Month: July 2019
The Pitfalls of Propaganda
The Pitfalls of Propaganda
The human brain is usually well protected from tricks and outside influences. Over time, it has grown adept at spotting and removing outside manipulations that silently creep in. Of course, that does not apply to one of the most frightening, effective, and malignant tools of our time. Slowly slithering itself into open thoughts, unmade decisions, and naive perceptions, it shows no remorse and it takes no prisoners. Propaganda is just as deadly as any terminal disease, as toxic as any fresh poison, and yet, it remains surreptitious and unnoticeable. In its most simple and most dangerous form, propaganda plays into the brain's base needs and desires, influencing people, their thoughts, and their decisions in such a subtle way that the brain does not even realize it has been tapped and trained until it is too late.
Propaganda has taken a large role in the lives of almost every single person on this planet, but few actually understand the deep rooted history and intricacies of a propaganda campaign. The Cambridge English Dictionary calls propaganda information or ideas that are spread by an organized group or government to influence people's opinions, especially by not giving all the facts or by secretly emphasizing only one way of looking at the facts (Propaganda). William Butler a professor at the University of Kent paraphrasing and simplifying an earlier work of David Welch, says that, the purpose of propaganda is simply to narrow one's perceptions (Butler 4). Propaganda is the persuasion of a targeted group to a specific cause directly or indirectly by the cause or those that benefit from it. Propaganda has a large and impactful history, stretching all the way back to its very first use in 1622 describing a committee created by Pope Gregory XV called the ?Congregatio de Propaganda Fide' to help propagate the faith. It has been used in wars and conflicts to great effect as well as to no effect. An example is the Indian Rebellion of 1857, where local leaders used trigger phrases to get common citizens to rise up in arms against the British Colonizers, though the.
During World War One, the Austro-Hungarian Empire used tactfully placed propaganda to unite the vastly different population groups that cohabited the nation and call them to war. In 1916, just before the United States joined the fight in World War One, a poster by James Montgomery Flagg started circulating, with a patriotically dressed Uncle Sam telling those in the audience of the piece to join the army with the simple phrase I want you for U.S. Army. In Britain, as Nazi Germany rose to power, the government started putting up posters telling concerned citizens to Keep Calm and Carry On as a way to placate citizens as the war raged on. Images made by Vietnamese citizens during what they call the American War feature a common theme of foreign invaders and local, rural people forcing them back. Despite its usefulness and commonality in war, propaganda can also be used in other places with other contexts. During World War Two, Rosie the Riveter was a piece of propaganda used to get women into vacant jobs formerly filled by men, but was adapted to become a symbol for women's rights in the United States. It has been used by ISIS and Al-Qaeda to spark recruitment from local citizens and those abroad. Currently, propaganda takes a different form from history, jumping on to a newer development with more potential than is conceivable: Technology. Propaganda thrives on technology. Fake news on Facebook, an ever growing problem, is a propaganda campaign at it's finest. Misleading titles attempting to get clicks, while not as deadly, are propaganda nonetheless. Photoshopped images on advertisements and regular social media platforms are influencing the way a person may think of a particular product or person, even with no basis in fact, and that is propaganda. Swaying the vote from one side of the political spectrum to the other is quite common with political propaganda influencing voting percentages and choices.
Another, less discussed but still impactful side of propaganda is that of health indoctrination. In the prohibition and the years that lead up to it, alcohol was demonized as a push to illegalize it became a law. Anti-smoking campaigns, some of which still run on today, use graphic images and harsh realities to portray the negatives of smoking. With the intention of lowering teenage pregnancies, safe sex information has spread around, lowering pregnancy rates and improving life spans. When Ronald Reagan announced his War on Drugs, he used significant amounts of propaganda to push the notion of drugs being criminal onto the American people. On the flipside of that campaign, advocates for marijuana legalization use similar types of catchy sayings and colorful pictures to change public opinion on marijuana back to the positive.
Propaganda has a long and storied history of influencing vulnerable people, but the general populous still has little to no idea how it works. Propaganda is a very powerful tool used for conveying and converting public opinion through effective biological responses and a targeted audience, and can make changes to a person's very thoughts and habits. Propaganda works behind the scenes, and those behind it make very specific choices when marketing it. They can either consciously reinforce, or subconsciously infiltrate. Conscious propaganda takes thoughts and fears that people already harbor, and amplifies and weaponizes them. For example, it plays up the notion of immigrants stealing jobs to unemployed people, causing them to turn on immigrants. It shows smoking death facts to smokers in an effort to get them to quit. It takes things that the people already know, whether they believe it or not, and creates neural links to the information that it provides, so that when people think of their lack of a job, they think about how much they hate immigrants. Subconscious propaganda takes a different route, manipulating those unaware of an issue, or those indifferent to an issue, and, by using subtle terms with high meaning or value, moves the victim to their side. Doomsday cults, which persuade susceptible people into joining based on their fear that the world will end are a clear example. Advertising is basically corporately sponsored subconscious propaganda, persuading certain groups of consumers to consider a product.
The next time that the consumer sees the product at the store, if the propaganda was effective, the odds of them choosing the item or spending money increase. Shankar Vedantam, a Stanford educated human behavior reporter, believes that the biological response to propaganda is evolutionary, occuring in what he calls the hidden brain(Vedantam 4). The brain likes to believe that it is correct, and when anything plays this up, whether true or not, the brain takes note and further reinforces its beliefs from other information or ideas from the source. Because of this, the brain rewards itself upon exposure to propaganda, creating a falsely happy feeling. Choices make themselves, as the brain, wanting to continue the good feelings, decides to follow the path that feels nice. Interests and hobbies change as the brain chooses to do what outside sources have told it. Beliefs, political or religious, rarely change due to propaganda, but propaganda can be used to strengthen thoughts, or push people further down a path. Propaganda disrupts neural links, forging paths for thoughts to follow that did not exist before. Because of these effects, propaganda is the strongest tool in the arsenal of those that are in the market to influence and change people.
Due to the unpredictable and secretive nature of propaganda, it is hard to discern and track by the untrained eye. In fact, this paper, which uses the word ?propaganda' 43 times, could be considered a piece of subconscious propaganda, discreetly linking the term to a negative connotation. The point of this exercise really has been: look at information with a cautious eye, as propaganda might be hiding in plain sight. Propaganda has been used for hundreds of years to great effects. Nations have been toppled, religions have grown from tens to millions of members, and fake news has become a significant worry of a vast number of people, due to the fact that the brain is rewritable. Propaganda plays into the brain's base needs and desires, influencing people, their thoughts, and their decisions in such a subtle way that the brain does not even realize it has been tapped and trained until it is too late and has changed. Like all deceptive, persuasive mind games, with simple information on what propaganda is, the power it holds falls, and it becomes useless. Let it.
Works Cited
- Butler, William, review of Propaganda: Power and Persuasion (Exhibition), (review no. 1489). https://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1489. Accessed: 8 November 2018.
- Irvine, Dean. Vivid Propaganda Posters of '50-'70s Vietnam. CNN, Cable News Network, 15 June 2017, www.cnn.com/travel/article/cnngo-travel-vietnam-propaganda- poster-art/
- index. Accessed 6 November 2018.
- Propaganda. Cambridge English Dictionary, Cambridge UP. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/propaganda. Accessed 4 November 2018.
- Vedantam, Shankar. Why We Believe Propaganda. Slate Magazine, Slate, 15 Sept. 2010, slate.com/technology/2010/09/why-we-believe-propaganda.html. Accessed 7 November 2018.
- Welch, David 2013, Propaganda: Power and Persuasion, London: British Library.
Cite this page
The Pitfalls of Propaganda. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Propaganda: the Root of Evil
Propaganda is often used in political writing or in advertising, but you can use propaganda techniques to put forth any thesis or idea. Throughout the course of history propaganda has been used in many different ways. Some in ways to dehumanize people and create hatred toward a select group. Once Hitler came into power he created the Reich Ministry for propaganda. In the United States, Raoul Wallenberg Pl SW, Washington, DC the Holocaust Memorial Museum it explains; totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany, propaganda plays a significant role in consolidating power in the hands of the controlling party. The Reich ministry was a Nazi organization that enforced Nazi ideology. The principle of Nazism which included the anti-Semitism at the center of its principles was created by Hitler. Propaganda is a cheap way to make others be persuaded into believing or pressured into not having choice. In other words, if people want to support war, they should be able to make that decision on their own and not be pressured by any war propaganda. One of Hitler's main beliefs was that the children of Germany were the future of the country; Therefore, he created several propaganda movements to inspire the children, so Hitler could advance their trust. Nazi propaganda was extremely effective in manipulating the feelings and views of German citizens. The Nazi movement charmed the youth in an extremely enticing way which attracted the children and gave them anticipation towards these new beliefs.
If a war is just, regardless of any kind of propaganda. A war is only just if it is fought for a motive that is justified and conveys sufficient moral weight. The country that desires to use military force must validate that there is a just cause to do so. The central for just cause is to put right, wrong. War is politics by other means, meaning if political leaders don't acquire their yearnings by peaceful schemes they calculate their costs to procure their goals by using force. War is usually caused when either party underestimates their relative strength. The irony in this, is that when the war starts; the aggressor is usually the weak sided one but used in a hastily way, to cause intimidation.
Nazi Germany in the 1930s A Popular Regime? Stated that people who lived as women, or homosexuals or Nazi Germany: A Popular Regime? How, Germans had to have the exact blue shading in the eye and the accurate tone of blonde hair. There were eye color cases that were held up to the person's eye to see if they had the right shade of blue. Churches that scorn Hitler's beliefs; People that didn't meet Hitler's criteria, were exiled from Germany in, inhumane ways. Catholics churches wanted to defend their religion independence against Nazi domination. Besides, Catholics there were Jehovah's Witness also known as bible students who believed in God. The first prerequisite to conducting propaganda campaigns, to reaching the Volk and the masses of workers, were regaining control of the streets. In the Origins of Totalitarianism, by Hannah Arendt elucidated on how the totalitarian movements used bigotry by emptying them of their utilitarian matter, the benefits of style and nation. Where, the propaganda outcome of reliability poses a measly interpreting agent of expected forces. In ways it shows that many of the people that turned to Nazism were merely pressured into doing so, hence, why all these propaganda movements started taking place. Jews were exiled into the ghettos backed to the 16th century in several countries in Europe. Violence against the Jews was a continuous danger throughout all of history. Finally, several religions taught people that the Jews were threatening and promoted anti-Semitism. Preconception against the Jews had prolonged in the Middle Ages as a result of the Crusades and the Inquisition. Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor (1935).
Anti-Semitism is the prejudice against Jews. Within the Primary, it states laws that every Jew should obey by. Most of these laws are against them for example, in article 4 it states, Jews shall be forbidden from flying the Reich or national flag or from displaying the colors of the Reich. also within the second statement it states However, Jews shall be permitted to display the Jewish colors. The exercise of this entitlement is protected by state laws. (Rabinbach, Gilman, 210) These statements could be a great example of the Germans being prejudice against Jews. The Jews are only allowed to wear Jewish colors to help them stand out from everyone else and to make sure everyone knows who they are. The Literature titled Violence Against Jew in Germany 1933-1939, Bankier explained Anti-Semitism more thoroughly that was also showed in the Primary source. Bankier states Of central importance was the Presidential Decree for the Protection of the Nation and the State, which issued on 28 February 1933, abolished all basic rights laid down by the Weimar Constitution (Bankier, 183). This Anti-Semitism not only dehumanized Jewish people but it also isolated them from society. Because of these laws, it made Jews targets from violent acts that won't be considered a crime with consequences that will normally occur.
Although, Nazi propaganda was not the only factor into shaping the minds of the youth, The Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were some of the primary tools that the Nazis used to shape the beliefs, thoughts, and actions of German youth. Youth directors used these organizations to stage propaganda events, like assemblies full of ritual and display to generate the ideal image of a true national community. These propaganda events further manipulated the way the citizens of the German youth (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). The Hitler Youth Organization was named the only legal Youth Organization in Germany in 1936. German boys between the ages of 10 and 18 were forced to join this youth organization. These youth administrations gave the Nazi party influence over the country's future: the youth. The Propaganda of the Street and The Masses (1936) written by Franz Alfred Six. Six who was a Nazi himself presented Marxism. Marxism was a political and economic concept by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism is an ideology of no classes. The government is controlling all the incomes and makings to ensure equality amongst others (Communism). Marxism was a terrible idea, it basically gave the rights of others into other people that had no reason to. It was taking public ownership to private property and then rounding everyone's yearnings amongst others, but in ways it didn't work the way since people were taking more for themselves than giving what was expected.
Propaganda Kit' Made in Germany explains that in the commencement of 1933, the German Nazi infiltrated their opinion onto the American public. It tried to convey Hitler's Germany in a positive manner. Unfortunately, the attempt in doing so, with all of the propaganda they were trying to show to the American public by radio stations, and exchange academic programs for American college students it counteracted. It caught so much attention by doing so it showed the Nazi propaganda efforts, and instead of having them on their side, it did the opposite.
In conclusion, I believe that propaganda is and will be the root of evil when it comes to people choosing and having any kind of willpower. It's honestly psychological when it comes to propaganda, because it's all about human instinct, if a handful of people believe in one theory, others rub off from it. For example, five people believe that eating too many apples will cause constipation, others will hear and believe the word of mouth, not only that, but when it's constantly being brought up on media and other ways. Propaganda is used to spread information, ideas or rumors. It's an indirect brainwash, human brains get psyched easily when they are ignorant to any facts about the topic. That's why when a class participated in a discussion and is asked to raise their hands on something they may or may not know, if more people raise their hand, the chances are most of the class will as well. This portrays that drawing so much attention to a matter isn't always good. It has it's positive and negative effects. Hitler believed that drawing American public attention would do better for him but in fact it offset them.
Cite this page
Propaganda: The Root Of Evil. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Jackie Robinson’s Impact on Segregation in Baseball
Jackie Robinson, born on January 31, 1919. He grew up living in poverty with his family in Cairo, Georgia and was the youngest of five children. Growing up, and for most of his life, he excelled in sports. When he graduated from John Muir High he decided to attend Pasadena Junior College. There he played football, basketball, track, and baseball. He later transferred to University of California, Los Angeles, and became the university's first student to win varsity letters in four sports. Unfortunately, Jackie was forced to leave UCLA and didn't graduate because he did not have enough money. Jackie later came to be the first African-American to play in Major League Baseball, and this is where it all changed.Later in the 1800?»s, Professional African-American teams were formed, along with what was called "negro leagues". Even when they weren't allowed to play with the whites, African-American's would play with one another. The only time interracial games were held was when major league white teams played against black teams for entertainment.
In the United States during the early 1900?»s, it was prohibited for African-Americans to play on white professional teams. There were times when baseball owners and managers of major leagues attempted to hire African-Americans by saying they were actually Native Americans or Hispanics. However, most Major League owners and managers didn't want African-Americans to play on their team so they prevented trying to do so. Professional Baseball wasn't segregated everywhere. Latin American in places like Mexico and Cuba accepted African-Americans and allowed them to play. During the winter, African-Americans would go there to play baseball. During the summer, they would also play for their Negro Leagues in the United States. Jackie started off his baseball career when he started playing for the Kansas City Monarchs in 1945. This was a Negro American League where there was much competition. In the Negro League, there was more involvement than there were in organized baseball. In the year 1947, Jackie profoundly became known as the first African-American athlete to play in the Major League baseball. During this time he, he signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers. He was a base runner. Stealing home a total of 19 times, he set the league record. He helped lead the Dodgers to a win in the World Series. Before retiring, Jackie was the highest-paid athlete in the teams history. Things weren't anything like how they are now in baseball. Modern day. African-Americans are allowed to play on White Major League nowadays thanks to Jackie Robinson. Before he came into the picture, African-Americans were only allowed to play on Negro leagues, and they were purposefully established just for this reason.
There were still much segregation between whites and blacks back then. There was still that color barrier preventing African-Americans from being able to play with whites. in the Major League. Jackie plays a big role in breaking the color barrier and ending racial segregation in baseball, However, there is another guy who plays an important role as well, Wendell Smith. He was a journalist and was known for accompanying Jackie and helping him as he was starting off his career with the Dodgers. Wendell was with Jackie during all the tribulations there were, being that he was the first African-American to play in the Major League. Wendell was also known for being a strong advocate within the integration there was back then in professional baseball. He didn?»t only want to help Jackie cross the color barrier, but all African-Americans that wanted to play in the all white Major League. Wendell was a well known journalist. Through his journalism, he was able to fight for the justice of African-Americans. He went to extreme measures and constantly fought not only for African-Americans, but also for the fans of baseball. He claimed that the fans were being deprived of witnessing some of the best baseball players. His sense of advocation lured in the appeal of many people of the public.
People were learning more about the segregation between whites and blacks in baseball and throughout the public. Due to this, ineffective tryouts for the Boston professional teams were held for African-American baseball players. Wendell Smith began working with the manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey. He started working with Branch to bring Jackie onto the team. Wendell had a strong public voice and was able to discuss the problems with integration within professional baseball. Wendell wanted to end Negro Leagues so that there would no longer be a separation between the whites and blacks. Critics would claim that ending Negro Leagues weren?»t safe for the black communities. Through it all, Wendell stood by Jackie. He knew that the whites only cared about themselves and would always consider themselves to be more or better than the African-Americans.
In 1947, Jackie broke the color barrier and played his first Major League Baseball game. After that season he was awarded the Rookie of the Year Award. Throughout Jackies ten year career he lead the Brooklyn Dodgers in winning their first World Series Championships and six pennants (championship flags). In 1949 he was selected as the MVP in the National League. Jackie set the League?»s record by having stolen home 19 times. He had a total of 137 runs, he stole 29 bases, and had a total of 734 runs batted in. Jackie led the Brooklyn Dodgers to six World Series and one World Series Championship. His contributions include much more than just those within baseball. Even after he retired, Jackie Robinson continued to fight to prove that African-Americans had so much more to offer. He continued to fight to improve the quality of life for African-American?»s and also all of society. He didn't only try to do right for African-Americans, he cared for the wellness of others as well. Jackie later became the first black vice president of an American corporation and was able to open doors for African-Americans.
Cite this page
Jackie Robinson's Impact on Segregation in Baseball. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Racial Inequality and Segregation
How does it feel to be a problem? Is what DuBois is analyzing through his piece of literature. Using Ross Posnock's view as a lens, DuBois forms a structure of American civilization and life from a colored person's view. Through DuBois's book, we get his perspective that were existent through the time of segregation. In his sense, segregation is another term for separation. Segregation is the outstanding point that Dubois uses through his piece with Posnock's piece as a lens. Even though DuBois talks about his personal experience and seeing it happen right in front of him, he describes how there was a sense and hope that there was going to be some sort of change. Instead, that change never occurred and the hope was lost. We learn the wrongdoings of people of color and we see that directly through DuBois and Posnock's eyes. Both of these pieces of literature show the concern of someone or anyone being accepted into a society. Both pieces focus on segregation and the main issue of being accepted in different communities.
In W.E.B. DuBois' book, The Souls of the Black Folk, he brings up the problem faced by colored people because of their race, or even their identity. DuBois starts by taking a new approach as to connect sociology; the study of how different people develop into their society, and history; studying our past. He emphasizes the new terms such as a person's double consciousness and an outline to show the division and separation of certain individuals, especially colored people, and inequality because of race.
The first chapter in his book is called Of Our Spiritual Strivings. In this chapter, DuBois begins with a little story, a personal analysis about the characteristics of white people. Later on, he looks back on the moment where he first noticed he was different. He describes his experience when as a class project, visiting cards were being passed out. It was his turn to get one, and the girl giving them out refused to give him one because of his skin color. He knew that from that moment there was a dispute with whites and colored people. On page 7, it states how does it feel to be a problem? (Dubois, 3). From that question, DuBois knew that this was going to e a future issue, right from the incident he had in school with the refusal. This girl wouldn't accept his card (even when it was part of a class project. From then on, he knew and recognized that because he was of a different color, he was different than everyone else.
He also goes on to talk about the inappropriate question that are asked by people who feel superior to others. On page 3, he states the question how does it feel to be a problem (DuBois, 3). This question is repeated multiple times to show how people think of themselves when compared to other people. This question also pertains to people in which they're feeling left out of things and looked down upon as being different. The feelings DuBois brings up aren't just feelings from colored people. He is emphasizing that they are also feelings from anyone that thinks of themselves as an outsider, due to being left out. For people of color, race is important to themselves. It all ahs to do with identity. This is shown on page 3, when Dubois says, the negro lives in a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world (DuBois, 3).
According to DuBois, colored people hold some sort of reflection that's based on the thoughts that come from white people. He included examples like stereotypes and prejudice cases. He describes these examples as a veil that people of color are forced to hide behind. We see from his use of the veil that it shades the view of both colored people and white people. it is a peculiar sensation, this double consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others amused contempt or pity (DuBois, 3).
This gives us a clear picture that calls to the feelings, but also an expression of those feelings that many different people go through every single day, even until today. We learn that those who are different, are usually the ones being left out and banned from living the way they want because of their race, color, or situation they are in. Whether one is disabled, mentally ill, or of a different race, lower people like that are judged by society, whether theirs or another one.
While DuBois used colored people as the first issue in his piece, it can all be connected to today's matters as well. Both DuBois and Posnock go further in detail about people having this double consciousness. This double consciousness is used as a division of different societies. It separates the individual and the society, against the remainder of that society. Both views form both authors gives us a mirror image of a colored person's community.
DuBois states he felt his poverty; without a cent, without a home, without land, tools, or savings, he had entered into competition with rich, landed skilled people (DuBois, 8). Through this poverty, he connects to being poor following the hardships that come with it. It mirrors the brutality and cruelty people face in these types of situations.
In addition, Ross Posnock brought his own perspective on this based on DuBois. Following DuBois' inappropriate question of feeling like a problem, Posnock adds is it traitorous for a negro to try to be as broadly and humane as possible? (Posnock, 22). Further on, he also adds a comment to DuBois's view of people are grouped together based on their differences. He states:
Demanding respect for people as blacks and as gays requires that there are some scripts that go with begin an African American or having same-sex desires. There will be proper ways of being black and gay. There will be expectations to be met, demands to be made (Posnock, 25).
From this statement, we see that blacks and gays are grouped together as if they are the same issue. Today, may people would characterize them in a group, known as the others.
The shades of the prison-house closed round us all watch the streak of blue above (DuBois, 3). Sadly, this still holds true today. There has been so much attention given to incidents with officers and unarmed black people. Posnock, on page 27, also states that there are many race and sexual abuse cases where colored people are being blamed for most situations. He also talks about the division of a community and how you are separated based on situations.
Furthermore, both DuBois and Posnock show their views of segregation through their pieces of literature. DuBois starts off by describing his personal experience with feeling different. He starts to present the time where visiting cards were being given out, but someone refused to give it to him because of his color. He knew right from that start that people were going to start to judge colored people, or different people based on their situation.
Cite this page
Racial Inequality and Segregation. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
INFLATION and its EFFECTS on BUSINESS
ABOUT
The economy of India has been facing inflation ,which has been a major issue since the last few decades. Inflation is, an increase in the prices of goods and services for a particular period of time,within an economy.The increase in the prices of products , i.e goods and services,can be subjected to various reasons, such as huge demand from increasing population, income of the consumers,few international aspects,etc.
INFLATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON BUSINESS
- Companies expect inflation rate to be less. If , there is a rise in inflation,then the companies,experience a rise in the costs.Although,inflation is not mandatorily,defacing for the firms,if they can rise the prices of products to the consumers,which is greater than their cost of the production, which is rising. Businesses should keep an adjusted price at pace with the inflation rate.
- Borrowings/Take up: If there is an increase in inflation,then,the businesses, find it,difficult to get a loan,as the lending banks and financial institutions,find it risky to lend money to firms with weak cash flows,hence the banks,i.e the lenders,increase their rate of interests,to get a cost of market uncertainity along with money's depriciated value. Thus,the borrowing power of the firms,will be less and which will lead to decline in the firm's liquidity and hence,ability of businesses for investing in the growth,reduces.
- Inflation leads to the renewal of wages of employees.This pact, of the rise in the wages of the employees,becomes somewhat,expensive for the businesses.
- Inflation,disrupts,the business planning, and leads to a lower capital investment.
- Cost of investments: If the inflation is high,then the cost of investing,will keep on changing constantly.Thus, the companies,are becoming less interested,in investing,because of an uncertainity,over the future returns.
FACTORS CAUSING INFLATION IN INDIA
The rise in prices of products can be subjected to few factors,namely such as:
Demand Pull and Cost Push
In an economy,there is a tendency to meet the growing demands of people,such that Demand= Supply.
However, if Demand>Supply
Then,this leads to a mismatch,and hence the prices of products goes up in order to restore the balance.
Thus, inflation due to excess of demand over the supply,is demand pull.
Few factors are:
Growing Economy/Govt Expenditure :As population of India has increased from 44 crores to 130 crores from the early 60's to late 2018,consequently,the demands and need of people has also grown exponentially.Hence,in order to meet the growing demands,the government has also increased its expenditure.This has lead to mismatch between demand and supply,and ultimately resulted in inflation.
Rise in Money Supply: There has been a significant increase in money supply in India over few decades.This was done by RBI, after getting govt's nod ,so as to finance various govt activities. Currency,with public was increased,with 12.8 %/year. Narrow money(Currency with public+Demand Deposits) has increased by annual average of 13.27% and Broad money(Narrow money+Time deposits in banks) has increased by 10%.This has increased the purchasing power,hence increased inflation.
Surge in Black Money: Income earned through illegal sources,which is black money is a factor which is a growing issue of concern for the economy,as, it is also contributing towards inflation.People earning black money,spend it on real estate,thus which leads to a hike in prices of houses,etc.
Inflation caused due to increase in the cost of labour,capital or raw materials is cost-push. It consists of various factors that limit the supply or increase the cost of production,thus leading to inflation.Few factors are:
Natural disasters and calamities
In a developing country like India,whenever it is hit by any disaster,inflation increases significantly.For instance,if a particular area is hit by a drought,the availibility of food grains in that area will be less,hence it will lead to increase in the prices.
Increase in Taxes:
In our country,pre-GST,there were many direct and indirect taxes that were imposed by both centre as well as state govt.Such increase in taxes,directly resulted in increase in values.All these factors lead to increase in production cost,thus affecting inflation.
Price of petroleum products:
Our country is mostly dependent upon Gulf countries to meet its demands for petrol.Over the past few years,the international prices of petrol has increased,that has resulted in increase in prices of all the petroleum products and services.
EFFECTS OF INFLATION
1.It erodes the purchasing power of fixed income groups.Since,their salary
remains constant,the rise in prices reduces the purchasing power of such people.
2.Profit incomes of the producers (industry & large scale businessman) is
generally increased during inflation.Rise in prices means more profits.
3.It is not a win situation for creditors under inflation as when they receive
payments (during inflation),they get less purchasing power than they had
lent.Conversely,the debtors gain during inflation.
4.The impact of inflation has different impact on different sections of society.The
fixed income groups,suffer while the businessmen, boom during this period.The
re- distribution takes place because prices of all goods and services does not
increase at same time.
Inflation has widened economic inequalities,consequently govt. of India has taken several steps to curb inflation.Control can be obtained management of supply and demand.
Managing the supply:
Increasing food grain buffer: The govt has taken steps to increase buffer of food grains & other products. For Example:
Food Corporation of India creates a buffer of food grains.Thus,when prices increase,these stocks are used, in order to control inflation.
Improving public distribution systems: Another way of curbing inflation,is improving,public distribution of essential items.All these items are available to people fair price shops.At such shops,items are readily available & at cheap price.Hence,improved PDS,ensures weaker sections of society also get things at cheaper rates.
Managing the demand:
Apart from maintaining the supply,the GOI adopts some fiscal and monetary policy,as follows: Monetory Policy:The GOI through RBI decides the monetary policy instruments like IRR,Repo rate etc.RBI keeps changing monetary policy in order to control money supply in the market.
CONCLUSION
In India,inflation is both inevitable and desirable .Inevitable,in the sense,that it,is undergoing various development projects,infrastructure,schemes,more purchasing power with larger spending .But all such things take time and during this time,the prices will go up, making inflation inevitable. Further,to some degree,inflation is necessary to increase outputs and attract large foreign investments.Hence,govt should,plan inflation in such a way,that it does not hamper weaker sections of society.
Cite this page
INFLATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON BUSINESS. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Handmaids Tale Literacy Analysis
In the story, The Handmaid's Story by Margaret Atwood the city of Gilead debilitates ladies from multiple points of view. Compelling sex upon them, anticipating that they should deal with their life partner and family, and giving them next to zero political power. All through the novel she explicitly indicates instances of the poor treatment of ladies.
"Would I be able to be reprimanded for needing a genuine body, to put my arms around? Without it I also am immaterial. [...] I can stroke myself, under the dry white sheets, in obscurity, however, I also am dry and white, hard, granular; it resembles running my hand over a plateful of dried rice; it resembles snow. [...] I resemble a room where things once occurred and now nothing does, aside from the dust of the weeds that grow up outside the window, blowing in as residue over the floor." In The Handmaid's Story, the disheartening of ladies was a typical thing. Ladies were dealt with more like items than people. The city of Gilead stripped ladies of all statuses of their rights, compelling them to live out existences of bondage. Offred the principle character in the book is a women's activist and can't help contradicting government. "This is the sort of touch they like: people workmanship, obsolete, made by ladies, in their extra time, from things that have no further use. An arrival to conventional qualities. Squander need not. I am not being squandered. For what reason do I need?" She analyzes the lady of Gilead to craftsmanship pieces. There used to be a point in time where the ladies weren't dealt with so inadequately and really had a job in the public eye. Things used to resemble how America is today where the two ladies and men are equivalent. Be that as it may, starting at now in the novel The Handmaid's Story the city of Gilead dispenses with all the opportunity and rights a lady ought to have in the public arena.
In The Handmaid's Story, the general public controls the ladies to debase themselves and please the legislature by respecting his requests of what he needs them to do with their bodies and not what God needs them to do. The ladies are looked down on by men since they should submit to them and are utilized to just delight a man. Anyway, there were ladies who battled against the administration like Offred, she was a women's activist and gone to bat for herself and in addition the other ladies.
Gilead was not generally a controlling locale but rather once over tossed by a gathering of that represented aggregate control things changed. The new gathering of men implemented controlling laws over ladies that caused a debilitation. The administration at that point takes control of everybody, making Gilead to a lesser degree a vote based in America. The past law was totally changed removing rights and opportunity of residents particularly ladies. The greater part of the men are totally in concurrence with the change and bolster the administration's treatment of ladies. Notwithstanding when the administrator appreciated Offred in spite of the fact that she is a women's activist, she ensured that ingrained into her head that he had full authority over her. There was no getting away dampening.
In the present society, ladies have comparable jobs to those of men. They work, accommodate their families, and are viewed as equivalent to men. In The Handmaid's Story, ladies are useful for bearing youngsters for the "commanders" they were a greater amount of a question a man than them really being their better half. In The Handmaid's Story, the general public is reclaimed to when ladies had no rights and were seen increasingly like a man's property that would be accommodating to the majority of their better half's needs. The handmaid's' jobs in the novel are far more atrocious than the previous occasions as a "housewife." When the handmaids end up insubordinate, they could be executed or left in the no man's land of what used to be America. In the present society, ladies don't need to comply with a man's directions, circumstances are different. The debilitation of ladies was a political instrument that was utilized profoundly by men.
Despite the fact that the city of Gilead had a great deal of women's activist battling for them they were as yet treated simply a protest instead of an individual with rights. They are seen as sex toys. A key minute in the book is when Offred states "My exposure is peculiar to me as of now. [ ] Did I truly wear swimming outfits, at the shoreline? I did, without thought, among men, without minding that my legs, my arms, my thighs and back were in plain view, could be seen. Despicable, forward. I abstain from looking down at my body, not so much since it's disgraceful or indecent but rather on the grounds that I would prefer not to see it. I would prefer not to take a gander at something that decides me so totally". She was in the bath and begun thinking back, she was recollecting how before Gilead, her body was impeccable to her and no one else's sentiment made a difference. The city of Gilead made ladies have a craving for only sex toys and child transporters so as to enable the cutting edge to come.
"There are other ladies with crates, some in red, some in the dull green of the Marthas, some in the striped dresses, red and blue and green and modest and hold back, that stamp the ladies of the poorer men. Econowives, they're called. These ladies are not separated into capacities. They need to do everything; on the off chance that they can." The legislature actually isolates ladies from whatever remains of society. The legislature gets so terrible and slops that they even begin isolating the ladies from each other. Ladies were never again to try and speak with unmarried men. This made life considerably harder on the ladies of Gilead. "I said there was more than one method for living with your head in the sand and that if Moira figured she could make the Perfect world by quiet herself down in a ladies just enclave she was tragically mixed up. Men were not simply going to leave, I said. You couldn't simply overlook them." Not enabling ladies to speak with men wouldn't remove the way that men still existed it would simply make it increasingly troublesome for the ladies to converse with them and work with a man without getting rebuffed. They were just in the general public to entirely have intercourse just with men. This shows how strict the sexual orientation division rules had moved toward becoming in the city. The blessed messengers are not permitted to look or converse with the ladies any longer. The holy messengers were compelled to remain outside the rec center backs looking toward us. Offred needed the holy messengers to take a gander at her. The watchmen aren't permitted inside the building Offred is held in. This segregated the people significantly more.
In end in The Handmaid's story, they represented people to make men ground-breaking and have a sense of responsibility for and grab their rights and in addition their opportunity. ladies were compelled to give their bodies away to men for their pleasure and to give them the kids they need. There were ladies who battled against the administration who were marked as women's activist and they attempted to ensure and recover the rights and opportunity of a ladies.
Cite this page
Handmaids Tale Literacy Analysis. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Macroeconomics is Defined
Macroeconomics is defined as the branch of economics that studies large scale economic phenomena, particularly inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. The prefix macro means large, indicates that it has something to do with the larger side of economics. The main problems in macroeconomics include: unemployment causes, inflation, and the living standards changes. Many people think Macroeconomics and Microeconomics are separate, but they are really not. Macroeconomics phenomena inflation represents the results of millions of the choices about the goods and services prices. Also, macroeconomics initially resides on a foundation of microeconomics.
Macroeconomics effect our daily lives day by day. For example, we all suffer from inflation every day. The prices of the consumer goods increase faster than wages do. Therefore, if the rise in prices is not remunerated by an increase in wages, then people will find it a lot harder to make ends meet. However, if wages rise to fast, employers will sell their products for more money so inflation will continue to cycle.
Another thing that affects our daily lives is unemployment. When we enter the workforce, and our jobs are not in accordance with our education levels, this rate becomes continual. This limits the growth possibility of the economy. Then, the pressure on the wages and their price levels leads to a loss of competitiveness.
Interest rate also affects us. Interest is the price of the money or amount paid by someone who requests availability of an amount as a form of a credit, loan, or financial obligation. Credit institutions apply passive interest. Passive interest is paid for taking the money and active interest is when it is charged by lending it. This affects us by being accustomed to lower interest rates. This outcome could change if the Federal Reserve changes their plan. The Federal Reserve (FED) is responsible to regulate money in the United States.
Lastly, another thing that affects us daily is the exchange rate. The exchange rate is the price of a currency that is measured in units. The exchange rate alters between the difference of the inflation rates and interest rates. When the United States currency is lessened, the goods that that our country imports overseas become way more expensive. It becomes more expensive to buy and produce. However, this does help the other companies to be more competitive because their products are cheaper sold abroad.
There are three basic economic questions and these are:
- What to Produce?
- How to Produce?
- For whom to Produce?
Sources are scarce and a society must determine what goods to produce and how much of it they need to produce. This is where the question What to produce? comes in.
Secondly, the question How to produce? companies the ways of production that are used to produce goods and services. Fast and efficient ways of production must be employed.
Lastly, once a society chooses a point on the curve, it will have both goods and services that are available. It must decide how to distribute these among everyone.
https://thedailyprosper.com/en/a/how-does-macro-economy-affect-your-pocket
Cite this page
Macroeconomics Is Defined. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Symbolism of Freedom in the Handmaid’s Tale
Symbolism of Freedom in The Handmaid's Tale
The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood, is written through a lens that entails a nightmare of inequality, oppression, violence, and ignorance towards women resulting in the loss of freedom for women. This is presented through a dystopian society, the republic of Gilead, where freedom for women is restricted because of the new Christian government's extreme policies. In this ultra conservative theocracy, woman are stripped of their past lives in which they had the freedom of choice as they became controlled by a higher power in which they lost the right or ability to live their lives free of control. The symbolism of freedom drives the novel as it transforms the society into a state of oppression for all women, especially the handmaids.
In the Republic of Gilead, a revolution takes place in which women are given specific roles in the society such as handmaids, wives, econowives, martha, or aunts and these such roles become their purpose for living. Women who can produce and bear children become handmaids resulting in the loss of the prior freedoms they once had as they are forced to become the property or possession of a military commander and his wife in which the handmaid's sole purpose is to produce and bear healthy babies for their commanders. Once this revolution has taken place, women's rights become minuscule. For example, women's bank accounts are frozen, prohibiting them from the rights to access and use their money for their own personal gain, and the husbands are granted full sole access to the accounts and money.
The protagonist of the story is a handmaid called Offred, as she is robbed of the freedom of her name and renamed to signify her status as a possession to her commander. As a possession, handmaids lose their freedom to own their bodies in the way that they become the property of their commander and are treated as possessions to men resulting in the oppression of women as they become victims of sexual assault and violence as they are forced have sex and bear children with men that they do not love. These childbearing laws were a key aspect in the restriction of women, Fear of rape shapes women's behavior from girlhood, restricting their movement and limiting their freedom.(Violence Against Women p. 492).
The Gilead society defends this violence, sexual assault, and loss of freedom to the higher power by claiming that conditions for women prior to the revolution were worse. This violence held a higher effect on women, ... it is a label that appears to strip us of dignity, to deny that there has been any integrity in the relationships we are in (Violence and Intimacy pg. 503). Even in our society, the effect of violence and sexual assault holds much more ground in the way that it alters a woman's dignity in the way that it strips woman of the ability to trust a person of the opposite gender which influences future relationships for all.
In the Gilead regime, woman lost their freedom and rights to male power and gender inequality in the way that women were denied their rights to an education, voting, chances to work for pay, and holding property. Instead, handmaids were forced to move into their commanders home and their lives transform into a restrictive, repetitive regime as they are robbed of all freedom in the way that apart from their roles in society, handmaids were confined to their bedrooms that resembled cells and lost the freedom to have personal belongings. Handmaids lived a restrictive life of confinement and as they were only granted the opportunity to leave the house to do shopping, childbearing ceremonies, and executions of the women. If a handmaid were to choose to not cooperate, she was to be robbed of the freedom to live and be hanged to be executed. A woman could be executed if they were to be caught deviating from the set laws defined by the anarchy of the revolution.
During this revolution, the women are consistently watched and spied on by the eyes, angels, and guardians whose main job was to keep women to cooperate and identify those who were not, The truth is that she is my spy, as I am hers. If either of us slips through the net because of something that happens on one of our daily walks, the other will be accountable(29). This restricted women from doing anything that did not fall under the guidelines of their set role description in the society, resulting in the terror of every woman to follow these set rules.
An important contribution to the loss of freedom of women and resulting oppression was the misuse of power and control by the higher power. This misuse of power created a society where gender equality did not exist and women became tools to to be used by the more powerful male gender. Males were placed on a pedestal in society as women are forced to suffer as victims of control under men. The male gender then proceeds to misuse this level of power over women and treat women as their property or possession with the intent of using then just for their personal gain.
Throughout the book, Offred is highlighted as one of the women that is most trapped by this control of hierarchy. This is partly due to that she is unable to get pregnant with her commander, even though it is Fred that is infertile, not Offred which could lead to her own personal demise. When Fred's wife, Serena Joy becomes aware of this, she secretly arranges for Offred to sleep with Nick, a guardian serving Fred so that she may become pregnant. Following this secret arrangement, Offred and Nick begin to continue their secret affair. Nick proposes an offer to Offred that she may be granted limited freedom like reading in exchange for a kiss at the end of each meeting, which could lead to her execution if discovered by one of the aunts. Although Offred was being granted limited freedom, it did not come freely. During this time, the handmaid's learned that their only aspect of freedom was their thoughts and the quiet conversation they could have when no one was watching, "We learned to whisper almost without sound. In the semi darkness we could stretch out our arms, when the Aunts weren't looking, and touch each other's hands across space (10).
Throughout the entirety of the novel, the symbolism of freedom places a large role in shaping this society into an ultraconservative theocracy. This in turn, transforms this theocracy into a society where women, especially handmaids, fall victim to oppression through the misuse of power and hierarchy of men over women. Women are forced to succumb to the pressure of men as the high power and serve as slaves to their needs as they turn into property or possessions of men as they become victims of rape, sexual assault, and control. This regime could also be related to today's society in the way that many women fall victim to male dominance, When we say that harassment isn't about sex but about power, we mean that some people gain a sense of control and power by making others feel out of control and powerless (Sexual Harassment pg. 201). Women are forced to accept these restrictions and give up their rights to read, write, own property, work for pay, and anything that would allow them the freedom to live theirs lives as they please. This creates a world where the only freedom the handmaid's have is the freedom of thought as the eyes, aunts, and guardians are unable to restrict this, although they demonstrate the power to influence thought.
Cite this page
Symbolism of Freedom in The Handmaid's Tale. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Montezuma: King of the Aztecs
Montezuma was born in cintra 1466, at the time the Aztec empire spread to present-day Honduras and Nicaragua. Motezuma II became the ninth emperor of the Aztecs he ruled from 1502 to 1520. During this time period Montezuma II increased the taxes and asked for more human sacrifices. When Spanish conquistador Hern?- n Cortes came to the Americas many Of of His People turned against him. Cortes later captured. The Aztec King and ruled the aztecs through hiim some time after he was killed and the Aztec empire fell, it would later be known as present-day Mexico
Montezuma II king of the Aztecs MontezumaII gained control over the aztec empire from his father in 1502 A.D. Montezuma lead the empire through a golden age until the fall of be the empire. He created provinces that paid taxes to the capital tenochtitlan.Montezuma was also a big believer in human sacrifices this was also a form of paying taxes by sending people as sacrifices.Under Montezuma's rule the Aztecs created the modern calendar. They created the system for the days months and leap-years, this is one of the longest lasting inventions of all time. Aztecs also devoted themselves to beauty, poetry, and music an example of this is Montezuma's crown Moctezuma's headdress was probably worn when he met Cortes.
Originally a helmet of gold topped with 400 feathers. No one is really sure of how he died. He could have been killed by Cortes and his men when they felt as if he was no longer useful to them. Other sources say he was killed by his own people, who felt as If he had lost them the empire. He probably died disgraced in June 15 after His Death He was succeeded by his brother Cuitl- huac, then by his nephew Cuauhtemoc, the last of the Aztec emperors.
CONCLUSION
In reality the Spanish may have just provided the excuse needed for an inevitable civil war. The Europeans didn't conquer the empire alone, they were only a part of the force that changed the order of thingsb in Mexico. The belief that the Aztecs took the Spanish as gods is coming into question. The Aztecs were religious, but they were not uneducated. It is questionable whether it was the superstition of Montezuma that was the cause of his downfall.
Cite this page
Montezuma: King of the Aztecs. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21 – Causes, Symptoms and Risks
The most common type of chromosomal abnormality is an aneuploidy, a chromosome mutation in which the number of chromosomes in an individual differs from that of the wild type organism. When an individual has an extra or partial extra copy of chromosome 21, Down syndrome occurs. Down syndrome is one of the most commonly occurring chromosomal abnormalities, occurring in approximately one in every 700 babies born in the United States, although the risk increases with maternal aging (1). Down Syndrome is characterized by craniofacial abnormalities, cognitive disabilities, and decreased muscle tone. Physical characteristics include upward slanted eyes, small stature, and a flat nasal bridge. Some people with Down Syndrome are also affected by certain variations of phenotypes, such as atrioventricular septal defects in the heart, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as Alzheimer's and Hirschsprung Disease (2). Many studies and research have been done to analyze the effects of Down syndrome, as well as its etiology. Advances in science and medicine have allowed scientist to discover that there are three chromosomal changes that lead to Down syndrome: complete trisomy 21, mosaicism, and translocation. Throughout this essay, I will discuss the three causes of Down syndrome and the prevalence of these causes, as well as the effect maternal aging has on the occurrence of this chromosomal abnormality.
A common type of aneuploidy in humans is a trisomy, an abnormality in which there are three copies of a particular chromosome. In most cases, Down syndrome occurs because of the trisomy of chromosome 21 due to nondisjunction, a spontaneous error that occurs during cell division. Nondisjunction resulting in Down syndrome occurs when the homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids of chromosome 21 fail to separate during anaphase I or II of meiosis, resulting in an extra copy of the chromosome. While meiosis normally results in an egg or sperm with 23 chromosomes, nondisjunction causes the resulting sex cells to have 24 chromosomes instead. When the egg and sperm unite during fertilization, the zygote will have three copies of chromosome 21. This extra chromosome is replicated in every body cell as the embryo develops, resulting in a complete trisomy in which every cell contains an extra copy of the chromosome. Nondisjunction is the cause of approximately 95% cases of down syndrome (3).
Roughly 1-2% of Down syndrome cases occur due to mosaic trisomy 21, also known as Mosaicism. Mosaicism occurs when nondisjunction takes place during mitosis, usually in early cell division following fertilization. When this occurs, there is a mixture of cells containing 46 chromosomes and cells containing 47. When nondisjunction occurs during mitosis, only the cells following the nondisjunction will contain the aneuploidy, so while many of the body's cells have an extra copy of chromosome 21, not all of them do. Research has shown that generally those with mosaic trisomy 21 have fewer symptoms than those with complete or translocation trisomy 21, but these symptoms can vary based on the number of cells throughout the body containing the extra chromosome (4).
Another chromosomal change known as Robertsonian translocation is the cause of Down syndrome in about 3-4% of cases. A Robertsonian translocation, named after geneticist W.R.B. Robertson, is an unusual arrangement of chromosomes caused when two chromosomes join together (6). Chromosomes with acrocentric centromeres break apart into a large and short arm. When the long arms, containing most of the genetic material, of two chromosomes fuse together, a Robertsonian translocation occurs. In the case of Down syndrome, the long arm chromosome 21 breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. The extra genetic material from chromosome 21 causes the characteristics of Down Syndrome to the same extent of trisomy 21 due to nondisjunction. Most commonly, the broken off chromosome 21 will attach to chromosome 14, though sometimes it attaches to chromosomes 13, 15, or 22 (5). Very rarely, two different copies of chromosome 21 will attach to each other. Those with translocation Down syndrome could possibly have inherited the condition from an unaffected parent due to the parent being a Robertsonian translocation carrier with a balanced translocation. When the long arms of two chromosomes fuse, the short arms join to form a reciprocal product that is typically lost within a few cell divisions after translocation occurs, leaving behind only 45 total chromosomes. Because the parent still has two copies of each chromosome, they will not show any symptoms, but can possibly pass down the translocated chromosome resulting in a child with an unbalanced translocation and three copies of the chromosome who would then exhibit Down syndrome. A Robertsonian translocation carrier with two copies of chromosome 21 attached will always produce sperm or eggs with unbalanced chromosomes, having either two copies of a chromosome or no copies (6). Most cases of translocation Down syndrome do not result from the parent being a Robertsonian carrier, but instead from an unbalanced Robertsonian translocation occurring spontaneously even though both of the parents have normal chromosomes. Translocation Down syndrome is the only inherited form of Down syndrome, while the others occur spontaneously. Any time someone is discovered to have translocation Down syndrome, the chromosomes should be studied to see whether or not the translocation was inherited and evaluate further risks of passing down the Robertsonian translocation to more children.
The only etiologic factor that is known to increases one's risk of having a child with Down syndrome is an increase in maternal age. Before the trisomy of chromosome 21 was identified, many scientist had already begun to recognize that Down syndrome was more prevalent in older women, especially those over age 35. Although the association between children born with Down syndrome and advancing maternal age has been recognized, scientist have speculated about the exact cause of this phenomenon for decades and, to this day, it is still unknown. While nondisjunction can occur in sperm cells, over 95% of complete trisomy 21 cases are caused due to nondisjunction within an egg, causing some scientist believe that meiosis becomes more error prone as a result of aging(7). While men are continuously producing new sperm, women are born with all of the eggs they will have, meaning the eggs will age as the woman does, possibly making these errors more prevalent. Oocytes go through periods of meiotic arrest in late prophase, continuing meiosis only at menstruation. Tetrads in prophase of meiosis must be maintained for decades, making them weaker and more at risk for errors as they age (4). The cause of increased errors in meiosis with age is still not fully understood, although studies using animal models have discovered several agents acting before or around the time of chromosomal segregation that are associated with the maternal age effect. A series of experiments that monitored the effects of aging in Drosophila oocytes showed an increase in age-related aneuploidies in situations where cohesin was disturbed. Cohesin is a multi protein complex that acts to hold sister chromatids together before cell division and maintain the connection of homologous chromosomes. The study demonstrated the effects that deficient cohesin had on homologs and suggested that the age-related decline in cohesin affects chromosomal segregation (8). Other studies have shown that decreased strength of spindle assembly checkpoints is another possible candidate for causing aneuploidies. Spindle assembly checkpoints are responsible for preventing anaphase from occurring until all of the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. Various experiments indicated that in both human and mice oocytes the transcripts of several loci associated with spindle assembly checkpoints were reduced as the cell aged. While this association remains true, a more recent study showed that no difference between the timing of the beginning of anaphase could be determined between young or old mice, so conformation of the relationship between spindle assembly checkpoints and maternal aging is still needed (8). Although many studies have focused on the agents above, several other factors have been linked to increased cases of nondisjunction. While the etiology of meiotic errors causing nondisjunction is still unknown, discovering that there multiple underlying mechanisms for the maternal age effect allows scientist to look at the phenomenon with a different perspective.
In humans, trisomy 21 is the most commonly occurring trisomy in which the child survives past infancy; therefore the prevalence of Down syndrome has allowed scientists to perform further research on mechanisms involved in aneuploidies (9). While there is still much research to be done on chromosomal abnormalities, much progress has been made in the last several decades by studying Down syndrome and how it occurs. Though complete trisomy 21 is the cause of almost all occurrences, its etiology is still not very well understood because of the many factors and mechanisms involved. Nondisjunction has been determined to occur during anaphase I or II of meiosis, which allows further research to focus on the mechanisms involved in segregation and recombination of chromosomes. Less common causes of Down syndrome, such as mosaicism and translocation, do not exhibit three complete copies of chromosome 21 but instead has three separate portions of genetic information from chromosome 21 that results in the same phenotypic outcome, although the characteristics expressed in mosaicism can vary. Similar to trisomy 21, mosaicism is also not an inherited abnormality. Translocation is the most well understood because its inheritance pattern is more easily studied, although a translocation is inherited in very few cases. The underlying mechanisms that cause Down syndrome can be studied due to its positive association with maternal aging. The maternal age effect allows scientists to use animal oocyte models to test various hypotheses involving possible contributing factors to nondisjunction. Although there is no single factor that causes Down syndrome or an increase in meiotic errors with age, the various associations proven, along with an expanding knowledge of chromosomal abnormalities, has provided a solid foundation on which to base further research.
Cite this page
Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21 - Causes, Symptoms and Risks. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Down Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Down syndrome also knows as Trisomy 21. The disease is the most prevailing genetic disease around the world. It is also the most shared genetic source of intellectual disabilities emerging in about 1 in 400-1500 newborns (Kazemi, Mansoor et. al). According to Research In approximately 95% cases, the extra chromosome occurs as a result of meiotic nondisjunction or abnormal segregation of chromosomes (Kazemi, Mansoor et. al). Non-disjunction is when one cell splits in two. In Down syndrome it is when both chromosomes form into one cell and none go into the other cell form in. The cell division errors result in an extra copy of chromosome 21, which results in the name trisomy 21. The human body contains 23 pairs one from each parent. When an extra copy is made in chromosome 21 it is responsible for extra genetic material. It is well known to be associated with higher maternal age of 35 years of age and older (Larson and Hulten, 2015) (Ghosh, Feingold et. al, 2009).
Epidemiology In Down syndrome (DS) Studies began in the mid 1800s when physicians had groups of patients that showed signs of downs syndrome such as short stature, specific facial features such as eye fissures, and flat nasal bridge. The Physician that DS was named after was John Langdon Down, which contributed to the findings that these features and distinctions emphasized on those affect individuals and those who may have intellectual disabilities (Sherman, Allen et. al, 2007). J. Langdon Down stated these distinct findings could be distinguished in the category of DS of his findings. By the 1960s DS identify the main genetic causes and identified the trademark affects of it, which still results in maternal age. It has been estimated that one in seven hundred and thirty two infants in the United States are born with Down syndrome (Sherman, Allen et. al, 2007).
For doctors and parents learning that the baby might have DS, the right courses and precautions are to be taken when proceeding with the pregnancy. For doctors making sure the right test and evaluations are done to determine a DS baby as well as properly informing the parents on everything. Research has shown that differences between doctor and parent can show poorer quality of communication (Huiracocha, Almeida et. al, 2017). With this information on the doctors is to properly inform and educate the parents on what courses to take with the diagnosis. Offering support groups and the educational resources they need for what ever their choice is with the baby. Courses should involve support, testing, educating, and options for the patient or parents on the diagnoses they receive.
Diagnostic Screening and assessments for Down syndrome is an imperative part of regular prenatal care and checks. There are multiple forms of testing on DS. More common screenings are that most common screening method contains the measurement of a combination of factors: advanced maternal age, multiple second trimester serum markers, and second trimester ultrasonography (Kazemi, Mansoor et. al, 2017). The first conveyed sign linked with DS was the thickening of the neck area. They assessments raise the rate to test for the chances of DS. When diagnosing and determination DS the testing of amniocenteses has been one of the main advances in obstetrical care was the introduction of prenatal genetic diagnosis, primarily by amniocentesis in the second trimester of pregnancy (Kazemi, Mansoor et. al, 2017). Amniocentesis is the most conventional invasive prenatal diagnostic approach used in the world. Amniocentesis is done before fifteen weeks of pregnancy is indicated as early amniocentesis (Kazemi, Mansoor et. al, 2017). This form of testing is controversial in that it has a percentage of causing a miscarriage. Even with this possibility it is the most accurate type of testing in early pregnancy.
Intervention in the care of Down syndrome starts as soon as the diagnosis is made. When caring for an individual with DS it is important for structured care. There is not just one way of treatment or care for DS. Managements are centered on each individual's intellectual and physical abilities and needs (What are Common Treatments for Down syndrome, 2017). In addition consideration is taken into affect based on his or her limitations and personal strengths. When caring for someone with DS it is not just the parent or guardian. A care team that can include but is not limited to Physicians, Speech therapist, occupational therapist, physical therapist, Special educators, and social workers (What are Common Treatments, 2017). Each person on a care team has a special role in caring for the individual in some way. Whether they are providing daily care or occasional care, they are vital in support for both the rest of the team and the individual with DS. Providing the proper medical care from prenatal to adulthood can is vital in maintaing regular health visit in a multitude of areas. Allowing early intervention in the education system can allow them to start to receive the therapist and care they need to thrive and get assistance.
Challenges that come with the Down syndrome vary in degree. A variety of clinical conditions come associated with DS. Heart Defects, Alzheimer's disease, leukemia, and gastrointestinal problems. According to research done neurological problems such as Alzheimer's are at great risk after the age of fifty, which increases the risk of dementia up to seventy percent (Asim, Kumar et. al, 2015). In regards to cardiac problems a newborn with down sydrome has a fifty percent chance of having a congenital heart disease (Asim, Kumar et. al, 2015). These may include atrioventriculr cushion defect and ventricular septal defect. Looking into the challenges of hematological (blood) problems, Patients with DS has an increased risk of leukemia, which is the result of the presence of gene mutations. Another challenge and health concern is that research shows that up to eighty percent of children with DS are affected by some extent of hearing loss, sometimes complete loss (Pikora, Bourke et. al, 2014). Even minor hearing impairment will lead to complications in language or speech development. Along with hearing impairment there is an increase of vision impairment, which can usually be fixed with corrective lenses. With having health problems the increase of mental illness is also increased. Along with health condition, Different mental illnesses report has been high results of anxiety and depression (Pikora, Bourke et. al, 2014). With these results it can bring up the issues of how to treat the individual with either therapy or medication when combining it with other challenges of DS. In addition to these health condition that can affect the individual in major ways more challenges can be body weight conditions, thyroid conditions, muscle, bone, and skin issues, and eye and vision conditions (Pikora, Bourke et. al, 2014). All of these health issues can affect the daily life of the individual with DS.
Cite this page
Down syndrome: Causes, symptoms, and diagnosis. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Over the past two decades, technology has entirely modified every aspect of our lifestyle. Furthermore, the change in the way that children interact with one another has been the most noticeable that is obviously different from the previous generations. Even though technology provides various positive benefits, it also effects negatively on issues such as child development and quality of life, which can cause great impacts on children both emotionally and mentally.
Study shows that the exposure to screen media is associated with attention span problems. Children under 5 years old who have access to screen media two hours daily are 20 percent more likely to have attention problems than the one who don't. (Christakis, 2010). Research also shows that there are high relations between anxiety symptoms and frequent use of social media. (T. Barry, L. Sidoti, M. Briggs, R. Reiter, A. Lindsey, 2017)
The National Statistical Office of Thailand (NSO) showed children and young populations who need support related to disability has risen to 3 percent in 2007. According to Department of Mental Health of Thailand, approximately 6.5 percent of children in Thailand are diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Many research have demonstrated that children with ADHD show poor result on school performance. This leads to their educational nonfulfillment. Children and young populations who have diagnosed with ADHD also struggle with anxiety. The American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates up to 25 percent concurrent between ADHD and anxiety in many researches.
Multi-Sensory Environment (MSE) or Snoezelen room is a room that is specifically designed to stimulate various senses, such as lighting effects, color, sounds, music, and scents in order to sooth mentally disabled person. (Cuvo et al., 2001)
The multi-sensory stimulation environment also allows mentally disabled people to feel relax, enjoy as well as to increase their self-awareness and attention. Snoezelen Multi-Sensory Environment is reported reliably positive results with mentally disabled people (Lancioni et al., 2002).
Recently, Snoezelen room is broadly practiced with diverse groups of people with and without special needs. First, people with profound disabilities who have restricted chance to access multi-sensory stimulation on their own, such as people with intellectual disabilities and dementia. Second, people with autism who need various sensory stimulations in order to ease their frustrations as well as to process self-regulation.
Cite this page
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Energetic Children
In certain cases, parents might observe the energetic behavior of their child and conclude that their child is just hyper and that this is a natural phenomenon. Although parents that undergo this experience might not see their child's hyperactivity as a problem, concerns for the child's behavior could arise when the child begins to attend school. In fact, while at school, children with hyperactive tendencies may have problems staying focused or staying quiet. Also, these children may find it hard to wait their turn to speak and their patience overall might be weak in other situations as well. In psychology, symptoms like these can be identified as a mental disorder under the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD. ADHD is a brain disorder that is caused by genes, morphological brain abnormalities and adversity (Xenitidis, 2011). On most occasions, this mental disorder may carry over into an individual's adult life or it may be resolved during adolescence. To diagnose this disorder, health care professionals use the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth edition (DSM-5). Statistics show that 5% of children have diagnosis of ADHD; however, other researchers confirm that this number ought to be higher (CDC, 2018). There exist three primary symptoms associated with ADHD that diagnosed individuals present, which include the following: hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Based on the pervasiveness of either one of the three symptoms within an individual, a certain type or presentation of ADHD can be identified. These presentations include the following: Combined Presentation, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation, or Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation. Overall, the number of people diagnosed with ADHD has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, more so than it has ever been in the past and many people, including experts, have begun to ask why.
Moreover, this specific mental disorder has not always been called Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Indeed, ADHD's original name was hyperkinetic impulse disorder. ADHD was finally recognized as a mental disorder during the 1960s by The American Psychiatric Association (APA). Sir George Still, a British pediatrician, first identified ADHD in the early part of the twentieth century. In his words, this condition was an abnormal defect of moral control in children (Healthline). In brief, he recognized that some children could not control their behavior, but he found out that this lack of control did not affect the child's intelligence. Thereafter, the first edition of the DSM did not recognize ADHD as a mental disorder early on. However, when the second DSM was published in 1968, they identified the mental disorder and named it hyperkinetic impulse disorder. After the APA released the DSM-III, the mental disorder had its name changed from hyperkinetic impulse disorder to attention deficit disorder (ADD) in 1980. The APA found that there were two subtypes of attention deficit disorders: attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity (ADD) and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD). Scientist found that hyperactivity was not a common symptom. In 1987, the APA revised the DSM-III, removing the subtypes and changing the name to what is now known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In 2000, APA released the DSM-IV including the three subtypes of ADHD as Combined Presentation, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation, or Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation (Healthline).
Although Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder can be identified simply as a mental illness, other factors make this disorder more interesting, such as the individual's genes and the environment surrounding the individual. Due to a lack of understanding of this mental disorder, there is a little information about what genetic factors contribute to ADHD. There exist only hypothetical ideas that attempt to explain these genetic factors. In his article on ADHD, Professor Paolo Curatolo argues that twins seem to genetically contribute to the disorder with heritability ranging from 60-90% (Curatolo et al., 2010). Another reasonable genetic hypothesis is that a mixture of major dominant and recessive genes contributes to ADHD. Additionally, others conclude that there are pre-, peri- and postnatal environmental factors that all play a role in this condition. For example, one of the prenatal factors of ADHD is the lifestyle of the mother during pregnancy. Consuming alcohol while pregnant is found to induce brain structure in the cerebellum. Another example accredits the condition to maternal smoking; this yields a 2.7-fold increase risk. It has been found that there is an interaction of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and that the prenatal exposure was found mostly in males. In addition, peri-natal factors include the child having a low weight at birth and the mother having birth complications. Last, a postnatal example includes a shortage of proper and necessary nutrition and an imbalance of essential fatty acids intake. In some cases, scientist believe that iron deficiency plays a role for some children. Curatolo also reports that by using neuroimaging, it is found that patients with ADHD have reductions of total cerebral volume, the basal ganglion, the prefrontal cortex, the corpus collosum and cerebellum (Curatolo et al). Neuroimaging studies have noted other contributing factors, which include a reduction of white matter in the corpus collosum area and cortical thickness in these patients. Consequently, data from neuroimaging, combined with genetic and neurochemical studies, have assisted successful attempts to identify the pathophysiology of ADHD.
Nevertheless, there still happens to be a lot confusion about how to properly diagnose someone with ADHD which has increased the number of people diagnosed with ADHD. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that the estimation of children with ADHD has changed over time. The American Psychiatric Association believe that 5% on children have ADHD; however, other studies show that this number is higher in community samples. Clearly there is a lot of confusion surrounding ADHD, specifically with its diagnosis process. In Addicted to Adderall, Osman Moneer et al. argue, defining and diagnosing ADHD is a fairly difficult and subjective process. They later point out that the National Institute of Medical Health does not provide an explanation for the origins of ADHD. Consequently, Moneer et al. contend that the lack of knowledge surrounding the origins of this disorder makes it difficult to diagnose someone with an actual ADHD disorder (Moneer et al, 2018). Therefore, this difficulty in the diagnosing process causes an increase in the spread of someone being diagnosed by doctors and as a result, this has led a growing amount of people diagnosed with ADHD due to a lack of clarity. In a study done by the CDC, approximately 380,000 children between the ages 2-5 had ever been diagnosed. However, this number increases into the millions as age increases. For instance, it was found that the number of children of ages 4-17 years, that had ever been diagnosed with ADHD, starting at 7.8% in 2003 survey, increasing to 9.5% in a 2007 survey, and further increasing to 11.0% in a 2011 survey. The CDC also reports that approximately 2 of 3 children that currently have ADHD are diagnosed with an additional mental or emotional behavior disorder (CDC, 2018). Also, it has been revealed that males are three times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than females with an average age of 7 years for both (ADDRC, 2017). Clearly, broad speculations about ADHD exist in various forms, specifically in narrowing down the exact proper diagnosis of ADHD, and subsequently, this has contributed heavily to the rising number of individuals diagnosed with ADHD.
For diagnosing a child with predominately inattentive ADHD, children up to 16 years of age must present six or more symptoms, or five symptoms for children 17 and older (CDC, 2018). Some of the DSM-5 symptoms for inattention include the following: the person often fails to pay close attention to details, it seems like they are not listening when being spoken to, has trouble being organized or organizing tasks and activities. Symptoms also include often being forgetful in everyday activities, being easily distracted, not following instructions fully, and not completing tasks. These symptoms must be present for a minimum of 6 months to be diagnosed with inattentive ADHD (CDC, 2018).
In addition, the other two common symptoms for ADHD include hyperactivity and impulsivity. Similar to inattention the same age requirement and amount of symptoms are necessary to be diagnosed with this type of ADHD. Symptoms that must be present for hyperactive and impulsivity include fidgeting with hands or feet, leaving the seat often, talking uncontrollably, and interrupting other people (ADD, 2018). Some symptoms that all of the three sections present include blurting out answers for uncompleted questions, waiting turns and remaining still. Also, according to Attention Deficit Disorder Association, other conditions must also be met. These conditions must include the following: having the six symptoms (in the subtypes) before the age of twelve, these symptoms being present in two or more different environments, and the symptoms interfering with the quality of social or school life.
The third subtype of ADHD is called the combined type and it is diagnosed the same way as the other two types. This combined presentation is the most common type to be diagnosed with and it is the one that is most researched on. Children that present symptoms from both inattentive or hyperactive-impulse will be considered to be diagnosed for combined ADHD. This means that the child will have to be diagnosed with six or more symptoms from both lists (Sinfield, 2018). Additionally, a person who is 17 years old or older will need to present five or more symptoms from both lists. Having ADHD combined does not mean that it is more severe compared to someone with only one presentation. Dr. Russell Barkley writes in his book Taking Charge of Adult ADHD, that a predominantly hyperactive presentation could be an early developmental stage of combined ADHD. He states that most people diagnosed with majority might eventually develop combined within 3 to 5 years (Barkley, 2013).
On the other hand, before the age of twelve, symptoms may look differently from someone with ADHD that is older. There is also an underdiagnosis and under-treatment of ADHD in adults. Research says that about 60 percent of children with ADHD will continue to have symptoms in their adult life (Friedman, 2016). Symptoms that are found in adults include; problems with reading, attending important meeting, not being able to time manage, and frequently getting fired or changing jobs (Xenitidis, 2011). Chances of getting ADHD increase in adulthood possibly due to pregnancy and delivery complications or prematurity. Unfortunately, there is not much research on treatments for adults with ADHD.
At this time, there is no cure for ADHD, there are only treatments that help those with this condition. It is common for parents to have concerns about the best way to help their child. Treatment options include behavior therapy and medication. Behavior therapy is available for both the child and parents, or the adult with ADHD. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends behavior therapy and medication together for children 6 years or older. While for children under 6, it is recommended that the child first try behavior therapy, before trying medication (CDC, 2018). However, there is new research that argues medication alone will not improve these symptoms (Haggerty, 2018).
Nonetheless, medical doctors treat individuals diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with prescribed medication to alleviate the symptoms associated with this disorder. Specifically, these medications come in pill form and include Adderall, Concerta, Focalin, Ritalin, and Vyvanse, each of which act in slightly different ways to control the symptoms of ADHD including hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and impulsivity (Haggerty, 2018). Adderall often represents this entire drug family due to it being the most commonly prescribed. In effect, these drugs work by targeting activity of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, thus the brain thinks as if it is being rewarded for doing an otherwise unpleasant task, and allows intense focus for the drug user (Moneer, 2018). Overall, prescription pills have powerful effects that relieve symptoms of ADHD, but they certainly do not provide a full cure.
The number of people diagnosed with ADHD has increased more over the recent years and this can be attributed to a wide variety of information required to fully grasp this mental disorder. Clearly, research on ADHD has expanded in various studies; however, a lot of confusion still exists, and new research continues to discover more information, which sometimes challenges previous confirmed ideas on ADHD. Therefore, the lack of clarity surrounding this mental disorder has evidently led to confusion on the diagnosis process, and subsequently, an increase in the number of people diagnosed with ADHD. A cure for ADHD does not exist due to its widespread speculation and only treatment options for ADHD are endorsed, which are behavioral therapy and prescription medication. Although these two treatment options give alleviation to ADHD's symptoms, they are continuously required to sustain the alleviating effects and do not permanently remove them. Ultimately, ADHD remains a relatively newly discovered mental disorder and much research is still required to understand it completely, despite the vast amount of research in recent years.
Cite this page
Energetic Children. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Causes of down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a condition that has to do with the chromosome 21. This genetic disorder affects about 1 to 800 live born babies or 1 to 1000. The reason that people can get this disorder is by having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Your genetics have to do with everything that you do and when one gets messed up it can be really hard for people to do things that other people can. So people with down syndrome have to do some things different then other people. Mostly depending on the severity of the genetic disorder because some people with down syndrome may have it really bad which can makes their life really hard. But some people with it may have it very mild and you cant even tell that they have down syndrome.
The symptoms can vary depending on if the case if mild, moderate, or severe. Some people with this disorder can be super healthy and never had an issue with their health but other people with it can have serious health problems and they can have heart defects to. People with this disorder will commonly have distinct facial features. But there are a lot of different types of facial features that they can get because people think that all of the facial features are the same they are wrong. Some example of the facial features include flattened faces, small head, short neck, poor muscle tone, and many many more. In the facial features category there are 12 different kinds of facial feature that somebody can get with down syndrome. Some other symptoms are that when babies with down syndrome are born the same size as any ordinary baby they usually grow at a much slower rate than everybody else that are the same age as them.
How they find out the chances of your baby having down syndrome. Some way that they can tell you is screening tests. Screening test can show you the chance of your kid being born with down syndrome or if your kid is perfectly fine. But this test can't tell you for sure if your child will have down syndrome but it can give you a heads up so you can expect for your kid to have it but it is a 50, 50 chance for your child to have it. But if you do a diagnostics test it will be able to tell you if your child will or will not have down syndrome. Which could help you get an early start on seeing if they have a treatment to help get rid of the disorder.
You cannot cure down syndrome but you can do stuff to make it better and less severe then it already was. People with down syndrome can highly use speech therapy that way they can talk to people more normally and can get a good job as they reach adulthood. Other things that can help them are exercises to help with motor skills and by taking special education classes and attention in school classes.
Most down syndrome is not inherited it is caused by a failure in the cell division. But translocation down syndrome is inherited by being passed from parent to their kids. But this rarely happens because only 3 to 4 percent of people with down syndrome had this type so only very few people get down syndrome inherited from one of their parents. But if the parents have balanced translocation down syndrome but they don't have any sign of having down syndrome then they might have a chance of your child having down syndrome.
Cite this page
Causes of Down Syndrome. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Ernest Hemingway: how his Life Affected his Writing
Ernest Hemingway was worldly known for his writing style that was composed of brief, straightforward sentences. Hemingway’s unique style eventually led to him being rewarded with the Nobel Prize in 1954. Not only was he known for his style of writing, but the main ideas used in his stories were from experiences he faced in his life himself and he just dramatitized them himself. Some more novels that Hemingway wrote include: The Sun Always Rises, A Farewell to Arms, To Have and Have Not, and For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway’s decisions and things he underwent in his early life ultimately led to events that transpired in his later life.
Ernest’s father Clarence Edmonds Hemingway or Ed Hemingway started practice towards being a doctor and when he served his internship re-met his later wife, Grace Hall. Ed Hemingway was helping tend to Grace’s mother because she had cancer. Ed Hemingway and Grace Hall had previously seen each other when they went to the same high school, Oak Park High School. Their letters they sent to each other over a span of six years later led to their marriage in the year of 1896. Grace enjoyed playing music and later found herself teaching music to people. Ed Hemingway and Grace Hemingway had 6 children together, including Ernest. Ernest had an older sister, Marcelline, which was born in January 1898. Ernest also had three younger sisters and younger brother: Ursula, Madelaine or Sunny, Carol and Leicester. Ursula was born in 1902, Madelaine in 1904, Carol in 1911 and Leicester in 1915 (Dearborn 18).
Ernest’s mom, Grace Hemingway recorded things about Ernest as a child in his baby book, she would record things that Ernest did as a child that were special and embarrassing. There were photos of Ernest as a baby with his sister and it looked like they were twins and both girls. In that century, it was common for boys to wear girls clothes, but even after, there began to be differences in the clothes between boys and girls. Ernest’s mom still dressed Ernest in girl’s clothes. As a child Ernest was very close with his oldest sister Marcelline. Grace always treated his two older kids as twins, because she had always wanted twins. Not only did Grace dress up Ernest like Marcelline, but she wanted them to be in the same grade so she held Marcelline back a year. Ernest and Marcelline’s relationship were really close as they were children and continued to grow as they became older but their relationship soon became toxic as they reached adulthood. There were certain traits that Ernest pointed out in Marcelline’s personality that he didn’t like because they were the same bad traits his mother had (Dearborn 22).
Ernest’s parents bought a house on Walloon Lake in northern Michigan the year before he was born. A third of Ernest’s summers were spent at this Michigan lake house. This summer home had a big impact on Ernest as he was growing up and later on in his writings. Michigan is where Ernest experienced the fun in nature and the wilderness in the world. All the Hemingway kids were taught how to shoot a gun and the safety about them by Ed Hemingway, he taught them how to shoot an animal and catch a fish. While at the house on the lake the kids would always fish and hunt. Even though Ernest went to the house in his earlier years there were still consistent appearances of the Michigan house in many of his later works, but one major work that it appeared in was The Nick Adam Stories. The Nick Adam Stories were a group of short stories describing major events in Ernest’s life, from childhood to adulthood. Not only did the summers going to Walloon Lake help develop some of his writings, but I believe that it caused Ernest to have a liking for traveling to places and seeing the world (O’Connor, “When Hemingway Was a Young Fisherman in Michigan”).
As Ernest entered in as a freshman into Oak Park and River Forest High School, he wasn’t serious about English and actually had plans to become a doctor. After taking English classes and courses in writing, his plan began to change and he became serious about English. Marcelline and Ernest enjoyed reading magazines that came to their house and competed to see who could finish reading things first, like King James Bible. The later years in high school was when Ernest really began to grow an inspiration and love for writing. Two teachers influenced him extremely, Margaret Dixon and Fannie Biggs. Both teachers took a were interested in helping Ernest, but each helped him differently. Ernest was encouraged and motivated by Miss Dixon when he was beginning to write. Miss Biggs had an club that both Ernest and Marcelline were heavily involved in. Throughout the club, students would send in work and critique each other's work with help from Miss Biggs. Miss Biggs was a big influence for Ernest to focus on the genre of short stories, but Miss Biggs was more influential to Ernest on his path to journalism. Miss Biggs’s journalism class was known for being ran like an actual newspaper office. Both Ernest and Marcelline were picked to be rotating editors for the newspaper. The editors were specifically chosen by Miss Biggs’s to write about different things in the newspaper. Ernest found that sports writing was the easiest for him especially since he played on a couple of sports teams in high school. Ernest’s passion for writing definitely started from high school and flowered into something amazing as can be seen in his writings. His teachers gave him the motivation and opportunity to further his English and writing skills in high school(Dearborn 37-38).
In Ernest’s senior year of high school, he started thinking about college. Ernest’s father wanted him to follow his sister, Marcelline, and attend Oberlin, but Ernest liked Cornell better. Ernest told many people that he was going to the University of Illinois, but Ernest’s interest in college disappeared and was more interested at working for the newspaper, The Kansas City Star. Ernest’s uncle Tyler helped Ernest get the apprenticeship at The Kansas City Star because he knew a writer at the newspaper. The newspaper gave Ernest a full-time job in the fall. Ernest was new to writing newspapers, but eventually, he became a very talented newspaper writer. Ernest had the job of interviewing people in a certain area of Kansas, through this he met many people and became more associated with the city. He was taught the rules of the newspaper and the rules happened to become the reason he was such a unique writer. Certainly, obtaining these skills early on in his life helped him because the rules he was taught at the newspaper was the style he was later known for (Dearborn 45-49).
During Ernest’s time at the newspaper he wanted to serve in the Great War. Ever since his senior year in high school, Ernest saw the societies’ shift to militarism. This patriotism drew Ernest towards the military life, and caused him to sign with the 7th Missouri Infantry of the National Guard. Ernest’s family was known for having bad eyesight and this caused for the U.S. Unit to not accept him. Luckily, for Ernest the American Red Cross was giving opportunities through ambulance driving in France. The Red Cross was actively recruiting because of the major defeats the Italians faced due to the Austrians. Ernest signed up and told The Kansas City Star he was leaving in April. Ernest made his way from Mestre to Fossalta, which would be the Red Cross base camp. Ernest would go from trench to trench handing out supplies to Italian soldiers. One day as Ernest walking out of the trench and the Austrians started shooting their mortars at them. The explosion caused soldiers to lie dead on the ground or cause major wounds to them. Ernest who had been badly wounded from the shrapnel, caused by the explosion, lifted a badly wounded soldier and walked to the Red Cross dugout. On Ernest’s last steps to the dugout his leg was shot by a machine gun, causing him to be unconscious in the trench. Red Cross drivers took Ernest to Fornaci where they would clean his wounds. For Ernest’s act of heroism, he was awarded The Silver Medal of Military Valor. Many different versions of Ernest’s story would surface. While in the Red Cross hospital in Milan, Ernest was trying to come up with a good fictional novel about his war wounds. Eventually, Ernest wrote, A Farewell to Arms, in 1929. A Farewell to Arms was a love story about a hero, Frederic Henry, and a nurse, Catherine Barkley, that while recovering from his wounds they fell in love. Just like in Ernest’s novel, Ernest ends up having a liking for a nurse named Agnes von Kurowsky while he was recovering from his war wounds. They spent time together, digging shrapnel out of his leg, sightseeing, and going to races at San Siro. While in the hospital, many have said that Ernest’s experiences had caused his personality to change from a fresh, boyish character to being self-centered. He thought of himself so highly by wearing his uniform with all of his medals and wounds stripes. Not only did this event that Ernest experience tremendously help his fan base later in his life, but it also changed Ernest as a person (Dearborn 59-68).
Ernest Hemingway’s early life seeded the origins for his great writing skills and success. From his experience in the wilderness that later led to his love for traveling, his teachers that sparked his inspiration for writing in high school, to his career in journalism that made him known for his unique writing style, to his near death experience that led him to writing an amazing novel. These are only a few examples in Hemingway’s early life that helped his success in his later life. Without these important events Hemingway experienced in his early life, I believe that he wouldn’t be nearly as successful and well-known today.
Cite this page
Ernest Hemingway: How His Life Affected His Writing. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Hemingway’s Paris
One of the most renowned American novelist and short-story writers during the 20th century was Ernest Hemingway. His name comes to mind when we think of great American writers. Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois and second of six children. Growing up in Oak Park, Ernest and other boys his age had a lot to live up to. The village of Oak Park had strict laws residents had to abide to ensure structure and discipline. Ernest's mother was to thank for his creativity and father for his love of the outdoors. It appears the pressure his mother and father put on him fueled his desire to explore new opportunities. This would explain his passion as a thrill seeker and ways he found to cheat death.
Hemingway began his career as journalist for the Kansas Star, but after six months on the job left to join the ambulance corps in Italy. Ernest desperately wanted to join WWI, but his parents strictly forbid it. Ernest volunteered as an ambulance driver with the American Red Cross and on June 1918 was hit by an Austrian mortar shell. He later returned to America to become a reporter. Hemingway moved back to Chicago where he was welcomed back with open arms. Ernest wrote for several years for the Toronto Daily Star and found writing to be his passion. This was another instance in Hemingway's life where his parents did not approve, and his mother gave him an ultimatum to find a new job or move out.
Ernest Hemingway wanted a life of travel and leisure. Paris was something Hemingway connected to more than anywhere else. Paris was the epicenter for creativity during a time where many felt exiled by their own country. Some would agree that without Paris, Hemingway would have never come close to reaching his full potential as a writer. There were many qualities of Paris that attracted Hemingway as it was an inexpensive place to live due to the unpredictable salary of a writer.
While in Paris Ernest was met by well-known writers, including James Joyce, Ezra Pound, and Gertrude Stein who claimed they could help him establish a career. In this way there was less pressure on money, which allowed Hemingway to use his time writing. Hemingway believed that the people of Paris were a different breed and felt more of a connection to the people than of America. Hemingway's writing was influenced by his background in journalism and by Gertrude Stein. His impact on other writers came from his deceptively simple, stripped-down prose, full of unspoken implication, and from his tough but vulnerable masculinity, which created a myth that imprisoned the author and haunted the World War II generation (Blair and James).
Gertrude Stein impacted Hemingway's love for Paris, as she introduced him to the lifestyle and other known artists of its time. This group of authors became known as the the Lost Generation. Gertrude Stein is well known for shaping young Hemingway into a full-fledged author and encouraged him to give up on journalism to write poetry using excerpts from his articles. It was then that Hemingway wrote his first book called Three Stories and Ten Poems. The Paris lifestyle began to catch up with Ernest and moved to Toronto to save up more money to return to Paris. Once he had saved up enough money he moved back to Paris with his wife Hadley and his son.
Hemingway returned to Paris for the sole purpose of writing. He became friends with Ford Madox Ford who edited his works. Hemingway's work got the attention of F. Scott Fitzgerald who had just published his book, Catcher in the Rye. After a few months Ernest Hemingway wrote, The Sun Also Rises which was about a group of American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights. Both F. Scott Fitzgerald and Hemingway were critical of each other's work. Hemingway once quoted, I believe that basically you write for two people; yourself to try to make it absolutely perfect; or if not that then wonderful; Then you write for who you love whether she can read or write or not and whether she is alive or dead. I think Scott in his strange mixed-up Irish catholic monogamy wrote for Zelda and when he lost all hope in her and she destroyed his confidence in himself he was through" (Diamond). These two were both in Paris at the pinnacle of their careers and it seemed fit that a quarrel would develop between the two. Their styles were completely different as Hemingway was known for personifying a Man's Man while Fitzgerald was more of a playboy as he portrayed in his novel The Great Gatsby.
Hemingway's life in Paris played a major role in his literary technique. The dream is pastoral: the innocence of his love for Hadley; the beauty of place-Paris and the Voralberg; the affection of friends. Discipline, imaged as hunger, spurs him competitively and pitilessly toward success but also toward mastery of a literary style (Waldhorn 13). The romance and emotions he felt in Paris were infused in most of his books. He connected with fellow writers in Paris including; Gertrude Stein, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Ford Maddox Ford, and Scott Fitzgerald. Each of these writers impacted Hemingway greatly and helped turn him into such a great writer.
In conclusion, Paris was not only a place where he learned how to write, it was a place where he learned how to love. He fell in love with the feeling of romance Paris offered after the war. This love for Paris allowed his books to become reality. The people he met helped him create characters in his literary works. Hemingway would not be the accomplished writer we know today without Paris.
Cite this page
Hemingway's Paris. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
A Comprehension of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is believed to originate as far back as Early Greek and Roman periods. Lithium salts were used in bath waters to calm people during that time. In the 17th Century, both Robert Burton and Theophilus Bonet, identified the link between mania and melancholy. The first documented case of bipolar disorder was done in the 19th Century by the French psychiatrist, Jean-Pierre Falret. An article was written describing circular insanity which details people switching through severe depression and manic excitement. (2018, Krans, Cherney). Since then, the highly investigated neurological disease has been pursued. The first time the term bipolar disorder appeared was in the 1980 third edition of American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Bipolar disorder is now highly researched with ongoing information towards identification of symptoms, related symptoms and associated disorders, causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
Bipolar disorder defined
The Bipolar (two poles) disorder, previously called manic depression, has been determined as a neurological disorder in which the person shifts dramatically between the opposite differences of mania and depression. A created mental illness affecting a person's moods, energy, activity levels, and everyday life such as decision-making processes, tasks, sleep, and perspectives on reality. Mania is excitement, delusions, and euphoria while depression is severe sadness, despondency, and dejection. Mood swings can shift between highs and lows in a matter of minutes and the person can become very agreeable to very unreasonable.
Symptoms
There are four types of bipolar disorders with varying severities and may have related disorders associated. The first type is Bipolar I disorder with manic episodes lasting a minimum of seven days, requiring hospitalization, following with severe depression, and creating a break from reality or psychosis and dangerous episodes of hallucinations or delusions, matching the person's intense moods. The second type is Bipolar II disorder with a pattern of hypomanic and depressive episodes for longer periods, occurring a minimum of two years but without a manic episode and can cause a significant impairment in the person's life. The third type of bipolar disorder is called Cyclothymia, having numerous periods of hypomania and depressive symptoms for at least two years with one year occurring during the childhood or adolescence years. The fourth is other specified and unspecified bipolar and related disorders which are defined by not matching any of the other three symptoms. These can be induced by certain drugs or alcohol or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis or stroke (Mayo, 2016). Symptoms can occur with a chemical change to the body such as hormone imbalance through pregnancy or menopause or seasonal changes in the environment.
The symptoms of mania and hypomania have the same symptoms but different types of episodes with mania being more serious with noticeable problems in the person's life including work, school, social activities, and relationships. An episode comprises of three or more of the following characteristics which include abnormally upbeat, jumpy, or wired, increased activity, energy, agitation, irritable, or touchy, exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence or euphoria, decreased need for sleep, unusual talkativeness about various subjects, racing thoughts, distractibility, and poor decision-making such as spending sprees, sexual risks, or impulsive investments (Mayo, 2016).
The symptoms of a depressive episodes reflect a noticeable difficulty in functioning with everyday life such as work, school, social activities, and relationships. An episode would consist of five or more of the following characteristics which include a depressed mood such as feeling sad, down, hopeless, tearful or irritability, feeling worried or empty, loss of interest or no pleasure in almost all activities, significant weight loss without dieting, weight gain, or an increase or decrease in appetite, either insomnia or excessive sleeping, restlessness or loss of energy, tired or slowed down, decreased activity levels, feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt, decreased ability to concentrate, think, or indecisiveness, forgetting things often, and think about death or the idea of suicide with either planning or attempting (Mayo, 2016).
Related Disorders
Related disorders can have similar indications to bipolar disorders. These illnesses can make diagnosing bipolar disorder difficult or may be underlying disorders associated with the mental illness. Other disorders include anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance abuse disorders, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PSTD), borderline personality disorder, or schizophrenia. People with bipolar disorder are also at a higher risk for thyroid disease, migraine headaches, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and other physical illnesses (NIMH, 2016).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis should include a physical exam and lab tests to identify any potential medical problems, and a psychiatric exam to evaluate thoughts, feelings, behavior patterns, and personal perspectives. Diagnosing children and teenagers with bipolar disorder includes the same criteria used for adults but often have different patterns and may not fit into the diagnosis categories (2016, Mayo). Sometimes family members or close friends will be requested to fill out surveys to help provide information. Mood charting sleep patterns, or eating journals may also be applicable in helping to diagnose and provide the right treatments. A mental health physician or psychiatrist may compare symptoms with the criteria in the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Causes
Exact causes are unknown but many aspects contribute including genetics, stress, and biological structure and function of the brain. Genetics increase the chances of acquiring the disorder when there is a history of the illness in a parent or sibling. Physical changes in the brain such as average size or activation happening are being identified as a contributing factor. According to the National Alliance of Mental Illness (NAMI), the average age of onset is about 25 years old but can occur in teens, or more commonly in childhood and affect men and women equally with 2.6% of the U.S. population diagnosed and nearly 83% are classified as severe (2017).
Treatments
Bipolar disorder is a life-long ailment and will require various medical and therapy treatments. Finding the correct treatment and therapy can allow the person diagnosed with bipolar disorder the ability to live a long, fulfilling, successful life while the treatment plan is followed through. Treatments may be directed by team including a psychiatrist, medical doctors, social workers, psychiatric nurse, and family members. Medications that help treat the symptoms comprise of mood stabilizers controlling manic or hypomanic episodes, antipsychotics which control depression or mania, antidepressants which address depression, antidepressant-antipsychotic which works as a depression management and as a mood stabilizer, or anti-anxiety which helps with anxiety and improves sleep. The right medication is critical in finding what will be beneficial. Patients must be consist with following the regiment of taking the medication and reporting any side effects immediately or stopping the medication suddenly leading to rebounding or worsening of the bipolar disorder (NIMH, 2016). Psychotherapy is usually done in conjunction with medication involving individuals, families, or group settings. Talk therapy is effective by offering support, education, and guidance to both the person with bipolar disorder and the family and friends involved. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) educates in identifying unhealthy, negative beliefs, behaviors, and triggers with replacement, positive ones helping to develop manage stress strategies and develop coping mechanisms. Family-focused therapy provides techniques in communication and family support by gearing towards sticking to a treatment plan and identifying warning signs and mood swings. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) focuses on consistent routines, providing stabilization of daily rhythms including sleeping, eating, productive and destressing activities. Psychoeducation gives information on the bipolar disorder, understanding the symptoms and causes, learning to identify issues, create plans for prevention of relapse, teach support techniques, and the ability for consistency in the treatment plan. Another treatment option is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) giving relief for severe bipolar disorders who are not able to recover through other treatments by sending an electrical current through the brain to trigger a brief seizure causing a change in the brain chemistry, reversing certain symptoms of the mental illness. Some short term side effects of the treatment are confusion, disorientation, and memory loss and can be used for women who are pregnant to prevent the side effects from risky medications or high risk suicide patients. Sleep medications can be helpful for insomnia and natural supplements maybe advantageous but very little research is available and doctors should be informed of them. A Life Chart can document mood symptoms, sleep patterns, and life events, helping doctors and patients track and treat the disorder effectively (NIMH, 2016). People diagnosed with bipolar disorder can develop lifestyle approaches such as eliminating alcohol and recreational drugs, creating healthy relationships with positive influences, developing healthy routines including eating, sleeping, exercise, and monitor salt intake with lithium, and check over-the-counter medications and supplements and reactions with prescriptions. People with bipolar disorder should not stop taking prescriptions of skip therapy sessions, need to be open and honest with health-care providers, and stay focused on goals, join support groups, find healthy hobbies and recreational activities, and learn relaxation techniques and stress management.
Conclusion
Bipolar disorder has been in existence for centuries and doctors are continuing to find solutions. Bipolar disorder is not curable but is treatable and causes are still unknown. Medical professionals need to be cautious in treating the correct condition and not the mirror symptoms of other disorders. People with bipolar disorder need to be educated and make decisions for lifestyle changes in order to lead to healthy lives. Various treatments and therapies are available and families need to find ways to continue support.
Cite this page
A Comprehension of Bipolar Disorder. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Confucius was a Prominent Person
Confucius was a prominent person to whom Chinese regarded as an educator, editor, elected official, and theorist. There were many teachers at those moments, but he was always at the top (Confucianism 154). He was devoted to emphasizing on personal along with legislative morality, the rightness of community relationships, integrity and honesty. The followers were competing productively with various schools throughout Hundred Schools of Thought. Confucius's principle established a community that fought for their human rights and enriched the whole of Chineses communities (Confucianism 154). They focused on monotheistic religion where they believed that every man and woman are all the same regardless of their faith or races. Humanity for all was their primary focus on their religion. On page 162, the book shows that there were no laws and everybody did what was right.
The doctrine was set apart as a structure of social and moral philosophy as opposed to the religion. It was built on an ancient religious basis to institute the social beliefs, association along with inspirational ideas of Chinese humanity. Confucianism community was to live performing three principal duties which were working, prayers and giving. Confucius was advocating for the independence of people from the oppression of government which had taken over their land and led them helpless he tried to convince people to seek freedom for their rights despite the mistreatment they faced from the government. The religion duty of calling for harmony and peace was the major event. There was violence between the religions which broke down the heart since the Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs which lead to thousands of people homeless. Gandhi's dream was for all Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and all Christians in India to live in unity without viewing of each other differences in beliefs and culture.
Confucius faced the problem of social anarchy (p. 156) although he advocated for the civil rights and was solely focused on the movement of the fight for religious harmony since there was a spiritual imbalance. He did everything in his power to make sure religion was in action. These diverse events facilitated differences in eastern and western regions. For instance, the characteristic feature in the east of religions was grounded on the point that the religions focus more on values.
Different beliefs within the eastern society believe that every man and woman are all the same regardless of their faith. Humanity for all is their primary focus on their religion. Most of the world's religious communities believe in that there is only one God and everyone can directly have access to God also they thought that their lives were centered around serving God and living honestly among each other and taking good care of the members of the community. Also, they believed that God lived in everyone even to those who were wicked which meant that anyone had the choice of change.
Confucius loved to be with people and everything he did he included them in various activities such as dining, drinking and singing among others (p. 157). He was the most famous person in the act of spreading nonviolence message among the people. He had taken a role of fighting for independence and was terrified by the violence that broke between different religions. He was advocating for the liberation of people from the oppression of which had taken over their land and led them helpless he tried to convince people to seek freedom for their rights despite the mistreatment they faced from the government.
His duty of calling for harmony and peace was the major event that led him to involved in the government of the Lu state. There was violence between the religions which broke down his heart since Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms. Some of the followers felt that his calling for peace and harmony was preventing them from fighting for their self-defense which in return made them feel the need to leave both his post and the Lu state.
His religion differed with Taoism which was a Chinese philosophy that is endorsed to Lao Tzu (c. 500 BCE). It took part in the establishment of the folk religion of the individuals mainly within the urban parts of China and later became the certified religion of the nation under the Dynasty of Tang. It is associated with philosophy and theology. Taoism differs with Abrahamic religions because they do not have a God as other believers.
They do not believe in any omnipotent being above the cosmos, who they think made controls the creation. Moreover, the religions within the Eastern parts were carried out in India, Southeast Asia, Japan, and China. Nevertheless, the Western religions were situated in the Americas and Europe. It was universal to come across believers from the eastern or western nations that undertake religions from the crossways of the world. The Eastern religions comprised of Confucianism, Hinduism, Taoism, Sikhism, and Buddhism. On the other hand, Western religions contain Protestantism, Christianity, Evangelicalism, Puritanism, Catholicism, and Judaism. The Eastern religions are regarded as polytheistic whereas Western religions are known as monotheistic.
Confucius advocated that, regardless of the religion, everybody was supposed to access his or her religious and civil rights. He was fighting for peace and harmony among the different faiths who had different views and believes even though he also fought for their independence they felt the need to stay distinct from each other beliefs. He fought for the civil rights of his people and also the freedom to the oppressed poor people. Fight for peace and harmony was a primary key to all human beings problems where there was harmony, Confucius reminded people that they could relate with each other efficiently hence civil right can be solved easily in light of unity for all races despite the differences in skin color, religion or cultural practices.
Confucius significantly contributed to the sociology of religion whereby he advocated for his theory that explained sincerely the components that formed religious. He said that religion was merely created by two major part that is sacred which he said was composed of rites, religious beliefs and deities theses aspects coordinates which each to give religion more full extension to its followers whereby people hold firmly to these aspects of religion. The other part was profane which he said was composed of each day practical activities which are the worldly things which are not connected in any form with sacred aspects. The holy and the profane characters coordinate with each other to support religion in the everyday activities of a believer.
Also according to Confucius, religious beliefs and religious rites help a believer to be able to earn honor and respect in society by following them without wavering. This factors unit people in society towards sacred things, beliefs are kinds of conviction that are supported by believers and disowned by non-believers.
He contributed significantly in giving a different point of view from people's perspective of religion. Confucius looked religion globally whereby he compared and contrasted different forms of worship. He was based on the relationship between social change and religion, whereby he said that what people believed changed they behaved socially and emotionally, he referred Christianity as salvation religion hence people escaped from daily life torments hoping for the afterlife which is free from suffering and pains.
Confucius claimed that religion was a source of strength. He enabled people to accept their struggling life situation's no matter how bad they were and driven by the postponement of rewards and happiness in the awaited afterlife. He clarified that religion was a form of aspect that helps people go through their life process by following beliefs and rites of worship.
He established that faith is deeply rooted in the hope of a better afterlife where there are rewards for good work done on a day to day life processes and endless happiness after daily torments in ordinary life. Believing in religious beliefs and rites towards scared objects creates a strong foundation for a believer since they shape one to a sound being in day to day life. His belief contrasted with Judaism which was among the oldest monotheistic religions and its followers considered themselves as the chosen ones of God. He differed with the point that they were examples of holiness along with ethical values to the world. Confucius believed that moral values and treating others well were the primary basis of religions.
Cite this page
Confucius Was A Prominent Person. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Introduction to Confucianism
Introduction to Confucianism
Confucianism is a mainly Chinese tradition or way of life propagated by Confucius during the 4th-5th century BCE. Throughout the history of the Chinese lineages, Confucianism changed and adapted itself to new social and political demands. Although transformed over time, it is the teachings of Confucius is still the foundation of learning, the origin of values, and the social regulations of the Chinese.
Confucianism has influenced the Chinese attitude towards life and has set patterns of living and standards of social values, which have provided the background for Chinese political theories and institutions. Confucius' teachings, which relate to ethics, honor, social responsibility, familial obligations, ancestor worship, and observation of rites and historical precedence, provide the glue that gives the Chinese civilization continuity and durability. Its influence has also extended to other countries in parts of Asia. Confucius lived in a time of division and instability in ancient China, during the Zhou dynasty.
Throughout the duration of the Zhou dynasty, China was divided into small independent warring states ruled over by feudal lords, whose authority was maintained through punishments, laws, and force rather than a genuine concern for the welfare of the people. Confucius sought to work in areas of advising governments and traveling around the states of China. Although he was largely unsuccessful in getting the lords to implement his ideas, in his final years spent as a teacher, his works were compiled into what was known as the Four Books and Five Classics. After his death, the Analects(Lunyu) a compilation of his teachings, was recorded by the succeeding generations of Confucius's disciples.
The Analects were based primarily on the oral and written transmissions of the master's sayings. It contains historical anecdotes, embodying the basic values of the Confucian tradition: learning, reciprocity (Shu), filial piety (xiao), gentleman(Junzi) and rituals (Li). These teachings have continued to guide the Chinese people to this very day, with many people still studying it as well. Filial piety (xiao) In the opinion of Confucius, children owed an obligation of loyalty and respect to their parents. Filial piety was a central value in traditional Chinese culture. Its importance went far beyond that of the biblical commandment, Honor thy mother and thy father. Filial piety was and still is a value based on strict principles of hierarchy, obligation, and obedience.
By correspondence, this concept was expanded to other family and social relationships. These bonds set out the duties and expectations that exist between the Ruler and the Ruled (Emperor and Subjects), Father and Son, Husband and Wife, Friend to Friend. Within these relationships, each individual had specific duties. Filial piety does not require absolute submissiveness to parental authority but that of recognition and reverence for the source of life. It determines the moral value of a person in his society. Because the family is the building block of society, this hierarchical system of respect is, by extension, applied to one's country.
The logic behind this is that the family is the basic unit of the human community and those harmonious family relationships will inevitably lead to a harmonious society and a peaceful state. For those who belong to the ruling class, their virtues in family affairs are even more significant for the entire country: When a ruler feels profound affection for his parents, the common people will naturally become humane (Lunyu,8:2). Confucious realized that moral life begins in the family. Respecting those who gave us life and cared for us in our time of need is the least individuals could do.
The practice of filial piety, though not as stringent, is still present in Chinese culture today, as well as other Asian countries. Gentleman (Junzi) The model of an ideal person in Confucian philosophy is called ajunziin Chinese. In the English this word is translated in many ways; some prominent translations include gentleman, the superior man, exemplary man, and cultivated man. In its original meaning, jun means a sovereign, a ruler or a lord. During the time of Confucius, China was not a unified country or an empire but had multiple states and principalities. The head of each state is called ajun. Ziliterally means a son. Therefore, in its original meaning,junzi refers to a son of a lord or a prince. In Confucian texts, this term is used to refer not only to the princes but also ministers and aristocratic men whose duty is to govern the state and set an example for the people.
As time passes, this word is applied to anyone, regardless of birth orwealth, who follows the teachings of Confucius and cultivate himself/herself to become a better person, a better citizen, and a better ruler/official. Having a commanding personality and profundity of knowledge attracted many followers, which led to Confucius becoming the embodiment of Confucian virtues. He painted a picture of the gentleman (junzi) as an achievable possibility. These became the backbone of theConfucian Way', painting a picture of how followers of Confucianism should behave in order to maintain an ideal society. Confucius encouraged men to be gentlemen, or "perfect men", and to avoid being a "small person". A gentleman was not shabby, gluttounous, superficial or capitalistic - a gentleman acted as a moral guide for society by improving himself morally, showing filial piety and loyalty where these are due and cultivating compassion and kindheartedness. The gentleman is the model towards which all Confucians strive. Becoming a junzi is the goal of all who practice such self-cultivation, regardless of their birth, social status, or their gender.
Rituals (Li) There is a multitude of rituals governing all aspects of life, the great moments of life: Birth, capping (which is a coming of age ceremony for boys), marriage, death. Li is a word used to signify ritual as in the rituals we perform, as well as etiquette, politeness, and propriety. Ritual propriety incorporates different rituals and forms of etiquette and interaction in social settings. Li is the mechanism by which all of life is ritualized and declared "sacred" in a sense. Through it, life is properly ordered, and harmony is established. Although the concept of li existed in ancient ritualized ancestor worship in a limited and singularly religious form, Confucius broadened it to apply to all activities in life so that all of life takes on the air of religiousity or seriousness.
Bowing in greeting someone, wearing certain colors of clothing on certain days, behaving in certain ways around elders, observing proper manners at a meal or meeting, and so much more - all these are examples of li in everyday life. The teachings of Confucius highlighted ritual in daily life as a guide for the ideal social norm. He stated: Respectfulness, without the Rites, becomes laborious bustle; carefulness, without the Rites, become timidity; boldness, without the Rites, becomes insubordination; straightforwardness, without the Rites, becomes rudeness. (Analects VIII, 2). Rituals governed how people interacted with each other and promote customs of politeness and behavior; in some ways, Confucius's concept of ritual can be compared to a system of etiquette. Confucius perceived the necessity of li in promoting ethics and social harmony.
Regardless of the situation, li, in the sense of internalized models of appropriate behavior, was understood to discipline one's conduct and channel it into the context where it would be most personally, socially, and (perhaps) spiritually beneficial. Reciprocity (Shu) Reciprocity is the foundation for all human relations in a Confucian society. Shu is a reciprocal relationship between oneself and the other. Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you (Analects: 15:23) is the famous Confucian ?silver rule' in distinction to the golden rule' in the Western World. In accordance with the principle of shu, one should treat others as oneself. One's giving to others can be very comprehensive, covering not just material needs but also psychological or spiritual needs. Wishing to establish oneself, also establishes others; also wishing to be prominent, also helps others to be prominent.
Confucius taught his disciples this virtue not just by words but by deeds. According to the principle of shu, one should treat others as he treats himself. One's giving to others can be very comprehensive, covering not just material needs but also psychological or spiritual needs. Conclusion Confucius' teachings focused on cultural and peaceful pursuits and the characteristics of benevolent and culturally distinguished government.
He also discusses ancestor worship and other rites performed for the spirits of the dead. The single most influential philosophical work in all of Chinese history, The Analects of Confucius, has shaped the thought and customs of China and neighboring countries for centuries. Reflecting the model eras of Chinese antiquity, the Analects offers valuable insights into successful governance and the ideal organization of society. Filled with humor and sarcasm, it reads like a casual conversation between teacher and student, emphasizing the role of the individual in the atainment of knowledge and the value of using historical events and people to illuminate moral and political concepts. During the majority of Chinese history, Confucianism was seen as the sustenance of traditional Chinese values, the protector of Chinese civilization as such. After struggling during the multiple dynasties, Confucianism emerged as the final and permanent victor during the later Han period and would dominate Chinese thought ever after.
Cite this page
Introduction to Confucianism. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Confucianism is Known as the Way
Confucianism is known as the way of life brought by Confucius throughout the 6th-5th century BCE. The chinese people believed to follow them for a period of a thousand of years. This substance of learning, social codes and sources of value influenced extended countries like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Confucianism in Chinese Western term is a social ethic, a political ideology, and a way of life. This is often viewed as a religion and mainly a philosophy. Confucian ethics has became popular in the English-speaking world. Some of the three main thinkers are Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi.
The three major thinkers represented in ancient philosophy writings by teaching in the Confucian school. The thinkers were referred as Ru in chinese, meaning that ultimately came to symbolize people whom we now call Confucians in English. An aspect of Confucian teaching was the belief that the traditional forms of Zhou Dynasty society represented the cumulative Dao, of a series of sage rulers, and Confucian training groups conveyed to students the ideas of main Confucian educators.
Confucius was known as a political thinker, a thinker, and the founder of Ru School of Chinese thought. Of all Chinese philosophers, he was known as the most studied in the West. Some that desire to gain knowledge of the Chinese Way of thinking would start with Confucius. Confucius's way of thinking gradually made its way over to Europe. He was pronounced to be a sage, and one of the greatest sages by Mencius.
Throughout his life, Confucius grew up in Lu, a north-eastern state of China. Confucius is viewed upon as the first philosophical thinker in China Some think that his thought was far too disorganized to be called philosophy. It is very true that he was the earliest Chinese thinker to articulate a logical moral observation. Confucius trained young men with other visions in mind, he has hoped his work as a teacher would have far reaching political outcomes.
Compared to Confucius, Mencius thoughts on the idea of ethics reached further into political domains. Often referred to as the "Second Sage" of Confucianism, Mencius is well known for his idea that human nature is good. Mencius lived throughout the second half of the Zhou dynasty, a time of great social and intellectual ferment. One of Mencius's most powerful views was his list of four ethical dispositions, which he treats as what Western ethicists would call cardinal virtues. Those were benevolence , righteousness, wisdom, and propriety. Each of the four virtues is related to characteristic emotional or motivational attitude.
Xunzi, along with Confucius and Mencius, was one of the greatest early architects of Confucian philosophy. Xunzi is remembered for his belief that ritual is crucial for reforming humanity's original nature. He paid particular attention on humanity's part in creating the roles and practices of an orderly society. He asl gave a much smaller role to Heaven or Nature as a source of order. Although his thought was later reviewed to be outside of Confucian orthodoxy, it was still very powerful in China and remains a source of attention today. Xunzi is significant for having the most rationalistic vision of Heaven and the supernatural in the early period. Unlike other philosophers, Xunzi did not believe Heaven gets involved in human affairs.
After Confucius's death, his followers continued to spread his teaching by taking on students of their own. This is one way the Confucian School began to keep alive over the years of the Classical period. Confucian teachings were passed down from leaders to followers who studied together in groups. These groups viewed themselves as part of a well-defined movement to change people's ideas, behavior, and create a new society. Confucianism means a lot to China, and also the whole world as well. In 1988, 75 Nobel prizewinners said that if mankind is to survive it must go back 25 centuries in time to tap the wisdom of Confucius. Today, Confucianism is frequently quoted by foreign members in their speeches or talks.
Cite this page
Confucianism Is Known As The Way. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Confucianism is a Set of Moral Principles
Confucianism is a set of moral principles. It is a hierarchical philosophy. The fundamentals of Confucianism state, in its most basic form, that there is a necessity of correct behavior and loyalty and obedience are of the utmost importance. Because Confucianism has had such an impact on the livelihood of many in South East Asia, it is often grouped together with Buddhism and Taoism, but it is not in fact a religion. It is simply a set of moral principles that guide one’s way of life. In Vietnam, Confucianism impacts almost every aspect of life, including family, society, school, and law.
Confucianism’s origin in Vietnam can be traced back to two specific catalysts: the Chinese occupation and the agricultural lifestyle. The Chinese occupation in Vietnam lasted nearly ten centuries and, during that time, Confucianism was introduced and existed peacefully with the other religions, like Buddhism and Taoism, that were also prevalent in Vietnamese society. “Confucianism became the leading ideology of the Vietnamese monarchy from the Le dynasty, particularly under the reign of Le Thanh Ton (1460–97)” This led Confucianism to intensify and eventually be the main influence the organization of society as a whole.
It is important to mention that this was an important adoption as it continued to prove that Confucianism was not simply a Chinese idea and that Confucianism remained, and grew once the Chinese occupation in Vietnam ended in 939AD. One of the things that helped Confucius thought proper was the fact that the ideology of Confucianism lined up with the indigenous agricultural norms in Vietnam. These agricultural norms were the fundamental way of life and were some of, if not the most important aspects of life to the Vietnamese at the time.
The family unit is one of major importance in Vietnam. Because Confucianism calls for a patriarchal society, women are subordinate to men. In her life, a woman has three ways of life: obeying her father before she is married, obeying her husband after marriage, and obeying her son once her husband has passed away.
A woman's main job is to produce a male heir. Because of the patriarchal society, having a daughter is not favored as she is at the bottom in terms of hierarchy and respect, and is essentially lost to the family once she is married. Unlike wives, however, husbands are not controlled by anyone in the family, especially their wives, and, therefore, have the ability to be unfaithful to their wives if they are deemed unfit or are not satisfying the man’s needs. They are also the sole owners of all land that the family owns. Children in Vietnam are raised through absolute obedience and going against principles reflects badly on one’s family as it calls to question the legitimacy and success of their raising you properly.
If there is one thing worse than individual same in Vietnam, it is shaming your family, especially to others. One sacrifices individualism for the family as the importance of “the group” is held in high priority as is maintaining harmony between the two. Children also have the responsibility of looking after their parents in old age and performing rituals once they pass away. Another aspect of family life the Vietnamese deem extremely importance is the remembrance of their deceased ancestors.
They view the deceased as still being a part of the living, as their guardians, and believe that their spirits will turn vengeful and angry is not respected and remembered. Almost every home in Vietnam has an altar dedicated to one’s ancestors. They tend to be decorated with names of family members who have dies in the past five generations, incense bowls, candles, and flowers. On the anniversary of each ancestors' death, a male member of the family places an offering on the altar. This offering could be that of food or of votive papers. As well as having altars in homes, ancestors are also remembered in other celebrations, like weddings and births.
The societal aspects of Confucianism are also large aspect of life in Vietnam. Confucius thought promotes that everyone has their role or place in society. Along with those roles come certain rules, rights, and responsibilities. Like in families, men are superior to women, the top spot of the social hierarchy is held by the King. In Vietnam, there are believed to be five bonds in life. 1) Ruler to Ruled. This states that, because the ruler is the highest member of society, he must be respected and obeyed by his subjects. However, the ruler must also be respectful to his subjects, though not remotely close he same level of respect he receives. 2) Father to Son. As the head of the house, the children, must obey and respect the father.
The eldest son also takes over all familial responsibilities once the father passes away. 3) Husband to Wife. Again, wives must blindly obey their husband and give them the upmost respect. Husbands, in return, must provide for their families. 4) Elder Brother to Younger Brother. The younger brother must obey the elder brother as 1, he is his elder, and 2, the elder brother will eventually become the head of the house, again, a position that commands the upmost respect. Finally, 5) Friend to Friend. Friends in society must respect each other to live harmoniously. However, if one is considered higher in society than the other, the lesser one must show more respect to his superior, even if they are simply friends.
Confucius thought is all about relationships with other people and respecting whomever has a higher status than you. Because of this, there is a passive nature when it comes to societal interaction. One does not challenge anything, one simply accepts their position and continues on with life. Though ones position in society was initially determined by their family's status at their time of birth, everyone was encouraged to improve themselves for the betterment of the community. Bad public opinion is a fear of the Vietnamese and therefore tend to be extremely trustworthy and focused on building and maintaining relationships with others.
As mentioned before, Confucianism lined up with the traditional agricultural ways, and thus created a sense of collectivism in Vietnamese society. One is not seen as an individual as a singular, but as someone who is part of a family, who is part of a village, who is part of a region, who is part of a county. This, in partnering with the harmony that Confucius thought provides in society, allows for an overarching sense of there being an organic singular. This is born out of the traditional and common efforts to cultivate crops. The collective interest and wellbeing is more important than the individual, and anyone who thinks otherwise is seen as selfish and disinterested in the success of the whole. Their farming background also added to mentality in terms of the “rule of causality, or nhan-qua, which states that “whatever happens today has been caused by past events”.
This not only applies to agriculture, but it is believed that ones life circumstances, like success or failure or poverty or wealth, is all based on past behaviors. Confucius thought has led the Vietnamese people to endure all challenges, and their elasticity and flexible behavior has been a result of their thinking. In support of this, the Vietnamese say,“if you are too clever, you will perish; if you are too stupid, you will also perish; but if you know how to live, you will survive.” This is also reflective of how important the Vietnamese find harmony in their lives and how easily it is to fall out of harmony with oneself and with others.
Because there is a significance of improving oneself for the bettering of society is a large part of the lifestyle in Vietnam, many attend school in order to do just that. As mentioned before, ones place in life is determined at the time of birth and because of the respect that must be given to those above you in society, there is not really much room to truly improve oneself. However, the only way to better yourself from the life you were born into was to go to school. Those who wanted an education would go to the Temple of Confucius in Hanoi.
The education there was extremely difficult and a marginal portion of those who studied actually passed their exams. Those few that passed were known as Mandarins and “there were about 3,500 Mandarins in North Vietnam in the 1700’s”. Because of their impressive knowledge and abilities needed to pass their exams, Mandarins became civil officials in the bureaucracy. This highly selective and difficult education process stayed in place until the French came to Vietnam.
The French introduced Latin script and thus, made reading and writing much easier. Besides the introduction of Latin script, the largest blow the French had on the Confucian education system was the reformation of the civil servant examination. This required those who wished to take it and pass to be trained in the European education system as opposed to the Confucian system most were trained in already. Though the Confucian education system did not last through the French occupation, Confucius beliefs are still practiced by individuals in schools to this day.
Both agricultural cultures and Confucianism value the elderly, but the Vietnamese once especially valued elders in the decision making process. In villages and traditional law, elders were turned to when decisions had to be made. Now, the respect that elders once had in the decision making process is diminishing as socioeconomic conditions in Vietnam change. Confucianism is quite prevalent in law in Vietnam. Because Confucian thought created a clear division within society, creating classes and promoting a certain way of behaving within society, the laws in Vietnam are meant to punish those who are behaving in an incorrect way and against the harmony of the society.
The various laws in Vietnam have often been questioned as there is not a distinct right and wrong in Confucianism. There is a lack of clear rules and, therefore, is often considered arbitrary. With the demographic structure and socioeconomic conditions in Vietnam changing, some say “the question is not to make a choice between legalism and Confucianism, but rather to ‘Confucianise’ the law, as was done during the Chinese Han dynasty. Legislation, including the formal requirements for lawmaking and the scope of regulation, was codified and standardised.” This would allow Confucian values that were once arbitrary to become enforceable norms.
Like most things, there was a point in time where Confucianism was rebelled against. At the end of the seventeenth century, numerous peasant rebellions formed. They called into question the ability of Confucianism to manage the country, especially with its backward thinking. The lower class especially did not like the fact that the ruling class and Mandarins demanded absolute obedience from them, i.e. their subjects. They especially did not like the fact that they were being ruled by a bureaucracy.
The teaching style of the intellectual class was focused specifically on the teachings of Confucius and Mencius, not allowing for any Western ideas to come remotely close to their conscious. This intellectual, along with the physical separation they had from the outside world meant they were being trapped by Confucius thought and its power over their lives. Though, in the nineteenth century, reformers tried to fix this feeling of being trapped by opening the country to trade and foreign investment, it did not last due to the traditional value of obeying one’s rulers. However, when Western forces like the French arrived in Vietnam, those ideals could not withhold the French’s opposing will and henceforth the country was opened to the things the nineteenth century reformers were fighting for.
By the time the Western influence took control, the Vietnamese intellectuals, under heavy suppression from the French, were searching for a way to get their independence and their Confucius way of life back. Because they could not explore liberalism, they turned to socialism and eventually fell under communist rule.
When it came to propaganda, “Confucian values and ethical standards were frequently borrowed in the effort to mobilize the masses, and new interpretations were made to fit the needs of long-lasting liberation and a war against the foreign occupiers.” In 1950, the communist rule liberated women from Confucian oppression and gave them the opportunity to hold jobs among other things. At this time, communism was also present in China and North Korea, and provided stories of power struggles and personal politics, but those, along with the “cult- infused leadership” that is common in communist societies, were far and few in Vietnam.
Confucianism is still prevalent in Vietnam today. Confucius thought still affects both social and familial behavior, but the continuing western ideals being introduced to Vietnam, as well as other countries in South East Asia, is causing there to be a need for flexibility in society. However, that is more of a call of the upper and middle classes. Tradition is still of the upmost importance among the lower class. They still believe in harmony between people, families, and their surroundings and that the unit is more important than the individual. This way of thinking is known as taking the “dao”, or “way of Confucius”. Essentially, wanting there to be harmony in all things in life.
To say that anything other than Confucianism has shaped Vietnam into what it is today would be a gross misstatement. From the Chinese occupation to today, Confucius thought remains prevalent in society, family life, education, and even law. There have been things that have challenged the nations reliance of Confucianism to live harmoniously, but ultimately, the very fabric that represents Vietnam reflects the heart and soul of the nation would not be what it is today without the influence of Confucianism for so many years.
Cite this page
Confucianism Is A Set Of Moral Principles. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Confucianism Parallels for China
Confucianism, the ideology and way of life propagated by Confucius in the 5th Century BCE, has provided the substance of learning, a well-defined source of social values, and created social code and mores for the Chinese people. Indeed, even in the decades under communist leadership leading up to the present, Confucianism has provided order in Chinese society and been the underpinning of all aspects of Chinese life. In many ways, Confucianism parallels for China what the political ideology of Plato and Aristotle is for the West.
Although interpretations of Confucianism have changed over time as Chinese political theorists have offered their own unique visions, its core values have remained consistent. Throughout the centuries of the Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, Confucianism formed the basis of crucial meritocratic institutions like the civil service examinations and gave legitimacy to the government. It has been a tool used to create stability, but has also been the object of hatred and denigration during the cultural revolution of Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party. Regardless of its vilification or glorification, Confucianism has played an integral role in shaping Chinese society. Confucian ideology has been used as a set of principles guiding social mores, a vehicle through which intellectuals have called for political reform, and as a scapegoat and enemy during the violent communist cultural revolution.
During the Ming Dynasty, the fundamental concepts of Zhu Xi's neo-Confucianism formed the basis of Chinese bureaucracy and government. Xi's ideology emphasized rational decision making and investigation. It was largely his writings that ascribed special significance to ancient texts including the Four Books, Five Classics, the Analects and the Mencius. For generations students would be required to read such works as a part of their education and preparations for the civil service exams. In his commentary on Greater Learning, one of the Four Books, Xi explains that according to his master Cheng Yi, The Greater Learning is a work handed down from Confucius; it is a gate through which beginner students enter into virtue.
This explanation in reality sums up the core essence of Confucian doctrine. The goal of education is not merely the acquisition of knowledge for its own sake, but to create a virtuous and productive citizenship. His beliefs are also very meritocratic in nature, as he argues that unlike physical prowess, every individual has the innate potential for achieving wisdom or inborn luminous virtue. The notion of an even playing field in which anyone can become wise formed the basis of the civil service examinations. During the Song Dynasty, success on the examinations served as both a goal for the citizens and a ticket to upward mobility.
The presence of unbiased educational standards helped to reduce corruption in the government. Xi explains that the system of disciplined learning propagated by Confucius only ever failed because the dynasties of the past failed to properly implement it. The foreign political theorists who they turned to confused the world and misled people, blocking the way to humaneness and rightness and as a consequence lesser men were no longer so fortunate as to enjoy the beneficial effects of good government. According to Confucius's model, government should work for the benefit of every citizen, regardless of wealth or social status. Part of what made Xi's neo-Confucian beliefs so appealing was the direct and easily comprehensible language of his works.
Xi explains that Da Xue or Great Learning consists of eight specific steps which must be followed in order to ensure good government and social stability. He argues that each individual must cultivate their own virtue and govern themselves, and then to govern their households. Only after virtue has been instilled at the individual and family levels can the state be governed effectively. This system holds ordinary people accountable for the success and failures of the nation, and truly gives them a stake in government.
In this sense, it is the patriotic duty of every citizen to cultivate their own virtue through education. Xi speaks to the people effectively through his use of analogies. He describes the path toward virtue as a tree with self-cultivation as the roots. At the core of good and effective governance lies individual initiative and self-discipline. While Xi's arguments on the path toward a virtuous society had a tremendous influence on the literati elite, more significant was their impact on the common people, who were given concrete goals to strive for.
Confucianism, although beneficial in that it provided order to Chinese society, puts a significant amount of responsibility on the individual and is just as important for what is lacks. Huang Zongxi, a political theorist during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, offers pointed criticism of the system of government, which he viewed as corrupt and inefficient. His writings strike a much different tone than those of Xi, who wrote optimistically about the dynastic system and traditional governing structure rooted in Confucian principles. He argued that dynastic rule was inherently selfish and that it did not conform to the Confucian ideal of governance in the public interest.
In his writings, he outlines a series of reforms that would improve government including a program that would utilize schools as venues for public discourse between citizens and representatives, a model similar to town halls. In his view, the dynastic model did not provide any concrete mechanisms for holding the emperor and his officials accountable. Huang effectively uses Confucian principles in order to justify his criticisms. Among its various impacts, perhaps one of the most significant benefits of Confucianism is that it provided a moral basis for critique of the state and an ethical standard at which institutions should operate. Huang makes a number of proposals, but they all share a deep-rooted disdain for a government centered on one leader.
He argues for the necessity of ministers, and explains that the reason for minister ship lies in the fact that the world is too big for one man to govern, so governance must be shared with colleagues. Therefore, when one goes forth to serve, it is for all under Heaven and not for the prince; it is for all the people and not for one family.
Later political theorists have offered far more radical interpretations of Confucian teaching and like Huang, used them to critique the structure of government. Among the most prominent voices was Wang Fuzhi during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He was a vocal critic of the Qing, and possessed a deep-rooted hatred for its Manchu leadership. He was a follower of Confucius, but felt that the neo-Confucian teachings of thinkers like Zhu Xi had distorted the true essence of Confucian teaching. He wrote commentaries on the classics, and offered his own hyper-nationalist vision of the path forward for the Qing Dynasty.
He lived during the transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties, and his writings reflect a distant for the Manchu invaders. In his famous Yellow Book Fuzhi uses the analogy of animals in order to support his belief that societies should be separated based on ethnic lines. He argues that the forces of Heaven and Earth created ethnicity in order to separate groups of people and make them safer, and contends that ethnic separation fosters order among humanity.
This lofty sense of order is the same order that Confucius believes that governments must maintain. He also defines concepts like humaneness and righteousness in terms consistent with his ethnically centered approach. He defines humaneness as love for one's own group and righteousness as managing the order within one's own group. Fuzhi's emphasis on maintaining order is unquestionably Confucian, but his heavy focus on ethnicity is original work outside the boundaries of traditional Confucian doctrine, which does not focus on racial or ethnic differences.
Nevertheless, Wang Fuzhi stands as another example of a political theorist claiming reverence for Confucian principles in order to justify and argue for a set of structural changes to the way in which the Chinese state is organized.
During the 20th century China went through a period of political instability which resulted in the Chinese Communist Party seizing power in mainland China and Chang Kai Shek and his nationalist party fleeing and establishing Taiwan in 1949. During this chaotic period, Confucianism was the source of tremendous controversy. In the 1930s, Chang Kai Shek resurrected Confucianism as he saw its unique capability to instill proper behavior and virtue in his people. After the communist takeover in 1949, Mao Zedong took the opposite stance, and violently sought to limit Confucian influences and silence literati intellectuals as part of his cultural revolution. He viewed Confucianism as a backward ideology supporting feudalism and the landed elite.
The Confucian philosophy of stability through social hierarchy runs directly counter to the communist notion of revolution through class conflict and struggle, and therefore Mao viewed is at threat which needed to be crushed. Furthermore, he despised it for its connection to the nationalist government and viewed it as counter-revolutionary. In Mao's Sixteen Points of guidance for executing the cultural revolution, he explains that the people must criticize and repudiate the reactionary bourgeoisie academic ?authorities' and the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes. In referencing the ideology of the bourgeoisie, Mao alludes to the Analects and other Confucian works. In fact, Mao imposed a total ban of the Analects and systematically detained and tortured all Confucian scholars.
In addition, the Red Guards overran Confucian temples and defaced statues, and even went so far as to dig up Confucius's grave just to prove that it was empty.
Although Confucianism transformed over time as it was adapted by various political theorists, it is still the source of values and social code of the Chinese people. Confucianism is a worldview, political ideology, scholarly tradition, and way of life simultaneously. Despite the CCP condemning Confucianism as a dangerous and counterrevolutionary ideology, it is now making a comeback in China. In fact, Chinese President Xi Jinping is now actively promoting the CCP as the defender of Confucian virtue, as he has taken action and reopened Confucian temples and sponsored Confucian institutes in countries throughout the world. By opening such institutes, Jinping extends Chinese cultural influence and soft power throughout the globe.
He has sought to draw connection between the Confucian view of the continuity of history and communism, which now must inevitably be included as an integral part of Chinese history. Moreover, the Confucian concept of reverence for ancestors and respect for elders falls in line with the communist idea of glorifying party leaders as role models for society. At a moment in history when China's economy is rapidly expanding, Confucianism provides a platform through which Jinping can instill social values in the population. In this sense, he seeks to utilize Confucianism in a manner similar to the great theorists of the past like Zhu Xi.
Overall, the historical development of Chinese culture cannot be fairly studied without consideration for Confucianism and its principles. Throughout the generations it has guided Chinese social code, served as a platform providing legitimacy to calls for political reform, and been used as a scapegoat for all the problems associated with China's dynastic past. It has been adapted and applied in various different ways, and remains to fully be seen what role it will play in 21st century China.
Cite this page
Confucianism Parallels For China. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Greek Mythology has Inspired Books
Greek mythology has been in existence since 700 BC and is currently one of the most well-known collections of myths in this day and age. The significance of Greek mythology lies in its creativity for the morals that can be found within them. It also explained the origins of the world, and people who lived in that time period.
Greek mythology has inspired books, movies, and even video games that exploded with popularity from the moment of release. Rick Riordan is a prime example of this fact as his book The Lightning Thief became so popular a movie was released based on it. The subsequent books that followed became one of the most popular book series selling 30 million copies around the country. These books astounded and inspired the readers with the interesting world of Greek mythology. The author continues to release books on Greek mythology and to this day the popularity for the book series only grows.
Additionally, in the same year as the book The Lightning Thief released a game surrounding Greek mythology released. The game was called God of War, and though the game was overly action oriented the entire world and the interactions it allowed were solely based on Greek mythology. The game was so popular that the creators of the game produced a sequel which then produced another sequel that was released earlier this year.
Finally, the number of movies based on Greek myths have noticeably increased in the past two decades. The 1997 Disney production of Hercules is one of the most commonly known films based on Greek mythology. Though the audience for this movie is admittedly made mostly of children it is undeniable that the film was inspired by Greek mythology. Furthermore, many more films inspired by Greek mythology were created before and after this film with the earliest movie dating back to 1950 and the most recent released in 2014. This is a prime example of creativity inspired by Greek mythology, without Greek mythology many of these creative interpretations that people love would have never existed.
Another aspect that makes Greek mythology significant is that most of the stories from Greek mythology, regardless of length, hold moral lessons waiting to be discovered. For instance, the story of Icarus is a tale of a man and his son escaping a tower with wings made of wax and feathers. The father warns the son not to fly too close to the sun. However, the son absorbed in the feeling of flying disregards his father's warning and continues to fly higher into the sky which results in his wings melting and him falling to his death. You can take multiple morals from this story alone.
For example, one could conclude from this story that you should not allow yourself to be absorbed in your own confidence lest you suffer from it in the future. Another moral lesson you can interpret is that you should always hear the warnings of others and know your limits. Odysseus, another famous Greek myth, holds many morals that readers can discover. Such as the importance of loyalty and perseverance. Throughout the story, Odysseus is devoted to returning home to his family which enables him to push through many obstacles. Regardless of the interpretation, every Greek myth holds a moral that can be discovered. However, some Greek myths weren't intended to hold some hidden moral some were intended to explain the mysteries that they could not explain.
Greek mythology was intended to give meaning to things they couldn't understand. Like why the sea created waves, why the sky didn't come crashing down onto their heads, how the universe was created. Greek mythology had a myth for every question that someone could ask. For example, there exists the myth of Persephone, Demeter, and Hades. Hades, god of the Underworld saw a beautiful woman called Persephone, instantly falling in love with her. However, Persephone did not love him back she only wished to stay on earth with her mother Demeter, the goddess of Harvest. One day when Persephone wandered from her friends Hades kidnapped her, forcing her to stay in the underworld with him. When Demeter returned and discovered Persephone's absence she fell into a fit of sadness causing the trees, the grass and flowers around her to wilt and die.
Persephone saw this from the Underworld and begged Hades to let her go. Hades agreed, however, he asked her to eat some pomegranate seeds before leaving. Persephone agreed and ate the seeds, but soon discovered that the seeds were cursed. Persephone would spend most of the year with her mother however for four months out of the year she had to return to the Underworld to Hades. So during the time she spent with her mother, the sun would shine and agriculture would grow, but during the four months, she was in the underworld her mother would fall into sorrow causing the plants around her to die.
This myth explains the four different seasons and why they exist. Greek mythology holds many such myths that explained the creation of the world. Though it does not seem very important to us now it is still significant because it was the beginning of understanding how our world works. Without myths such as these, we may have never tried to discover the true reason behind things such as why the sun moves across the sky and why the wind blows.
Greek mythology is much more significant than many think. Greek mythology inspires creativity which creates new and imaginative stories. It teaches us morals reminding us the characteristics that are important and warning us to avoid poisonous traits like greed. These myths explained the world to people in 700 BC allowing some level of higher thinking alllwowing greek mythology has and will have significant impacts on society.
Cite this page
Greek Mythology Has Inspired Books. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
Yoruba Tribe of West Africa
Being native from Cuba where the sound of the drums are heard acclaiming to the Gods and the singing of souls worshiping Cachita known as Oshun in the Afro-Cuban culture make me decided to compare the foundation of Africans mythology vs. Greeks mythology. Once we have opportunity to dive into both civilizations we can find out that we are all the source of the same creation. Also that no matter where we came from, or where we travel the final destination of every human being is to return to the original place of departure. We can be African, Greeks, Romans, or from any other part of the world but through history and mythologies we can find the link that we are partakers of the same source.
As we look into the Yoruba tribe, we can see how Africans called Olorun the architect of nature and the creator of humans' souls. He is also the maker of lesser spirits which are intermediaries between humans and Olorun. The Creator is both Almighty and Omniscient. He is considered the King Who Dwells in the Heavens and it is known as the Impartial Judge who controls the destiny of gods and humans. He gives each person what he or she deserves. The Olorun presence, or concept of his authenticity, is above and beyond the realms of Nature; therefore, he is known as immortal and holly. It is recognized among Yoruba tribe that Olorun is perfect in Wisdom, Strength, and Justice. He is known to exist in sacredness beyond the realm of moral weakness and the likelihood of transgression.
In the Yoruba tribe of West Africa, we found the myth of creation containing similar elements to the Greeks one. The myth tells of a Yoruba Creator named Olorun and only the heaven and the oceans were in existence. Olorun the Creator reigned in the Heavens, and the goddess Olokun governed the Oceans. Then Obatala one of the Orishas pondering about the creation went to Olorun requesting permission to create land for all living being to dwell.
The Creator gave him permission; however, Obatala also requested advice from Orunmila, God of Prophecy and first-born of Olorun. Orunmila' s advice to Obatala was to use an elongated chain to go down to the oceans, and to carry inside a sack palm nuts, iron, a snail's shell filled with sand, and a Golden Egg. The Gods gave a farewell to Obatala, which commenced to climb down the heavens. Seven days later he grabbed the end of the chain, but he stills had some distance to go. Then, he heard the voice of Orunmila advising him to pour the elements of the bag that were spread to form out of the oceans a vast land. While, he was hanging in the chain his heart was beating so strong that the egg cracked, and the spirits of all the Orishas flew out of the egg into the earth in a bird called Sankofa.
Obatala jumped from the chain and choose to live in earth; however, he became bored and decided to create humans out of clay that he digs out of the earth, which Olorun blows life into them. One day he got tired of creating humans decided to make wine from a nearby palm tree and got drunk. Then he created a group of imperfect humans due to his drunken state. When Obatala realized what he had done, he swore to never drink again, and to become the protector of these particular humans by giving them a special status. Obatala became focus in building more things for humanity.
Many Gods were happy with Obatala's creation, except for Olokun the ruler of the Ocean and all below the sky. She was upset because Obatala never consulted her in his proceeding of creating the earth and living creatures in areas that were usurped from her kingdom. So, the story states that one day when Obatala was visiting the sky Olokun called upon the great waves of her vast oceans and sent them to rise across the land. Many people were drawn and few people flew to the highest land invoking God Eshu and asking from him to intercede for them. Eshu demanded from the people to make sacrifices in the name of Obatala and himself in order for him to deliver their burden to Orunmila. When Orunmila heard the news, he climbed down to the earth, and cast many spells which triggered the flood waters to retreat, and the dry African land reappear. Then the great flood was ended.
As we look in the Greek mythology, we find some correlation between African beliefs and Greeks. The above paragraphs show how Africans narrate their creation. The paragraphs below will show how the Greeks relate their conception, and from there we can draw our own conclusions.
Greek Mythology shows that the beginning was Chaos, then Nyx = Night appeared as a black bird who laid a golden egg. For many years Nyx seated on the egg waiting for life to start to stir in the egg, until the day that Eros the God of Love was born from it. The shelf broke in two parts and Eros called the Sky = Uranus, and the Earth = Gia. The Sky and the Earth fall in love and from them many generations were born; including twelve of the Titans. Later on, Uranus and Gaia children become afraid of the power of their children. Then Cronus the ruling titan in an effort to protect his life started to swallow his infant children. But his wife Rhea unhappy at the loss of her children hid their youngest child named Zeus and gave Cronus a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he swallowed thinking it was his son.
Once Zeus reached manhood with the help of his mother he tricked his father in vomiting all the children. Then he gathered all the children and started a war against their father Cronus. After many years of war, the younger generation won. Then Zeus sketched lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades. In the draw Zeus became the supreme God ruler of the Sky and other Gods. Zeus weapon is a thunderbolt which he throws at those who annoy him and to punish those that lie or break oaths. Zeus demanded from the titans to begin to furnish Gaia with life and Uranus with stars. Then he realizes that the Earth was lacking humans and animals and called his sons Prometheus and Epimetheus. Zeus demand from them to go to Earth to create men and animals and to share the gift among them.
Prometheus began to create men with the same image and likeness as the gods, meanwhile Epimetheus worked in the making of the animals and at the same time he gave them all the gifts that were granted by Zeus. Eventually, Epimetheus finished his work earlier than Prometheus and used all the gifts. So, when Prometheus finished making the men and went to grant them gift, he was informed by Epimetheus of his unwisely used of all of them. Then Prometheus concerned with the issue at hand decided to give fire to man. He knew that only the gods were ones who have access to it, but when the Sun God rose in the East and into the word he went there took some fire and carried it back to men. He advises them how to use fire and then left.
When Zeus discovered what Prometheus did, he became furious and chained his son to a mountain where the vultures peck out of his liver for all the eternity. He also devised a plan of retribution for mankind by using Pandora, a woman of great beauty to whom each of the God gave gifts. Zeus' gifts were curiosity, and a box which he ordered her never to open. Then he gave Pandora to Epimetheus as wife. Pandora and Epimetheus were happy except for Pandora's intense longing to open the box. She knew that the gods and goddesses gave her so many glorious gifts, so she imagined that the one in the box would be magnificent. So, one day when Epimetheus was gone she decided to open the box. Out of the box soared all the dreads which plague our world; such as: hurt, illness, jealousy, gluttony, distrusts, etc Upon hearing Pandora's cries Epimetheus ran home and secured the lid shut, but all the evils deeds had already escaped. During that night the couple heard a voice coming from the box saying release me I am hope. Epimetheus and Pandora free the voice and let her bring hope to humankind.
It is known that Greece and Africa started to contact each other as early as in the Bronze Age with the Minoans who trade in Egypt. The Homeric poems written in the 8th century BCE cites Greeks contact with Africans. The legendary Africa appears as a secluded and enigmatic place. Its people may look different with their relationship to the gods based in tribal traditions, but after diving into the Greeks & Africans mythologies, we discover similarities in their goddess and creation. The planetary link among those two civilizations and masonry can be distinguished with two distinct kinds of symbols: The mythical and the material, but these are so thoroughly united in object and design that is impossible to appreciate the one without an investigation of the other.
The diversity of their Gods & Goddess is many but some of them can be easily identified among both cultures. For example: Olorun is the African sky god who represents the firmament, but if we look into the Greeks God Zeus, known by Roman as Jupiter; both of them also represent the firmament. The Goddess of Love known as Aphrodite by Greeks is the African Orisha called Oshun. Both are associated with water, purity, fertility, love and sensuality. Olokun, the Ocean Orisha of the Yoruba people lives in a palace under the sea. His counterpart is called Poseidon, which is known to be the oldest Greek divinity of the waters. So, if we keep searching we will see that many point of coincidence among both cultures, but as creatures of this world we can also see similarities of these mythologies linked to biblical passages.
Comparing the Africans myth to the biblical flood, one might offer an examination of why the floods occur: the Yoruba account, a goddess' whimsical destruction versus the biblical, a god that demands moral behavior. In masonry we can view connotation to this myth under the RAM degree. As for the Greek Mythology the opening of Pandora's Box resembles the Biblical moment when God said to Adam and Eve to eat fruit from all the trees but one, and hope is the resemblance of Jesus's sacrificing his life for men salvation... In the 1st degree of masonry silence and observation are keys for improvements. In the 2nd degree we focus in the liberal arts as the way to get enlighten. So if we read the V.S.L. we can find that Mesopotamia the land where Abraham was born is called today Iraq. So, Iraq has become the place where we can perceive the most notable features of Egyptians, Africans, Greeks or any other God mythologies in the world, which is the drive for power and dominance.
For the writer Masonry could be the tool to men salvations because in some ways shows that there are vital basics questions within each culture such as: who we are, where we came from, why we are here, and where we are going. As we look into mythologies, we can see that all of them teach that any important things require much effort and the cooperation of others. The lessons for the human being is that not matter how hard we try, we are not perfect. Therefore, we should be responsible for the well-being of anything we create.
Cite this page
Yoruba Tribe of West Africa. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
FAMILY RELATIVES
Zeus (greek name- Jupiter) he was the god of the sky and the thunder. He spent most of his time in the Mount of olympus so most of his myths was on this place. His powers was to throw lightning bolts, his winged pegasus, he controlled the weather, & he could shape shift himself into animals or persons.
FAMILY RELATIVES
His mother was Rhea the goddess of courage and wisdom, his father was the Titan Cronus. Zeus brothers was Hades the oldest one, the other brother was Poseidon & he had 3 sisters that were Hestia, Demeter, & Helen of Troy. His wife was Hera the goddess marriage and birth. His children was Ares, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Dionysus, Hermes, Hercules & Hephaestus.
HISTORY
Zeus birth & infancy, he was the youngest son of the Titan Cronus and his mother Rhea. When he was born, his father Cronus intended to swallow him as he had all of Zeus siblings.
His childhood was guarded by cruets, (young soldiers) as he grew to be a man. Even when he was a baby, they clashed their weapons against each other to obscure the sound of his crys.
His life as an adult was that once Zeus was a full grown man, he led a revolt against the titans, and overthrow his father Cronus, (maybe with the help of his brothers, Hades & Poseidon).
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND SYMBOLS
Zeus look like a grown man with Long white hair, In a very good shape, he also had long white beard, he always has a lightning bolt in his hand & in all of his pictures he has white clothes. The symbols you can recognize him is by his weapon that was the thunderbolt. His objects were the Aegis (a shield). His animal symbols were the eagle, the bull, & the oak. Other symbols you can recognize him is by the sceptre.
CELEBRATION
There`s one celebration in a special way they do to Zeus and is teh day five and is a day to celebrate the accomplishments of the victors, spectators, trainers and athletes made their way, procession style, to temple of Zeus for the final time, with the winners leading the way. There are certain cities of some countries that are named by Zeus in one certain area one is in Spain in the city of Extremadura, the other one is in America in Virginia, & the last one is on Cyprus in paphos.
SUMMARY OF A GREEK MYTHOLOGY
In the beginning Zeus was the youngest son of the Titan Cronus and goddess Rhea. When he was born, his father Cronus intended to swallow him. But his mother hid him in a cave. In the middle of the story when he had grown up, Zeus caused Cronus to vomit up his sisters and brothers, & these gods joined Zeus to fight and gain control to the universe over the titan Cronus. In the end Zeus and his brothers Poseidon, & Hades divided up creation Hades got the underworld, Poseidon the sea and Zeus got the sky. Also he became the supreme authority.
In this myth my god is presented like the most powerful, & he had the power to control the lightning.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion there are many other interesting facts that happen in this myth but one of the most important for me that Zeus made was that Zeus was the one that change the greek mythology when he grown up. Another fact is that Zeus break free to the Titan crius we don`t know why but he did. The other one is that Zeus often change shape into a bird to get womens attention & the last thing is that the Olympic games were initially dedicated to him.
Cite this page
FAMILY RELATIVES. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
The Seven Deadly Sins in Canterbury Tales: in the Grip of Temptation
As every character in these stories, respect is an important part of these situations. An important character that fulfills this quality is the Knight. He is a chivalrous man, which is very generous, respectful as I said and will always speak with the truth.
The knight was accused of rape. He had the opportunity to be spared, if he gets to find or discover what the woman desires. The knight in his search to the secret of what women desires. he turns to a horrible, ugly and incredibly old witch. The knight asks her what women desires? and then she told him sovereignty over men that is what women desire. He was happy to finally have the answer, which could spare his life.
The knight obtained his answer, but at what costs. The witch demanded him to marry her. He agreed and they are living happily. While one day, they were laying down in bed and she asked him would you wish for me to be ugly and yet faithful or be beautiful and faithless? He answer was that it's her decision to make. She took the decision and she choose to be beautiful and youth. They lived forever happily ever after.
There were three drunk men, they are very good friends. The three friends set out a journey to destroy Death. The reason is one of their friends died. They wanted to destroy it on his honor. In their journey they found a man, the man tells them you guys can found Death under an oak tree in a grove. Once they get under the tree, expecting to find Death. They found a pile of gold. They the controversy starts. Everyone wants the money, and then two of them plot a strategy to kill the other one. They killed him, and then they celebrate that they only have to split the gold between two parts. They opened a bottle of wine and didn't know, the bottle was poisoned for the third friend they killed, and they also died too.
The Death of three friends for the cause of avarice. They first starts to do a journey for a friend's Death. The journey starts to disband at the moment they arrive under the oak tree and find a pile of gold. Then the distrust starts and death comes along with it. First, their friendship died. Second, they all died, because avarice took over and couldn't handle it. And finally avarice it's a friend that becomes your worst enemy.
The carpenter john is a wealthy and very overprotective with his eighteen years old wife. While a student from Oxford named Nicholas aboard together with them.
The young Nicholas and john's wife Alisoun like to flirt a lot when John is not around. There was also a moment in where Alisoun and Nicholas were left alone and Alisoun promises Nicholas they will have their moment to sleep together when the time is right. There was also a young man from the church named Absolon who was also interest in John's wife. Alisoun had a secret romances with both of them, cheating on her husband John. Nicholas creates a plan to have that special moment Alisoun promises him. He told John about a God's vision he had foreseen a terrible upcoming event. John fear for his wife and that's exactly how he wanted to react after hearing such news. He told him that there was a way to prevent this from happening. Nicholas tells John to fill three tubs with food and attach an axe to the roof. As soon as they went to help john they sneak to john's bed.
Once accomplish of their beautiful night together cheating on john. Her other lover Absolon was passing by to get a quick kiss. He suddenly reach for his lover a kiss and accidently or maybe on purpose he kissed Nicholas butt chicks. And then he was mad and left to the blacksmith to get red hot iron pocket. Then Absolon knocks again and Nicholas try to do the same thing again, but this time Absolon burned him with the iron pocket. Then Nicholas starts to yell for help. John heard these noises and accidently the axe falls and breaks a tube and the tube falls on top of John and poor unfortunely he broke his arm. The people from the town heard all this commotions and approach to see what is happening. And he starts to tell the story, Nicholas prepared for him. Nobody believed in him, Nicholas and Alisoun acted like they didn't know and let him believe he was getting crazy.
The church was pretty wealthy in their times before the Black Death. Most church was Catholic, which governed over Ireland, England and basically the entire Europe. There are some different views on the church. After Black Death, the people started to question their priorities. People were choosing a different path. Some started different movements to uncover the truth behind the really objective of the church.
‹Everyone was so godliness to god and the church. To follow Jesus Christ in his path. They were all so committed to it, nobody had ever had sexual interaction. Meaning they are all virgin. If they are virgin how will be more virgin be made if they don't do what is approve by god. Their understanding is that if they commit this type act, called Sex will be a crime to their religion when it's not.
The most benefited of the church was the Pardoner and the Summoner. The Pardoner uses the church power and influences for his greedy, corrupt and abusive intentions. The Pardoner openly admits to take advantage of his position for corruption. The Summoner was the one persuading people for his bad and greedy intentions. This is how the two of them were making the church's image and reputation. Bringing down people's expectation from the church.
Using such religious and something so important to everyone for profit it's so wrong. Taking advantage from the good to use as way for their corrupting objectives. Also knowing the Pardoner had a relationship with the Summoner. Also the Summoner was also known for be preaching for the wrong side, be praying against god from his sacred house The Church.
‹Basically there social status in the pyramid was at one of the highest. This is most likely structure with three different classes; those who pray such as the clergy, those who fight such as the nobility, and those who work such as the commoners and peasantry. A knight represents the highest class in the group, but he also followed by the Miller the lowest in the group.
A woman that not only had traveled a lot through the world just as much as experiences. She had married five husbands. She has experiences the world in others perspective as it is as love and sex. This woman is very tasteful and rich, all her clothes is very expensive from far you could tell who she was. Through her experiences with her husbands, she has learned how to provide for herself in a world where women had little independence.
Maybe she was destined to be this way. Unfortunately she went thought a lot with so many losses in her life. Very unlucky with this beautiful feeling we called Love. But through this she makes something out of it. Really wealthy and very important in this fashion life, everything she wears was very expensive and luxurious. At least something good came after such tragedies from her pass marriages.
‹Between John and Allison was happening everything, except a healthy relationship. Their relationship was to damage for something to ever happen again. It was more like a business proposition for both. He likes her, because she is young and beautiful. She only was with his for his wealth. They were been used by each other and didn't know or didn't wanted to see it.
After that accident with the axe, it was meant to be separation. She was using him. While he works and takes care of her, she was cuddling with her lover Nicholas. Taking advantage of poor Absolon too. If I was John I wouldn't be near here anymore, there is no way, after such thing everything could have a solution or see things differently.
Cite this page
The Seven Deadly Sins in Canterbury Tales: In the Grip of Temptation. (2019, Jul 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/07/page/12/
