Walmart Negotiation Strategies

Walmart is one of the major and more important retailers around the globe operating in more than 11,000 stores in over 25 nations (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). The company was inaugurated in 1962 and has achieved significant progress due to its succesful business strategy (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). Walmart operates both physical and online stores to enhance convenience for its global consumers. The company realized annual revenue of $500 billion in the fiscal year, of 2017 and boasts over 2.1 million employees from different parts of the world (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). Although Walmart is a leading company, it operates in a highly competitive market and shares its customers with competitors such as Tesco, Costco, Woolworths, Carrefour, IKEA, Amazon, and Target (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). In any case, Walmart has possessed the capacity to keep up its cost authority procedure that enables the organization to hold clients by offering quality merchandise at moderate costs.Walmart's slogan, "Everyday low prices," gives the company a competitive advantage in the retail industry. This low-price strategy allows Walmart to capitalize on its size to realize economies of scale. The company has depended heavily on cost leadership to become a household name across the globe. Walmart's business strategies have also been centered on sustainability to conserve the environment and minimize indirect costs. In addition, Walmart's business strategies aimed at establishing a one-stop shopping by providing a broad assortment ranging from grocery to household wares. Walmart has over 60,000 diverse suppliers and it incorporates different negotiation strategies to bargain. Walmart aims at empowering its suppliers thereby establishing great partnership to guarantee the quality of goods. Walmart has maintained its traditional mission statement," We save people money, so they can live better" (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). This mission statement is geared towards lowering the cost of living to enable people to make extra savings to enhance their lives. Walmart's mission statement appeals mostly to the middle-class consumers who make up a large percentage of the overall customers in the retail industry. Walmart's vision statement aims at provided quality products at low costs while maintaining sustainable production. In order to maintain its cost leadership strategy, "Everyday Low Prices," Walmart is compelled to incorporate various negotiation strategies with its suppliers to purchase large quantities of products at lower prices. The bargaining power of suppliers in the retail industry is relatively lower due to the existence of numerous suppliers (Lianos & Lombardi, 2016). These suppliers also engage each other in stiff competition in order to win the tenders and supply their goods to the retailers. Some of the suppliers are compelled to offer their products on a discount to attract retailers (Lianos & Lombardi, 2016). Thus, this means that a retail company such as Walmart has an advantage over the suppliers and can influence their decisions significantly including their prices. The sheer size of Walmart is another factor that impacts its negotiation strategy with the suppliers (Chatterjee, 2017). Walmart is a leading retail company with over 11,000 stores in different countries and therefore, the company buys goods in bulk. This is quite attractive to suppliers hoping to conduct business with Walmart. Walmart can also switch between suppliers at minimal costs. However, Walmart deals with some large suppliers, and thus, it are important to implement an effective negotiation strategy. Walmart should capitalize on its relatively strong bargaining power to influence the supplier's prices. An important aspect of negotiation strategy is to ensure options; Walmart should have a list of its suppliers and conduct research on their history to determine their prices, reliability and the quality of their goods. Having options means that Walmart is not limited to a few suppliers and thus, this helps the company to appear strong instead of needy during its negotiations with suppliers (Wang, 2016). Ensuring diversity of the suppliers is also key in lowering the prices of goods. By having options, Walmart suppliers will most likely lower their prices to avoid losing the business opportunity. Walmart should also look at the bigger picture and instead of focusing on the suppliers aim at controlling the entire supply chain (Allen & Burrell, 2015). Thus, Walmart should use its bargain power to control the costs of transport and reduce its expenses (Stump, Joshi & Kim, 2015). This would allow Walmart to transfer its cost saving to the customers in terms of lower prices thereby enhancing customer loyalty. Walmart negotiation strategies should align with its mission and vision statement. It is therefore important for the company to develop positive relationships with the suppliers and empower them. Hence, Walmart should deviate from exploiting its suppliers as this can tarnish its reputation and have a negative impact on its business operations. Thus, when negotiating with suppliers, it is necessary for Walmart to bargain reasonably and set a non-exploitative minimum. Walmart should be socially responsible by offering its customers the best quality. Since Walmart has significant bargaining power over its suppliers, it should use it for the benefit of the customers. For instance, Walmart should set rules and regulations meant to control the quality of products supplied by the vendors (Wang, 2016). Thus, the company should conduct investigations on the production techniques used by the suppliers to ensure they are sustainable. By doing so, Walmart will help its suppliers minimize pollution and conserve the environment. Lastly, Walmart needs to set up a negotiation team with the skills necessary to win over its competitors. Walmart should ensure that it clarifies its objectives to the suppliers (Allen & Burrell, 2015). However, it should have realistic expectations to ensure its objectives are attainable. This would help the company ensure that the suppliers understand its vision and purpose and therefore, provide products that are in alignment with its goals. Walmart is a powerhouse, and thus, it has the capacity to make calls when dealing with its suppliers. However, effective negotiation strategies are necessary to meet its objectives. The above strategies would help Walmart to buy goods from its suppliers at relatively lower prices and thus, transfer that to the customers in terms of reduced prices. Walmart can also be able to secure goods on credit since it purchases in bulk. Walmart's negotiation strategies would also ensure that suppliers meet the company standards in terms of quality and timely delivery. Walmart should emphasize sustainable production of goods, especially groceries to safeguard the consumers. Walmart has strong bargaining power over its suppliers. As such, Walmart can easily switch between suppliers without having to incur losses. However, Walmart usually deals with large companies, and therefore, its bargaining power diminish slightly. Walmart should capitalize on its bargaining power to set explicit rules and regulations and force the suppliers to adhere to them at all times. This includes the need for sustainable production of goods in order to reduce pollution and prevent customers from including indirect costs in terms of effects of climate change. In order to strengthen its bargaining power, Walmart should have options and a negotiation team to make sure its objectives are clarified and communicated to the suppliers. However, although Walmart has considerably strong bargaining power, it should avoid exploiting its suppliers as this can damage its reputation and affects its sales negatively. Walmart goal should be to empower all its shareholders including suppliers and customers. Thus, its negotiation practices should be fair to all the parties. A key element in negotiation strategies is a clear purpose. Therefore, it is vital for Walmart to enhance its relationships with the suppliers. A successful negotiation strategy communicates the values of the organization to ensure all the parties understand what is required of them. However, the focus of Walmart should be control of its overall supply chain in order to reduce costs and transfer the savings to the customers by offering goods at lower prices compared to its competitors. This is crucial in attracting new customers and maintaining customer loyalty.

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Walmart’s Grocery Pickup Operational Excellence

Contents

Introduction
Background
Statement of the problem
Research Objectives
Main Research Objectives
Methodology
The Research Design
The sample
Limitations
Target?® BOPIS
Kroger?®
Challenges
Recommended Solutions
References

Introduction

In an organization, operational excellence is the execution of organization's business system with more prominent consistency and productivity than the opposition. It encourage the usage of the practices and work process required to accomplish what the business requires to be effective.

An organization enforces the most effective strategy that has minimal operational risks, low operation costs, and enhanced revenue relative to its rivals. Particularly, in retail industry each business sector operational excellence is important to achieve overall business success. Further, operations excellence can be achieved via various business parameters, starting with top management's objectives on quality, dependability, cost, reducing errors, and minimizing risk, and translating them within the organization's each business operations would result achieving operational excellence.

The online sales and related business of retail industry, like any other e-commerce market, is very competitive and challenge. In effect, players in the retail industry strive to enforce operation excellence as a way of gaining leverage and remaining ahead of competitors. One of the firms operating within this industry is Walmart?® Inc. Walmart?® was founded in 1962 and established on 31 October 1969, headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, and since then, the company has continued to dominate the retail industry and its global presence in 28 countries with 11,718 stores and clubs is a virtuous indication of how the company has remained successful amidst the competition. In effect, the objective of the research is to review the manner in which operational excellence resulted from store/Grocery Pickup strategy has facilitated Walmart's success within retail industry, and providing recommended solutions to address challenges faced in the Grocery Pickup strategy.

Background

It is important to for a firm/organization to have an efficient operations process system in place that can reduce cost, higher capital utilization, and dependability, which in turn could be a basis for building a strong operational skills for future innovation and being symbol for quality and successful.

Walmart?® online sales is a small slice of its overall business, but it showed a significant revenue growth of online sales of 33% compared to store sales of 2.1% in the first quarter 2018 (Meyersohn, 2018). Online sales is an encouraging sign for Walmart?® since its introduction and it helped the digital growth of Walmart?® revenue increase by 1.4% YoY to $117.5 billion for the first quarter 2018.
The applicable theory in the study of operational experience is the Goldratt's Theory of Constraints as postulated by Costas et al. (2015). In order to examine the impact of operations excellence on organizational success, the model offers a framework that can be applied in outlining the most integral factors that limit attainment organizational goals in an effort to address the constraints limiting the firm's performance. In this regard, the theory offers powerful tools regarding the approach that organizations can implement to realize operational excellence.

The Walmart?® concept of Grocery Pickup is a part of online/digital sales strategy, and has been selected for the current analysis as an organization implementing operational excellence strategies across its US network of stores and clubs. As the company expands to new regions across the world, the operational strategy will be aimed at making the firm more competitive.

Customers today are looking for more convenience, choice and savings, and Walmart?® offering Online Grocery Pickup service for fast, easy way of shopping for grocery items.

According to Oakland (2014), operation excellence is described as an outstanding practice that the organization implements to achieve outstanding results. The practice of operational excellence has been built around a number of concepts that collectively are geared to achieving organizational success. These concepts include results orientation: focus on customer service delivery, leadership, and consistency of purpose, effective management of processes and facts, people engagement and development and continuous learning. Other factors that are embodied in operation excellence include innovation and improvement, facilitating continuous learning developing partnerships and being public responsible. Organizations embrace operations excellence as an approach for achieving organizational strategic objectives and clients' expectation. Organizations thus implement the concept of operational excellence by integrating leadership and teamwork, as well as problem-solving as measures of constant improvement throughout the organization as well as addressing the welfare of employees and meeting the demands of clients. The idea behind operational excellence is to maximize the existing processes within the organization in order to give the company leverage over other competitors in the retail industry.

Statement of the problem

In the wake of increased competition on the global scale and global downturn in the economy, many businesses have been compelled to review their strategy in order to boost their efficiency to survive. Measures such as cost-cutting and efficiency strategies are some of the approaches that firms are implementing to counter the inherent challenges. Operational excellence offers a viable choice for domestic and global companies to gain a competitive edge and survive in the industry. Nonetheless, not many firms have successfully implemented the practice, mostly because of the lack of skilled personnel to facilitate the process but, Walmart?® has implemented operational efficiency in its online sales strategy, and identified most convenient way of providing grocery store via online shopping, this service may help customers to get fresh products like diary and meat produces as store pickup which may not available at online shopping.

Walmart?® want to explore this concept of Grocery Pickup at their stores for online shopping customers, and integrate this service of online selling in to their traditional brick-and-mortar practice as a way of attaining a competitive edge. Most studies that have been facilitated with regard to operational excellence have mainly focused on online sales compared to in store sales and the inclusion of total quality management in organizational processes. The knowledge gap that the current study seeks to address Grocery Pickup service operational challenges and that can be integrated with Walmart's overall business model to attain success. Mainly, picking groceries proficiently presents numerous difficulties uncommonly in a retail location condition the same number of demonstrated distribution center picking efficiencies can't be embraced because of absence of automation, merchandise driven designs and the idea of the requests. The picking procedure likewise has a tendency to be manual expanding satisfaction costs as well as constraining income openings making the picking procedure a bottleneck to the quantity of requests that could be guaranteed to clients on the site.

Research Objectives

The primary objective of this research is to incorporate the concept of automation in store pickup services thereby increase of online customer base and to determine the change in their process performance. Since this paper primarily uses the findings of the past studies on this topic, it will also strive to bridge the gaps in the existing literature on store pickup. Lastly, it will demonstrate how competitors of Walmart?® using store pickup services as an additional revenue to ensure improvement in their online sales process.

Main Research Objectives

The objectives that the research seeks to achieve are as follows:

i. To establish the operational excellence strategies on Walmart's Grocery Pickup service

ii. To examine the impact of operational excellence in Walmart's performance and competitiveness

iii. To establish and suggest operational strategies that Walmart?® can implement to realize organizational efficiency w.r.t to store pickup and enabling the Walmart's online sales business to survive the competitive business setting

Methodology

The methodology section covers the approach that was applied in the research. Mainly it incorporates a blueprint that facilitated the collection, measurement, and analysis of the data. Aspects covered include the research design, the target population, the research sample, and methods applied in the analysis.

The Research Design

The study conducted relied on various articles describes store pickup options available as a part of their online sales through their website. In regard, we focused on stores that have store pickup services and their challenges as a sample so that the outcome could be generalized to the overall business process in relation to store pickup services. The research is based on qualitative research, whereby data was collected from the selected organizations that has store pickup services offered as a part of their online sales. The case design approach adopted in the research attempted to define the subject by establishing a profile to denote a group of problems. Mainly, this was achieved through the collection of data to show the various process available in store pickup services in selected companies. The approach was considered ideal for the research as it facilitated a reflection of the right state of affairs regarding the implementation of operational excellence at Walmart?® Grocery Pickup services without deviating from the aim of the research.

The sample

Home Delivery of basic needs is by and large more intricate than transportation books, hardware, toys, attire and different things. The essential reason being nourishment is transient. Liquefied frozen yogurts and broke eggs negatively affect edges as well as think about inadequately the client encounter. Furthermore, the last mile adds to about 33% of the general inventory network costs. Given these difficulties Walmart?® chose to pilot crowdsourced conveyance in one of its business sectors. The supply chain group assembled a last mile conveyance stage to empower simple coordination with crowdsourced conveyance accomplices.

Picking perishables goods successfully makes various troubles demonstrated the same number of distribution center picking efficiencies can't be embraced because of absence of robotization, merchandize driven designs and the idea of the requests. The issue of picking improvement handles two interlacing choice focus conveying orders among groups and deciding a cluster picking course for each clump with the end goal to limit the aggregate satisfaction time for all requests.

Limitations

Grocery shopping is a normal assignment, it is generated from a need and not desire. There are various limitations to this study due to limited players in the store pickup service providers. Walmart?® is one of the largest retailer in the U.S.A, with many outlets across the globe. In this regard, the business dynamics across the regions of operations vary significantly. Therefore, it will be challenging selecting a representative sample that will truly reflect the operational efficiency factor from a general outlook. Notably, this challenge can be overcome by choosing a case study, whereby the focus of the research will be within a single region such as the United States only. This approach is ideal especially when Walmart?® outlets in one region will be selected to feature the representative sample. The second limitation is the time and financial resource constraint that researcher will face in conducting the research. This challenge can be overcome by scheduling the research activities within the given time period to ensure that the research is conducted within the projected time to avert delays or changes in the project scope, as well as additional costs.

The limitations of Walmart?® Grocery Pickup that the research seeks to achieve are as follows:

i. There is a $30 minimum purchase for all Walmart Grocery orders.

ii. Substitutions may cost Walmart as they need to substitute unavailable product with available one priced at higher, for example, if a customer ordered a 4 pack of coke, and Walmart?® is out of stick for 4 pack then they substitute with available 6 pack coke.

iii. Coupons and rewards use may not be available with all Walmart?® stores

Research findings and Analysis Walmart?®

Online grocery shopping and pickup offering is an attract service for Walmart customers due to its accessibility and availability in more than 1,000 stores in the U.S.A.

How It Works: Ordering (Walmart's Fact sheet, 2015)

Customers visit Walmart.com/grocery and enter their zip code.

Customers can then browse the Walmart Grocery assortment online, which carry the same prices as local Walmart stores.

During checkout, customers choose a designated store to visit and select a timeslot to pick up their order.

How It Works: Free Pickup (Walmart's Fact sheet, 2015)

Orders are fulfilled from our local stores by Walmart personal shoppers. Customers will receive a phone call to let them know when their order is ready and the specific location at the store to pickup (usually in front of or at the side of the store).

Once customers arrive at their pickup location, there will be reserved parking spaces for online pickup customers and a designated number to call in order to alert an associate in the store. That associate will quickly retrieve the prepared order and load it into the customer's car.

Same-day pickup is available orders placed by 2 a.m. will be available for pickup from 8 a.m. and orders placed by 10 a.m. will be available from 1 p.m.

Pickups can be scheduled seven days a week, up to three weeks in advance.

According to Slice Intelligence (2017), Walmart Grocery and Sams's Club's US e-commerce sales together grew around 63% YOY in second quarter 2017, resulted from online and store pickup services.

Target?® BOPIS

Target?® introduces BOPIS (Buy Online Pickup In Store) services in 2013 to support their omnichannel strategy to benefit their customers include saving on shipping costs and save time. There is a 15% increase in Target?® online sales after launching BOPIS in 2013, and the volume of online orders for store pick-up grew by 50% in 2016 (). As per our research, Target's order pickup facilitates 90% of orders are ready for pickup within an hour, and make sure there is a less chance of products being out of stock.

Kroger?®

Kroger?® has ClickList pickup services provide similar pickup services like Target?® and Walmart?®, and it gained its customers experience after introducing their ClickList pickup service. Kroger?® had research collaboration with University of Cincinnati and working on innovative techniques to improve store pickup services.

Challenges

Our research findings on store pickup services reveals that, most of store pickup services has similar challenges related to automation including the prospects of added payroll for employees handling orders and the additional workload in stores, inventory needs, adapting to new fulfillment procedures, queries about existing technology would handle new inventory needs worries that filling online/web orders could reduce store stock levels, and order prioritization for online customer orders.

Store Pickup Challenges Automation Inventory Needs (Real-time) Handling Orders/ Priority (Manual) Added Payroll (Manual)
Target?® No No Yes Yes
Kroger?® No No Yes Yes
Walmart?® No No Yes Yes

The other challenges that store pickup services face from the website design and customer interaction with online ordering, for example, item not found' rate is higher than projected due to vast list of customer choice that may or may not available which results 50% of cancellation of online orders. There are many reasons that surfaced this cancellations like, some stores has limited capacity of maintaining stock/inventory in the warehouse. Another, biggest challenge that most of companies' faces from customer service and coordination with online order system with backend engine, specifically, integrating inventory systems with order pickups and prioritization.

References

Costas, J., Ponte, B., de la Fuente, D., Pino, R., & Puche, J. (2015). Applying Goldratt's Theory of Constraints to reduce the Bullwhip Effect through agent-based modeling. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(4), 2049-2060.
Digital sales jumped 33% last quarter. (n.d.). Walmart's online sales grow 33%. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/17/news/companies/walmart-stock-jet-amazon/index.html
Oakland, J. S. (2014). Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge.
Walmart. (september 2015). FACT SHEET WALMART ONLINE GROCERY PICKUP [Brochure]. Author. https:// news.walmart.com/reporter/
Timmermann, M. (2018, September 25). Kroger Grocery Pickup: What you need to know before your first order. Retrieved from https://clark.com/shopping-retail/online-shopping/kroger-savings-tip-clicklist-grocery-pickup/
Briggs, B., Evans, K., Zaroban, S., Brohan, M., & Lindner, M. (2017, March 03). Fulfilling web orders from stores wasn't always easy for Target. Retrieved from https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2016/06/14/fulfilling-web-orders-stores-wasnt-always-easy-target/
Arnold, S. J. & Fernie, J. (2000). Wal-Mart in Europe: Prospects from the UK.
International Marketing Review, 17(4/5), 416-432.

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Walmart’s Mission Statement and Vision Statement

Contents

Statement of the Problem
Conclusion

Walmart is one of the leading retailers around the globe operating with more than 11,000 stores in over 25 nations (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). The company was established in 1962 and has achieved significant success due to its effective business strategy (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). Walmart operates both physical and online stores to enhance convenience for their global consumers. The company reached an annual revenue of $500 billion in the fiscal year of 2017 and boasts of over 2.1 million employees from different parts of the world (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). Although Walmart is a leading company, it operates in a highly competitive market and shares its customers with competitors such as Tesco, Costco, Woolworths, Carrefour, IKEA, Amazon, and Target (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). However, Walmart has been able to maintain its cost leadership strategy that allows the company to retain customers by offering quality goods at affordable prices. Walmart's slogan, "Everyday low prices," gives the company a competitive advantage in the retail industry. This low price strategy allows Walmart to capitalize on its size to realize economies of scale. The company has depended heavily on cost leadership to become a household name across the globe. Walmart's business strategies have also been centered on sustainability to conserve the environment and minimize the indirect costs. In addition, Walmart's business strategies aimed at establishing a one-stop shopping by providing a broad assortment ranging from grocery to household wares.

Walmart has maintained its traditional mission statement," We save people money so they can live better" (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). This mission statement is geared towards lowering the cost of living to enable people to make extra savings to enhance their lives. Walmart's mission statement appeals mostly to the middle-class consumers who make up a large percentage of the overall customers in the retail industry. Walmart's vision statement aims at provided quality products at low costs while maintaining sustainable production.

Statement of the Problem

The international retail industry is experiencing an upward trajectory; this is as a result of the expansion of the middle-income class, especially among the emerging and developing economies. At the same time, the retail industry has experienced entrance of new competitors, most of which are online based such as Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay (Chatterjee, 2017). These companies offer a wide range of assortments over online platforms and delivery services. The preference of global customers has shifted, and thus, most customers prefer online shopping. The retail industry does not require huge capital to start up and run, and therefore, this has created stiff competition as new retain companies enter the market. The competition in the retail industry is quite high due to the existence of many small indirect retail outlets that take away a significant number of consumers (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). As a result, the market share for Walmart has shrunk considerably. Also, Walmart is facing a significant challenge in maintaining its cost leadership strategy due to the increase in production costs, primarily due to an upsurge of oil prices and inputs. Therefore, an increase in the costs of producing goods and services lower the profit margin and overall revenues. The food industry has experienced deflation due to shortages, and therefore, Walmart is not able to provide a variety of food products leading to a decline in sales (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018).

Walmart's strategy to lead on price may be ineffective given the dynamics in the global retail company. The cost leadership strategy may prevent Walmart from adjusting to the global financial situation. Walmart has mainly experienced significant challenges in some of its biggest markets such as the UK, Brazil, and China. In the UK, new retail companies have emerged offering goods and services at discounts. Thus, Walmart has continued to lose its market share since customers are tremendously attracted by low prices (DaSilva & Trkman, 2014). Also, in case Walmart increase the prices of its goods and services it's likely to lose customer loyalty and loss a segment of its market share. Walmart will be compelled to adjust its activities to counter the various challenges (Chatterjee, 2017). This includes enhancing efficiency in operations, supply chain management and logistics, and an increase in its bargaining power. Walmart has also invested heavily in innovation and technology to help maintain its competitive advantage (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). The company has automated most of its processes to bring down costs and improve efficiency. Walmart needs to adjust its pricing strategy to accommodate the global financial situation and events such as oil prices and new competitors (DaSilva & Trkman, 2014). At the same time, Walmart should improve its internal processes to enhance efficiency and cut costs.

The stock price will increase when Walmart decides to adjust its pricing strategy. However, Walmart should aim at putting the price of goods and services slightly lower than its competitors in order to attract new customers and maintain consumer loyalty. Secondly, Walmart needs to integrate its digital platform with the physical stores to enhance the customers' shopping experience (DaSilva & Trkman, 2014). Walmart should also abandon its traditional store strategy and instead focus on enhancing shoppers' accessibility (Chatterjee, 2017). Thus, instead of setting up big retail outlets, the company should focus on establishing small outlets in multiple places to enhance accessibility. It is evident that the retail industry has undergone a massive transformation whereby most consumers prefer shopping online (DaSilva & Trkman, 2014). Thus, Walmart should invest heavily in establishing "click and collect" online platforms to attract online customers and boost its sales.

The company should also aim at being competitive by providing a wide range of assortment to meet the needs of global companies (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). This strategy will help it counter competition from its direct and indirect competitors including the small retail outlets. This business strategy is highly effective in the global market whereby tastes and preferences vary significantly. In addition, Walmart should aim at providing efficiency in the supply chain and logistics for cutting down the overall costs. By maintaining effective internal controls, Walmart will be able to create a barrier for new competitors who cannot keep up (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018). This is because efficient processes help lower the operational costs allowing the company to register an increase in profits (DaSilva & Trkman, 2014). Lastly Walmart should invest heavily in researching cultural elements in different regions. This would allow the company to provide unique goods and services that reflect the tastes and preferences of the customers from different locations. Walmart had initially experience failures in Germany due to a lack of cultural awareness, and thus, it should consider analyzing the cultural elements and beliefs of different populations (Hunt, Watts & Bryant, 2018).

Conclusion

The global retail market is experiencing new dynamics, which affects the operations of retail companies. Since its inception, Walmart has maintained a low price strategy whereby it offers goods and services at competitive prices compared to its competitors. This has allowed the company to experience significant growth in the retail market and also counter the growing competition. However, the costs of production have continued to increase due to a strong currency and fluctuation in oil prices. Thus, Walmart should adjust its business strategies to accommodate these changes. The first change will be a slight increase in the price of goods and services. This strategy would work as long as Walmart's prices remain slightly lower compared to its competitors. The second change would require Walmart to integrate its digital platform with the physical stores to enhance consistency in pricing and delivery. Also, Walmart should deviate from establishing big shopping outlets and instead focus on expanding multiple retail outlets to improve shoppers' accessibility. This would help increase store visibility and accessibility thereby countering the stiff competition from direct and indirect competitors.

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American Solar Technology

When we think of solar power we think of an energy source that is free and sustainable, but aside from the obvious drawbacks, such as price and the inability to harness solar energy at night, there are some significant issues that may need to be addressed. Solar energy has made significant strides, yet when we think of solar power, cost usually plays a major role. Currently 49 percent of all the electrical power in the United States is generated by coal, yet solar electricity can be delivered at the same or less cost. Traditional flat panel systems are being replaced by thin-film solar material which can decrease overall cost by 20 percent. This thin film has been an innovation breakthrough in the energy industry and one of the major reasons that solar power will overtake coal. Another major concern is the idea that the sun does not shine at night, so how can solar energy be harnessed. MIT scientists have developed a method of storing solar power in a fuel cell for later use. They can do this by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen and storing it, while using solar panels during the day to power homes. In the evening, the hydrogen and oxygen can be combined to create energy while the solar panels are inactive. Another concern is the amount of greenhouse gases that are produced with the consumption of coal. Solar power electricity produces no greenhouse gases or emissions which makes it an energy source of choice. Over a year, one solar power system could save the same amount of carbon dioxide as one car can produce during a year. Currently, half of the United States uses coal due to its abundance and cheap price. Yet with increased demand, especially in developing economies such as China and India, coal prices continue to rise resulting in solar power becoming cost competitive with coal generated electricity. Shifting to solar power will result in lower electric bills, a cleaner environment; prevent disruptions in service, while making us less vulnerable to terrorist attacks. One of the disadvantages to solar power, and one that definitely needs to be reviewed in depth, is the efficiency under varying environmental factors. One factor in general is haze caused by pollution. Scientists have been attempting to determine how the efficiency and output from solar panels can be affected in urban areas that suffer from high levels of pollution resulting in haze. It was ultimately determined that these effects are substantial and can negatively impact the expected level of output resulting in a failed installation. Overall, this means that the cost of solar power installation would be substantially more than the revenue it could generate. This financial impact could deter companies from investing in solar projects. With the understanding that haze can cause a barrier between the suns energy and the solar power, then it is the solar power that can cure this problem. With the continued advancement within the industry, it is a matter of time before the thin film mentioned earlier can be applied to widows of cars and buildings alike resulting in an inexhaustible energy source that can fuel automobiles resulting in little to no emissions. If this occurs, then the haze barrier would begin to dissipate resulting in more efficient solar products and more fuel for our cars. Even with solar power being one of the fastest growing energy industries, it may do American little good after the recent tariffs on China was levied. The tariffs that were levied in an attempt to buy time for American solar manufacturers to catch up with China, may actual cause the opposite effect by discouraging domestic investment in American innovation. After China flooded the global market with below-cost solar panels, President Obama enacted tariffs on solar imports. Yet, by this time several domestic solar technologies had already folded and were unable to compete with the Asian market. President Trump has enacted a thirty percent tariff on all solar imports in an attempt to stimulate investment in domestic innovation. These tariffs could potentially eliminate a vast amount of jobs within the United States. The majority of solar jobs within the United States revolve around installation. With rising solar panel prices, the demand of solar units with the country could potential decline resulting in less work for solar installers, which currently is one of the fastest growing jobs with the U.S. If President Trump continues to place America first, then it may be reasonable to expect that he will promote American solar technology by applying federal funds to assist innovation and promote domestic investment. If the product that China used to flood the world market was below cost and substandard, it leave a reasonable amount of doubt that the product would be the product of choice. This could potentially open the door for American made solar products. If domestic manufacturers rise to the challenge, we may see a solar technology boom in our county. Solar energy is free and sustainable. Applied in the right circumstance and it could improve the quality of our daily lives. Ridding the planet of toxic emissions from cars alone could have a positive effect on the planet and health of the public. It could provide a low cost alternative to fossil fuel consumption without disruption in service. Understandably, there will be complications overcoming obstacles but in the end solar power is worth the effort.

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Sojourner Truth and her Mission

That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne five children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman? Ain't I a woman? one of the most infamous speeches given by a determined, intellectual, and beautiful woman named Sojourner Truth. Truth had many barriers that she took a stand against, that could've destroyed her, but she used them as motivation to give slaves, women, and all society a chance at equality. Truth was a comfortable speaker who gave women, slaves and former slaves courage to pursue freedom and their rights as human beings for equality. Sojourner wasn't always her name. She was a former slave who was beaten, abused and mistreated. She worked all hours and didn't have days off. Until, she took a stand for herself and her child. This led to one of the first ever cases of illegal slave selling of Truth's child won by an African American woman against a white man. She is one that should be in all history books. She took a stand for what should've been right and helped lead the movement of abolishing slavery, racial inequality and the womens rights movement. As being born into a slavery, she was given the name Isabella Baumfree around 1797, speaking only Dutch to the Hardenbergh family in Ulster County, New York. Essentially, Isabella was born a piece of property and never was anything more until she was free. She was one of 10 or 12 children (records weren't correct in which) to also slaves, which she was the only child with left with her parents. This made her parents depressed and it was said that her childhood her mother would reminisce over the other children and tell her they all look at the same stars to keep Belle strong. At the age of 9, Isabella was sold when Colonel Hardenbergh passed away to John Neely with a flock of sheep for $100. Sojourner never talked much about just how harsh her time being a slave was, but Neely wasn't very kind to her she spoke how she would be beaten daily and once even with a bundle of rods, if not the harshest place she ever was with harsh physical labor and violent punishments. Sojourner was sold three more times for just as much as before with animal or something else a white man needed. Truth was a 6-foot-tall women who was a slave so her body was strong. She was seen as a good property to have and was sold many times before freed. She was treated like an animal and sold just the same. This can have detrimental effects on a child/human being. However, this made her stronger and more resilient to negativity and harsh treatments as bad as that is. It led her to being known as one of the infamous women in American history. Her fourth owner and last wasn't any kinder named John Dumont and his second wife who created a lot of tension in the household between Dumont's wife and Sojourner. Dumont's wife Elizabeth harassed her and made her life more difficult as stated in Sojourners Truth's America by Margaret Washington. Around this time, 1815 Sojourner fell in love with a slave from a neighboring farm named Robert. Robert's owner forbid the relationship and he did not want children between someone he enslaved with someone who wasn't his because he wouldn't have ownership of the children. When one day Robert snuck over to see Truth, Robert's owner found him and brutally beat him. Until Dumont stepped in and Truth never would see Robert again. Truth then married an older slave named Thomas who she birthed 5 children with. Her first born died in child birth, and 4 others named James(firstborn), Diana, Peter, Elizabeth, and Sophia. They were all born after Truth and Thomas got together. Beginning in the state of New York, in 1799 to legislate the abolition of Slavery, though it wasn't complete until July in 1827. Dumont (Sojourners slave owner) had promised to grant her freedom, if she chose to remain loyal and worked hard. However, as many did he changed his mind and claimed that a hand injury had made her less productive, but she continued to work and do everything asked even with said hand injury. Later in life, she rarely showed her hand or the wound on her back. I think this speaks volumes, because knowing slavery was never a walk in the park. She wouldn't show off her wounds and talk about it. Instead she talked about helping slaves come back from slavery and getting jobs. Even though she was upset and angry that he failed to fulfil his promise to her she kept going and continued to follow through. After a while, she hit a point where she couldn't do it anymore. In 1826, Truth and her baby daughter Sophia, escaped to freedom. She had to leave her other children behind because they were not legally freed until they were in their twenties. At that time, taking them would be a battle she couldn't win if found against a courtroom and could result in worse actions. She said later in life that I did not run off, for I thought that wicked, but I walked off, believing that to be all right." Truth then met and stayed at a family of Isaac and Maria Van Wagener's a Quaker family who lived in New Paltz, the family allowed Truth and her child into the house. The family bought her freedom from Dumont for $20 and they helped Truth to sure for the return of her son Peter who was 5 years old and illegally sold to a slave owner in Alabama. Her son had been abused by the slave owner who had him. Truth became the first black women to go against a white man in court and win her case. When staying with the Van Wagener's Truth had a life-changing religious experience and this helped shape her move to New York city and she found work as a house keeper to Elijah Pierson, a Christen Evangelist. Over her time in New York city, she did more house keeping jobs and even met a few former slaves and talked over abolition and charities. Religious Rivals Truth participated all over the state and became a well-known speaker. This helped set in motion when Isabella Baumfree was no longer, and Truth declared that the spirit called her to preach the truth. She became an itinerant preacher and then renamed herself Sojourner Truth. Truth became a Methodist and made her way traveling, preaching and spoke about the abolition of slavery. In 1844, she joined the Northampton Association of Education and Industry in Northampton, Massachusetts. In Massachusetts's currently at the time Truth met William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglass, and David Ruggles. Around 1846, the group disbanded without funding, but those relationships made helped Truth to make connections to other abolitionists and helped her to form more ideals into her preaching and the injustice of slavery. This also helped her to find Olive Gilbert in 1850 who dictated Truth's autobiography The Narrative of Sojourner Truth and Olive helped her to get it published. The autobiography helped her to support herself and gave her more of a national recognition. The sales of the books helped Truth to purchase her first home in what would be the village of Florence, Northampton for $300. Truth spoke at the first National Women's rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts. Truth met a lot of inspiring women and had a chance to involve herself in many advocacy positions for Womens Rights. She met Elizabeth Cady and Susan B. Anthony who were very inspiring advocates. However, let it be said upon reading many excerpts Truth did distant her self from womens rights groups because many women still spoke racist terms, and were fine with white women getting to vote over all women. In 1851, Truth joined an abolitionist and a speaker George Thompson on a lecture tour through central and western New York state. In May of 1851, Truth journeyed to the Ohio's Women's Rights Convention in Akron. This is where she delivered her infamous and celebrated speech Ain't I a Women? Her speech was moving and delivered equal rights for all women. Truth challenged the notions of racial and gender inferiority and inequality by telling listeners of her strength and the strength of all women. Also, of women being just the same as men, if not more hardworking, determined and intelligent. Truth took the stage like a true speaker demanding you acknowledge her presence, many even questioned her womanhood considering she was 6-foot-tall in stature and commanding. This is what essentially evoked her speech and women's equality. Also, its good to take note that several newspapers over the years shared many different speeches of her Ain't I a woman? It's now very hard to tell which one was the original, but the concept of the equality for women is the same. Around this time, Truth had parted ways with friend Fredrick Douglass because of his beliefs for suffrage for formerly enslaved men should come before women, where as Truth believed both should come equally. Truth was a radical reformer meaning she wanted to make society equal. When Sojourner settled in Battle creek, Michigan where Truth's 3 daughters lived she continued to speak nationally and helped many slaves escape to freedom. During the Civil War start Sojourner urged young men to join Union cause. She organized supplies for black troops. Sojourner even helped the Freedman's bureau who helped freed slaves find jobs and build new lives. This brought attention to her and her work and gained the interest of many including the President of the United States Abraham Lincoln. After the war, Sojourner was honored with an invite to the White House. However, some trouble when acquiring the meeting so, Truth asked a white school teacher Lucy Coleman who became an anti-slavery lecturer to help arrange it for her. After much of a wait, Lucy went to Mrs. Lincoln's dressmaker as a messenger she succeeded in making the appointment. Lucy finally took Sojourner to see the president after waiting weeks of hearing back they then had to wait several hours to see the busy president on October 29th, 1864. Lincoln later expressed his sorrow for having Sojourner go through such hardships to see him and the hassle. While Sojourner was in there in a letter in 1864 she stated Upon entering his reception room we found about a dozen persons in waiting, among them two colored women. I had quite a pleasant time waiting until he was disengaged and enjoyed his conversation with others; he showed as much kindness and consideration to the colored persons as to the white. One case was that of a colored woman who was sick and likely to be turned out of her house on account of her inability to pay her rent. The president listened to her with much attention and spoke to her with kindness and tenderness. While Truth was in D.C. she lobbied against segregation. During the 1860's a Jim Crow street car conductor tried to violently block her from riding. This was during her stay in Washington and she went to court to successfully appeal her rights for a third time and asked for the right to ride. This showed how wise and charismatic she was. Even though her being technically an illiterate woman never being taught to read or write she still proceeded to follow her truth and won another court case. This if not everything else her life had led up to be her mission so to say. She was put in these almost unfathomable situations and she proceeded to break barriers and show people it was possible to be recognized even though all the faults she had. In the late 1860's Truth collected 1000's of signatures on a petition to provide former slaves with land and jobs, though Congress never acted upon it. Sojourner volunteered and helped to provide insight to former slaves and helped them to see positive in not just her life, but other former slaves lives also. However, because of this influx of former slaves needing a place to stay and jobs the Government was prepared. So, there was no place for ex-slaves to live, minimal amounts of food and no employment. While working at the Freedman's village and for the Freedman's Bureau trying to improve the life of ex-slaves and their living conditions. In an outline provide by an organization dedicated to Sojourner Truth, it was said Maryland residents would come to Freedman's Village and with the purpose of stealing children. Truth learned of the kidnappings and encouraged the parents to protest. This wasn't right, and she believed something needed to be done. The camp commanders threatened to imprison her also as they had done to many of the parents who complained. Sojourners reply was if they tried, she would make this nation rock like a cradle. She was active in helping slaves relocate to many western states like Kansas. Sojourner still lobbied the government to give ex-slaves free land and to pay their transportation costs to their new homes. She carried those petitions with her urging people to sign them asking Why don't some of you stir ?em up as though an old body like myself could do all the stirring. She was telling people if she could (an older black woman) could do it, why can't anyone else make a stand and take initiative. There isn't much more information about after 1870 of her life however she continued to give speeches and lecture on the injustice of slavery and for equality. In her final years, nearly blind and deaf, she spent her final years in Michigan. Sojourner Truth passed away on November 26th, 1883. Her funeral service reportedly attended by thousands of people, was held at the Congregational-Presbyterian Church. She is buried in Oak hill cemetery near her family home in Battle Creek, Michigan. After her death, the final edition of the Narrative was published. In 1892, it was commissioned to an artist to portray the meeting of Sojourner and Abraham Lincoln at the White House. It was later destroyed in a fire, but a photographer luckily got a picture and preserved the image. There is many local contributions and memorials in Battle Creek that displays Truth's life and legacy. A united states postage stamp was issued in her honor at the Sojourner Truth Library in New Paltz, New York. There are also statues in several places, but one being Florence, Massachusetts. Sojourner Truth is a name that is still celebrated and lectured on. She is an amazing, brilliant, strong soul who will continue to live on. My take on Sojourner Truth is she is an amazing, truly inspiring, and moving woman who makes me want to do more in society. If she can handle all of her strives with such beautiful insight through such terrible times, why can't I do more? Not only are her speeches amazing, but the way she handles being a slave and struggling. I know in my day and age if I had to go through those torturous conditions, I don't know if I'd survive let alone be able to continue working for a man who beat me, broke me, and hurt my children or significant other. Also, dealing with the segregation, she took it to court. She didn't act out and fight or hurt another she took it to the law and proved who was in the wrong and that she was right. Its an amazing quality to attribute to her and see. Before this I only her name a few times, but never knew about all the things she did and life she led. Her mission was to help and lead others to be active in society and to stand up for the rights you believe in. Her beliefs were that ALL should be equal, and that there shouldn't be such a thing as segregation. She went against huge topics that are still a factor in society today like race, gender and even class. Sadly, she never got to see a world unsegregated or equality for all, but I believe she would be proud for the activists across the world who stood up till it happened. Sojourner Truth was a woman to be reckoned with a I do believe she could rock the nation, if she didn't from anything she did and stood up for.

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Sojourner Truth Speech

Sojourner Truth was an African-American feminist and abolitionist. Truth is arguably most well-known for her speech that she gave in 1851 at the Women's Rights Convention in Ohio. During this period in which Truth lived, abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman were especially effective in making an impression towards their listeners because they incorporated their experiences as ex-slaves. Truth delivered her speech as a means to retaliate against anti feminist arguments that were raised during that time. According to History.com, Truth's most important legacy is the tone and substance of her language . They go on to use a sample of the speech Give ?em land and an outset, and hab teachers learn ?em to read. Den they can be somebody (Sojourner Truth). By stating such simplicity in such a complex matter, Truth has caused the audience to be stumped not only by the simplicity and frankness of her words but also the simple, homely language that she uses. Additionally, the Poetry Trust claims that the strongest tool of her speech are her argument/persuasion strategies . They continue by saying that by Truth including the racial and sexist issues that she encountered in her life, she provides first hand experience that she executes in a manner that is moving towards audience. She persuades her audience that a black women might deserve equal rights to men (Poetry Trust). By using facts and unarguable evidence as well as her use of deduction she manages to illustrate that women are not inferior to men. Simultaneously, Truth also mentions the relevance of christianity. The Sojourner Truth Memorial Committee says Sojourner Truth sounds like a down-to-earth preacher in her speeches (STMC). Truth points out that someone as significant and as Jesus Christ would not be born without the involvement of a woman. Truth uses her biblical knowledge as a means of connecting with her audience through the system of faith. By making references derived from the Bible, her mostly Christian audiences views her as a fellow Christian and responds to her more positively and supportively. Maria B. Perry of Appalachian State University illustrates the effectivity of rhetorical strategies that Truth uses. Sojourner effectively delivers the powerful message on the hypocrisy, unjust nature and moral inaccuracy of gender and race discrimination (Perry). Truth doesn't just merely state facts, but appeals emotionally to the audience using personal anecdotes as well as repetition in order to represent the injustices that she endured; and eventually elicits a desire for change. Furthermore, Rainer Abraham refers to the end of the speech. If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they asking to do it, the men better let him (Truth). By addressing the past and connecting it to the future, Truth encouraged the women in the audience to band together and and fight. It is perceived that a woman turned the world upside down, butt Truth believed that women together would and should be able to turn the world back up right again. This initiates hope for women, Truth assures women that if they are a united front, they can achieve their rights and equality. Accordingly, Sojourner Truth delivered a very effective and powerful message on the hypocrisy, inequality and inaccuracy of gender and race discrimination. She used her clever anecdotes, religious belief and folk-like language to delineate the injustices during that period to generate a desire for change.

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About Sojourner Truth

There're many influential women in US history. One of these women is Sojourner Truth, an African American, evangelist, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and author. To better understand how Sojourner Truth began her journey, I feel it is important to first understand where she came from and the harsh realities that she faced during her youth and continued to face throughout her life. Sojourner Truth was born Isabella Baumfree in 1797. At the young age of nine Isabella was sold at a slave auction for $100 and a flock of sheep. Isabella was released into the custody of a man that was to become her master. A man who subjected her to harsh physical labor and violent punishments. By the time she reached her teens she had already been sold two more times. She ended up in the home of a man named John Dumont. When she was 18 years old Isabella fell in love with a fellow slave. Their love however was not to be. The two slaves had separate owners and were denied the right to marry. Instead a young Isabella was forced into a marriage with another slave owned by Dumont. The couple eventually bore five children together, children that were also sold into slavery. Freedom was promised to her at one point with the stipulation that if she would do well and be faithful Dumont would release her. However, Dumont was not to be trusted, he decided not to hold up on his end of the bargain. It was at this point that Isabella decided to take things into her hand by escaping his clutches as fast as she could walk away with her youngest female child. It is said that Sojourner Truth later said, I did not run off, for I thought that wicked, but I walked off, believing that be alright. Due to the unfortunate circumstances she had to leave behind her other four children due to them being legally bound. Isabella escaped to New York where she was taken in by a couple who bought her for $20 from Dumont when he came looking to get his property back. In 1827 the New York Anti-Slavery Law was passed. It was after this law was passed that Dumont decided to illegally sell her five-year-old son. With the help of the family she was staying with she sued Dumont for the return of her son. It took months but she won the battle and her son was returned to her. Isabella became the first ever black woman to sue a white man and succeed. This couple that had so helped her family had a profound impact on the outcome of her life. Living with them had made her more religious woman and she became a devout Christian. In 1829 she moved to New York City where she would work for a preacher as a housekeeper. Living among those that were in the faith helped to build her own faith, she began to love preaching the gospel. It is because of her faith that Isabella came to be Sojourner Truth, as she believed it was her obligation to go forth and speak the truth, the truth about slavery and oppression, to fight for equal rights. As she built a following, Truth became more and more popular. She had opportunities to meet with other abolitionists, such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass. Though it is said that Truth and Douglass went their separate ways after he made some comments about men and women that she did not agree with. She also got to know fellow women's rights advocates Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. In 1851 Truth gave her most famous speech yet, the one that asks the question, Ain't I A Woman?. There is a lot of controversy surrounding this speech as it has been interpreted many different ways. In some translations the phrase Ain't I A Woman is never even used. During the Civil War she helped recruit black soldiers and she worked in D.C. to help rally people to donate food, clothes and other supplies to black refugees. All of Truth's activism caught the eye of a very important gentleman, President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. He invited her to the White House in October of 1864 and shared with her a gift he was given by African Americans in Baltimore, a Bible. While she was in Washington, she would ride on whites-only streetcars to protest. Once the Civil War ended she worked hard to help find jobs for freed blacks that were weighed down by poverty. Truth dedicated her life to abdicating for equal rights not only for people of color, but women as well. She fought for everyone to have equal rights. She fought for these rights until the day she died and she passed the fight on to her children who continued it after her death. Truth was a true warrior. In her own words, Children, who made your skin white? Was it not God? Who mad mine black? Was it not the same God? Am I to blame, therefore, because my skin is black? Does not God love colored children as well as white children? And did not the same Savior die to save one as well as the other? Many people believe that this is a perfect summary of Truth's life and fight for equality, myself included.

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The Golden Compass and Paradise Lost

The Golden Compass is the first book in a trilogy series called His Dark Materials, written by Philip Pullman. The author was influenced by the title, His Dark Materials from another famous piece of work. That title is written in John Milton's 17th century poem, Paradise Lost. In Pullman's book, he tries to raise many of the same issues in Milton's poem, such as free will versus destiny and the nature of good and evil in a different perspective. The characters in The Golden Compass reflect certain characters and concepts in Paradise Lost. The character Lyra is a reflection Eve, Ms. Coulter is the female version of Satan, Lord Asriel resembles Adam, and the particle dust reflects the forbidden fruit. In both stories, the characters display betrayal, love, or hate in their relationships. There are also the concepts of the loss of innocence, gaining the knowledge of evil, temptation, and fate. I will analyze both books separately and then together. Paradise Lost is a fiction poem about the first fallout in heaven, the creation of mankind, using free will wisely, and original sin. In this novel we are introduced to the main characters, The Father (God), The Son, Adam, Eve, and Satan. The events take place in the Garden of Eden, also called Paradise. The Father does not live in Paradise but he watches what occurs there from heaven. Satan is the first person to be condemned by God, he is banished from heaven into hell where he proclaims an eternal war against God and begins corrupting the world. Adam was the first human created by God. Eve is Adam's wife, who was literally created from one of the ribs in Adams body. One day Adam and Eve get into a dispute which cause them to separate. Adam disagrees with that idea because Satan could attack them separately but not together. Eve believes Adam is distrusting God by thinking that she cannot defeat Satan alone. When Eve wanders off she meets Satan, who was disguised as a talking serpent. The serpent told her about the food of God which turned out to be the forbidden fruit. He easily used a few compliments and a convincing speech to trick her into indulging. Eve was tempted, compelled, and it was also lunch time. Eve decided to eat the apple and after sharing this news with Adam, he decides to eat the apple too. One of the main underlying conflicts in Paradise Lost is the concept of free will. Free will is what inevitably leads to the fall of man. Adam and Eve are left alone in the Garden of Eden with only one rule, which is not to eat from the forbidden tree of knowledge. The twist to this tree is that knowledge is the awareness of everything, including good and evil. They only knew the good of mankind before they indulged. Before they ate the apple the Son of God spoke, They trespass, authors to themselves in all. Both what they judge and what they choose, for so I formed them free and they must remain. Till they enthrall themselves. (3.122) This proves that although Eve was tempted by Satan and Adam was tempted by Eve, they both had the ability to be stand against sin but they failed. Adam and Eve were unique as the first humans because they weren't destined to do anything. They created their own endings when they used their free will to commit sin. As a result of their sin, they were forced to leave Paradise and enter the real world full of danger and atrocities. In Pullman's book, similar issues arise in the matter of free will and good versus evil. The Golden Compass is about a young girl named Lyra who takes it upon herself to save the world from evil. She is accompanied by Pantalaimon nicknamed Pan, who is her external soul in the form of an animal. These animals are called daemons and every human in this world has one. Lyra's daemon, Pan, can shapeshift according to Lyra's mood or attitude. When Lyra hits puberty her daemon will settle into one animal form for the rest of her life. Lyra is looked after by her Uncle, Lord Asriel, and his scholar friends at Oxford University. Lord Asriel is a researcher and he was interested in a mysterious particle that builds the attachment between humans and their daemons called dust. When Lord Asriel goes to the North on an exploration to eliminate dust we meet Ms. Colbert, who is about to become the new guardian of Lyra. Ms. Colbert is a stunning woman of high authority with a stern personality and a bit of a dark side. During this time, the world is in a state of crime as children are being abducted by a group called the globbers. Lyra's two friends Billy and Roger get kidnapped which leads her into a wild adventure to save them. This trip turns out to be more of a learning experience for Lyra. Pullman created Lyra with the same intentions as Adam and Eve, to not be destined for anything but to control the course of her life with free will. Lyra definitely had good intentions but in the end she changes her own life and the affects the lives of those around her. In Pullman's and Milton's book the main characters are two strong females that are needed to execute both storylines. Lyra and Eve share innocence, confidence, and a life changing experience when they leave their home. Lyra is innocent because she is not aware of her own truth and the truth of the world around her. Lyra gets a rude awakening when she finds out that Lord Asriel and Ms. Coulter are actually her mother and father. Increasingly, after her own research she learns that her mother is in charge of kidnapping children and discovers her true intention for them. Lyra is confident that she can save the children which includes her best friend Roger which she does but she gets some help along the way. After Lyra saves Roger, she unknowingly ends up getting him killed when he is used for her fathers experiment to severe him from his daemon. Lyra comes to understand evil, she is disappointed in the truth about her parents and realize she has to save dust since the evil people want to get rid of it. In the same way, Eve is innocent because she literally lives in Paradise, no other reality exist to her. Before she falls, she is confidence that she would be strong enough to stand against Satan on her own. She is put to the test when she is tempted by Satan to eat the forbidden fruit and unfortunately she fails. As a result of sin, Eve becomes aware of evil in the world and her character get corrupted. First, she believes she is more superior than she was because she has new knowledge from the fruit, then she convinced Adam to eat the first knowing that he might die, and later on she is in a dark mental space when she suggested commiting suicide. Both characters are robbed of their innocence, get into trouble because of their confidence, and become changed after their experience with the world. Two of the most important men in each novel were blinded perfection. Lord Asriel is the reflection of Adam, with the exception that he is the evil one. Adam knowingly agreed to eat the apple with Eve knowing that it would lead to his own destruction because he loved Eve so much. After Adam realized what he had done, he admitted to himself What seem'd in thee so perfect that I thought, No evil durst attempt thee. But I rue (pg. 229). At this point, Adam realized he let his love for Eve get so carried away, he could not see her flaws. Similarly, Lord Asriel is primarily focused on his experiment to remove dust and rid the world of evil. Children could grow into pure adults and remain innocent if dust is not inflicted on them. However, he ends up killing a child during a procedure to remove the dust by severing the child from his daemon. He gets so caught up in trying to save the world that he doesn't realize it is the very thing making him immoral. Although Lord Asriel has some attributes of Satan as he is clearly evil, both characters have two different objectives. Satan is trying to corrupt the world while Lord Asriel is trying to make the world perfect. Adam and Lord Asriel are more alike because they both went wrong by believing that someone or something could be perfect. I believe Ms. Coulter is the female version of Satan. Pullman created this character to address the appearance of evil. While Satan was trying to convince Eve to eat the apple, he used very seductive language by flattering her and making her blush. Mrs. Coulter is introduced to readers as a very attractive woman with a sense of style, which is why Lyra is immediately impressed by her. Ms. Coulter is also in charge of the organization that runs the General Oblation Board (short acronym for gobblers). The purpose of the gobblers were to abduct children so they could be severed from their daemons in order to stop dust from entering their body. Ms. Coulter has a child of her own, as we later find out that she is Lyra's mother. Ms. Coulter knows that this is wrong because she stops Lyra from having the procedure done. We can assume that she has no morals to oversee the victimization of these innocent children. Satan is similar because he was an angel in heaven with traits of jealousy and greed. After being kicked out of heaven, he chooses Adam and Eve to be his victims because it is apart of his greater plan to corrupt the world and spite God. The most important concept of both books is the external force that lies beyond the characters control. Both authors delved into the realm of evil, however Milton made it a matter of choice while Pullman displayed it as a matter of nature. The particle dust is the reflection of the apple from the forbidden tree. In Paradise Lost, the apple represented sin but it also gave Adam and Eve the knowledge of good and evil. They only knew the good of the world before eating the fruit. The concept of dust in The Golden Compass represents the same thing, an awareness of evil. Dust is a mysterious particle that is being studied by Lord Asriel. He figures out that Dust is what allows children's daemon's to settle into the animal that'll represent their general character for the rest of their life. This final change occurs at the time of puberty, which is when children start to become mature and knowledgeable about the world. Lord Asriel explains dust to Lyra by saying, Somewhere out there is the origin of all the Dust, all the death, the sin, the misery, the destructiveness in the world. Human beings can't see anything without wanting to destroy it, Lyra. That's original sin. And I'm going to destroy it. Death is going to die. (page 377) The only difference between the two symbols was the shift of responsibility. It was a choice to eat the apple, whereas the dust was automatically inflicted on the coming-of-age child. Philip Pullman uniquely converted Paradise Lost into a new book. He was able to express each of Milton's ideologies _____ . ADD CONCLUSION.

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Seven-Headed Luther Machiavelli the Prince

Print and Political Cartoons are heavily associated with the Reformation. It fueled the balance of the Protestant Cause. For the Protestants, Print was a very impactful way of opposing the Church and State power. It was used to spread ideas, beliefs, spread the word of God and build public opinion. Martin Luther was a very important part of the Protestant Reformation. He was a German Monk who became the most influential and controversial person of Christianity. He opposed the Catholic Church and made it know to the general public. He gathered many followers and was backed up by his people. He criticized the Roman Catholic Church and wanted the word of God to dictate affairs and not the Pope. This created a rift that separated the Roman Catholic Church and Protestants. However, Print was not only used by the Protestants. The Roman Catholics made use of it to counter the exposure of its own corruption. One Major Political Cartoon they created was the Seven Headed Luther. This Political Cartoon appeared in the early 1520s.

A very famous cartoon it was the title page of the Pamphlet written by Johann Cochleus. This was a shot at the Protestants Martin Luther. They Represented Luther as the dragon of the apocalypse or as an AntiChrist mentioned in the Bible. The creator of this Political Cartoon is thought to be a man by the name of Hans Brosamer. The seven heads had symbols and meanings and they aren't just there for no reason. They are a Doctor, shown by the head with a doctor's cap. A saint shown by the head of a monk. an unfaithful or infidal which could be referring to the turks which Western Europe lived in constant fear of invasion. a priest who preaches what the mob wants to hear. a fanatic with his hair surrounded by hornets. A church supervisor thought to be a new office reviving old laws. And Barrabas, the robber released by pilate instead of Christ, thought to be the wild german man with a club.Luther is shown as reading a book that is as diverse as the seven heads. This hit the protestants hard and gave the catholics the upper hand of the propaganda war at the time. People from the Catholic Church viewed Luther as a antichrist and proclaimed him to be a sign of the apocalypse. The audience of this political cartoon are the Protestants and their followers. This cartoon was created to counter propaganda attacks from Luther and his followers, and in response of Hans Brosamer and the Catholic Church , they decided to put out this piece. This Political Cartoon makes an effective image, however, it does not have the creative brilliance of the one made against the Catholic Church. Another reason that this cartoon was released was to protect the Catholic church and to establish security and boundaries. Also to take a stance against the Protestant Reformation and to oppose of it.

This information is accurate because it was released to the general public in a woodcut piece and spread throughout the cities. It may not be an accurate description of Luther and is over the top to call someone an Antichrist, however the catholic church viewed Luther as that way. This Political Cartoon is unique because it had deep symbols and was directly targeted at Luther. The Creator of this political cartoon must have took a while to develop this piece and was really determined. It was unique because the Protestants were not expecting this kind of response and outright harsh propaganda. This Cartoon tells me that there was a time of conflict and contradiction in the Protestant Reformation. Luther and his followers were facing a giant Catholic Church and would have to be at their best if they wanted to separate from the catholic church. This cartoon showed me that the war of propaganda was fierce and the protestants really opposed the Catholic Pope. Their belief is God over a man, that god and his books should rule the people and not a man who benefits wealth and praise when he should not.

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Kim Jong Un a True Machiavellian Ruler

Niccolo Machiavelli was born in 1469 to a noble family that was very poor. He had to rely on his love of learning and his brain to get him ahead in life, and they did. He worked in the government and moved up through the ranks. He finally worked as a diplomat, traveling to different countries to talk about foreign politics and policies. Machiavelli was observant when on these trips: he watched other leaders to see how they functioned, what made their citizens love or hate them, and most importantly, how they could be a success. Machiavelli was a patriot, as he wanted Italy to have a stable government and a strong military. To achieve that, he put pen to paper and wrote The Prince. The Prince is a form of a political guidebook written to help Medici become a good ruler and remain a strong figure to the country (Beck 476). Although this book was written in 1513, many leaders today either seem to follow it or stay as far away from its teachings as possible. According to Machiavelli, a leader who wishes to be great must have many strong qualities, including willingness to be cruel, willingness to fight, and willingness to appear good. Considering these three qualities and the importance Machiavelli places on them, it is clear that Machiavelli would approve of the leadership of Kim Jong Un, the dictator of North Korea. Machiavelli says if an injury has to be done to a man it should be so severe that his vengeance need not be feared. He also says it is not enough for you to have exterminated the family of the prince, because the lords that remain make themselves heads of fresh movements against you. Machiavelli says the family and counselors of an old ruler must be exterminated so the new leader can move on without fearing the group before him. He is instructing leaders to be harsh and cruel. Kim Jong Un has threatened the people of his country and other world leaders for years. He consciously tries to come off as a mentally unstable sociopath who is not afraid to nuke another nation at a moment's notice in order to maintain long-term intimidation (Ozguar). Kim Jong Un is so ruthless that he wants people to think he is crazy. The people are unsure how their leader will act or what he will do next. Not knowing what is coming next is frightening to his people. He is a man who has slain his own family including his half-brother, Kim Jong Nam to secure his throne (Savage). Kim follows Machiavelli's advice that cruelty can and should be used, even as far as killing family and political allies so they can not return to harm him. A prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study than war and its rules and discipline (Machiavelli, 33). That is Machiavelli's first instruction in the entire chapter devoted to The Subject of War. Kim Jong Un supports this Machiavellian teaching by being willing and ready to fight. One of Kim's senior advisors claimed that Kim was desperate in maintaining his rule by relying on his nuclear weapons and ICBM (O'Connor). Kim has threatened to use nuclear weapons and has increased the number of firepower North Korea has. From the beginning of his rule, Kim showed his people how ready he was to fight, starting with killing supporters of previous rulers. His top military advisor fell out of favor with Kim Jong Un and was executedhe killed innocent North Koreans...he killed his own family members(Mullaney). All of Kim's followers“everyone who lives in North Korea and most of the educated world“know Kim is willing to fight and many times for no understandable cause. Machiavelli says it is unnecessary for a prince to have all the good qualities I have enumerated, but it is very necessary to appear to have them. A prince should appear to be a good person, no matter what he is really like. Kim Jong Un has appeared kind over the years. He was a runner-up for the Man of the Year award from Times Magazine and he let a K-Pop group tour North Korea so that his citizens could hear this form of popular music. His so-called goodness included sending cheerleaders to the Olympics (Bogage). This trip, which they would not have had without his help, included tickets to sporting games and clothing. Kim also has begun to allow farmers to keep some of the crops they grow in order to help the food crisis in the country. No matter what the reason Kim Jong Un is doing these acts of kindness, he is, as Machiavelli said, appearing to be good. Machiavelli wrote The Prince to help the leader of his time to be a good leader. In this book he tells the Medici family about leaders that came before them, and how to learn from their behavior. Kim Jong Un has followed Machiavelli's guide

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Machiavelli Philosophy in the Prince

Machiavelli's The Prince Chapter 3: Concerning Mixed Principles; urges the prince to rule with motivating tactics and to ease slowly into their conquered states to optimize success. To starts this chapter, Machiavelli discusses composite principalities; that rulers often struggle with implementing. Further, he discusses how crucial it is to understand how to conquer a state and that is because of one natural difficulty--unhappy people. As a result of unreasonably harsh and tactless rule, people revolt and fight for what they want, and may even appoint a new ruler. This is not beneficial to a ruler who wants to maintain control. In retaliation to these revolts, rulers use harsh and immoral tactics to deal with these situations, and to Machiavelli this makes matters worse. However, Machiavelli believes that the prince can manipulate people's trust in his favor. This include making the people think that they will benefit under the princes rule; as this happens the prince is gaining more agency, control, and power. His advice is outlined below. Machiavelli starts by urging rulers to minimize harm to people, while simultaneously maximizing benefits to their reign. He emphasizes the importance of gaining the people's goodwill, although he cautions that it will be impossible to maintain allies' perfect "friendship" after a conquest. This is because, according to Machiavelli, a prince will always try to secure his control, and this might be to the expense of some people's happiness. Machiavelli highlights that there is a fragile balance of power between a ruler and his subjects, and he believes that princes should take the necessary steps to maintain the balance in their own favor and to injure those who have made him the new ruler. But, he makes sure the end this thought by reminding the prince that the prince is nothing without the corporation of the people. To Machiavelli, to maintain rule would mean to maintain the stability of the conqueror state. He believes that princes should integrate smoothly into their ruling and will maintain their power as long as their old lives are undisturbed. He expresses that conquesting similar territories, and refraining from altering laws and changing too much of the culture would help rulers prevent negatively implicating the lives of people. This in turn will help ruler gain trust of the people. Another tactic for princes to keep in mind is to be hesitant of power and starting trouble upon a new conquer. Machiavelli urges princes to not bring large armies or start war because the cons outweigh the pros as these tactics will provoke hatred in the people. Machiavelli continues by encouraging rulers to use revolts in their favor. He counsels them to take advantage of this opportunity to reassert their power and, if necessary, to reorganize their states. Machiavelli advises princes to adopt harsh measures, when they deem it as necessary to secure their control over people. He believes that using punishment forms is an important component of governance. But to do so with limits, he adds, When lands that have rebelled are reconquered they are not lost so easily. Machiavelli uses France as an example, and expos how the french easily lost their conquest of Milan, because of their failed attempt to wage war to reconquer after a revolt a first and second time. He believes that King Louis made all the wrong choices, and is a perfect example of what not to do. To not eliminate the power of the people, to not bring foreign power in to newly conquered states, to not settle. Machiavelli philosophy is general enough to be about to motivate people despite the period or place that they are in. Machiavelli's advice can apply to any princes situation. Machiavelli truly is able to manipulate behavior on the basis of scheming. And he insists that the goal should never be to make people submit to a princes rule, but rather, not make it possible for them to ever revolt. To Machiavelli, truly consolidating your ruling is the golden rule.

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Violence in a Tale of Two Cities

In the novel, A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens reveals what his perspective, and feelings towards violence is. Dickens uses many violent scenes to reveal how the french revolution and how the people could be so violent and animal-like toward the aristocrats along with how the aristocrats could be so violent and crude with the lower class. Dickens feelings on the various violent acts perpetrated throughout the novel are one of sympathy. The reasoning he feels sympathy is for the lower class and how they were treated by the aristocrats. The aristocrats treat the lower classmen as if trash and couldn't care about their lives. One example is when the Marquis hits the young boy after speeding through the city streets, the boys father holds him in his arms and weeps for his son's death. In response to killing the child the Marquis give no consolation toward the father, he in fact is vexed about the condition of his horses more than the situation he is in. The Marquis tosses a coin to the boy's father.As the Marquis drives away, a coin comes flying back into the carriage, thrown in bitterness. He curses to the commoners, saying that he would willingly ride over any of them. Madame Defarge typically is found sitting in the wine shop, knitting, and we soon find out what she's been knitting. Madame Defarge has been knitting the names of the people she wants killed by the guillotine into a pattern. An act of violence is when Madame Defarge is going to kill Lucie, and little Lucie, but they aren't in the location that Madame Defarge is going. Miss Pross is at the location Madame Defarge is going to, they both meet each other, they then both end up fighting each other, and Miss Pross wins by killing Madame Defarge with her own weapon. One big symbol in this novel is wine. The wine symbolizes blood, death and violence. Typically this symbol is used with Madame Defarge, seeing how she is the most violent in the novel and brings most of all the violent scenes in the book. Madame Defarge is a big part in the violence throughout the book. Her childhood was appalling, mainly because of the aristocrats; Her sister was raped by a evremond, her father had died by grief, and her brother had died by trying to avenge his sister's honor.Although Madame Defarge is a cold, ruthless, and frightfully grand woman, she is also smart and can hold her own. Some examples of Madame Defarge being cold: As Madame Defarge exclaims to her husband, "Tell the Wind and the Fire where to stop; not me!". With these words, Madame Defarge ceases to be human, instead is more like a beast. Another example is: [...] imbued from her childhood with a brooding sense of wrong, and an inveterate hatred of a class, opportunity had developed her into a tigress. In this, with all the hatred from her past with the aristocrats she became a beast. It was nothing to her, that an innocent man was to die for the sins of his forefathers; she saw, not him, but them. It was nothing to her, that his wife was to be made a widow and his daughter an orphan; that was insufficient punishment, because they were her natural enemies and her prey, and as such had no right to live. Once again she had so much hatred that she wanted Darnay and his family dead, she didn't care that is would badly affect Lucie and little Lucie. Madame Defarge typically is found sitting in the wine shop, knitting, and we soon find out what she's been knitting. Madame Defarge has been knitting the names of the people she wants killed by the guillotine into a pattern. One act of violence is when Madame Defarge is going to kill Lucie, and little Lucie, but they aren't in the location that Madame Defarge is going, instead Miss Pross is at the location, she meets Madame Defarge, they then both end up fighting each other, and Miss Pross wins by killing Madame Defarge.A big symbol in this novel is wine. The wine symbolizes blood, death and violence. Typically this symbol is used with Madame Defarge, seeing how she is the most violent in the novel and brings most of all the violent scenes in the book. Remember these words to-morrow: change the course, or delay in it-for any reason-and no life can possibly be saved, and many lives must inevitably be sacrificed. One of the big themes in this novel is sacrifice, along with the violence is cities and how upperclassmen treat lower classmen. See you then, jacques, said madame defarge, wrathfully, and see you, too, my little vengeance; see you both! Listen! For other crimes as tyrants and oppressors, I have this race a long time on my register, doomed to destruction and extermination. Ask my husband, is that so. Madame Defarge is so blinded by rage that she doesn't realise that she's becoming a tyrant herself. "I care nothing for this Doctor, I. He may wear his head or lose it, for any interest I have in him; it is all one to me. But, the Evremonde people are to be exterminated, and the wife and child must follow the husband and father." Madame Defarge sees her sister's rape as a family crime, one that must be repaid by an entire family, she doesn't feel sympathy for the manettes at all. Her sense of justice pays no attention to the actual perpetrators of the crime. "But it is your weakness that you sometimes need to see your victim and your opportunity, to sustain you. Sustain yourself without that. When the time comes, let loose a tiger and a devil; but wait for the time with the tiger and the devil chained, not shown, yet always ready." Madame Defarge displays restraint where her husband shows passion. At the moment, this seems like a good strategy; it also foreshadows her pitiless treatment of the Manettes later in the novel. The Evremonde brothers show no touch of pity when speaking of the creature dying there, or the peasant boy who was stowed away. It was under his hand, and I soothed him to let remove his hand away. The wound was a sword-thrust, received from twenty to twenty-four hours could have saved him if it had been looked to without delay. He was then dying fast as I turned my eyes to the elder before,saw him looking down at this handsome boy whose life was ebbing out, as if he were a wounded bird, or hare, or rabbit;not at all as if he were a fellow-creature. There is no humanity in the older brother, he sees this dying peasant as a savage animal. The brothers used the fear of the peasant's sister being raped, which prevented him from retaliating towards the Evremonde brothers ever again. Dr. Manette was even fearful of the men when they said, 'We have been to your residencein the hope of overtaking you', with a manner that was imperious. One of his biggest fears was that they were armed. The men approached Dr. Manette with a threatening conduct. This proves that they have no limits to who they will try to intimidate with fear. Doctor, they are very proud, these nobles, but we common dags are proud too, sometimes. They plunder us, outrage us, beat us, kill us; but we have a little pride left, sometimes. she -have you seen her, Doctor? Rapes, Beatings and murders were common crimes on colonial estates.

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Similarities in a Tale of Two Cities

Two people who seem like opposites can be more alike than people think. In A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay display many differences even though they have similar intentions. An apathetic alcoholic who works with Mr Stryver as a lawyer, Sydney Carton describes his life as a complete waste and claims that he doesn't care for anything. But behind the facade that Carton uses, he actually does all the work for every case in court and he eventually transforms into a man of merit. On the other hand, born into a wealthy and notorious French family, Charles chose to live in England because he could not tolerate the injustices in France. Others consider Charles as a man of great virtue and as a gentleman. Although Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay present themselves in different ways, both men commit sacrifices in order to help others, and both are resurrected in a way that benefitted themselves. Sydney Carton presents himself as insolent and indifferent to others while Charles Darnay presents himself as a very polite and mannered individual. During the trial for Darnay's life, Sydney Carton slumps on his chair as if he does not care: this one man sat leaning back, with his torn gown half off him, his untidy wig put on just as it had happened to light on his head after removal, his hands in his pockets, and his eyes on the ceiling as they had been all day(Dickens 77). Even in times of great importance and formality like Darnay's trial, Sydney still behaves indifferent. By the way Carton presents himself during the hearing he does not show any intention to save Charles. Sydney Carton acts as if he would not want to work and would rather be somewhere else. After Charles Darnay's acquittal he shows thankfulness to Lucie and Stryver for helping him since he was acquitted: Mr. Darnay had kissed her hand fervently and gratefully, and had turned to Stryver, whom he warmly thanked(83). Oppositely of Sydney, Charles shows his mannerism to others in any situation. Darnay behaves as a gentleman-like figure because he goes out of his way to thank and even tell them that he owes his life to them. Charles shows that he has proper behavior which leaves a good impression of him. Darnay and Carton show their many differences in their actions with how they interact with others Despite the different ways Carton and Charles display themselves, they both show selflessness to where they would abandon their own livelihoods because they know that they should do the right thing. When Charles argues with the Marquis on whether his family has been doing wrong, Charles renounces his title giving up incredible wealth and explains why: To the eye it is fair enough, here; but seen in its integrity, under the sky, and by daylight, it is a crumbling tower of waste, mismanagement, extortion, debt, mortgage, oppression, hunger, nakedness, and suffering(126). Giving up unimaginable wealth and status to do good for others is an important sacrifice that Charles made. Charles cares more about his honor and being righteous rather than living a luxurious life. He is very empathetic because he does what is right to help others. After Charles was sentenced to be executed Little Lucie begs Carton to help Charles, Carton then whisperers something into Lucie's ear knowing that he is going to die for the Manettes: A life you love(334). Sydney Carton is going to sacrifice his life for Lucie because he loves her. Giving up one's life for another person is the greatest act of love that anyone can do for someone. Sydney so selfless that he would lose his life for someone he loves. Darnay and Carton both show altruism in their actions because they both offered up something for the better. Charle Darnay was recalled to life in a way that he was given a second chance to live, and Sydney was recalled to life in a way that he was able to gain salvation. After Charle's trial for his life he is congratulated by Jarvis Lorry, Stryver, Alexander Manette, and Lucie for being acquitted: Doctor Manette, Lucie Manette his daughter, Mr Lorry, the solicitor for the defense, and its counsel Mr. Stryver, stood gathered round Mr. Charles Darnay-just released-congratulating him on his escape from death(81). Since Charles Darnay was acquitted he is given a second chance to life. With this second chance Darnay gains confidence and is able come to terms with his family and the Marquis. Charles takes advantage of being recalled to life and gains benefits from it. When Sydney awaits his execution he thinks: ?It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest than I have ever known'(372). By taking the place in Darnay's execution he is finally satisfied with himself. Sydney now gains purpose and salvation. Carton is recalled to life because he realizes he knows that he is going to do something good for the Manettes. Before Carton is executed he has a prophetic view of the future: "I see the lives for which I lay down my life, peaceful, useful, prosperous, and happy"(372). Sydney's resurrection turns him into a hero. He is going to die knowing that everyone he cared for will be happy. Sydney redeems himself and his life is restored. Being resurrected like Charles and Sydney can bring rewards and change you for the better. Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay seem like polar opposites, but in actuality are alike. They were both made better people through sacrifice and resurrection. Sydney was able to change the way he looks at the world and Charles was able to redeem his family name by doing what is right for the people they care for. But both men had to make hard choices to become better people. Sometimes making the choice to sacrifice something that is really important can be a really difficult decision to make. But making sacrifices can help people that they love and resurrect people in a way that changes them for the better.

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Organic Foods Vs. Conventional Foods

In recent years, health fanatics have claimed that organic foods have more health benefits than traditionally grown foods, while on the other hand, scientists believe that there has been no proof that organic foods have more nutritional benefits than conventional foods. Organic foods are foods that are grown without the normal use of artificial pesticides, growth hormones, and fertilizers. This process came to be in the 1940's when Jerome Irving Rodale began to develop methods of "non-chemical" farming. This controversy commenced when an immense amount of studies about the advantages of organically grown food, if any, started to be published. Several interested groups are debating the main question, Are organic foods actually more beneficial to one's health than conventional foods? On one side of the controversy, health fanatics tend to say and believe that organic foods have more health benefits. These people tend to care about the use of chemicals and pesticides in their foods and staying away from them. In disagreement, scientists believe that conventional foods and organic foods have very similar benefits. These stakeholders care about exposing the truth and facts in order to prove their argument, that there is no real nutritional benefit from organic foods.

When it comes to this debate, one important stakeholder is the group of health fanatics. These people believe that pesticides and other such chemicals used in foods grown normally are bad for a person to consume, therefore, they tend to say that conventional foods are toxic for you. Since they care about health in general, they want people to choose organic foods over traditionally grown ones. One example of this type of stakeholder is Mandy Oakland who recently wrote an article titled Why Organic Foods Might be Worth the High Price. In this article, her principal claim that she tries to prove is that organic offers a lot of good that outweighs its sticker shock (par. 1). She supports her argument with two main reasons, one being that organic farming impacts several types of sustainability: productivity, impact on the environment, economic viability and social wellbeing (par. 3).

The other reason she uses to support her claim is that organic foods are the way to feed the world during the climate change that is constantly occurring, she insists that organic yields are consistently greater than conventional during periods of drought (par. 7). And when explaining the sustainability factor, she says that organic farming typically uses less energy, too (par. 8) to convince her readers that they should believe that organic foods are better than conventional. She mentions that studies have found evidence that organic is more nutritious than conventional by having more vitamin C, antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids (par. 10) when demonstrating that choosing organic is choosing healthy.

While Mandy Oaklander states that choosing organic offers a lot of good that outweighs its sticker shock (par. 1), Jennifer Chait similarly argues in her article Get the Facts Why Consumers Should Buy Organic Food, that organic food is healthy and safe (par. 4). Although these two stakeholders believe and argue for the same side of this controversy, they use different reasoning to try and prove their points. For example, Oaklander claims, organic may even be our best bet to help feed the world in an increasingly volatile climate, (par. 5) while Chait says, organic food farming methods help to keep water clean plus use less water, thus preserving the earth's water supplies (par. 11). Despite the difference in their assertions, both writers believe that organic foods are more nutritional and better for one's health than foods that are conventionally grown.

Other people, however, because of their different beliefs and values, take a different viewpoint on this controversy. This group of stakeholders are scientists. They argue that we, as people, should look further into the nutritional values of both food growth methods because they believe that there has been no proof to say that organic foods are more beneficial than conventional foods and they care about exposing the truth to the public. An example of this type of stakeholder is Dr. Carol Lynn Curchoe who, in her article, 10 Great Reasons to Avoid Organic argues as her principal claim that organic foods have NOT been proven to be safer (par. 3). She further supports her main arguments with reasons that reflect her values and beliefs. To convince the audience that organic isn't better than conventional, Curchoe explains, organic pesticides can pose the same health risks as nonorganic ones (par. 4). In order to convince the audience of her argument, she states that it is a myth that organic farming does not use pesticides or chemicals (par. 1). To back this assertion up, she informs the audience that there is a list of certain approved pesticides by the USDA that is allowed to be used in the growth process of organic foods and that it is valuable and worth protecting. When arguing her viewpoint that organic foods are no healthier than conventionally produced foods, Churchoe mentions that the published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are more nutritious or safer than conventional foods (par. 13).

Another person who agrees that there is no real benefit to choosing organic over conventional is Steven Savage. Savage has recently written an article called Why I Don't Buy Organic, And Why You Might Not Want To Either in which he defends his main point that organic foods have not been proven to be safer (par. 3). In order to prove his idea, he says that studies have shown no appreciable difference in nutrition between crops grown either organically or conventionally (par. 7). Steven Savage very similarly argues his viewpoint just as Dr. Carol Lynn Curchoe did because they share the same beliefs and values. As Curchoe writes, organic pesticides can pose the same health risks as nonorganic ones (par. 4), Savage likewise states the actual pesticides used today are mostly relatively non-toxic to humans [and] organic farmers also use pesticides...which [are under] the same standard...allowed on conventional crops (par. 8).

Another writer who has the same perspectives on organic foods as Savage and Curchoe is Jenny Splitter. Jenny Splitter grew up with parents that constantly fed her healthy foods, so naturally, when she grew up and had kids of her own, she wanted to do the same. In her article, Why I Don't Worry About Feeding My Family Organic Food, Splitter explains that at first, she had believed that organic foods were the way to go and that they were less toxic, more nutritious, and better for the planet (par. 1). However, she learned that most of what she thought about organic foods [was] wrong (par. 1). In order to prove her argument, she states that the pesticides used in organic farming are mostly natural, rather than synthetic, but the law regulating organic food even allows some synthetic pesticides too (par. 1), which she believes that many people who eat organic foods do not realize. To conclude her main point, she tells her audience that most studies have shown no substantial nutritional difference between organic and conventional foods (par. 9).

Conversely, Amy Myers in her article, A Doctor's Top 4 Reasons To Eat Organic, argues that organic foods are the right choice. Myers states that eating organic helps to reduce your body's total toxic burden (par. 4). She also says that organic crops are more nutritious (par. 14) and backs this up by telling her audience that organic foods are richer in nutrients and antioxidants and lower in heavy metals, especially cadmium, and pesticides (par. 14). Also, Amy Myers supports her main point by saying that organic farming is beneficial to the Earth because pesticides aren't used to control pests on the farm grounds, which in turn, improves the health of pests and such creatures.

There is much debate between the nutritional value of organic foods and whether or not there is more health benefits from them when compared to traditionally grown foods. Both sides of this argument are trying to answer the principal question: Are organic foods more beneficial to one's health than conventional foods? The two groups of stakeholders relate to one another by both caring about the nutritional value of organic foods versus the nutritional value of conventional foods. One side of this controversy are those who believe that organic foods provide no more of a benefit to a person's health than conventionally grown foods. The other side of this debate are the people who argue that organic foods are, in fact, more nutritional than traditionally grown foods. The health fanatics and the scientists disagree about what happens when one consumes organic food versus when one consumes conventionally grown foods. The scientists say that there is no proven nutritional benefit from organic foods but the health fanatics argue otherwise. They dispute about which one has the most health benefits and how the effect someone.

Works Cited

Chait, Jennifer. Get the Facts About Why Consumers Should Buy Organic Food. The Balance Small Business, The Balance Small Business, www.thebalancesmb.com/reasons-to-buy-organic-food-2538039.
Curchoe, Carol Lynn. 10 Great Reasons to Avoid OrganicThe MethodMedium. Medium, Medium, 24 July 2016, medium.com/the-method/10-great-reasons-to-avoid-organic-fb5f87109abf.
Myers, Amy. A Doctor's Top 4 Reasons To Eat Organic. Mindbodygreen, Mindbodygreen, 4 Aug. 2014, www.mindbodygreen.com/0-14763/a-doctors-top-4-reasons-to-eat-organic.html.
Oaklander, Mandy. Why Organic Food Might Be Worth the High Price. Time, Time, 4 Feb. 2016, time.com/4206738/organic-food-worth-the-price-study/.
Savage, Steven. Why I Don't Buy Organic, And Why You Might Not Want To Either. Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 30 June 2016, www.forbes.com/sites/stevensavage/2016/03/19/why-i-dont-buy-organic-and-why-you-might-want-to-either/#47e3b96269c3.
Splitter, Jenny. Why I Don't Worry About Feeding My Family Organic Food. Parents, Parents, 5 Apr. 2017, www.parents.com/recipes/healthyeating/why-i-dont-worry-about-feeding-my-family-organic-food/.

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Are Organic Foods Worth the Expensive Price?

You may have heard of many people around you buying organic foods these years. Indeed, demand for organic foods are rising and the price is getting higher and higher. Organic foods are becoming a huge part of our lives because of their many benefits including physical health and the environment. But does this mean that organic food is better than normal food? If you had one organic apple in one hand, and a conventionally grown apple on the other, and both are bright red and shiny, provide the same amount of vitamins and fiber and both are free of fat, which one would you choose? Some may say both, but because of how they grow and produce food, and the environmental benefits, it is the best to choose the organic apple. First of all, what is organic? Organic refers to the way farmers grow and processes agricultural products. In other words, a way of growing products without using any man made pesticides or chemicals. The difference between them are very simple. Organic is healthier than normal food. One of the reasons is because of how the producers make the food. For example, you may have noticed that most of the USDA seals on many organic products. USDA stands for U.S. Department of Agriculture which has established an organic certification program that requires all organic foods to meet strict government standards. These strict standards include how such food are grown, handled and processed. They also make sure multi-ingredient products to be at least 95 percent organic. Because of the way farmers carefully produce organic food, they have many health benefits. For example, organic food has an increase in nutrients. In the article, Organic Foods: Are they safer? More nutritious? by Mayo Clinic, it states, "Studies have shown small to moderate increases in some nutrients in organic produce. The best evidence of a significant increase is in certain types of flavonoids, which have antioxidant properties. The boost of nutrients is the main difference of normal and organic food. Other differences include omega-3 fatty acids, a kind of fat that is more heart healthy than other fats, lower cadmium, a toxic chemical, and less pesticides residue. This is why organic food is a healthier choice. Not only does organic food have health benefits, but environmental benefits as well. Organic foods do not use any pesticides or chemicals for the product, which results in a waste and toxic gas free environment. Every year, tons of chemicals are dumped on fields during the productions of conventional foods. These chemicals can contaminate the soil and the underground water. This also destroys wildlife, taking away its natural habitat. The staggering amounts of harmful gases produced by industrial animal farms threatens the health of nearby residents. Organic food production also helps in fighting against global warmings. Since organic food is distributed locally, less energy is used for transportation which automatically reduces carbon dioxide emissions. They also help the dwindling water supply. Major water pollution threat to U.S. rivers is runoff from non-organic farms. Organic farming keeps the water supply clean by stopping the harmful pesticides, toxic fertilizers and animal waste. As you can see, organic foods are beneficial to our environment. Many of you may be thinking that organic foods are very expensive; they are not worth the cost. Of course organic foods are expensive and hard to buy when there are perfectly good non-organic foods next to it. However, the reason organic foods are expensive is because it requires more work and isn't industrialized. This means that they are less chances for you to become sick and the environment to become worse. In conclusion, organic food is worth the extra cost and has benefits for human health and for the environment. Articles https://www.forbes.com/sites/learnvest/2012/09/06/study-says-organic-isnt-healthier-heres-why-it-still-may-be-worth-the-cost-999/#2df778d7c595Articles https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/organic-food/art-20043880

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Organic Food: is it Worth It?

The USDA states that organic food comes from organic food from hens that live in barns, uncaged and have outdoor access. The dairy cows are put out to pasture to graze for at least one hundred twenty days per year. None of the animals have been treated with hormones or antibiotics and their food has not been treated with synthetic fertilizer, pesticides or herbicides. The crops have not been treated with those things either. That sounds great, but it is really better? Organic farming is more expensive, yields less crops than conventional farming and has no proven health benefits and in fact, may very well contain known carcinogens. Organic food is a waste of money in almost every way over just normal crops and normal livestock. My partner, Karla, will present the other side of this topic which is the benefits of organic food. Why is buying organic food a poor choice? First, organic food is more expensive than non-organic food. The demand for organic food is higher than the supply so higher prices can be charged. According to Chait, the more consumers who buy organic products the higher the demand would be and that would allow organic operations to increase their operations. That would eventually lower costs (Chait, 2018). However, because organic food is so expensive, those who might want to buy it often cannot afford to. This keeps the market for organic from expanding enough to lower prices. Labels can be deceiving and that might also keep the market from growing. Many people who believe they are buying organic food actually buy foods labeled as natural and those are often not organic. Production of organic crops is more expensive for many reasons. This makes those who raise organic food must charge more to make a profit. Organic farming yields less crops. This is sometimes debated but according to studies done by the USDA, it is true. In 2014, if all crops would have been grown as organic crops it would have been necessary to farm an additional one hundred nine million more acres of land. To put that in perspective, that would have included all the parklands and wildland areas in the continental United States. That is almost 2 times as much as all the cities, towns and suburbs in the country. In 2014, only 0.44 percent of all farmed land was farmed as organic but if organic farming increased, there would be problems because it has a lower land-use-efficiency. This information makes it hard to claim that organic farming is more environmentally friendly (Savage, 2018). It seems it would be next to impossible to sustain life on an all organic planet. There is simply not enough land. When using crop rotation, it takes time for the soil to become usable again after each harvest. Organic crops are often lost to bugs and diseases. Organic food also spoils more quickly so it has a shorter shelf life once it finally makes it to stores. There are other reasons that make organic farming more expensive as well. Crops take more time to mature because they are not using growth hormones. Sometimes the periods of peak nutrient demand are missed because of using only organic sources. These crops are often competing with more weeds. When it comes time to harvest, it costs more to harvest organic crops. Harvested crops must be separated from conventional crops to avoid cross-contamination. Organic farms must be certified by the USDA. That certification is very expensive and the farm must always be ready for inspections. Record keeping must be done which usually means more employees. If the USDA finds that a farm is not following the regulations for being organic, they can be fined or shut down. Raising animals on an organic farm is also more expensive. It takes more time to care for the animals and they die more frequently. The food these animals eat is more expensive as well because it also must be organic. Marketing and distribution of organic food is inefficient. The smaller market for organic food makes advertising more expensive. These small companies do not have large budgets that include advertising, so it takes a lot more time and very creative staff. These small companies still have to pay for the same things the larger companies have to pay for such as consumer education, printed ads, websites, billboards and other advertising. Food needs to be transported separately to avoid contamination. Smaller amounts being transported means that there is less profit because the truck drivers still have to be paid, no matter how much product is being transported. The organic farms are often further from big cities so there is more gas used and truckers must be paid for more driving time. Trucks must be cleaned to certain standards if they are used to transport both organic and non-organic products which again means more money paid out in labor costs. Organic food must be stored in its own facilities to avoid cross-contamination. Most organic farms are small, so they do not have their own manufacturing facilities. This means they either have to find an organic company to co-op with and share the space or buy their own equipment and storage facility. Another option is to co-op with conventional farms. This leads to the need for more time cleaning equipment and making sure products are kept separate. If the products become contaminated, all the work put in will be for nothing as they can no longer be sold as organic. Organic food may be more harmful than non-organic food. Some of the natural pesticides are more harmful than the manufactured ones. Just because a pesticide is natural it does not mean it is safe. There are known carcinogens used in organic farming. Pesticides such as nicotine sulfate and copper sulfate are toxic to animals. Copper sulfate is believed to cause cancer, but it is used in organic farming (Miller, 2018). Also, it takes more pesticide applications to keep pests away in organic farming. This can lead to more pesticides on the produce. However, this produce, like that from conventional farms, is still within the safe levels for consumption and exposure can be further limited by washing produce before eating it. The pesticides have been found to be harmful to the soil and the environment, however. Also, many organic foods test positive for pesticides that are used in conventional farming. Some natural pesticides harm the pests that are actually beneficial to the crops (University of Guelph, 2010). Organic food can contain inorganic material. There are 35 non-synthetic, non-organic substances allowed as ingredients in or on processed products labeled as organic. Carrageenan, an emulsifier known for causing inflammation, is fund in coconut milk and almond milk (Crumb, 2015). There are 43 synthetic, non-organic substances allowed as ingredients in or on processed products labeled as organic. Cellulose or wood pulp is one. Ethylene, used to make fruits look ripe at the store, is another. Over 45 non-organically produced ingredients are allowed as ingredients in or on processed products labeled organic when the ingredient is not commercially available in organic form. Soy lecithin and cornstarch, which is produced from corn and 88% of corn was genetically modified, are some of those ingredients (Crumb, 2015). Only 95% of a food item is required to be organic in order to be labeled organic according to the definition given by the USDA. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Organic Program (NOP) do not certify or inspect companies/foods for certification. They simply make the policies that these certifying companies follow, and this is only within the USA. The company/brand seeking organic certification pays the accrediting company which seems to be a conflict of interest. Two of the three major organic certifying companies are for-profit. Only one organization is non-profit. Quality Assurance International (QAI) and California Certified Organic Farmers are both for profit organizations. Oregon Tilth is a non-profit company (crumb, 2015). There are not many actual benefits to eating organic food. When surveyed in 2003, almost seventy percent of people who buy organic food reportedly did so because they were under the assumption that it was healthier and this was more than any other reason given. This has been studied and researched for fifty years and there has been no convincing proof that organic food is any healthier than its counterpart (Novella, 2012). Organic foods can still contain GMOs. GMOs may be found in items labeled as made with organic ingredients. According to the Non-GMO Report, 25 percent of organic corn has been contaminated with GMOs. Pesticides are still on a lot of the food labeled as organic. According to pesticide data, the U.S. Department of Agriculture showed that twenty-one percent of organic samples tested contained pesticide residue (USDA, 2012). The USDA survey also found that forty percent or more of samples contained unapproved pesticide residues (USDA, 2012). Organic foods do not contain less calories nor do they contain more nutritional value. Labeling foods as organic does not change the calorie levels in the foods. Stanford University's Center for Health combined 237 studies to determine that fruits and vegetables that met the criteria for organic were on average no more nutritious nor were those foods less likely to be contaminated by pathogenic bacteria than food not labeled as organic (Brandt, 2012). An instructor of medicine at the School of Medicine reported that many times people believe that organic food is always more nutritious and healthier and when it was studied, they did not find that in their studies, which surprised them (Brandt, 2012). After analysis, no consistent differences in vitamin content were found. Phosphorus was the only nutrient found in higher quantities in organic produce. In milk, no differences were found in protein or fat content, but organic milk may contain higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids (Brandt, 2012). In conclusion, organic food is a waste of money. Organic food is more expensive than non-organic food. Organic food may be more harmful than non-organic food. It is not as environmentally friendly as those in favor of it would like people to believe. There are not many actual benefits to eating organic food. These reasons prove that organic food is overpriced and quite often misrepresented. Is it worth it?

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Healthy Meals through the Day

I need quick, easy, and healthy meals that can power me through the day. I also try to eat locally grown and organic food as much as possible - it's the best for me and the environment. (Ashlan Gorse Cousteau) This sentence not only reveal her view while choosing foods in the supermarket or restaurants, but also reflect most people's thought when they are making a decision.

Try to looking back to the moment that you standing in front of the shelf and decide between two products, which is the non-organic and organic. Based on affordable price, a large number of people will choose the organic one. And, how does people defined the word organic? Take America as an example, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), organic means farmers growing or processing agriculture with different ways. For example, farmers who emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations. [1] Furthermore, it means without using common pesticides during planting period.

With this strong reason, the price of organic foods usually two or even three times than non-organic foods. However, there are still many people prefer to buy organic food. There are some reasons that occur people to choose organic rather than normal foods. As we know, foods without pesticide residue is the biggest reason attract people to buy. In addition, no food additive, higher nutritional value, more delicious, to improve healthy, take responsibility to the society, and to support the local production. These reasons are regarded as the motivations to those who are blow hot and cold, and the following context are going to discuss these reasons.

According to the ANS analyzation, there are nearly 73% of people have purchased organic food in Taiwan. More deeply, ANS found out that products label with no pesticide, natural, no pollution will more attractive to the customers. Nonetheless, a large quantity of people is not really understanding the meaning of the label. Organic means no pesticide residue, hence many farmers in order to reach this standard then start using other methods. As the CODEX Guidelines mentioned, due to the environmental pollution, organic agricultural cannot guarantee that they do not contain residual substances such as pesticides. Yet, they should be produced in the way which minimize the content of chemical fertilizer.

The clause revealed the main idea of organic farming, its final goal is to make a society with soil, planet, animal, and human live peacefully. Organic farming emphasized the balance between sustainable development of natural resources and eco-environment rather than pay attention on non-pesticide crops. In other words, to live in harmony with nature and people cannot buy a product that is totally without pollution. In fact, normal agricultural products do not mean worse since all the products on the shelf of supermarket has meet the minimum standard of the usage of pesticides, a small amount of toxin will not cause huge influence on human's healthy.

Higher nutrition, another reason for customer to buy organic food. In general, the masses consider that organic foods contain more nutrition than non-organic foods. Nevertheless, there is no evidence that organic foods contain higher nutrition. A 2012 study at Stanford University collect all papers from 1966 to 2011 to compare organic agricultural products and conventional foods about the nutrition. The results of this study is that there has no significant difference between them because of the lack of strong evidences. Based on the report of Food Standards Agency(FSA), there is truly something different between organic foods and conventional foods. For instance, the content of Magnesium and Zinc in organic is higher than conventional. Still, it is only slightly gap between them and little difference will not benefit or harm people's healthy. The Dr. Yan from Clinical Toxicology Division of Chang Gung Hospital in Taiwan pointed out that the biggest advantage of people buying organic food can reduce consumers' suspicion about the pesticides and chemicals residue. But even if you purchase non-organic foods, you can get same nutrition value after washing vegetables or fruit for 15 minutes. The dietitian from John Tung Foundation prompted that people cannot rely on organic food to get the extra nutrition since there is no discrepancy of nutrition value in organic foods. What people should do is to noted that the balance of daily three meals and the diversified intake of six categories of foods, with less oil and salt. This is the only way to maintain the nutrition instead of buying valued organic foods.

Some people thought healthier foods taste bad, in contrast, some people thought organic foods taste better. Yes, that is true that organic foods actually more delicious. British Journal of Nutrition(BJN) released a paper which talked about the organoleptic qualities of food such as flavor, fragrance, and mouthfeel will be affect by higher antioxidant. The research Benbrook explained: The concept of terroir can be traced to particular biological stresses in a region or soil types that impact how a plant responds to stress. The chemicals that a plant produces to respond to stress become part of that plant's signature taste. People are yearning for more intense flavors, and there's good news that organic farming accentuates flavor in fruits and vegetables. As the expert mentioned, organic foods may draw people's attention by its taste, however, there are another reason influence people's taste buds. Psychological actions, the price tag effect people's taste of foods. There is a study discuss whether higher value influence the taste of foods. The study found out that when the price of wine is higher, even if the researchers give the same thing, the subject will think it is more delectable. In addition, researchers learned from the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging(NMRI) that there has a higher level of pleasure in the subject's brain while eating higher valued products.

As mentioned earlier, there is no evidence that organic foods healthier than conventional foods, nonetheless, a new French study found out that eat organic products will lower the cancer risk roughly 25%. More specifically, those who eat organic regularly are more resistant to cancer such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and postmenopausal breast cancer than those who eat rarely. Like what experts pointed out, conventional agriculture using the pesticides such as Glyphosate, Malathion, and Diazinon cause higher cancer risk to people. It seems that organic food actually better than conventional foods and most people believe in this concept. Nevertheless, this comment was refuted by some French and American experts immediately. The Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique(INRA) announced that the results of this study have to go a step further confirmed. The American Cancer Research Society had doubt on the result, they thought the research method is considered to be one-sided and limited and they said: Diet is complicated. Frank B. Hu, one of the chairman of the department of nutrition at Harvard. He claimed:From a practical point of view, the results are still preliminary, and not sufficient to change dietary recommendations about cancer prevention. He said, if people want to prevent cancer, it is more important for them to eat more vegetables and fruit, whether organic or not and eat whole grains instead of refined grains. Furthermore, a representative of the Alliance for Food and Farming said that there is no need to worry about the cancer risk cause by the conventional foods. Experts cannot have defined that eating more organic food can lower cancer risk because there is no food that can directly change human's body and healthy.

To save environment and take the responsibility to the society, some of customer will choose organic. One study found out that the quantity of organic production is less than conventional, it means organic require nearly 1.5 times yields to produce as much as conventional way. Yet, the world's population is still growing, organic farming is not an efficient way to plant foods. For instance, quinoa planting in Bolivia and labeled with organic and healthy then cause problems. Many countries want to purchase and give rise to the raise of price in Bolivia. This situation not truly save environment and even cause the problem of uneven distribution of foods.

With the development of society, more and more people pay attention on their healthy.

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Benefits of Organic Food

If consumers are not careful, buying groceries can be dangerous. The countless pesticides and GMOs found in grocer's processed foods may be causing more harm than good, with chemicals included in these products that can cause adverse health effects. Solutions to this overwhelming problem may be found no farther than the organic section of your local grocery store. In the past few years, multitudes of people have begun to eliminate the harmful and chemicals and from their daily diet, and the benefits are starting to show. This is beginning to make organic food extremely high in demand. Purchasing organic food is the best way to keep toxins out of your body, prevent adverse life threatening consequences, and protecting our environment for the future. Making organic food more easily accessible and more cost effective to the masses will strongly increase our quality of life and ensure the health and safety of the population as a whole. Although organic food is not uncommon, precautions to guarantee quality for our food are not taken lightly.

Food that is organic is produced by farmers who do not use the following: pesticides, growth hormones, antibiotics, GMOs, sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers, and ionizing radiation. These farmers want to emphasize the use of renewable sources and maintaining environmental quality and growth for future generations. With food that is to be considered organic, there are three different categories that are acquired- 100% organic ingredients, 95% organic ingredients, and a minimum of 70% organic ingredients, excluding water and salt (Foerstel Design). Food that is in the 70% category is required to be labeled as made with organic food, rather than strictly organic. However, food may only be labelled as organic if a government certified inspector visits farms and factories that would be handling such food, to ensure all qualifications apply. Organizations managing organic food must pass inspection for the food to be considered USDA certified. This is extremely important to secure quality and keep dangerous chemicals out of our food (Organic.org). According to researchers at The University of Washington, pesticide poisoning can strongly affect everyone's quality of life. Studies taken by these researchers of pesticide poisoning have been focused on people whose occupation has them regularly exposed to these chemicals. Of these tested, many have experienced symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, abdominal cramps, confusion, and anxiety, all of which correlated with their work.

Although very uncomfortable, these symptoms are easily treated and reversible. Think of the times that you have pigged out and only consumed junk food and then later felt extremely sick, or experienced any of the symptoms above. Almost all processed foods have been produced with these chemicals that greatly affect your body. Constantly and consistently eating foods that consume such chemicals have been shown to cause detrimental damage. As stated in Pesticide Action Network's article, long term exposure has been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease, asthma, depression and anxiety, and cancer. Many other studies have been shown that chronic, lower doses of the chemicals were associated with memory disorders, respiratory problems, serious skin conditions, birth defects, miscarriage, and neurological conditions. Some solvents that have been found in many pesticides can cause damage to white blood cells which affecting your immune, which could easily cause any of these problems. Most affected by this are our younger population, with fetuses, infants, and children being set at a higher risk of later on developing mental disorders, ADHD, or ADD between the ages of eight and fifteen. Along with this, it has been shown that adolescence develop prematurely and are being seen at a much higher risk of diabetes and obesity (Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health).

These disorders are obvious side effects of the poisons being used to treat the food in everyone's kitchen, and the resolution is right under our nose. The pesticides used on produce protect our food from unwanted insects, but also tend to negatively affect the wanted insects. For years the world has been experiencing near extinction of countless animals and insects, one of the most common; the honey bee. Honey bees account for many of the the foliage you see outside of your window, and accounts for approximately ?…“ of the food that we depend on most (Pesticide Action Network). Our world is declining along with the amount of bees and other beneficial helpers in our ecosystem. The change has not gone unnoticed as I can account for the loss of these insects. Each year you are seeing less and less of the ones that seem to help us the most. Since much of nature is unfortunately being targeted by the chemicals, this is also affecting other animals in our environment.

Even with the guarantee Because these pesticides are so harmful, popularity of organic food has grown increasingly in the previous years. In the past four years, the state of Washington has increased from 290 organic farmers, to 520 (US Organic Food Market Increase). Even though organic food has become so popular, many conventional supermarkets do not sell copious amounts of organic materials, making it difficult for more people to buy organic. A survey has shown that more than 6 out of 10 people buy organic food or beverages at least sometimes when they shop. With the research to support the benefits of growing and buying organic, it is imperative that more awareness and education is provided to the public to maximise the necessity of organic food. In turn, mainstreaming higher quality food will provide the added benefit of the nutritional value found in these foods and as well as the increase to health benefits for all.

Works Cited

"Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health." Fast Facts About Health Risks of Pesticides in Food. University of Washington, Jan. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2017.
"Organic FAQ." Organic. Foerstel Design, 2017. Web. 25 Apr. 2017. "Why Are Organic Foods Better for Health?" Whfoods.org. The George Mateljan Foundation, 2001-2017. Web. 25 Apr. 2017.
US Organic Food Market Increases. US Organic Food Market Increases, Organic Consumers Association. Health Effects of Pesticides. Pesticide Action Network UK, www.pan-uk.org/health-effects-of-pesticides/.a Environmental Impacts. Pesticide Action Network, www.panna.org/resources/environmental-imp

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The Debate on Steroids

Big muscles come with a big price? Throughout recent history steroids have been a big back and forth battle. When first introduced it was thought to be a miracle drug because of the incredible Hercules-like effect it had on the body, but as tests and experiments began taking place more people started becoming aware of the severe negatives which steroids caused. While there is an extensive amount of research and awareness about steroids' harmful effects, it seems as though the positive effects are thrown out the window and ignored. Does steroid have a more beneficial or harmful impact, In this essay I will bring to light both the positive and negative effects that steroids possess. I will start by providing both the familiar and unfamiliar negative effects steroids have on the body. Most people are taught that steroids are bad and should be avoided. Explained how it causes superficial harm such as the formation of breast, higher hair growth and acne through the body, hair loss in the head, and the sagging of the muscles once steroid use has ended. The effects that less people are aware of are more internal such as damage which can consist of dyspnea (troubled breathing), thrombosis (blood clots in the ventricular system) and other heart muscle problems. This is shown in a case called "Large In-Transient Left Ventricular Thrombus Due to Anabolic Steroid-Induced Cardiomyopathy." Where some writes about the patient battling diseases attacking his body which derived from steroid abuse. This case is important because it provides both credible information coming directly from a doctor, as well as a patient who should be relatively healthy but, because of steroid use in body building, is affected severely. AAS abuse can really mean life or death, and the big muscles really do come with a big price.

When steroids are introduced into the body, it enhances and boosts the production of testosterone, which causes the mass muscle and strength gain in the body. Now when this occurs the body becomes accustomed to the increased testosterone, so once steroids use ceases, the body having become dependent on the steroid, begins to turn fragile and weak. This is seen in a medical journal called "Testicular Morphology Of Albino Rat; Withdrawal Effects Of Chronic Androgenic Anabolic Steroid.". This scientific journal was also more of a documentation of a procedure done to see the effects of anabolic steroid use. The same way it is shown on the rat, it affects humans. Excessive numbers of steroids in the body for long periods of time will cause this dependency and weight loss on it, ultimately being dangerous when taken off the drug. Now knowing all the bad about steroids, one would think why or what purpose would be convincing enough for someone to take such a risky drug. In the article "Adolescents and Anabolic Steroids: A Subject Review.". The author elaborates on the history and start of steroid use, as well has which athletes were more likely to be suspects of this drug. It also goes onto explaining what the purposes of these anabolic steroids are. Many wrestlers, football players, baseball players, and cyclists are caught taking steroids. For the sport which demands a lot of their body and endurance, some seek an easier route by taking these illegal and banned substances by getting stronger and bigger taking them. Another group which is associated with taking these drugs is the body building and fitness oriented individuals. Trying to be the one with the most muscular and aesthetic body. Which is why so many adolescents strived to achieve this through steroids, gaining the desired look and body, but as well as the damaging side effects that come with it.

Although anabolic steroids have certain damaging effects and a negative stigma and reputation among fitness industries, they have shown to play a positive role in the medical viewpoint since it has proven to show positive results. Doctors and scientists have studied the effect that anabolic steroids have on certain clinical situations, for example having been shown to protecting the brain when drinking alcohol. The testosterones levels help create more of the cells that protect and fight off the effect of alcohol consumption. Those who had taken steroids were much slower to get drunk as well as showed less damage in results taken after drinking compared to those who didn't take steroids. Steroids have also had a big role in rehabilitation of a sport injury. Its effect on muscle strength and growth significantly help speed and secure the rehabilitation of damaged or torn muscles and ligaments. Usually not being able to grow back to regular strength, with steroids they are able to come back better than ever. This has helped many athletes be able to come back and continue when possibility of return seemed bleak. Another medical benefit of steroids is its counter effect on diseases such as osteoporosis. Steroids known for muscle strength and increase also help the bone grow and stabilize when being damaged by bone diseases such as osteoporosis. All of these medical trials and more are shown in Schipper, David. "Saved by Steroids.". The article brings steroids in a different light, showing the positive in many different cases of medical trials. The argument, as well as facts, are strong and show that there is more to anabolic steroids than just the surface level abuse they see.

This article works against the other negative sources because it highlights the positive effects rather than elaborating on the negative ones most people are already familiar with, this source is very helpful in showing and leveling both sides of the spectrum. While agreeing on the negative, also providing the opposite and the positive effects it provides. Yes, steroids are bad, it's clear. But with moderation and careful consideration one must conclude that in some cases steroids can be very helpful and beneficial to one's condition, in medical situations of course. While they are bad regardless in recreational use, there are ways to limit the damaging effects of steroids. Many athletes and body builders have a system of taking the drug called stacking. This is the use of steroids as well as other pro hormones and drugs which balance some of the effects. For example, some steroids may contain estrogen in them, the hormone that causes the breast formation and gyno, the imbalance of the hormones in the breast and nipple. In these situations, they'll stack an estrogen blocker to reduce these side effects of steroids. Another example is taking liver support pills, because of the amount of hormones in steroids, it can be costly to ones liver, so body builders fight it by consuming a supportive diet as well as taking liver support pills.

All of these articles and information allow me to emphasis and argue on both sides of the situation, the good and the bad. People need to be more aware on their own rather than just knowing what their told and having a biased opinion of the topic. Highlighting the controversial situation of steroids, and showing the facts and data lets the reader form their own opinion and standpoint, and bringing to conclusion of whether the good may possibly outweigh the negative, or negative outweigh the bad.

Schipper, David. "Saved By Steroids." Men's Health 20.3 (2005): 150-151. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.

Sabzi, Feridoun, and Reza Faraji. "Large In-Transient Left Ventricular Thrombus Due To Anabolic Steroid-Induced Cardiomyopathy." Indian Journal Of Critical Care Medicine 21.1 (2017): 51-54. CINAHL Complete. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.

Hijazi, Muhammad Mazhar, et al. "Testicular Morphology Of Albino Rat; Withdrawal Effects Of Chronic Androgenic Anabolic Steroid." Professional Medical Journal 23.3 (2016): 343-349.

Anderson, Steven J., and Stephen P. Bolduc. "Adolescents And Anabolic Steroids: A Subject Review." Pediatrics 99.6 (1997): 904.Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.

Tousson, Ehab. "Histopathological Alterations After A Growth Promoter Boldenone Injection In Rabbits." Toxicology & Industrial Health 32.2 (2016): 299-305. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.

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What are PEDs?

Contents

What are PEDs?
Anabolic Steroids
HGH
Erythropoietin
Diuretics
Creatine
Stimulants
Designer steroids
Usage of steroids in athletes
Athletes cheating scandals in the olympics
Effects of the immediate stop of steroid usage
Medically Prescribed Steroids

What are PEDs?

Performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) are used to increase performance activity. They are widely known from their usage in sports for the increase of performance. They are also used to treat immune system disorders and inflammation. Different types are: Anabolic steroids, Androstenedione, Human Growth hormone, Erythropoietin, Diuretics, Creatine, Stimulants. The usage of steroids by athletes has lead to the making of designer steroids; these are made to be undetectable in drug tests. Although lots of athletes have been caught even after these existed. This resulted in cheating scandals, athletes being banned, and stripped of their titles. Along with this comes the negative side effects even after these athletes are forced to stop using them.

Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic steroids is a drug that increases the amount testosterone produced in humans. They are usually taken orally, injected into a muscle, or used in a topical gel or patch. Short term effects can lead to mental issues such as: paranoia, irritability, impaired judgement, delusions, and violent behavior. Long term effects include kidney, heart, and liver damage. The abuse of these steroids can also lead to a significant change in mood and behavior because of the change in the amount of chemicals released in the brain. Many who abuse anabolic steroids will use them in cycles. They go on and off them to try to avoid side effects, although there are still long-term risks from this. Also injecting anabolic steroids increases the risk of coming in contact with blood-borne diseases like HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C. Several reports have described men with little or no apparent history of violence or criminal behavior prior to [steroid] use who committed murder or attempted murder while using [steroids]. (Kanayama, 2010)

HGH

Human Growth hormones are produced in the pituitary gland which prompts growth in children and adults. They are used to increase muscle mass, bone growth and decrease adipose tissue. Synthetic human growth hormones were developed in 1985 and shortly after approved by FDA for uses in children and adults. They are only used through injection which must be prescribed. The most common usage for them are not FDA approved are used along with other PEDs to increase athletic performance. Negative effects of abuse of this steroid is edema (build up of fluid inside your body), joint pain, and muscle weakness. Human growth hormone s and growth factors are banned by WADA (World Doping Agency).

Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin is originally used to treat anemia, but it is used commonly now to increase the oxygen carried from your lungs to the rest of your body. It is a chemical released from your kidneys, and promotes the production of red blood cells. This specific type of hormone increases the excretion of water from the body which in turn cleans out the body. It is an extremely dangerous diuretic; it can lead to dehydration, strokes, heart attacks, and death.

Diuretics

Diuretics also known as water pills are used to help people lose weight, pass drug tests, and also to lower your blood pressure. They change our bodies natural water and salt levels by releasing it in urine. The total fluid in our blood vessels decrease therefore decreasing our blood pressure making it easier for our heart to pump. Negative side effects of this drug are: dizziness, dehydration, fainting spells, and a potassium deficiency.

Creatine

Creatine is one of the more commons drugs used because it is over the counter. It is an amino acid found in muscles and the brain, but it is now made synthetically and to help energy released from muscles, increase muscle mass, and enhance exercise performance. Abuse of the drug can lead to kidney problems and liver damage, also stomach and muscle cramps, nausea, and weight gain (if not used in high intensity workouts).

Stimulants

They work on the central nervous system to to increase alertness, reduce fatigue, and increase competitiveness, aggressiveness, and concentration. Different types of stimulants are amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine, diet pills, methamphetamine, and ritalin. All of these can be taken orally, snorted, injected, or smoked. Short term effects include an immediate exhaustion and depression (the down that follows the up). This can lead to the user wanting more (addiction), which is one of the results of larger doses over a short period of time. Long term effects may result in hostility, paranoia, fever, and irregular heartbeat. Other Side effects include: increase in blood pressure and heart rate, heart attacks, strokes, vomiting, dizziness, headache, and tremor. In the USA, the National Collegiate Athletic Association acknowledged that the number of student athletes testing positive for stimulant medications has increased three-fold in recent years

Designer steroids

A specific type of Anabolic Steroid which is called designer drugs. These are synthetic steroids that were created to be of the same use as testosterone while being undetectable in drug tests. They were made for athletes to be able to use steroids for an increase in performance without getting caught because they have not been approved or tested by FDA (Federal Drug administration) and are very dangerous. The effects of these steroids are similar to the negative effects of anabolic steroids, although can much worse because of the risk of taking non FDA approved drugs.

Usage of steroids in athletes

Steroid use among athlete has become a recognized and continuing issue in sports today. There has been an increase in usage in high school, college, and professional athletes; along with this is an increase in drug-related deaths. Dwain Chambers, Marion Jones, Lance Armstrong, and Justin Gatlin are some of the many athletes caught and banned from competing due to their use of steroids. The public's concern for athletes usage of steroids has rendered to mass media attention, and tougher laws for their use and distribution.

Athletes cheating scandals in the olympics

Tyson Gay won a silver medal at the 2012 olympics in track and field. He also had the second-fastest time in the 100-meter dash with a 9.69-second run in 2009 at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix. In 2013 he test positive for a banned substance and was banned from the sport for a year and stripped of his silver Olympic medal.

Rashid Ramzi received a gold medal in track and field (1500m) in the summer olympics in Beijing China in 2008. Soon after he tested positive for a blood-boosting substance CERA (and was stripped of his medal.

Manny Ramirez was playing for the LA dodgers and was suspended for 50 games in 2009 for using human chorionic gonadotropin (which increases the production of testosterone). Early in 2011 while playing for the rays after only 5 games, Ramirez violated the drug policy again and faced a 100-game ban. Instead he retired; but by the end of the season he asked to be reinstated. He then completed a 50-game ban and the following year played for the Oakland Athletics. He was also one of the 104 players that tested positive in the 2003 MLB survey for performance-enhancing drugs. This was before the league had a drug policy and or executed punishments for P.E.D. use.

Effects of the immediate stop of steroid usage

Immediately after stopping steroids, you lose about 20-50% of muscle mass that was gained during. After a 12-week cycle on testosterone, there will still be extra weight 6 months later. Everything begins to normalize in your body quickly such as acne, and the production of testosterone. Although in men their sexual drive worsens. There is an increased future risk of heart attack, stroke, and baldness. Some are able to minimize these long term negative effects by taking HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin), which is prescribed for pregnancy so therefor it is illegal and dangerous. It increases the start of production of testosterone quicker than normal.

Medically Prescribed Steroids

Steroids are synthetic drugs that are similar to cortisol (a hormone that your body produces naturally). Steroids work by decreasing inflammation and reducing our immune systems activity. Examples of corticosteroids medications are triamcinolone, cortisone, prednisone, and methylprednisolone. In certain diseases such as: systemic vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) and myositis (inflammation of muscle) rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjogren's syndrome, or gout.); the body's immune system doesn't work properly. This causes inflammation and tissue damage. Steroids reduce the overactivity of the immune system which intake reduces the production of inflammatory chemicals to minimize tissue damage. When the inflammation is threatening enough to damage organs, steroids can be life-saving. For example, people who have lupus or vasculitis may help prevent the progression of kidney inflammation, this can lead to kidney failure. Therefore steroid therapy can eliminate the need for kidney dialysis or transplant.

They can be given as a topical treatment, orally or by injection. When injected, they are put directly into a vein or muscle. Or directly into a joint or bursa in order to lubricate between certain tendons, bones, and or soft tissue areas. They are injected into one or two areas of inflammation which allows for larger dosages; this way the amount given is accurate. Unlike when steroids are given by mouth or IV, which would cause a higher risk of side effects. These low dosages provides significant relief from pain and stiffness for conditions similar to and including rheumatoid arthritis.

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Challenging the Social Norms in the Wife of Bath

The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is an assortment of stories by a group of pilgrims who are heading towards the Canterbury Cathedral. Chaucer addresses different stereotypes and distances his characters from the social norm. He did that by making them have memorable aspects and highly wry. More specifically, in The Wife of Bath, Chaucer delve into the stereotypes of men and women, defining their basic wants and needs. The tale describes the wife of bath as an optimistic woman, knowledgeable, well cultured, and wealthy, which was rare for a woman back in the fourteenth century. As the story continues, so do the characters challenging the status quo.

Opening up the tale in the Wife of Bath's Prologue, in lines 11-12, the wife of bath establishes herself as an authoritative figure to marriage. Being married multiple times the wife of bath feels as if she is an expert in marriage, Chaucer's way of empowering her. She then continues on to tell the pardoner and other pilgrims a story about a knight. She goes on about a knight who raped a maiden. The knight raping the maiden challenged the traditional values of chivalry in the Middle Ages. The king wanted to condemn the knight by beheading him, however the queen offered another option, and the king gave way to her. With the king giving the queen the case, that alone challenges the social norm because back then women did not have a say, let alone men handing over their power to them. The queen told the knight to find out what women desire the most.

The knight travels far to find the answer, but was always coming back empty handed. Until one day he met an old ugly hag. The wife of bath continues to tell the pilgrims that the hag made a deal with the knight and that if she gives him the answer, he would have to grant her wish. The hag tells the knight that the one thing women desire most is sovereignty over their spouses and lovers. The women as well as the queen agreed because the knight's life was spared. When the hag demanded for the knight to marry her, and ended up marrying her against his will. The hag gives the knight the power of choice and tells him that she could remain herself and be faithful or turn to a younger beautiful wife who is not faithful. The knight granting the hag her sovereignty, tells her that the choice was hers. The hag kissed the knight and turned to a younger woman and they both lived happily together.

Having that said, the knight has overcome hardships finding and in a way redeeming himself. Compared to how he was in the beginning, he has come a long way. He was first at a fixed mindset almost giving up and then turned to a growth mindset. He kept an open mind when he was given the power of choice. He learned from experience and thought it through, demonstrating a growth mindset, and told the hag that it was up to her whether or not she wanted to be faithful or not.

Works Cited

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer: THE WIFE OF BATH'S TALE - CRITICISM / ANALYSIS / SUMMARY, thebestnotes.com/booknotes/Canterbury_Tales/Canterbury_Tales23.html.
The Canterbury Tales. The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale, www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/c/the-canterbury-tales/summary-and-analysis/the-wife-of-baths-prologue-and-tale.
The Canterbury Tales The Wife of Bath's Tale Summary & Analysis. LitCharts, www.litcharts.com/lit/the-canterbury-tales/the-wife-of-bath-s-tale.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, et al. The Canterbury Tales The Wife of Bath's Tale Summary and Analysis. GradeSaver: Getting You the Grade, www.gradesaver.com/the-canterbury-tales/study-guide/summary-the-wife-of-baths-tale.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, et al. The Canterbury Tales. Pearson Education, 2008.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, et al. The Wife of Bath: Complete, Authoritative Text. St. Martin's Press, 1996.
Miller, Arthur. General Prologue & the Wife of Bath's Prologue & Tale: as/a-Level English. Hodder Education, 2009.

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The Wife of Bath Seeing the Complexity over the Norm

As humans, we often like to dichotomize things. It's much more orderly that way. It's part of our human nature to see things as simply right or wrong, black or white, or hot or cold. We often forget that there is more, more complexity. We overlook the fact that things can be neutral, gray, or even warm. (Elodie). Likewise, for centuries, many scholars have many scholars, for centuries, have been looking at the simplistic nature of the Wife of Bath's Tale. They have been claiming that the Wife of Bath's Tale, by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a work of feminist literature, and that she, herself, is a feminist character. I too originally believed this; however, after deep analysis into the text, this is certainly not the case. The Wife of Bath, Alisoun, for the longest time, has been considered one of Chaucer's most memorable characters for her openness and her modern stance on the woman's role in society. For this, along with her belief in female sovereignty over their male counterparts, she has been considered a feminist character. However, it is nearly impossible to overlook the inconsistencies found throughout the text where the Wife of Bath's words do not match up with the way she behaves. Chaucer portrays the Wife of Bath in a way that she verbally suppresses the common beliefs and roles of the time, but instead, through her actions, portrays a misogynistic figure, and therefore, is not a feminist character.

When directed to the actual tale itself, we see, in the beginning, that there were a group of beautiful, young fairies. They were considered the independents, the ones separated by the man. However, this sense of being self-dependent is quickly demolished whenThe Elf-Queen and her courtiers joined and broke/ Their elfin dance on many a green mead,/Or so was the opinion once, I read,/Hundreds of years ago, in days of yore./But no one now sees fairies any more./For now the saintly charity and prayer/Of holy friars seem to have purged the air (Chaucer 31-36). In other words, these fairies, who were thought to be individualistic, suddenly disappeared, presenting the notion that this represents the women of medieval society. As literary critic Warren Edminster had once stated, The loss of fairy magic parallels and is symbolic of the loss of feminine expression and independence. Chaucer may have been trying to show that those self-reliant type of women didn't exist at the time, so the Wife of Bath's tale was not women empowering, but indeed the opposite.

Furthermore, this concept is later elaborated when we are introduced to the scenario of the young maiden who was raped by the knight and then immediately removed from the story. A true feminist, or work of feminist literature, would want the female character to reappear as a sign of strength and tenacity; on the contrary, she disappears, and the knight is seen as the hero. Even then, his punishment is very debatable, as he later escapes it, and is rewarded with a young, beautiful wife. The idea that the knight receives the happy ending and the maiden isn't even mentioned once again shows the embodiment of anti-feminism. The Wife of Bath's actions essentially condones and accepts the behavior of violence towards women, although she claims otherwise. This entire situation can be related to the private life of the author Geoffrey Chaucer. In 1380, this famous poet was charged with rape by Cecily Champagne, even though he was cleared of the charges, a shadow over his life and relationship with women was being greatly showcased (Sauer). To further elaborate, I believe that Chaucer created the tale and plot line in this manner as a way of symbolizing himself through the character of the knight. His life experiences are directly connected in the exact same way, whereby he did not get severely punished, and neither did the knight, when both performed the same, wretched deed. His purpose of doing this may have been to open society's eyes and make them realize that there is nothing wrong nor unconventional with this, as he went through it which once again shows the anti feminist demeanor.

As mentioned before, it is the common belief of many critics and scholars that the Wife of Bath is a feminist character and that Chaucer's writing is a work of feminist literature. They may say this on the basis of her being a strong and courageous woman. One who is shameless regarding her story, and is rebellious in the male-dominated society. They may even argue that throughout the story, she makes the assertion that in marriage, there should be equality: where women should have self-sovereignty in comparison to their husbands. Within her marriages, the Wife of Bath even describes how she was also able to have some control, even though men were supposed to be dominant, using her... wit. However, this is ironically faulty as she gains control and power over men through her sexual attributes.

For instance, her first three husbands were old and wealthy, and she even admitted that she would tease them in bed until they would pay her. With the fifth husband, she genuinely fell in love with, but was treated wickedly in return. The Wife of Bath even said that she loved her fifth husband Jankyn the best, as he was the worst to her. A direct example of this is apparent when she states, I trowe I loved hym best, for that he/ Was of his love daungerous to me (Rossignol). This is where I recognized that the Wife calls for female empowerment in theory, but she does not believe in or dictate this in practice. It is later revealed that the fifth husband taunted her by reading the Book of Wikked Wyves which contains stories and collections regarding anti-feminist tracts and traits of evil women. Alisoun disregarded these claims and stereotypes with the justification that they were not created by women; rather, misogynistic men (Adolphus). Absurdly, Alisoun fits this label perfectly. In the entire tale, we see that her main power is her sexuality over men, and even that is fading. Alisoun is shameless about her sexual exploits and portrays a negative, almost monstrous, demonstration of women. A truly subversive feminist would prove herself in a way independent from men. Instead, Alisoun uses the men for her monetary, and other benefits, making it seem as if she is unable to rely on her own intelligence, effort, and self-sufficiency to provide for herself.

All of these illustrations clearly demonstrate the Wife of Bath, both consciously and unconsciously, encouraged and exemplified the misogynistic role of women that she is attempting to fight against. The Wife of Bath simply advocates and shows that she needs the male to survive and that she supports the corrupt nature and practices that were taking place in medieval societies. This is where many people and scholars do not see the complexity. Throughout The Wife of Bath's Prologue and The Wife of Bath's Tale, Alisoun promulgates the stereotypical male-dominated society when her goal is to censure it. Chaucer's intent may have been to create a feminist character; however, his writing reflects otherwise. Instead, he created a monstrous woman. A self-indulgent, lustful, and greedy character who was too foolish to realize that she exemplified everything that she verbally expressed she was against. This is exactly where I believe that many people often overlook that there is more to the norm, more than what they may originally think. Just as many things in our life are not merely right or wrong, black or white, or hot or cold, the Wife of Bath is not merely a feminist character, but instead, a self-contradicting, anti-feminist character.

Works Cited

Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Wife of Bath's Tale. Collections 12. Translated by Nevill Coghill, HMH Publishing, 2015. 77-88.
Edminster, Warren. Fairies and Feminism: Recurrent Patterns in Chaucer's "The Wife of Bath's
Tale" and Bronte's Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte, Updated Edition, Chelsea House, 2006. Bloom's Literature, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=101204&itemid=WE54&articleId=46605. Accessed 16 Nov. 2018.
Elodie. Is the Wife of Bath Feminist? Spark Notes. 1 Dec. 2016, https://community.sparknotes.com/2016/12/01/is-the-wife-of-bath-feminist. Accessed 19 Dec. 2018.
Rossignol, Rosalyn. Wife of Bath's Prologue" Critical Companion to Chaucer, Facts On File, 2006. Bloom's Literature,
online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=101204&itemid=WE54&articleId=16342. Accessed 18 Nov. 2018.
Sauer, Michelle M. How to Write about Geoffrey Chaucer. Bloom's How to Write about Geoffrey Chaucer, Chelsea House, 2017. Bloom's Literature, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=101204&itemid=WE54&articleId=45631. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.
Ward, Adolphus William. Characteristics of Chaucer and His Poetry. Geoffrey Chaucer, Chelsea House, 2007. Bloom's Literature,
online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=101204&itemid=WE54&articleId=20753.
Accessed 18 Nov. 2018.

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Health Care Need

Contents

Health Care Need
Target Audience
Barriers to Learning
Learning Outcomes
Method of Content Presentation
Method of Evaluating the Learning Outcomes
Content Outline

Health Care Need

School-age children are in the developmental latent time of growth. During this period a child's growth rate slows and developmental changes are gradual. The introduction of school and other outside activities presents new food options that include school lunches, vending machines, and snacks in the homes of friends. The introduction of new food options can cause a challenge in encouraging healthy eating behaviors for the parents or caregivers. It's important for parents/caregivers to know what the child is eating during school hours, this way they can provide healthy snacks as well as a nutritious breakfast and dinner. Research studies show foods provided and eaten by the parents/caregivers strongly influence the foods chosen by their children when away from the home environment as well as influence the child's performances in school (Herring & Engelke, 2018).

Healthy eating can help children maintain a healthy weight, avoid certain health problems, stabilize their energy, as well as support a healthy growth and development leading up to adulthood. A healthy diet can also have a reflective effect on a child's sense of mental and emotional wellbeing (Help Guide, 2018). According to the American Journal of Health Education the main concern regarding physical dietary behaviors of children is the increased risk for obesity and its potential effect for some health issues. These heath risk include chronic hypokinetic diseases including coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. Obese children are twice as likely to be obese as adults compared to nonobese children. Therefore, it is critical to examine factors on decisions making about healthy eating with the elementary school population to help provide important information to aid in obesity prevention (American Journal of Health Education, 2015).

Target Audience

Oliver Beach Elementary school located in Baltimore, MD opened in 1981 and teaches Pre-K through 5th grade. Ranked 560th out of 858 elementary schools, Oliver Beach holds a capacity of 265 and has total enrollment of 204 students for the 2017-2018 school year (BCPS, 2018). The student body consists of 91% White, 3% African American, 3% Asian, 2% 2 races, 1% Hispanic and <1% American Indian/ Hawaiian Native. Gender is 55% male and 45 % female. Students from low-income families make up 26% of the total student population. The students per teacher ratio is 14:1, 89% of teachers have three or more years of experience (Great schools, 2017). The principle states Oliver Beach's vision is to create customized and personalized learner-centered environments that focus upon high-quality, effective first instruction, and high expectations in a safe and inclusive environment that maximizes the potential of all students to be globally competitive. (BCPS, 2018).

Barriers to Learning

Possible learning barrier for Oliver Beach follows:

26% of students come from low income families may not have the money/resources to afford the healthy foods needed for school-aged children (Great schools, 2017)
22.9 % of students are free lunch holders and may only be receiving what the school provides for them during the week (Schooldigger, 2018)
There is a 14:1 student per teacher ratio which can be hard for teachers to assure all the students are receiving/eating appropriate meals (Great schools, 2017)

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the presentation, students will:

Be able to create their own My Plate meal as well as learn portion sizes (USDA,2018)
Know the importance of eating a balanced breakfast and lunch
Inform children and their parents of age-appropriate, nutritious consumption of foods while encouraging them to make healthy choices

Method of Content Presentation

Lisa M. Sullivan, Associate Dean for Education Professor and Chair for Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health list reasons in a presentation on how to keep students engaged and interactive during a class room presentation. She states that children (1) Want solid knowledge base and real-world application (2) Want clear and organized presentation of material (3) Want to be stimulated, active and participatory (4) Want to know why (how does this activity, reading connect to my future career?) And (5) Want faculty to be enthusiastic, helpful and engaged (Sullivan 2013). I will be presenting my health material on a poster board this way students can visually see what foods they should be eating and how much they should be eating daily. I will engage them in a little activity that will have them choose what foods they think are healthy or unhealthy using visual pictures, this way every student can interact.

Method of Evaluating the Learning Outcomes

A paper by the World Bank (2013) defined that assessing students is the process of gathering and evaluation information on what students know, understand, and can do in order to make informed decisions about next steps in the educational process (IEA, 2016).

Learning outcomes will be evaluated by observing students:

Describe the five major food groups including dairy, protein, fruits, vegetables, and grains
Correctly categorize different foods within the appropriate food group
Develop and draw their own healthy meal plan in accordance with MyPlte.gov (USDA, 2018)

Content Outline

I. Introduction

A. Introduce myself as well as each other

B. Explain that the topic of presentation is Eating Healthy

II. Begin breaking the ice with a fun matching game of food group categories

A. Each student will be given cut outs of different foods to place on the poster board that will be separated into 5 categories: fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins, and dairy

B. This will assess their current knowledge of each food groups and any misunderstandings

III. After activity is done this will lead us into discussion about the 5 major food groups and their nutritious benefits by showing them a visual poster board I created.

IV. After learning about the food groups, I will provide a printed empty MyPlate for students to color in their own healthy nutritious meals (USDA, 2018)

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The Effects of Unhealthy Eating in Adolescents and Children in the USA

Thirty percent of children and adolescents in America are either obese or overweight. According to APA, the American Psychological Association stated that “Approximately 20% of our youth are now overweight with obesity rates in preschool age children increasing at an alarming speed.” This is more than the past generations had suffer through in the health category for the children and adolescents. Eating a proper diet and a balanced diet is lacking in the United States, which is why it has increased in obesity in children and adolescents. For starters, eating junk food instead of eating an appropriate amount of nutrients for your health is the reason why the United States children and adolescents suffer from this problem called obesity. It is very important to know that taking care of your body starts by feeding the body the right amount of nutrients. More and more children are diagnosed with obesity or are just overweight each and every year. Therefore, this is the reason for researching the topic of benefits for healthy eating and why the body needs to be replenished with proper nutrients. It is also necessary to help persuade people to choose the right lifestyle for their children with information.

The lens that was researched is the educational lens because it connects to how do the effects of healthy eating in the United States promote lifelong health, academics, and self-motivation. Healthy eating as a child or adolescents in the United States promotes lifelong health. For example, when your parents’ practices brushing their teeth after every meal and teach it to you without forcing you too, your child will most likely carry that lifestyle for the rest of their childhood and adulthood. So when the parents are an example for their children and eating healthy without making them hate it, they’re going to grow up practicing a healthy living lifestyle for oral health. My text evidence is from familydoctor.org, powered by the American Academy of Family Physicians which said that “eating healthy is usually going to stick with you if you start as a young child.” The American Academy of Family Physicians also stated “If you prepare and eat healthy foods yourself, your child will eat healthier, too. Avoid obsessive calorie-counting. Don’t talk negatively about yourself. Your child could adopt the same attitudes.” So setting an example for your child can help them not risk any of these terrible health problems because eating healthy will also help you prevent diseases later in their future of adulthood. Children suffering from obesity have a higher rate of having disorders and diseases from the lack of being healthy.

CDC the Center for Disease Control and Prevention with no author mentioned said, “Healthy eating patterns in childhood and adolescence promote optimal childhood health, growth, and intellectual development; prevent immediate health problems, such as an iron deficiency anemia, obesity, eating disorders, and dental caries: and may prevent long-term health problems, such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and stroke.” This quote explains my sub-claim on healthy eating preventing long-life suffering. Eating healthy helps make people feel and think better about giving healthy nutrients to their body what it deserves. Eating a well-balanced diet will not only prevent obesity in kids and adolescent but will also make them focus more in school. David Just which has a Ph.D. in agricultural and economics works for Cornell University. He is the co-director of the Cornell Center for Behavioral Economics in Child Nutrition Program which explains the reason why he contributes to writing this article called “3 ways nutrition influences students learning potential and school performance”. It states in the article that, “Other studies find that improving the quality of students’ diets leads to students being on task more often which increase math test scores, possibly increases reading test scores and attendance.” David Just describes the studies of children and adolescents who eat a well-balanced diet are doing well in school and are more focused. That’s why eating healthy is a benefit because it helps you a lot when it comes to academic.

CDC the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, elaborate more on how eating right boost your focus stated that “Student participation in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) School Breakfast Program (SBP) is associated with increased academic grades and standardized test scores, reduced absenteeism, and improved cognitive performance.” It explains how eating breakfast, (a balanced diet) in the morning raised test scores and had an increase in performance levels in school. Overall, eating a balanced meal and eating healthy benefits children and adolescents in academics. Children and adolescents who are struggling with obesity have a higher chance of getting bullied while having low self-esteem which is physically and emotionally abusive towards their self-confidence and degrades their focus in school. My text evidence is from APA the American Psychological Association stated that “being obese place children at being a risk of teasing and bullying.” They also stated that “Many adolescents, particularly teenage girls, have body image concerns and engage in unhealthy weight control behaviors.” Having low self-esteem affects people way more than you know. Low self-esteem is going to lower your confidence because if you don't feel great your not going to think well. And that may be the case for people with obesity.

Low self-esteem may also link to horrible conditions like Anxiety and depression. The text evidence was written by Elizabeth Venzin. Elizabeth Venzin is a CEO and a founder of an organization from Australia called Mind shift- the Nashville Self-Esteem Initiative, says that “Over time this can lead to low self-esteem which can reduce the quality of a person’s life in many different ways. Unchecked, low self-esteem may even lead to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, sometimes with tragic results.” She also states that low self-esteem may be caused by bullying which is most common by people with obesity. The evidence for low self-esteem may be caused by bullying is written by Elizabeth Venzin said, “what causes low self-esteem? There are many and varied reasons, but according to clinical psychologist Dr. Lars Madsen it’s frequently traced to abusive or dysfunctional early years, the effects of which can persist well into adulthood.

It can also be attributed to ongoing stressful life events (e.g., relationship breakdowns; financial troubles; poor treatment from a partner, parent or carer; being bullied; or being in an abusive relationship).” Studies show this percentage of people with obesity are bullied. So eating healthy and making sure your physically and emotionally healthy helps you feel better about yourself. Being mentally right in the mind is very important and eating nutrition for your body cleans it and make you think better and feel better and that can help you when it comes to education. Therefore, the Obesity rate is growing at a fast rate each year. With obesity that is exponentially growing eating healthy can help children and adolescents prevent obesity and many diseases. Consequently, this is the reason for researching the topic of benefits for healthy eating and why the body needs to be healthy. So eating healthy affects children and adolescents because it gives you many benefits. Finally, eating healthy in the U.S. promotes lifelong health, academics, and self-motivation.

Sources:

Venzin, Elizabeth. “How Does Low Self-Esteem Negatively Affect You?” Psych Central, 28 Feb. 2014, psychcentral.com/blog/how-does-low-self-esteem-negatively-affect-you/. “The Impact of Food Advertising on Childhood Obesity.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, www.apa.org/topics/kids-media/food.aspx. “Health and Academic Achievement.” Health and Academic Achievement, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 2014, www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/health_and_academics/pdf/health-academic-achievement.pdf. Just, David. “3 Ways Nutrition Influences Student Learning Potential and School Performance.” EXtension, articles.extension.org/pages/68774/3-ways-nutrition-influences-student-learning-potential-and-school-performance. “National Center for Biotechnology Information.” Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports., U.S. National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. “Latest & Current News - Weather, Sports & Health News.” Global News, Global News, globalnews.ca/. “Clickfunnels.” AcTechi - Web Design & Development Agency, bookflight.us/. “Good School Nutrition Can Boost Students' Performance.” Global Digital Citizen Foundation, Global Digital Citizen Foundation, 9 Dec. 2016, globaldigitalcitizen.org/good-school-nutrition-boosts-performance.

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Unhealthy Vs Healthy Eating Habits

Contents

Page Break
Method
Survey Strategy

Poor eating habits are a contribution factor to a lower diet quality and health outcomes. Having an irregular meal pattern, skipping meals, consuming beverages that are high in sugar, frequently eating fast food, and consuming high fat foods are examples of poor eating habits. Eating habits can be defined as behavioral patterns that become an automatic response after repeat performances. They are triggered by situational ques including environment, people, or activities. Eating habits can be influenced by a variety of factors including environmental conditions, food availability, culture, religion, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic status, and psychological needs. The study will develop an eating habits questionnaire conducted at Ball State University, focusing on preference and choice of eating. These include questions on general eating habits associated with healthy/unhealthy eating, low fat alternatives, time distribution of meals and snacks, and typical foods consumed for meals and snacks. In the future, it is hoped that this questionnaire and study developed will be used to assess the eating habits of Ball State Students to determine if they prefer healthy over unhealthy foods.

Page Break

Method

An empirical analytical approach was taken in this study. This approach was used to study our subjects for a probable answer through quantified observations of empirical evidence. Although empirical analysis never gives an absolute answer, however, only a most likely answer based on probability. This approach fits our overall research design by providing us a better opportunity to answer our research question.

Survey Strategy

This study is a small, cross-sectional, observational study aimed at investigating the preference of healthy and unhealthy eating habits of Ball State students. To distinguish the preference of food choice (healthy or unhealthy), a survey was conducted. A survey of 18 questions focusing on general eating habits associated with healthy/unhealthy eating, low fat alternatives, time distribution of meals and snacks, and typical foods consumed for meals and snacks. The surveys were distributed in various eating locations at different times of the day to ensure diverse results. At random selection we offered all Ball State students the opportunity to participate in our brief survey, disclosing that their answers were anonymous and used for research regarding students eating habits.

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Unhealthy Eating Habits and Food Choices

A major factor that contributes to the freshman fifteen in college students is unhealthy eating habits and food choices. Rapid weight gain in college can put a student at risk for long-term obesity for the rest of their adulthood, therefore students must follow a healthy lifestyle that includes healthy eating habits.1 Maintaining healthy eating habits can be difficult for college students due to the lack of nutritional options at the University dining hall and lack of time to plan meals ahead of time. Therefore, many students may rely on quick, low priced, large portioned meals that do not provide a lot of nutrients. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) 2 study shows that consuming fast- food that has a high fat, sodium, and sugar content can have a significant impact on weight gain. Another major risk factor of weight gain in the freshman year of college is alcohol consumption. According to the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Students under twenty-one are more likely to binge drink alcohol. An unhealthy diet can not only affect a student's physical healthy, but also their mental health such as cognitive function. Research shows that a healthy diet is linked to better cognitive ability in students.5 Additionally, weight gain is linked to lower immunity, therefore rapid weight gain in college freshman can put a student at risk for easily getting sick. In order for students to follow a healthy lifestyle and eating habits, they must limit the amount of fast-food and alcohol they consume. Students should try their best to follow a healthy balanced diet and eat regular meals that contains fruits, vegetables, low-fat protein, and whole grains. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) My Plate program helps promote healthy eating by providing information on portion size and nutrition to help individuals choose the healthiest food options. According to the My Plate program, making small gradual changes to our diet, reading the national facts for the food options we choose, and following a diet that contains the five food groups of the My Plate program, will help develop healthy eating patterns that can be maintained long-term. The My Plate program's mission is to prevent long term chronic illness such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes by preventing high blood pressure and obesity in children and young adults. At Wilkes University, our campus is partnered with the American Heart Association to promote the Healthy for life Initiative that provides students with healthy, whole ingredients that have a high nutritional value. At the Henry Student Dining Hall, you can find nutritional facts on the TV's above the food stations that provide calorie counts for prepared foods. The nutritional facts can also be found on the Henry Student Center's Dining Hall website, along with the menus for breakfast, lunch, and dinner for the week. There is a nutritionist available to speak with to learn more about choosing nutritious options while on campus. Although it can be difficult to maintain healthy eating habits from the transition college from high school, there are many resources that are available to make healthy eating easier and more convenient for students. Healthy eating is very important to help students succeed in their classes, focus on their studies, and prevent them from getting sick throughout the semester.

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Langston Hughes According to Americaslibrary

James Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet,social activist,novelist,playwright,and columnist from Joplin,Missouri. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry. Hughes is best-known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.''(The First March From Selma)

EARLY LIFE

Langston Hughes was born James Mercer Langston Hughes.Growing up Langston was a member of an abolitionist family. His parents were soon divorced after he was born.After the divorce his father moved to Mexico.Hughes was raised his mother,his grandmother,and a childless couple in Lawrence,kansas.

EDUCATION AND/OR PROFESSIONAL CAREER

Hughes attended kansas and Illinois graduating elementary school. He graduated high school from Cleveland,Ohio in 1920 and spent the following year in Mexico with his father. He received his bachelor's degree from Lincoln university in pennsylvania.In college langston studied engineering instead of writing.After college hughes returned to Harlem and continued to live there.While going to school he held odd jobs such as assistant cook,launder,busboy,and he traveled Africa and Europe working as a seaman.

PROFESSION THEY ARE WELL-KNOWN FOR

Langston Hughes was a poet,social activist,novelist,playwright,and columnist. Hughes is known as one of the central figures of the harlem renaissance.Langston Hughes was one of the most important writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance.Although Hughes may be best known as a poet he was creative in a wide variety of writing styles.Through his poetry,plays,and essays he promoted equality,condemned racism,and injustice.

MOTIVATION OR INSPIRATION BEHIND THEIR WORK

Hughes's creative genius who was influenced by his life in New York city's Harlem,a primarily African American neighborhood.His literary works helped shape american literature and politics. Langston Hughes was inspired by his grandmother,who filled his imagination with stories of the past.''(americaslibrary) HARLEM RENAISSANCE CONNECTION AND/OR INFLUENCE Langston Hughes was one of the most important writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes represented black lives as real and valuable. Hughes was given many awards and honors.His contributions to the literature of the Harlem renaissance encouraged other black poets to be themselves.

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The Negro Speaks of Rivers by Hughes

The Negro Speaks of Rivers was written by Hughes when he was only seventeen while traveling by train to see his father in Mexico. Arnold Rampersad says that the sense of beauty and death, of hope and despair, fused in his imagination inspired him to write this poem(Rampersad). In the poem, Hughes ties himself to his ancestors, placing them in critical historical, religious, and cultural placed all over the world(GradeSaver). It starts with the speaking of his coalition to ancient rivers around the world that existed long before humankind, which in turn made his soul grow deep like rivers. Back then, white people viewed black people as inferior and here, Hughes shows historical equality. He continues to mention four famous rivers, beginning with the Euphrates river, which historians often call the birthplace of human civilization. Next with the Congo River which was home to many flourishing African Kingdoms. Then the narrator mentions the Nile River and Egyptian pyramids. There, he sees the creation of these structures which are deemed one of man's greatest venture of architecture(GradeSaver). Finally, he goes on the write about the Mississippi River, which he connects American Slavery to Abraham Lincoln. Hughes uses the imagery of roots, veins, rivers as a statement for African American history. Many African civilizations prospered amidst rivers and, according to Nicole Smith, gave life and allowed human veins and firm historical roots. The narrator associates African continuity with the rivers because, like roots and the veins, the rivers gave nutrients essential to their civilization growth and endurance. An essential line in this poem is, My soul has grown deep like the rivers (Hughes). This line is important because alludes that rivers are not only like the actual roots of a bush or a tree, or even the veins in human body, but are like the soul. In another stanza, the narrator states he's known rivers, an innuendo to roots of knowledge. Even as a biblical reference, trees have been affiliated with knowledge. This knowledge he refers to is similar to preeminent cultural identity and knowledge and roots. These are supported and continued by generations of bloodlines. In America, being any other race besides white, makes being successful and respected a lot harder.

To be a minority in America is to be seen as inferior and incapable of being anything more than the stereotypes upon your race. To be white in America is to be seen as regular and normal, because they are the majority. Black men usually have to put on a facade when they get around white men. This is because throughout history, black men have always been seen as inferior to the white man. Back then, a black man's mood would change around a white man. Being a white man meant you had a power over whoever you felt was under you so in many cases, a white man could walk in a restaurant and demand that a black man gives up his seat for the white man. I, Too was written by Hughes in 1932 and he also uses free verse. This poem was meant to show that not only white people are American, but African American people are too and should be treated the same. Hughes uses I multiple times throughout this poem to show his personal feelings to the matter of how black people were being treated unequal. In the second stanza, he says, I am the darker brother meaning that just because he is African American doesn't mean he isn't an American. In the next five meters he says They send me to eat in the kitchen. When company comes, but I laugh, and eat well, and grow strong. Here, Hughes is stating that African Americans don't worry about what is being done, but how they are growing diligent and stronger as segregation continues, knowing that equality should come soon. Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans weren't allowed to eat in the same place as white people. African Americans couldn't use the same entrances or exits, bathrooms, or the same room to eat food in. This is why he mentions that they sent him to the kitchen to eat. In the third stanza, a preview of the future will be like. Hughes uses tomorrow as a metaphor for the future. Tomorrow, I'll be at the table when the company comes. Nobody'll dare say to me, Eat in the kitchen, then. Hughes's use of I is used to show how soon African Americans will rise and be one with the rest of America. In the fourth stanza commences in a way which says African Americans are not genetically bad, but genetically good. The stanza reads Besides, they'll see how beautiful I am and be ashamed, I too, am America. Hughes says here that once African Americans are views as equal, everyone will see they are not bad but beautiful just like America. Mother to Son was published in 1922. The poem is a conversation between mother and son and the mother is encouraging her son to keep pushing for what he wants regardless of how hard the journey may be. She says her life has not been a crystal stair, meaning her life hasn't been simple.

She uses splinters and broken stairs to symbolize how her journey up her stairs of life hasn't been easy but regardless, she is still travelling. Mother knows her son's life isn't going to be easy, so she is trying to prepare him for what is to come. This poem is meant to give encouragement to continue to move in life, no matter how hard or difficult life may seem. It is also a great representation of the love a Mother will always have her son. Since she is older, she knows what challenges life could have for her son, so she motivates her son to be gallant and courageous in the midst of the future problems. The reader gathers that the Mother wasn't raised in the best of conditions, but she needed to go through these experiences in order to become the person she is today. Mother also mentions times in darkness, which alludes that there were times she didn't know where she was headed and had many low times in her life, but still, she continued on her journey of life. So just like she has done, she encourages her son to continue on his journey of life, regardless of the hardships

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Langston Hughes a Renaissance Poet

Harlem Renaissance, a blossoming of African American culture was and still is regarded as the most influential movement in the literary history of African Americans. By embracing the different literary forms and visual arts, artists sought to hypothesize the Negro apart from the rest of the white people population. The renaissance had most for its sources from the black people communities in the Caribbean and the United States of America and was well manifested even beyond the Harlem. This period was experienced between 1918 and 1939 between which Black exiles from Africa and the Caribbean crossed paths with other Americans from New York and other states after the World War I. This period was characterized with artistic & literary movements and civil rights & reforms organizations and available were magazines such as The Crisis to publish various artistic works. Langston Hughes rose to the poetry fame during this era. His works were actually motivated by activities that took place during this period when Blacks were denied the freedom and many rights that were enjoyed comfortably by other Americans. Therefore, instead of broadening his field of work, he was consumed by the politics revolving around the plight of the Blacks and he ended up basing most of his works, if not all, on this particular topic.

Langston Hughes a novelist, a poet, and playwright born on February 1st, 1902 in Missouri. He completed high school in 1920 after which he joined his father for a short stay in Mexico. Early in 1921, he published his first poem entitled The Negro Speaks of Rivers on the Crisis Magazine. He received very many praises and this acted as motivation to continue with poetry. In the same year, Hughes returned to the United States of America and enrolled at Columbia University and studied briefly before joining the Harlem burgeoning movement or commonly referred to as the Harlem Renaissance. He dropped out of Columbia the following year and joined a freighter as a steward. It is during this year that he was taken to Spain and Africa. After leaving the ship in 1924, he began concentrating much on his poetry. He met an American poet, Vachel Lindsay who was very instrumental in Hughes career as a poet especially seeing him through the first publication of his book in 1926. He went on to write incalculable plays, prose and worked of poetry as well as contributing on a popular column in Chicago Defender. In spite of his death from a complication caused by prostate cancer in May 1967, Langton's works continue to be published and translated across the globe. He had consistent African-American themes of freedom and equality in much of his poetry.

The poem Let America be America again mainly focus on the idea of the American dream and how impossible to an aspect of attaining freedom, happiness and equality are for most of the Americans. The poem is presented as both a criticism of America as a nation and what it can possibly be. The speaker critiques what America has been in the past decades; full of oppression & greed and stained by power and on the other hand gives the reader what America can be in the future; a nation full of hope, equality, freedom, and justice for all. The speaker also outlines the reasons as to why ideal America is no more but it could still be. For the poor and oppressed in the society, the reality of a day when they will achieve and enjoy justice and happiness makes their dreams a cruel illusion that may never come to pass.

The entire poem screams out the plea to restore the old America that was habitable and a happy home for everyone. It is some kind of lyrical speech or personal hymn towards attaining freedom and justice for the people of America. For instance in the sixth to the eighth line in the poem, the poet expresses an emphasis on the initial version that the people had for America; as a nation of equality and unending love for everyone. He says neither Let America be the dream the dreamers dreamed-let be that great strong land of love- Where never kings connive nor tyrants' scheme. There is the hope of love in the future for the people who then will be equal. They would in turn stand against the tyrants who will try to scheme for a rush of the united nation.

Between lines eleven and sixteen, the speaker emphasizes the fact that to him America has never existed. He even highlights the outer ideals of the symbol of liberty in America. The use of capital 'L' in word Liberty can be viewed as a representation of the statue of liberty which is a famous icon symbolizing freedom. The same way that equality and happiness have been out of reach for the past years in America so does the speaker say about freedom. He says There's never been equality for me, nor freedom in this ?homeland of the free. Towards the end of the poem, the speaker concludes by noting that despite the old terrible political and criminal system, Americans will still find a way to renew themselves, dust off and rebuild something sustainable for the current and future generations. There is still hope for the esteemed American dream. He says Out of the rack and ruin of our gangster death, the rape and rot of graft, and stealth, and lies, we, the people, must redeem the land, the mines, the plants, the rivers, the mountains, and the endless plain.

Langston's poem Refugee in America presented haunting echoes of the struggle for freedom and parity in America. At the beginning of the poem, the speaker says There are words like freedom, sweet and wonderful to say. On my heart-strings, freedom sings, all day every day. According to this first stanza, the entire concept of freedom, which most Americans lack, screams hope ad a yearning for greatness among the people. The speaker humanizes freedom as being able to sing deep in his heart in order to be able to bring out the point that it is an integral part of human life. Therefore, Americans should not rest until they have achieved it for everyone. In the twentieth century most Americans, especially black Americans struggled so much to achieve equality in America and up to the time Hughes was putting down this poem, some of them were still not fully liberated from the effects of racism in America.

The message behind the poem Refugee in America is clear; that regardless of the language spoken by any group of people: The actions truly matter. In the second stanza of the poem, the speaker says There are words like liberty, that almost make me cry. If you had known what I knew, you would know why. The term liberty is often used interchangeably with the word freedom. This means that in these lines, the speaker is still trying to accentuate on the concept of freedom but in different words. The point behind mentioning the same point in different terms could be to broaden the understanding of the reader. Liberty is the ability of someone to act out once presented with freedom. It is possible to be guaranteed freedom and be denied liberty. Hence, it is necessary to fight for both since they are complementary in nature. Every American should have the right to freedom and be able to access it in full capacity. That is why some Americans were perceived lost and in the hunt for liberation despite the fact that they had freedom.

The poem Harlem by Langston Hughes is majorly inclined towards the new mood that covered many African Americans after World War II. The writer, Langston, did not discriminate anyone's dream no matter how lame or difficult to achieve it seemed. He took the stay of each dream to heart since for whatever African Americans did, their dreams always differed. The African Americans; a dream that is being addressed in the poem is the right to life, liberty, happiness and the quest for equality. The blacks were seeking parity in the land of opportunities and for a respected and dignified identity with the rest of American's population. The speaker begins by asking a question about dreams. Later, he presents a series of follow-up questions on the possibilities of what might happen to a postponed dream. He asks, Does it dry up, like a raisin in the sun? (Hughes, 6). This statement carries with it a connotation of a dream that was once live and chances are that it is now no more; it is dry. Some time back, Blacks in America were hopeful that will attain some peace and liberty in the country but due to the delay of the issue, they almost gave up.

Later in the poem, the speaker likens unfulfilled dreams to a soar. He says Or does it fester like a sore and then run? A postponed dream like that of the blacks to be awarded liberty and happiness in the states is more so like a painful injury that inflicts pain on a patient when it is infected. He also asks, Or does it stink like rotten meat? All these questions add to the distaste of African Americans given that they are left out in the circle to enjoy rights as the other white Americans. The poet thus suggests that they should keep pestering the system until their dreams are realized. The entire poem is built on rhetoric questions regarding the pain African Americans had to go through before they got the freedom and liberty that they deserved.

Of the three poems analyzed above; Let America be America again, Refugee in America and Harlem, the themes of freedom and equality are greatly brought out. Actually, they come out almost naturally. The rhymes in all of the three poems tend to bring about a touch of familiarity of the theme to the audience as a way of reinforcing the meaning behind the words. The different speakers across the three poems address a common American dream; whether it is a deferred dream, undelivered freedom or the possibility that one day America will regain its previous state and become a haven of equality and peace to its entire population despite their colour and race orientations. In my view, the poet did a good job trying to pass the message on freedom and equality to the people of America and beyond. The poems undoubtedly delivered the message.

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Harlem Renaissance and African Americans in the World

There are many time periods or movements that have changed the history of America forever. Though several may have come to mind, there is one that drastically changed the outlook on African American rights: the Harlem Renaissance, a time period when a large number of African Americans began to emerge as intelligent writers. This time period and movement was extremely important because it changed the way society viewed African Americans. These writers were able to express their thoughts and feelings through papers and other works of art to show the world that their lives are of value. Of all the writers represented in the Harlem Renaissance, one specific writer stood out as an intelligent and bold man who changed lives and influenced many changes: Langston Hughes.

Langston Hughes was born in 1902 and grew up in Kansas with his grandparents. He later left his grandparents' home to live with his mother, but his father had moved to Mexico and was not very involved in his life. Many people who knew Hughes or studied his life have said that this parental neglect could have caused him to be more interested in reading and poetry. His years of loneliness and wondering may have given him the desire to learn about various subjects.
Though Langston Hughes first became well-known through his writing in the Harlem Renaissance, he has always been interested in poetry and other types of writing. From a young age, Hughes was passionate about black rights and most often expressed his thoughts through poetry. In his poems, he was sure to talk about racial oppression and the problems that arise from it. Not only did he work on his own poems, but he also wrote for The Chicago Defender. He wrote a column for this company and like always, he included black rights and left-landed black workers. Expressing his thoughts through writing became his priority and through the Harlem Renaissance, he was able to make his voice heard.

There are many different poems he wrote during this time period that showed his opinions and would eventually impact the history of America, including: I, Too, Theme for English B, and Democracy. These poems each had a way of catching the attention of his audience and bolding stating what he believed.
In the poem I, Too, Hughes begins by speaking of a table. Due to the color of his skin, he is not invited to sit at the table when company comes, but has to eat in the kitchen, instead. This occurrence does not cause him to lose hope, because tomorrow, he will be able to sit at the table. He says this statement firmly, showing that he is confident in the riddance of oppression. Not only will he be able to sit at the table, but he says, They'll see how beautiful I am and be ashamed (Hughes) In this poem, Hughes is telling society that once they realize the beauty and value African Americans bring to the world, they will be ashamed at how they once treated them. This poem makes the reader feel a bit guilty and foreshadows how a large majority of Americans feel about past mistreatment of African Americans.

The second poem by Hughes, Theme for English B, is set in a college classroom. When the instructor gives the class directions to write a paper for homework, he tells them to let the words come out of the page and they will be true. Hughes began to reflect on this statement and asks, I wonder if it's that simple? (Hughes) He begins his assignment by describing his physical features and interests, and later points out that being colored makes him no different than everyone else. He speaks directly to the instructor, saying, Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be a part of me. Nor do I often want to be a part of you. But we are, that's true! As I learn from you, I guess you learn from me - although you're older - and white - and somewhat more free. (Hughes) This excerpt shows that though he and the professor have their differences, they are both American and have the opportunity to learn from each other, work together, and simply become acquainted with one another. This was vital information in that time period because oftentimes, white people did not associate themselves with African Americans. Hughes points out to the audience that they are all human - whites and African Americans may have their differences, including the color of their skin, but they are still able to work and make a difference together.

In Democracy, Langston Hughes begins to complain about the treatment African Americans receive. He is not shy, saying, I tire so of hearing people say, Let things take their course. Tomorrow is another day. I do not need my freedom when I'm dead. I cannot live on tomorrow's bread. (Hughes) He is tired of waiting on the freedom he has always longed for. Through this poem, the reader can tell that he is anxious and ready for a change to be made in the treatment of people his color. As he states at the end of the poem, he wanted freedom just as white people had, because after all, he is a human, just like they are. These bold statements show the reader that he was serious about his beliefs.

Through his poems, Langston Hughes is not afraid to speak boldly about how he believes. It is clear that he has a mission and will not stop working until it is accomplished. Hughes is able to be kind, but a little pushy, to make society see the need in equal rights. He uses many different settings, such as the dinner table and the classroom, to show that this oppression happens everywhere. It brings hardships and does not make sense. Hughes does a good job of convincing the reader why it should not be continued. His persuasive technique is perfect.

Overall, the Harlem Renaissance changed how the world viewed African Americans. They had the opportunity to speak out to show the world their intelligence and who they were. They were able to do this through their different forms of writings and arts. Langston Hughes happened to be a staple in this movement, boldly proclaiming what he believed through his poetry. He was able to impact the history and movements of America by showing people not to be afraid to stand up for what they believe - he believed in black rights and was proud in showing that, leading to a change in the world's view of African Americans. If it weren't for Langston Hughes and the others supporting his work during the Harlem Renaissance, it is likely that equal rights would be the same today as it was many years ago - treated with disrespect and unequal viewpoints.

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Walmart Negotiation Strategies

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Walmart’s Grocery Pickup Operational Excellence

Introduction

Background

Statement of the problem

Research Objectives

Main Research Objectives

Methodology

The Research Design

The sample

Limitations

Target?® BOPIS

Kroger?®

Challenges

Recommended Solutions

References

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Walmart’s Mission Statement and Vision Statement

Statement of the Problem

Conclusion

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American Solar Technology

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Sojourner Truth and her Mission

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Sojourner Truth Speech

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About Sojourner Truth

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The Golden Compass and Paradise Lost

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Similarities in a Tale of Two Cities

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Organic Foods Vs. Conventional Foods

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Are Organic Foods Worth the Expensive Price?

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Organic Food: is it Worth It?

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Healthy Meals through the Day

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Benefits of Organic Food

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The Debate on Steroids

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Medically Prescribed Steroids

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The Wife of Bath Seeing the Complexity over the Norm

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