, but his father's business was still not doing well, so Einstein lived a frugal life, subsisting on a monthly allowance from a wealthy relative. (Frank, 1947) After his graduation in 1900 with a degree in physics, his plan was to teach, but no one would hire him as an assistant, and he ended up getting a job at a patent office.
In 1903, Einstein married an old schoolmate of his, Mileva Maric, with whom he had three children: Lieserl, Hans Albert, and Eduard. It is unclear what happened to Lieserl, born a year before Albert and Mileva married, but she may have died from scarlet fever, or she may have been given up for adoption. (Einstein, 1903) Albert seemed to be a doting and loving father, but at some point, he and Mileva had a falling out and Einstein wished to separate, but not divorce, from her. While still married to Mileva, he began a relationship with his cousin, Elsa, and they later married in 1919. In one letter, Einstein tells Elsa ""I used to suffer tremendously because of my inability to love really love her [Mileva]. When I think of the bad relationship between my wife and Maja or my mother, then I must admit to myself, sadly, that I find all three of them quite unlikable, unfortunately! But I have to have someone to love, otherwise life is miserable."" (Einstein, 1903) Some of the letters from The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein suggest that Einstein was unfaithful on more than one occasion, and that his youngest son, Eduard, was quite ill for some time as a child.
In the early 1900s, Albert Einstein worked as a professor in Prague, Zurich, and then in Berlin. During this time, he traveled a lot and participated in many intellectual gatherings and discussions. In 1914, World War I broke out and Einstein signed a manifesto against the war. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. In 1930, his son Eduard was diagnosed with schizophrenia and became institutionalized, where he would remain for the rest of his life. (Kaku, 2018) In 1933, Einstein left Germany, both for a job he had received in the US and due to fear of the increasing power of the Nazis. In 1936, his wife Elsa died. In 1939, at the start of World War II, he advised President Roosevelt, via letter, that the US should create its own nuclear weapons for fear of the possibility that the Nazi's already had one. After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Einstein said ""Had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb, I would have done nothing for the bomb."" (The Einstein Letter, 1964) As a Pacifist, even from early childhood, Einstein abhorred the mechanization of people. He became a proponent of nuclear disarmament and signed a manifesto just before his death which outlined the risks of nuclear war and beseeched leaders to seek peaceful reconciliation for their issues. Einstein died in April of 1955, at the age of 76, from an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
The behavior of Albert Einstein as a child, quiet, withdrawn, and slow to develop linguistically, could be indicative of Asperger's Disorder. In the DSM-IV, Asperger's Disorder is listed as a pervasive development disorder - one of four disorders on the Autism Spectrum. (Pelphrey, 2015) Some of the symptoms of Asperger's that Einstein exhibited include: difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts, lack of interest in peers and in making or maintaining friends, fixated interests, and echolalia. He was also, as a child, sensitive to loud noises and prone to violent tantrums. In addition, he did not have or develop many close relationships, he did not enjoy small-talk, he was intensely focused on his research and ideas, he did not adhere to societal expectations, and as a child ""every sentence he uttered, no matter how routine, he repeated to himself softly, moving his lips."" (Winteler-Einstein, 1879-1902) People with Asperger's tend to struggle with some things, but excel at others. Grandin (1967-2018) ""observed that there are three basic types of specialized minds on the Autism/Asperger Spectrum. Some people are combinations of these three types. A photo realistic visual thinker is good at drawing and poor at algebra. Some visual thinkers are good at geometry and trigonometry. A music and math mind thinks in patterns instead of photo realistic pictures. They often excel in engineering and computer programming. English may be their weak subject."" While Einstein struggled socially and linguistically, he definitely excelled at music and mathematics. Indeed, Einstein even said of himself in 1930:
""My passionate interest in social justice and social responsibility has always stood in curious contrast to a marked lack of desire for direct association with men and women. I am a horse for single harness, not cut out for tandem or teamwork. I have never belonged wholeheartedly to any country or state, to my circle of friends, or even to my own family. These ties have always been accompanied by a vague aloofness, and the wish to withdraw into myself increases with the years. Such isolation is sometimes bitter, but I do not regret being rendered independent of the customs, opinions, and prejudices of others, and am not tempted to rest my peace of mind upon such shifting foundations."" (Frank, 1947)
Etiologically, there was some concern when Albert was born about the shape of his head. ""At his birth, his mother was shocked at the sight of the back of his head, which was extremely large and angular, and she feared she had given birth to a deformed child."" (Winteler-Einstein, 1879-1902) It is possible, while the shape of Albert's head did return to normal, that some form of trauma during the birth contributed to Einstein's impaired social development and possible diagnosis of Asperger's Disorder.
Over time, there has been much speculation and discussion about whether Albert Einstein and other well-known historical persons who exhibited some heightened specific talent but odd development and/or behaviors might have had a psychological disorder. One such claimant, Simon Baron-Cohen stated, ""In the case of Einstein, we can conclude that he did have Asperger's syndrome. There is evidence for the triad of impairments of social relationships, communication, and obsessional and routine-based behaviour across development,"" citing examples from Einstein's childhood including a family history of autism. (James, 2006) Additionally, a study also supporting the assumption that Einstein had Asperger's, provides evidence that certain aspects of Einstein's brain showed similarities to features specific to the brain of someone with autism. ""Einstein's brain, though no bigger than that of an ordinary person, showed enlargement of the inferior parietal lobe that has been found with volumetric increases in patients of autism disorders. Einstein's brain also lacks part of the sylvian fissure, the dysfunction of which often causes autism syndromes;"" in addition, there were an increased number of glial cells in Einstein's brain that may also mean that he was on the autism spectrum (Yuan, 2009) While both of these sources agree that Albert Einstein had autism, one presents physical evidence and the other presents inferential evidence.
It is always important, yet difficult, to scrutinize any kind of information without bias and view it as simply hearsay until it can be validated. For example, the evidence presented by Simon Baron-Cohen, who was born after the death of Einstein, comes solely from things he has read and not from empirical research or personal knowledge. Despite being a clinical psychologist, which offers him credibility, the fact that he did not witness these behaviors firsthand and made a diagnosis solely on the tales of other does not necessarily make his diagnosis true. The report by Yuan was much shorter than that of Baron-Cohen, but was based on information about the study of and findings regarding Einstein's brain. This type of evidence is evidence that was collected firsthand and is therefore, in my opinion, more reliable. Also, Yuan offered evidence from physical examination of Einstein's brain and was still cautious in his statements, saying that a diagnosis of autism is difficult to ascertain and required further investigations. Contrastingly, Baron-Cohen, based on secondhand information, made a bold comment, insinuating that there was no doubt whether Einstein had Asperger's or not. ""At present, behavioral observation is the only means to detect symptoms of ASD and to confirm a diagnosis."" (Pelphrey, 2015) Therefore, a conclusive diagnosis cannot be achieved simply through secondhand information.
In conclusion, while we cannot say for sure whether Einstein had Asperger's Disorder or any other psychological disorder based on the information from biographies of his life, it is clear that he exhibited unusual behaviors that are typical of a person who has Asperger's Disorder. Further scrutiny of his brain, as well as a better understanding of what causes autism and how autistic brains function, may eventually be able to verify or disprove that diagnosis. Regardless of whether or not Albert Einstein had a psychological disorder, his contributions to the scientific community and to the world were undeniably important and impactful.
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Albert Einstein’s Brain was 15% Larger than an Average Brain
Einstein's brain was stolen after his death. He had a fat head when he was born. Albert Einstein never learned how to swim. He offered his wife his Nobel Prize as part of their divorce. Now you know a few fun facts about Albert Einstein, let's move onto his early life.
On March 14, 1879 Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany. He grew up and has his early education in Munich, Germany. He was a poor student and some of his teachers thought he might be retarded. At age nine, he was not able to speak fluently. Einstein mastered calculus by age 16. His formal secondary education ended at age 16. He disliked school and just as he was planning to find a way to leave without hurting his chances for entering the University, his teachers expelled him. He was expelled because his attitude was affecting his classmates. Albert's parents were concerned about his intelligence because he was slow to learn how to speak. He was the oldest of two he had a sister named Maja Einstein. All in all, I think Albert Einstein had a good early life, now lets move to his adult life.
He went to college at the University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Leiden University, and Complutense University of Madrid. Albert Einstein met a women by the name of Milena Marci. Einstein continued to grow closer to Milena, but his parents were strongly against the relationship due to her ethnic background. Einstein's father passed away in 1902, and the couple married after all on January 6, 1903. The same year the couple had a daughter, Lieserl, who might have been later raised by Milena's relatives or given up for adoption. The couple went on and had two sons, Hans and Eduard. The couple ended up divorcing in 1919. Altogether, Albert Einstein had a pretty good adult life and went to a lot of colleges.
As a physicist, Albert Einstein made many discoveries. He is best known for his theory of relativity. He developed the equation E= MC2. This equation foreshadowed the development of atomic power. The equation was also used for the atomic bomb. He invented Einstein refrigerator and the gas absorption heat pump. All in all, Einstein was a very intelligent man and knew a lot about science.
In conclusion, Albert Einstein was smart, lived a good life and had a good education. In the second paragraph I highlighted Alberts early life, education and schooling. We found out he was born on March 18 1879 he was a poor student he also disliked schooll. In the third paragraph I highlighted Einstein's adulthood. He had a good adulthood and a good education for collage. He also had a good family. In paragraph four I highlighted what Einstein is famous for. He is famous for a lot of things, a fridge, math and he was very smart. Yo wrap it all up, Albert Einstein was a good guy and was very good at science, super smart and lived a good life.
Sources
“9 Things You May Not Know About Albert Einstein.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-albert-einstein.
“64 Interesting Facts About Albert Einstein.” The Fact File, The Fact File, 29 Nov. 2018, thefactfile.org/albert-einstein-facts/.
“Albert Einstein Biography.” Encyclopedia of World Biography, Advameg, Inc., www.notablebiographies.com/Du-Fi/Einstein-Albert.html.
“Albert Einstein Born.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/albert-einstein-born.
“ALBERT EINSTEIN.” Edwin Hubble - Important Scientists - The Physics of the Universe, www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_einstein.html.
Cite this page
Albert Einstein's Brain was 15% Larger than an Average Brain. (2019, Jul 24).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/15/
