Month: June 2019
An Issue of Sexism
Whether one takes pleasure in sports or not, hundreds, thousands and even millions of people are brought together by sporting events. Sports broadcasters are play-by-play announcers for sports networks or for a specific team. Several duties that sports broadcasters are accounted for are presenting news, calling games, and interviewing players. But does having a great voice and exciting catchphrases, all it takes to have a successful journey? The business is all about telling stories, so why does it matter if women sportscasters are attractive in order to get the job?
Plenty of sports have judges but the darker aspect of sports where judging goes too far and is not acceptable is judging women sports broadcaster. In the world of sports, they are typically seen as eye candy. ESPN Radio host and SportsCenter Reporter, Sarah Spain, host a bunch of female sports reporters to discuss the objectification of women as it relates to sexism and more.
Meanwhile, a man is judged by his knowledge of sports while women are judged on their looks and fashion sense. Often male sports fan resort to threatening comments on women Facebook, Twitter, and even on comment sections on blogs where they disagree with an opinion from the sports reporters. A major segment on the Podcast was clothing. Women sports reporter's deal with the decision on what to wear to work on a daily bases. This was not a surprising issue because I believe women get judge on their bodies every second of the day by men and even by females. For instance, you could be walking to the train station all covered up and a man would turn around to stare at your butt, or if your makeup or hair is not on point another female would make comments instead of helping.
As a woman, you cannot control how you are seen to the public and it is uncomfortable being sexualized when you are not seeking that kind of attention. This one Australian newscaster wore the same suit every single day for a year and received no comments, while women have to figure out what to wear that won't reveal as distracting. The number one problem is that women are bombarded with starring and comments directed towards the amount of cleavage they are showing. At this point, it is a struggle to figure out how to dress in a way that is both professional, appropriate and attractive for television.
Furthermore, SportsCenter anchor Elle Duncan explains that she became so incredibly uncomfortable that she asked to stop doing on cam leads. Words are hurtful and people are downgrading women on their jobs when they should just be valued on their knowledge and passion for the sport. One speaker who spoke out was Rebecca Haarlow. She was criticized for having a single eyelash out of place.
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Sexism in Brazil
Abstract
The creation of this paper is based upon various of topics such topics, are being focussed on in only Brazil. The topics that are being focused on in the paper are sexism and sexaual harrasment on afro-latina women. It gives a brief overview on what is sexism and sexual harassment. And the influences on the topic specifically which were the current and previous president of Brazil. Also it touches on what the exact problem afro-latina women face. To later lead that into the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article used and how it ties into relation with Brazil. With every problem it has a positive solution that is allowing afro-latina women to practice their written rights with no problem.
Sexism in Brazil
Brazil is one of the most known countries not only for their vast population but for their strong culture, identity, and uniqueness. Brazil is one of the largest countries located in the continent South America. The capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, which is the most popular city in the country for obvious reasons. Most commonly known for the statue that overlooks the entire city day and night, Christ the Redeemer. The statue represents a strong symbol of the religion Christianity across the world, and also shows how passionate their country is for their religion. The statue has also become a cultural icon not only in Brazil but all over the world. According toEncyclopedia Britannica “It was completed in 1931 and stands 98 feet tall, its horizontally outstretched arms spanning 92 feet. The statue, made of reinforced concrete clad in a mosaic of thousands of triangular soapstone tiles, sits on a square stone pedestal base about 26 feet high, which itself is situated on a deck atop the mountain’s summit.” (Murray, 2011) Another major urban populated city in Brazil is known as Sao Paulo.
Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 
Just to give more background knowledge on the history of Brazil, according to academic article A Study Of The Country Brazil, “Because of the rapid growth experienced by this countryin terms of urban development, industrialisation and population at the beginning of the 21st century, Brazil is facing a number of social, environmental and political challenges.” (Meyer, 2010) The countries population at this moment is estimated to be around 209.3 million people according to United States census bureau. As each year continues to pass us the more and more that number rises. Also according to, A Study Of The Country Brazil, “However, it is also because of this growth that it is doing so well in terms of its economy. In fact, it is one of the world’s largest andmost significant economies. It is also the only Portuguese-speaking country in both North and South America.” (Meyer, 2010)
These heritages date all the way back to the 1700’s, decades andcenturies ago. Apart from Brazil’s huge population and being geographically huge, Brazil is veryunique just as its people. Because according to, A Study Of The Country Brazil, “It comprises dense rain forests and jungles, expanses of coastline, towering mountains, oceanic archipelagos (or clusters of islands), rivers, scrublands and rolling plains. Because of such a variation in habitats available to plants and animals, Brazil boasts a rich array of fauna and flora.” (Meyer, 2010) Going back to this country’s great size and population, their population is made up with avast amount of women. Lately in Brazil their women have been overlooked not only in their everyday lives, but also as an equal part to their society. Not only in Brazil has this problem beenoccuring, it’s actually a worldwide movement by women. Most commonly known by the #Metoomovements going around all over the United States of America. Sadly Brazil doesn’t have the same appeal and attention as the United States does, and many women in Brazil are being
Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 3overlooked and not having any say or any representation in their government. Women basically do not have any equal rights as men do and they deserve to be treated equally just as every other women in this world does.One of the most important people playing an enormous role in this sexism issue in Brazil is the face of the country and fairly new elected president Jair Bolsonaro. According to BBC news “Jair Bolsonaro is a retired military officer and more famously known for being a Brazilianpolitician. He has served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies, representing the one of the biggest cities in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, since 1991.” (Arnold, October 2018)
Lately since President Bolsonaro’s election he hasn’t been looked at too great in the media’s eyes and has seemed to be in the news for all the wrong reasons. Many beg to comparisons of United States president Donald Trump in same attitude, behavior and most importantly ideas. Also according to BBC news “However critics are worried by his praise of Brazil's former dictatorship, and by his comments on race, women and homosexuality. In one infamous incident in 2015 he told a fellow lawmaker she was too ugly to rape.” (Arnold, October 2018) Since then media and other outlet sources have deemed President Bolsonaro as "Trump of the Tropics". President Bolsonaro continuous controversial comments to the media, his populist approach to the way he looks and handles politics and also pro-gun stance has not helped out the sexism problem at all in Brazil, if anything it has added to it much more and made it much more difficult to help resolve. As of August 31st 2016, the entire country of Brazil has been under construction, since the impeachment of their former president Dilma Rousseff. Mrs. Dilma was a Brazilian economist, she was the perfect leader Brazil needed and was more than fit to run office. Especially with the entire issue at hand with women inequality, with Dilma in office what better
Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 5people sake. But women are facing unjust behavior towards them for the sake of what ? Something has to change.Elijah Daniels & Dawson RampersaudProfessor Vargas LLS 100 FY - 49December 17, 2018Abstract The creation of this paper is based upon various of topics such topics, are being focussed on in only Brazil. The topics that are being focused on in the paper are sexism and sexaual harrasment on afro-latina women. It gives a brief overview on what is sexism and sexual harassment.
And Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 6the influences on the topic specifically which were the current and previous president of Brazil. Also it touches on what the exact problem afro-latina women face. To later lead that into the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article used and how it ties into relation with Brazil. With every problem it has a positive solution that is allowing afro-latina women to practice their written rights with no problem. Brazil is one of the most known countries not only for their vast population but for their strong culture, identity, and uniqueness. Brazil is one of the largest countries located in the continent South America. The capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, which is the most popular city in the country for obvious reasons. Most commonly known for the statue that overlooks the entire city day and night, Christ the Redeemer. The statue represents a strong symbol of the religion Christianity across the world, and also shows how passionate their country is for their religion. The statue has also become a cultural icon not only in Brazil but all over the world.
According to Encyclopedia Britannica “It was completed in 1931 and stands 98 feet tall, its horizontally outstretched arms spanning 92 feet. The statue, made of reinforced concrete clad in a mosaic of thousands of triangular soapstone tiles, sits on a square stone pedestal base about 26 feet high, which itself is situated on a deck atop the mountain’s summit.” (Murray, 2011)For those of you who do not know of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights it was “drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations.”(United Nations, 2017) In other words it is articles that have written rights which condone to absolutely everyone that the higher ups of a cultural or nations has agreed to use. From those articles we Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 7used articles 7 and 19.Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states “All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.”(United Nations, 2017)
Which means all people no matter color nor race are equal and under the law it prevents discrimination against people of all kinds. So now knowing the true meaning behind article 7 the question remains of how are afro-latina women in Brazil being discriminated against? Previously stated in 2017 on The International Mother’s day he said “ I am absolutely convinced,...[that I know], how much a woman does for the household, for the home, creating a home for the children, and if society somehow goes well and the children grow-up well, it is because of its formidable home training and, surely, it is not the men who do it, it’s the women”(C.F.F.P., 2017) For a current president to say such rash sayings about the women of Brazil only shows the amount of disrespect that is hidden behind scenes. Not only is it disrespectful but, hurtful to the working class of women who actually are being undermined just by him sharing his thoughts on what he thinks the women do in society. It does not stop there in did you know that the legal age is 18 for women to be allowed to marry but, the “law allows girlsto marry at 16 with parental consent”(Tavares, 2017).
Wonder why women are given the option to be married off at such an young age and the option to be married if happened to be pregnant? The answer is simple women are not set to be put at the same standards as men. That is why there is always an option to be married off no matter the age and circumstances. Also it only shows that they believe women are not capable of living without an man which is indirectly
Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 8discriminating against women which violates article 7. Another example of the discrimination women face is the act of sexual harassment. The “domestic workers, who are predominantly Afro-Brazilian, have been systematically harassed by their male employers. This centuries-old power play dates back to slavery.”(Caldwell, 2018). There has been thousands of women who continue to face these hardships with the help of no one, the only option is to stay quite. What is the cause of all this? It is simple they are women they are looked down upon when it comes to their social status. They do not have enough power alone to change the outcome so it makes them an easier target to discriminate against.The next article that the afro-Brazilian women used to their full advantage is article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”(United Nations, 2017)
In other words it the right to access information of choice and the of spread the information however you may want. That is exactly what the afro-brazilian women do in order to spread the information of the hoffric events they go through.The difficulty afro-Brazilian women face when it comes to women sharing what is happening to them is almost unreal to the extent of how these acts are even still going on. In 2015 there was a campaign that was started in the United States called #MeToo which later'd on got adopted by the women of brazil. Named the “#MeuPrimeiroAssedio, or #MyFirstHarrassment. In its first five days, the hashtag racked up 82,000 tweets detailing the chronic sexual harassment of women in this South American nation. It soon spread across Latin America in Spanish translation as #MiPrimerAcoso” (Caldwell, 2018). This was the only humane way women could use the law to their advantage is thanks to article 19. Also not only Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 9did they use article 19 to their advantages, but they were able to put out such information that only a afro-Brazilian could have known about like what healthcare in Brazil actually is and how if happened to afro-Brazilian plastic surgery is almost forced upon them. Afro-Brazilian women had faced all types of difficulties even healthcare which were free nationwide were going againstthem. For example “black women are two and a half times more likely to die from an abortion than white person”, why is that? (Caldwell, 2018)
Women of such color are not made to be put at such a higher priority so they are put last given the worse attention to. Also to add salt to the wound afro-Brazilian women features are not even supported. Even “medical doctors may neglect black Brazilian women, but plastic surgeons pursue them. Since the 1960s, Brazilian cosmetic surgery has been included in Brazil Nationalhealth care system” which practically screams out to those women of color that a more European look is more “natural” to have(Caldwell, 2018).When coming to a humane solution to cause less of a problem with the government that is in their rights is to use social media as they were doing. Using social actually a lot easier than most make it seem because there is so much information being put out for anyone disposal. As far as afro-Brazilian women being to use the internet they should continue to work on the instagram campaign they started called ##MeuPrimeiroAssedio. This allowed them to put information of what has been going in Brazil with no problem with the government. This movement on instagram has racked up too over 85,000 retweets and it has gotten a lot of young activist attention which is a positive outcome. Because of this day and age kids happen to rule the internet and anything they see and what to draw attention it is possible because of how much of an influence kids have. Not only kids influence on the internet, but since the youth is next up they have such a big part on how the governments handle situations that may affect them.
Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 10One of the most beautifulest places in the world also known as Brazil with the most diverse cultural ever are even facing hardships when it comes to respecting the afro-Brazilian women of the country. Even with all the mistakes and unfairness their women face their is no limit to how potential the country has to change for the better of the economy or even for the people sake. But women are facing unjust behavior towards them for the sake of what ? Something has to change.
Reference
- Caldwell, K.L. (2018, January 11) Beyond #metoo, brazil women rise up against racism and sexism. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/beyond-metoo-brazilian-women-rise-up-against-racism-and-sexism-89117Unknown (2018, December 14)
 - Brazil's gender trouble: sources of inequality in brazilianinstitutions and political representation. Retrieved from https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org/journal/2017/12/8/brazils-gender-trouble-sources-of-inequality-in-brazilian-institutions-and-political-representation
 - United Nations (1984, December) Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/Fredman, S. (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from https://www.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/Documents/Issues/Women/WG/ESL/RoletEqualityandNonDiscriminationLawsinWomensEconomic.docx&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1
 - Sexism & Sexual Harassment In Brazil 11Cabinet, P. M. (2017, October 24). Identifying and eliminating everyday sexism. Retrieved from https://www.pmc.gov.au/news-centre/office-women/identifying-and-eliminating-everyday-sexism
 - Jair, B. (2011, August 7) Topics. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cdr1vzk8ngvt/jair-bolsonaroTavares, P. (2017, March 20) How does brazilian law see women? Retrieved from https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/how-does-brazilian-law-see-womenMurray. E (2011, December 12)
 - Encyclopedia BritannicaMeyer. J (2010, May) A Study Of The Country BrazilFriedman. C (2016, May 20) The Brazilian Accords
 
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Parallels between the Gilgamesh Surge Account and the Scriptural Surge Account
There are numerous parallels between the Gilgamesh surge account and the scriptural surge account starting specifically with God picking a noble man to construct an ark because of an approaching extraordinary surge. This surge or flood was meant to get rid of all humans because God or gods were displeased with them. In the two records, all types of creatures were to be on the ark, and winged animals were utilized after the downpours to decide whether surge waters had dried up anywhere and uncovered dry land. In both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew bible's story, the flood was caused because the humans were behaving badly and had to be punished. This then lead to death, destruction, and rebirth all caused by billions of gallons of water flooding the earth. These texts share unusual themes with key elements occurring in the same order and sequence, and we cannot brush this off by simply saying that this was just an instance of the same combination of uncommon unrelated motifs in the same sequence.
In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the gods decide to destroy mankind by causing a fatal flood that lasted for six days and six nights. In the Hebrew bible, also known as the old testament, God also decides to flood the earth due to the human's bad behavior, only for a longer time. In Genesis the storm lasted for 40 days. And rain fell upon the earth forty days and forty nights (Genesis 7:12). These two details are very parallel to each other, along with many other similar details in both texts. For a long time, there has been a controversy around the very similar details, and whether one copied from another. The situation at hand definitely makes it seem as if the Hebrew bible consciously and purposely derived ideas and motifs from the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh emerges as one of the soonest known works in the mankind's history. It is an epic sonnet whose exposition portray the story rotating around the life of a man named Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh was the King of Urukthe superb Sumerian city that is situated in present day Iraq. This noteworthy wonderful bit of writing really originates before Homer's most punctual works by 1500 years.
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Gilgamesh and the Bible
While reading Gilgamesh, I was struck by the similarities between the story being told and that of the stories compiled within the Bible. The correlations between the two made me question whether or not Gilgamesh somehow influenced the creation of certain narratives within the religion I practice today. It is interesting to read something that potentially helped fashion Christianity into what it has become over the centuries. I can see the influence of Gilgamesh in quite a few places in the Bible, including but not limited to, the creation of Adam, the corruption of Adam, and the great flood.
When I was little, the first story I remember being told in church centered around Adam and Eve, specifically their creation. I never questioned the validity of the story, nor did I ponder its origins. To me, if it was in the Bible, then it must be true. While reading Gilgamesh, it was almost like I was transported back into my old Sunday school class. Enkidu, Gilgamesh's best friend, is created by the goddess Aruru. She moistened her hands, she pinched off some clay, she threw it into the wilderness, kneaded it, shaped it to her idea, and fashioned a man (Mitchell 74). In the Bible, God creates Adam, who is the first man on Earth. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life (Bible 2). Both of these powerful beings create a man from an idea and use nature to mold him into formation. To top it all off, both of these deities' thrust their newly formed, pure, and ignorant beings into places that can easily be described as paradise on Earth.
In addition to the creation of Adam, the Bible seems to also mimic the corruption of Enkidu when it details the deception that leads to Adam and Eve's enlightenment. In the garden, Adam and Eve live a simple life devoid of the knowledge of sin. The couple's ignorance of sin is represented by their nakedness. And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed (Bible 3). In Gilgamesh, Enkidu roamed all over the wilderness, naked, far from the cities of men (Mitchell 75). His innocence is also represented in his nakedness. Adam is corrupted when he listens to his wife, Eve, and eats from the tree of knowledge. Enkidu is corrupted when he has sexual intercourse with a priestess named Ishtar. The characters are stripped of their innocence after being tempted and deceived by females. Furthermore, both females' actions are being manipulated in different ways by other characters. Despite the reasoning behind the deceptions, Enkidu and Adam can never reclaim what they have lost. Enkidu is no longer accepted by the animals that raised him and Adam is cast out of the garden.
Finally, perhaps the most glaring similarity between the Bible and Gilgamesh is that of a world-wide flood. In the Bible, there is a flood that lasts for forty days and forty nights and wipes out all life on Earth. And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man (Bible 9). In Gilgamesh, a similar flood occurs and eradicates practically all of civilization. There was no life at all. The human race had turned into clay (Mitchell 187). Characters in both stories avoid dying by building a large ship. In addition to this, both characters build such a vessel because they were instructed how to by a higher power at play.
In conclusion, there are many similarities between the Bible and Gilgamesh. The stories show how Gods create life and also interfere in it. Examining whether or not Gilgamesh did influence the creation of the Bible is a lofty feat that I wish I could delve deeper into. Gilgamesh is described as, the oldest story in the world, a thousand years older than the Iliad or the Bible (Mitchell 1). Its' influence is spread throughout the stories we hear and tell ourselves, even today. Whether we talk about the creation of Adam and Eve or watch a film with Chris Evans depicting Captain America, themes from Gilgamesh are present within the narratives. However, if Gilgamesh existed thousands of years ago, is it not safe to wager that other stories also existed? Is it plausible that other stories remain hidden, waiting to be unearthed? Reading this story not only helped me see the similarities between this enticing tale and the Bible, but it also helped me see connections between this ancient text and that of the modern world.
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Book Review: the Vegetarian by Han Kang
While reading this novel, we learn that Yeong-hye decides to become a vegetarian after seeing the brutal torment that animals go through in a recurring nightmare. The torment was so gruesome that it sparked a difference in her behavior and character. She began to change her eating habit because of it. Yells and howls, threaded together layer upon layer, are enmeshed to form that lump. Because of meat. I ate too much meat. The lives of the animals I ate have all lodged there. Blood and flesh, all those butchered bodies are scattered in every nook and cranny, and though the physical remnants were excreted, their lives still stick stubbornly to my insides. When she started to get rid of all of the meat in the house, her husband just took it as a phase but soon he and the father began to talk down on her which could've also caused her mind to slowly drift away. Mental abuse is just as hurtful as physical abuse and Yeong-hye had endure that from her own husband. "My word, so you're one of those "vegetarians, are you" my boss asked" (pg. 23).
Due to Yeong-hye's father using physical force to shove meat down her throat, she attempted suicide. I believe this was the first red flag that would've alerted her family that Yeong-hye needed to see a psychiatrist. Instead of her husband trying to get Yeong-hye help, he leaves her and your love one abandoning you can cause anyone to fall into a depressing state of mind. Yeong-hye started out being just depressed but I believe it escalated deeper.
In the second half of the novel, Yeong-hye demonstrates her mental illness through her behavior. Three years later, Yeong-hye now refuses all and any food. Now, Yeong-hye's sister is the only person that hasn't abandoned her but her husband begins take an interest in Yeong-hye. She allows him to do what he wants with her and she doesn't stop him. I believe that something in her knew she was doing something wrong but I believe mentally she just didn't know how to speak up and say no. Her depression could have made her want the sexual attention again since she was no longer married so she gave in to him.
Now Yeong-hye is put in an inpatient mental facility, placed there by her sister to hopefully get some medical help and advice. Yeong-hye starts to believe that she is a tree by doing handstands. Look, sister, I'm doing a handstand; leaves are growing out of my body, roots are sprouting out of my hands...they delve down into the earth. Endlessly, endlessly...yes, I spread my legs because I wanted flowers to bloom from my crotch; I spread them wide... I don't believe Yeong-hye knew what exactly she wanted in life but she needed something to up to or be like maybe .That could be a reason why she wanted people to see her as a tree instead of a human.
I don't believe that vegetarianism is the cause for her mental illness but just maybe a lifelong endurance of pain caused by her family, made her slowly begin to lose her mind and the dreams of the animals just sparked it. The only person that really cared for Yeong-hye was her sister. In-hye was proud of herself for wanting to change her lifestyle but she soon realized that she was spiraling out of control and went and found her help immediately. Everything would be fine as long as she just kept going, just carried on with her life as she always had done. In any case there was no other way (p. 169). In the end, Yeong just wanted to be free of the pain and have her life relived in another way.In-hye understood that her sister was no longer the same and that she needed to let go. The feeling that she had never really lived in this world caught her by surprise. It was a fact. She had never lived. Even as a child, as far back as she could remember, she had done nothing but endure. She had believed in her own inherent goodness, her humanity, and lived accordingly, never causing anyone harm. Her devotion to doing things the right way had been unflagging, all her successes had depended on it, and she would have gone on like that indefinitely. She didn't understand why, but faced with those decaying buildings and straggling grasses, she was nothing but a child who had never lived.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh – the Early Legend of Gilgamesh
The Epic of Gilgamesh is the early legend of Gilgamesh, a man who was two thirds god that was spared by friendship. The tale of Gilgamesh was one of the world's first dynamic works, but above that the first epic. An epic is a long poem, usually one from old oral tradition, depicting the deeds and endauvers of unimaginable figures of the historical backdrop of a country. Through years of interpretation The Epic of Gilgamesh has become an ageless classic. Gilgamesh was the savage wild bull (1.81) and reckless king of Uruk, who invested his energy assaulting women, harassing citizens, and defeating enemies and taking land. Everything suddenly changed when he met, battled and was guided by his extraordinary companion and immaculate partner, Enkidu; created by the gods as Gilgamesh's equal in response to the citizens of Uruk's cry for help from their evil king. The love and friendship the two shared helped to mold and change the two characters, each giving up part of their individual lives and giving that part of it to the other. With the assistance of Enkidu and his impact, Gilgamesh turned into a heroic and reasonable king. As with many classics, the role of women, including the ones of goddesses seem to be in question. While The Epic of Gilgamesh follows the friendship and changes of the male main characters, Gilgamesh and Enkidu, women play an important role in helping them advance through their epic journey, although this may be viewed differently.
While some may say that the role women is a nonexistent as they are portrayed as weaker and lesser to man, the qualities that make a woman a woman and their femininity show great strength over the man. In the epic we meet women of various power: Aruru, Shamhat, and Ishtar. Aruru is the maker of humanity and keeping in mind that her appearance in the epic is exceptionally restricted, her job is greatly critical. She replies to the calls of the citizens of Uruk and makes Enkidu from clay and places him in the wild, The goddess Aruru heard these words, what Anu had thought of she fashioned within her. The goddess Aruru, she washed her hands, took a pinch of clay, threw it down in the wild. In the wild she created Enkidu, the hero, offspring of silence, knit strong by Ninurta. (1.99-104). Her doing so, shows her power over man, since she is the creator of man. If she is able to make a man of such power, she can easily create a female of such power. Shamhat is introduced to us by reputation, the country's prostitute. We later learn that she is more than meets the eye and is more than just an objectified object. Ishtar, the goddess of love and war has a little job that ends up being more noteworthy than man, basically preventing them from accomplishing their objective. The women of the epic are what essentially change Gilgamesh's perspective of women, aiding him into becoming a more respectable king.
It is sensible to perceive any reason why some observe why some may state that the role of women is nonexistent and are lesser to man in light of the fact that from the looks of it women aren't entitled to consent and everything is simply chosen for them. In the beginning of the epic, specifically in tablet 1 line 72 we see the exploitation of women, but Gilgamesh lets no daughter go free to her mother. At times, sex happens because one, typically man, has more power over the other, typically female, forcing them to make themself explicitly accessible. Again we see the savage bull Gilgamesh is in line 76 of the same tablet, Gilgamesh lets no girl go free to her bridegroom. The women of Uruk have no say in the preservation of their purity. Men often use women to better themselves, paying little to no respect to the outcome of the women. Not only dealing with the idea of sex, the roles of women are not emphasized as they are for men and their accomplishments are never said. The man may have the power, but it is the woman who make the man so powerful.
While people are right to say that women have no consent and no say in what they do, their femininity is what make them so powerful over man. Shamhat, the country prostitute, was sent to to the wild to essentially take the uncivilized Enkidu and use her femininity to seduce him and bring him back to Uruk. That is he, Shamhat! Uncradle your bosom, bare your sex, let him take in your charms! Do not recoil, but take in his scent: he will see you, and he will approach you. (1.180-183). While this was done in no regard to her safety, it shows how powerful a woman's touch is, that it can tame the most wild of men. Her sexuality in a sense represented the normalization and civilization of Uruk. Come, Shamhat, take me along to the sacred temple, holy home of Anu and Ishtar, where Gilgamesh is perfect in strength, like a wild bull lording it over the menfold. 'I will challenge him, for [my strength] is might'. (1.215-220). If it wasn't for Shamhat, Enkidu would have remained in the wild, therefore never meeting his equal, never going on the epic journey and the people of Uruk would have never been saved. The interaction between Shamhat and Enkidu gave him a different outlook on life that helped benefit the people of Uruk because he was able to give Gilgamesh a different perspective of female sexuality, helping them along their epic journey and making Gilgamesh more respectable. As the epic continues and Gilgamesh learns more from Enkidu he learns how to respect women. He even denied Ishtar's hand in marriage. He realizes that she has nothing to offer him, she cannot save him as Shamhat has saved Enkidu. He notes her as a temporary user and realizes a relationship is more than sex. She doesn't like his response and convinces her father, Anu to give her the fiery Bull of Heaven to punish Gilgamesh with death. The Bull of Heaven causes havoc in Uruk, but Gilgamesh and Enkidu discover its weak spot and kill it. (6. Intro). While they did defeat the bull, it was Ishtar who gave them the power and opportunity to prove they are worthy. He gained respect not only for the women but for himself and his image.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, as many other stories stories delineates women as lesser than man, however reality of the situation is man would not accomplish significance if not for women. Unlike the women in The Epic of Gilgamesh, the women in the Ramayana are honored and it was surprising to see that words being used especially after reading this epic where it was harder to see the meaning and value of women. Beyond all of this, you violated his wife's honour and made her your own. Guarding a woman's honour is the first duty laid on any intelligent being. (102). While some may say that the honor of the woman is tied to the actions the man imposes on them, it is the woman who has the upper hand on the man. The women utilizes their sexuality to fortify the men. While this may appear as women being objectified, it really demonstrates the immense power women have over the man. Sexuality isn't simply sex and appearance. Man might be physically more grounded, however women are mentally more grounded. The women of The Epic of Gilgamesh help to balance the men and help them achieve and strive for greatness. Without the women, Gilgamesh would not have possessed the capacity to make such progress, despite the fact that his epic journey of acquiring immortality have failed, he developed as a man and as a king.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh - The Early Legend of Gilgamesh. (2019, Jun 24).
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The Role of Women in the Epic of Gilgamesh
Men always are symbol of power and change but women have played a crucial role through the history. As Beyonce said: Who run the world? Girls!"" Maybe she was right. We have seen many times during the history that a man was the king and ruler but many times because of a woman, peace and war was created. Before females were considered very important because they are able to continue human life by giving birth. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the woman plays a very significant role and had tremendous influence.
A prostitute took Enkidu from wild animal life and put him in the human world. Shamhat lures Enkidu, protector of nature, into her arms with the fruits of her womanhood by offering him sexual satisfaction. She was a prostitute who lived in the city of Uruk. She was left in the forest so she can sleep with Enkidu and make the other animals abandon him. Enkidu was living as an animal, surrounded by animals. Nonetheless, he is drawn to the prostitute. She was wise and knew nature, so it wasn't hard for her to seduce him.She used to mention Gilgamesh to him and seduce him to go and meet him by saying : You are just like him. You will love him like your own self.' (Foster 13) . Than he didn't got accepted anymore by the animals in the forest. He was an innocent taken by the spell of a woman. Then he met Gilgamesh and they journey started there.
Ninsun gives Enkidu to Gilgamesh as a brother as well as her knowledge. Ninsun, Gilgamesh's mother, adopts Enkidu and allows him to have a human family. Ninsun was a loving, caring mother and also provided guidance. Gilgamesh decides he wants to meet Humbaba in battle, so he can leave his mark on the world. Humbaba was a terrible monster who personifies evil. Enkidu describes him as a force of nature itself, with a mouth of fire (The Epic of Gilgamesh Summary and Analysis of Tablet II and Tablet III) . Ninsun fears about Gilgamesh's life. She prays to Shamash to protect Gilgamesh and paces a sacred pendant around Enkidu's neck. After she adopted Enkidu their bond between Enkidu and Gilgamesh gets stronger. They became brothers that will follow each other into the most dangerous battles.
Ishtar makes Gilgamesh crazy by taking Enkidu's life and sends him in the trip for Immortality that changes Gilgamesh forever. Because of Gilgamesh rejected her she asked for Bull of Heaven to be released to kill Gilgamesh. Both Enkidu and Gilgamesh fought together and won the fight. After Ishtar sees what happened, she courses Gilgamesh. Gods were angry and were deciding if Gilgamesh or Enkidu should die as punishment. Later Enkidu tells Gilgamesh about a wired dream that predicts his death. Gilgamesh asked for help from Gods but they gave Enkidu a slow and painful death for killing the Bull of Heaven. After Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh's personal journey begins to learn the secret of immortality.
During this journey he meets he looks out for Utnapishtim to learn the secret of immortality but on his way he talks to Utnapishtim's wife and learns a valuable lesson.
In conclusion , women in the Epic of Gilgamesh were full of knowledge and they knew this knowledge was useful to others. If it wasn't for their impact and actions maybe we would have never heard about the Epic of Gilgamesh.
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Who is the Hero in Gilgamesh?
What is considered heroic? What does it really mean to be a hero? A hero would be described as someone who saves the day or someone who puts themselves at risk to help others or it can even be someone doing a simple act of kindness. For most people, a hero is someone who is admired and looked up to for their actions. The most well known trait of a hero is bravery. A person who is willing to go through extreme measures to survive or to help others is what it means to be a hero. While everyone is entitled to have their own definition of what it means to be heroic or a hero, the act of being selfless for the well-being of others is the most recognizable definition of a hero. What is considered to be heroic in the epic poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh, is very similar to that of what most believe to be heroic; someone who focuses on the needs of others before themselves. Exhibiting the traits of bravery, selflessness, and in most stories, superhuman abilities also accompany the characteristics of a hero. Although both Gilgamesh and Enkidu display heroic attributes, Gilgamesh provides the readers with more heroic traits and characteristics.
In The Epic of Gilgamesh, both Gilgamesh and Enkidu hold the title of a hero, but it is Gilgamesh that better suits what it means to be heroic in the story. In many ways, one would not think of Gilgamesh as a hero because of how he is first introduced in the story. It is not until halfway through the story when the audience begins to see Gilgamesh as a hero. A potential hero goes through hardships and obstacles which sequentially leads them to become the ultimate hero. To gain fame and to be liked by all people of Uruk, Gilgamesh's first obstacle was killing Humbaba. Killing the beast will only feed Gilgamesh's ego and give him the fame he so desperately wants. Gilgamesh expressed, Now we must travel to the Cedar Forest, where the fierce monster Humbaba lives. We must kill him and drive evil from the world (91). After killing the monster and getting over this obstacle, Gilgamesh thrives on the attention and fame which only allows his ego to get bigger. The second obstacle Gilgamesh endured was the Bull of Heaven. The Bull of Heaven was sent from the goddess Ishtar by her father Anu out of anger because Gilgamesh turned down her offer of marriage. There was no choice but to conquer and defeat the bull in order to save himself and Enkidu. Unlike the first obstacle, this was not one he chose to encounter to feed his ego, but still uses it to continue his fame. Tell me: Who is the handsomest of men?... Gilgamesh- he is the handsomest of men (140). Gilgamesh's third obstacle is when the audience begins to see him morphing into this potential hero. With the death of his dear friend and brother/equal, he overcomes this hardship by searching for answers about immortality. He eventually learns about the general meaning life from Utnapishtim, the God who was granted immortality, although Gilgamesh did not obtain immortality. He learns, a man's life is short, at any moment it can be snapped, like a reed in a canebrake (177). Gilgamesh realizes life does not last forever, so he needs to focus on the important things in life which are living and loving. Now that he understands the meaning of love/compassion, the meaning of lost/growing old, and the meaning of morality, he is no longer egotistical nor just strictly cares about his own personal gain. He goes back to his city as a selfless king and a hero after conquering the ultimate battle within himself and overcoming his darkness by learning about the beauty of life.
Gilgamesh has Enkidu to thank for this awakening. He would have never discovered the beauty of life without Enkidu. This is why Enkidu is also viewed as a hero within the epic. Enkidu's character serves as somewhat of a sidekick or supernatural aid because he helps Gilgamesh turn into an overall better person as well as king. Although Enkidu is said to be Gilgamesh's equal, his purpose was to balance Gilgamesh out in order for Gilgamesh to find balance within himself. Create a new hero, let them balance each other perfectly, so that Uruk has peace (74). With each obstacle Gilgamesh was faced with, Enkidu tends to rationalize each situation. Before battling Humbaba, Enkidu said, We must not go on this journey, we must not fight this creature Who among men or gods could defeat him?... We are not gods, we cannot ascend to heaven. No, we are mortal men (92). While this may sound like discouragement, Enkidu says such things to make Gilgamesh take the time to think about the negative outcomes and consequences that are possible. The only reason Gilgamesh takes the title of more heroic is mainly because Enkidu dies halfway through the story. This allows Gilgamesh to set out on his quest to learn the lesson he needed; ultimately making him an epic hero. In other words, Enkidu saved Gilgamesh from becoming a villain.
As the story unfolds, the audience starts to see a change in Gilgamesh's ways with Enkidu by his side. Enkidu was created because the people of Uruk were very indignant with Gilgamesh and his selfish ways. Is this how you want your king to rule? Should a shepherd savage his own flock? Father do something, quickly before the people overwhelm heaven with heartrending cries (73). With each obstacle, there are noticeable changes in Gilgamesh's ego when he has Enkidu to find reason for each event. The fight with Humbaba was to gain fame, however, the battle with the Bull Of Heaven was to fight with and protect someone other than himself, resulting in him sharing his fame and not getting the full spotlight. Tell me: Who is the bravest of heroes?... Enkidu, he is the bravest of heroes.
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Gilgamesh – Mythology and God
Over the past hundred years, mythology has aroused to be a key method to understanding life's confusions and events. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, written by an anonymous author, but translated by N.K. Sanders, lies a hero who is the King of Uruk, scared of oblivion. From story to story, heroes can experience either what they call a journey or struggle. Gilgamesh, the hero in his tale, travels through the whole hero's journey quest, discovering what his purpose in life was. Over time, Gilgamesh transforms his appearance as he undergoes many experiences throughout his journey. Through three main stages; departure, initiation, and return Gilgamesh successfully followed the hero quest journey because of his heroic characteristics and transformation into a better version of himself.
In the beginning, Gilgamesh is far from perfect because he only cares for himself, rather than his people. The king, Gilgamesh continually oversteps his bounds as a ruler. His people, upset over the liberties (Sanders 4). As a king, one would expect the decisions he would make would be based on his people's opinions, however Gilgamesh did not play by this rule. He thought of himself as a higher individual and would do anything to please his choices and desires. In response to the king's poor decision making, the gods send a match for Gilgamesh (Sanders 5). The gods decide send down Enkidu after they realize Gilgamesh's choices are getting out of hand. They hoped this would make Gilgamesh pay attention to his poor decision making by having someone help him with his choices. All heroes do not start off making perfect choices however, they grow from their mistakes, morphing into a stronger individual over time.
The road Gilgamesh begins to follow can be described as a trial of tasks, tests, or ordeals that he must undergo to begin his transformation. When Gilgamesh and Enkidu have to fight the Bull of Heaven, you can see Gilgamesh's supportive side come out as he tells Enkidu keep fighting, together we are sure to win (Sanders 3). Not long after successfully defeating the bull, Gilgamesh's confident attitude it restored. At this point in the story, we see the arrogant king express his supportive side. The next big test the Gilgamesh faces that ultimately shows his transformation in his character is when he says, Let the gods accept these, let them welcome my friend and walk at his side in the underworld, so that Enkidu may not be sick at heart after the lost of Enkidu (Sanders 4). He lost his other half and is devastated. Gilgamesh acts in a very selfless manner as he offers his personal treasures and goods to the underworld gods in order to make sure Enkidu is welcomed. Not only is Gilgamesh expressing vulnerability and sympathy, but also is offering his own values to benefit someone other than himself.
The death of Enkidu sent Gilgamesh on an adventure to challenge death, but ended up ultimately learning his main lesson from Utnapishtim, a man who became immortal. Utnapishtim tells him [you] will assemble the gods for your sake, so that you may find that life for which you are searching (Sanders 9). After Utnapishtim tells him how fortunate he is, Gilgamesh learns how to appreciate his life every day and that death is suppose to happen to everyone. He takes this information back to his kingdom, fully understanding that death is simply just apart of life. Gilgamesh returns home noticing one third of the whole is city, one third is garden, and one third is field, with the precinct of the goddess Ishtar. These parts and the precinct are all Uruk (Sanders 10). When Gilgamesh arrives back to Uruk he admires his town and how unique it is. He has a new outlook on his surroundings, appreciating the life he has been given. Originally Gilgamesh was set out on a journey to conquer death and instead came back as with a perspective.
From the beginning to the end of Gilgamesh's story, one can see a complete transformation in Gilgamesh's character. The strong and arrogant king expressed vulnerability after the death of his second half, sending him on a journey to overcome his fear of oblivion and death. In the end, Gilgamesh learns to appreciate his life until he dies and that death was simply apart of life. Gilgamesh's obvious flaws and the journey he went through does not make him a hero, but the fact that he learned has morphed and grown into a stronger individual does. People change in this world sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worst, but in this case Gilgamesh changed for the better.
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The Advantages of not Eating Meat
Meat is bad for you because of many reasons concerning your health. Meat is the cause of several illnesses including cancer and many more health issues. Eating meat is not a good idea because of how it makes it harder maintain a healthy weight and after a long period of time, and this can slowly lead to death.
Eating meat causes many deaths around the world. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, that researched deaths caused by eating meat, state that, Out that around 700,000 people in 2012 developed Type 2 Diabetes. Even cancers happened as a result of diets including meat. Around 50% of the people who died, did not have the right nutrition in their foods which were mainly from processed meats. According to Plant Based News, Eating red meat will shorten your lifespan and vegetarians will live longer lives because of not having meat in their diets. Your life is more important than eating meat.
Furthermore eating meat isn't just bad for you, but it is bad for the animals that you eat, and the environment. According to Peta.org, A single cow used for milk can drink up to 50 gallons of water per day-or twice the amount in hot weather-and it takes 683 gallons of water to produce 1 gallon of milk, and 2,400 gallons of water to produce 1 pound of beef. In order for 2 pounds of beef a cow has to drink 4,800 gallons of water, or twice the amount of hot weather which is 9,600 gallons of water. Also, according to Animal Equality, Over 56 billion animals are killed each year and most of these are farmed animals. That means in two years, 112 billion farm animals are killed. This must stop because it is doing more harm than it is doing good.
Some people say that when you don't eat meat you aren't receiving enough protein in your diet, and it is unhealthy for you. According to WholeFoodsMarket.com, Broccoli contains more protein per calorie than steak and, per calorie, spinach is about equal to chicken and fish. Additionally, according to Health Line, Meat doesn't give you enough nutrients. For example meat doesn't give you enough Vitamin C, which is important because it strengthens and builds up tissues it also gives protein to your ligaments and more parts of the human body
Eating meat is not healthy or good for the environment. Evidence from many different sources makes it clear that sicknesses are the result of eating several different types of meat. Your health, and the animals around the world living in dirty conditions are in your hands and having a temptation to eat meat should not be a higher priority.
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Gilgamesh Unwillingness to Accept Mortality
During the seventh century BC, in the ancient Babylonian Empire, Gilgamesh was the king of Uruk. He was two third of a god and one-third of a man. He used military forces to build a high wall and temple towers to surround the city of Uruk. Enkidu, Gilgamesh's beloved companion was raised by wild animals in the forest. At this period, women were used to domesticate wild people. As a result, Shamhat who was a prostitute was sent to civilize Enkidu. After having some affairs with her, he was ejected from the animal kingdom. The animals no longer accepted him as their own and rejected him, because he now turned into a civilized human. Then, he tried to conquer Gilgamesh; however, Gilgamesh turned out to be his enduring friend. Together, they went to steal the trees that were forbidden for humans and killed Humbaba who was the guardian of the cedar forest. Due to this immoral act, Enkidu was punished by the gods. Enkidu's death left Gilgamesh heartbroken, so, he decided to travel to the underworld to meet Utnapishtim, who was given eternal life after the flood. Gilgamesh was aiming to avoid death and brought Enkidu back to life. Unfortunately, Gilgamesh was not given immortality instead he was given an opportunity to be young again. However, the only thing he was able to bring back into his city was the story of the flood.
The epic of Gilgamesh was first written in clay tablets about 2000 B.C. It was challenging to read them since it was written in Cuneiform text and only some part of the tablets were recovered and some damaged. It was not until the Mesopotamian cities were destroyed that the scientists had found libraries of clay tablets which contained the epic of Gilgamesh. The scientists tried their best to translate it and dispensed it to the rest of the world. Without these tablets, we would have never known Gilgamesh or even heard the story of the flood which Utnapishtim told him when he went through the waters of death for the search for immortality.
The epic of Gilgamesh was first known from a version called he who saw the deep by a writer called sin-liqe-unninni which means the moon God is the one who accepts my prayer."" he lived long ago between 1300-1000 BC. He wrote the story in the Akkadian language based on five Sumerian poems which dated even much longer than the epic of Gilgamesh. He was the one who gave the epic it's final form and inscribed his name at the end of each of the eleven clay tablets.
The poem had various audiences. At first I would say it was intended for the elite groups of the Sumerians, because at this period only a few members of the society were educated. The vast majority could not read or write mainly because they were poor, and Cuneiform was the only system of writing with up to six hundred characters to write words. It was difficult to learn such type of writing. Religious groups of people could have been the audience as well. Looking at the entire story, they talked about the relationship between the gods and the main characters: Gilgamesh and Enkidu. For example, Enkidu said to Gilgamesh [My god] has taken against me, my friend,..., [I do not die] like one who [falls] in combat [makes his name,] but I, [I do not fall] in [combat, and shall make not my name.] Enkidu was given death because they killed Humbaba and the bull of heaven. The gods decide whom they want to punish and whom to give power to. This emphasizes that in religions, we believe that if you disobey God, you will be penalized for it. So, Enkidu was suffering from the sin they both committed.
The author was trying to put across so many messages in the poem. I think immortality and love were the two messages provided by the author. No matter who you are, death will come your way one day. There's no way you can avoid it. Only fame can last forever like people will tell whatever achievements you have done during your life, they can be passed from generation to generation. Secondly, the author explained how love changed Gilgamesh from a dictator to a good king and Enkidu from wild man into an honorable person. These changes were both profitable for Gilgamesh and his people because it built their relationship. For example, Gilgamesh speaking to the elderly of the town, I shall face a battle I know not. [I shall ride] a road [I know not:] give me your blessing as I go on my journey, [so I may see again] your faces [in safety,] and returned [glad at heart] through Uruk's gate!. Gilgamesh at the beginning of the story was a tyrant king, but now he is asking for blessing from the elderly of the town. This transitions showed us that Gilgamesh was not same the king that he used to be. However, Gilgamesh and Enkidu's friendship made it possible for Gilgamesh to identify with his people's interest.
Gilgamesh position in the society was to protect his people against any invasion. That is the reason why he forced his people to rebuild the wall of Uruk. His powers were as strong as a rock falling from the sky. So, he occupied both the position of a king and a warrior. This can be justified when Gilgamesh spurn Ishtar, the goddess of love. She was angry and decided to release the Bull of heaven on them in other to kill Gilgamesh, but this does not only threatened him. The Bull of heaven caused famine and murdered many peoples in the city of Uruk. As a result, Gilgamesh and Enkidu killed the Bull. For example, Enkidu rushed round to the rear of the Bull, he seized it by the [tuft] of the tail. Then Gilgamesh like a butcher, brave and skillful, between the yoke of the horns and the slaughter-spot [he thrust in] his knife. they were defending their nation against the decision taken by the gods. As a king, he had every right to do whatever he wanted, since there was no branch in his kingdom that limited his power.
Therefore, the epic of Gilgamesh expands our understanding of the story of the flood. Even though Gilgamesh was unsuccessful to become immortal, he became widely known for his achievement and dedication.
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Convert to Vegetarianism
In the United States 4% of men and 7% of women are defined as vegetarians... Worldwide, vegetarians total 375 million (Figus et al.). There are many different types of vegetarians from those who do not eating anything that comes from an animal to those who just do not eat red meat. A highly common question asked is why choose the vegetarian diet? Everyone should be on the vegetarian diet because it is cruel to kill animals for food, humankind live longer on the diet, it is easier and more efficient to raise food for humans than animals, it is more environmentally friendly to not raise animals for meat, and it decreases chronical illness.
Some people go on the vegetarian diet because they feel it is wrong to kill animals for food.
They believe that animals should be treated with more respect and that it is inhumane. That killing animals is not compassionate and is cruel. Scientists saw that animals were not only able to feel pain, but also capable of practical reasoning: they could learn and remember, and perceive connections between different phenomena (Sorabji). Animals can feel, learn and also remember just like humans can. Killing animals for food is not even necessary. There are many other thing to eat and get a full nutritionition diet. Vegetarians eat vegetables, grains, fruits, and legumes. Some vegetarians don't eat any animal products such as milk and cheese they are called vegans.
Some humans would say that eating meat is not cruel, it is a natural part of the cycle of life. That everyone on earth dies or is killed at one point in life so others can live, It is not natural for humankind to kill. Children have been taught since they are little that it is not wrong to kill animals to eat; that is not natural. Humans are the only mammals that drink another animals milk. Nothing that humans drink and eat is a natural part of life.
Humankind live longer while on the diet. It has been scientifically proven that vegetarians live longer because they are more conscientious about their body getting a balance nutritious diet. Vegetarian need to be careful and have a well planned diet to get all the nutritions and vitamins that are need for the body to function. With vegetarians so focused on what they are putting in their bodies, they are getting a extremely healthy diet, which is helping them to live longer. Vegetarians live longer with having a well-planned, balanced diet with sufficient fruit and vegetables (Ding).
Some people say that the vegetarian diet does not affect how long someone lives. That the whole thing is just a myth, but scientist have proven that with the way vegetarians are eating, they are more aware of what the put in their bodies and choose to only put healthy foods in.
Although animal protein has high amounts of iron, protein and other minerals it also has high amounts of cholesterol and saturated fats that cause heart disease, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Also eating too much meat causes cancer such as colon cancer and stomach cancer.
The vegetarian diet decreases chronical illness. Risk of death from cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, infections, kidney disease, liver disease or lung disease all increased with the amount of meat consumed, and those people with the highest meat intake doubled their chances of dying from chronic liver disease. On the vegetarian diet humankind get the right amount of nutrients for the body. Those who eat a vegetarian diet have a lower risk for chronic diseases, which ultimately translates into longer, healthier living(Reeves).
One issue people have with the vegetarian diet is that their is not enough source of protein. That the diet does not give enough protein to function. However there are many ways to get protein, such as cheese, beans, tofu, mushrooms, and jackfruit. While being a vegetarian you need to carefully plan what you eat to get a fully balanced diet with all the nutrients and vitamins needed.
Forty percent of grain in the world is used for feeding animals. Just in the united states 800 million people could be fed by the grain fed to animals each year. Beef take 100,000 milliliters per kilogram. In contrast potatoes take 500 milligrams of water per kilogram( ). Humans can see the huge inefficient loss of water due due to the use of crops for feeding animals.
Overgrazing is a huge problem which causes loss of soil due to erosion by both water and wind erosion. When hiking humans can see the degradation of the land due to overgrazing. They can also see the degradation of the streams and creeks due to cows destroying the riparian environment by eating the willows and plants near the water.
The use of fossil fuels are the highest per kilogram per liter in beef production. Our fossil fuels would be better used in the production of plastics and other things that only can be created by crude oil. Also the raising and consuming of meat is a huge contribution to greenhouse gases. The amazon forest is being cut down to raise crops to feed to beef and other animals. Cows produce large amounts of methane which is many times more potent in causing global warming. Cow manure also produces large amounts of ammonia which is a big factor in acid rain.
The vegetarian diet is the supreme diet for humankind. It is inhumane it kill animals just to eat them, for they can feel just as humans do. On the vegetarian diet you learn to balance your nutritions and vitamins to live a healthy long life. With the vegetarian diet you have higher chance of living longer and have a decrease in chronical illnesses. In all, the vegetarian diet is the perfect way to live long and happy life.
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Transformation of Gilgamesh
The Epic of Gilgamesh is a historical piece of literature that shaped history and has some impact on modern day literature as well. Perhaps one of the key reasons the Epic of Gilgamesh is so widespread and has continued to be such a great deal in literature for a long time, is because it gives an awareness and understanding of why some humans behave the way they do when emotions and feelings are involved. The lessons taught by this ancient work was relevant back then and is still appropriate today. Some of the concerns and lessons seen throughout the book that are still relevant today are: the terror and fear that most individuals have in regard to death, having an overwhelming desire to escape death or be immortal, and the effects that a true friendship may have on a person's life. It does not take a great deal of insight into The Epic of Gilgamesh for a person to locate these themes in the story, and even less introspection to relate to them. The story itself encompasses life lessons that can be utilized daily. Gilgamesh, himself, who is two-thirds god, and one-third human possesses several unique qualities that are above average due to his god like abilities. It is through a tremendous expedition that Gilgamesh is able to present all these characteristics; however, during the story, we see Gilgamesh transform from a mean, chauvinistic king, to an individual who shows compassion and love for someone other than himself. The transformation that Gilgamesh experienced is what eventually molded him into the loving friend that he became. Transformed through the loss of a beloved friend, Gilgamesh's terror rather than his humanity is what truly defines him and signifies him as a hero.
Transformed through the loss of a beloved friend, Gilgamesh's terror rather than his humanity is what truly defines him and signifies him as a hero. Two different beings brought together to even the unbalance within themselves somehow formed a bond, or a brotherhood that became strong, and very impactful. The loss of a best friend implies the loss of such a tremendous bond, and a true confidant which can cause anyone's actions to change. This is exactly what happens to Gilgamesh as he witnesses death come over his friend as Enkidu. The goddess Ishtar cursed Enkidu to die of a sickness, and Gilgamesh has the burden to witness this. Enkidu, Gilgamesh's better half, was the reason that Gilgamesh transformed from the arrogant selfish king into a heroic one who helps protect his city and stand victorious of several battles.
The special bond between Enkidu and Gilgamesh brings about a change within Gilgamesh which allows him to connect with Enkidu in such a positive manner. This bond creates a positive influence within Gilgamesh that is shown throughout the end of the story. The loss of Gilgamesh's best friend causes him to lose a part of himself. After Enkidu's death, Gilgamesh questions his own life, Shall I not die too? Am I not like Enkidu? (Stephen, Book IX). With this mode of thinking, Gilgamesh sets out to seek immortality in hopes to escape a fate like Enkidu's; this is the pivotal point in which Gilgamesh transforms into more of a human that that of his god like being. In The end of the journey: from Gilgamesh to Le citta invisibili."" Annali d'Italianistica, Cachey writes The didactic poem describes Gilgamesh transcending a stage of heroic adolescence. The death of his companion Enkidu brings home as never before the reality of the hero's own mortality, which in turns classifies him as a true hero. (Cachey,71).
In the pursuit for knowledge about obtaining immortality, Gilgamesh sets himself on a dangerous quest which clouds his judgement on the potential outcomes. During this journey, Gilgamesh shows that he is a man of action, rather than one who thinks about his actions before making them. According to Dastur, It seems therefore possible to argue that humanity does not achieve consciousness of itself except through confrontation with death. This is what is confirmed by one of the most ancient testimonies of human history, the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh (Dastur). Immortality as we all know is unattainable, but this does not stop Gilgamesh from seeking to find it. His virtue is displayed through his journey and its' purpose.
The journey that Gilgamesh sets out on is a purposeful one; for he is determined to escape the physical and mental limitations of man, despite the fact that he is less man than god. Gilgamesh's desire and determination to defy death, is what allows him to exceed all expectations, and successfully complete all obstacles presented before him. When Gilgamesh reaches Utanapishtim, he has so many questions in regard to mortality. When Gilgamesh insists that he be permitted to live eternal life, Utnapishtim states If you think you can stay alive for eternity, surely you can stay awake for a week. (Stephens, Book XI). When Gilgamesh fails the test, he thinks that it is over. Just as Gilgamesh is prepared to return to Uruk, Utanapishtim's wife tells him that there is a plant that has the ability to return someone back to their youthful years. In pursuit of his goal, Gilgamesh is determined to find the plant. Despite all the obstacles Gilgamesh overcame, unfortunately, his chance at immortality was taken from him by a snake. Even though he failed to attain immortality, Gilgamesh by far was not a failure. Ultimately, Gilgamesh returns back home to Uruk where he presents himself as a totally different king. He now is a king of virtuous status, and of moral being. These are qualities that he did not possess in the beginning of his reign. With this, Gilgamesh is truly a hero amongst his people of Uruk.
Gilgamesh's mysticism, however, also shows a different side of the goals that Gilgamesh had set for himself. A man two-thirds god and one-third man sets himself apart from all others. In her book, Gilgamesh the Hero, Geraldine McCaughrean, describe the condition of Gilgamesh in saying: Gilgamesh wants to escape human limitations, to get answers to questions not available to his contemporaries, and perhaps most importantly, he wants to overcome mortality both for himself and others. But ultimately his story shows us that, despite his extraordinary talents, in these matters he is not different from other humans. Thus, we see that it is precisely his human limitations that make him truly heroic. (82-83).
With Gilgamesh's divine lineage, he is able to complete some enormous and astonishing obstacles. His obsession with attaining immortality, and seeking the knowledge on how to achieve it, set him apart from his old self. Looking at the effort and drive that Gilgamesh puts towards attaining immortality, this lets us know that he is not only doing this for himself, but potentially for those he loved. Mortality is inescapable, no matter the genetic makeup of an individual however, this did not stop Gilgamesh's pursuit to reach his goal. No matter how amazing a person may be, that doesn't matter when evaluating human life, for all humans must die, as in the unfortunate fate of Enkidu. For any individual that is only human, that person will have limitations on the things that they can and cannot do; thus, it is not Gilgamesh's divinity but his humanity that truly defines him and signifies him as a hero in the eyes of the people of Uruk.
The lesson that one should take from Gilgamesh is to never give up on accomplishing a goal, even if the pathway to reach them seems impossible. This message that Stephen Mitchell demonstrated throughout the epic in combination with the presentation of morality, well-being, and virtue all display lessons that were shown through an epic poem that has endured centuries. From conquering battles with fierce beasts, to watching his best friend die, to embarking on a journey to attain immortality, The Epic of Gilgamesh is amusing while also displaying segments of a harsh reality. Losing the rejuvenation plant to a snake appeared to be a defeat, until Gilgamesh witnesses the change that has transformed within himself while on his journey. To go from being hated by his people to becoming a hero in their eyes, Gilgamesh's character change was prevalent; however, without the unfortunate death of his friend, none of this would have happened. In the article Death, Lessick wrote the theme of death and heroism is seen regularly. In Gilgamesh, the ancient epic of Mesopotamia, heroism is clearly illustrated through relationships, responding to the deaths of loved ones, and war. (Vol. 3). With his failure to achieve immortality, and his transformation Gilgamesh is truly now a hero, because he has discovered how to be humane despite being more god. In Looking at the other Gilgamesh, Dickson wrote The One Who Saw has now become the One Who is Seen and, even more tellingly, the one seen not as the acme of heroism or the standard of masculine heauty. (171-182). Gilgamesh's heroism and transformation are such a joy to witness and he sets out on his journey.
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Vegetarian Diet: Benefits, Risks, and Tips
About 7.3 million people in the world today are vegetarian. Many people become vegetarian to prevent cancer, change their health, and to live longer. Some people also become vegetarian because their love for animals and strong opinion to not eat them or have someone hurt them to become food. Becoming vegetarian has positive effects like cancer prevention. In Why go Veggie it states, Regularly consuming a diet that contains fruits and vegetables is strongly associated with a reduced risk of some cancers. Red meat and processed meat consumption can be harmful to the body and cause cancer, therefore eating vegetables and fruits is good for the body to prevent certain cancers. Another positive effect of being vegetarian is many people like to change their health and keep off weight. An average Americans diet is highly saturated in fats and processed meat and low in plant based meals, while a vegetarians diet involves more with consuming things that are good for you like vitamin C and E, dietary fiber, potassium, along with beneficial plant chemicals. Vegetarians do not consume unhealthy fats and processed meat which makes it healthier when coming to which diet consumes more fats. There has been studies which have proven being a vegetarian will help you live longer. Why go Veg also states animal products clog your arteries, zap your energy and slow down your immune system. Many things vegetarians eat as part of their diet is full of riched fiber and antioxidants which strengthens the immune system which is beneficial when you become older and your immune system has to work harder to fight off germs, according to the article Why go Veggie. Becoming vegetarian will help prevent cancer, change health status and help strengthen your immune system so you can live longer. Having a vegetarian diet also has some negative effects on your body.
A vegetarian diet is not always good for your body. It may help prevent certain things and strengthen your immune system but it also limits you to some of the nutrients and protein meat gives you and it can become unhealthy. Many american diets are unhealthy because of the amount of fat in the meal, but the meal reaches all the right amount of nutrients and protein our body needs. Steak and fish according to the article 8 Proven Reasons Why Vegan and Vegetarian Diets Easily Ruin Your Body, has the most protein. Most vegetarians do not eat steak and fish. Vegetarians have to find a way to replace the protein that they are missing out on which can then lead to protein deficiency which then leads to fatty liver, hair, skin and nail issues, poor recovery and growth, weakened immune system and loss of muscle and bone density. A vegetarians main source of protein is milk and eggs, these both give the body decent amounts of protein but does not make up for the amount of protein you are losing from not eating meat. Vegetarians are not only missing out of protein consumption they are not consuming the right amount of zinc and iron. A meat eater and vegetarian consume the same amount of iron but a meat eater can more easily absorbed. Phytic acid in plant based foods, grains and beans reduce the amount of zinc absorbed. Becoming vegetarian has its perks but you can not forget about the negative effects it can have on your body.
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Gilgamesh – Two-thirds God and One-third Human
At the start of the epic, Gilgamesh is said to be a cruel and ruthless ruler who had no regard for anyone but himself. Gilgamesh is two-thirds God and one-third human- thus being his lineage, he believes as if nobody is equal or above him. On Tablet two, a man said to Enkidu, He will couple with the wife-to-be, / he first of all, the bridegroom after. / By divine consent it is so ordained (pg. 15). This quote informs the readers that he would rape men wives on their wedding night. His actions forced his kingdom to resent him. In Sumerian culture, kings were expected to protect the women, not rape them. Kings were expected to act as prominent leaders and rulers. Great rulers put the safety of their people before their own. Gilgamesh was supposed to further enhance the greatness of the kingdom for the well-being of the citizens. The king should have served the people for the sake of his kingdom not help them create a manifestation of hatred within themselves to where they plot against him. Gilgamesh did not treat the civilians with respect or dignity as a king should but instead treated them harshly and like they didn't matter.
The concept of heroism in Sumerian culture is all about service. Service to the kingdom and the people that live in the kingdom. A big concept in all heroic epics is The Hero's Journey. The hero's journey is basically the path the hero goes down to discover who they are and better themselves as a person/leader. It's all about personal growth. In Sumerian culture, there were three distinct qualities that they valued in a hero: bravery, strength, and wisdom.
In the poem, the Sumerian Gods are described as all powerful and are to be worshipped. The Sumerians believe that the earth could not survive without the Gods aiding it. The Sumerians did everything in their power to try not to piss of the Gods because doing so would result in great consequences. They know that the Gods are dangerous. But they also understand that they can be quite helpful. The Gods act like careless children and live how they want too. They have their own set of rules and don't listen to anyone else. One way that the Gods intervene in human affairs was when they created Enkidu. They created him as a mirror image of Gilgamesh with the task to overpower and kill him. Another example on why the Sumerians feared the gods is because if one was to anger one of them bad things would occur. The god who brought upon the flood only created the flood to punish the humans for being too loud and not letting him rest.
The story told us about Gilgamesh's lineage of him being two-thirds a God and one-third human because it makes him who he is. With him being two-thirds God, Gilgamesh felt that he was superior to everyone us, thus making him a ruthless ruler. With this he felt as if he can do anything without repercussions but as this was false. With the information of him being two-thirds god, the readers are given insight to why Gilgamesh is the way he is. Why he acts the way he acts and thinks the way he thinks. This affects his character a great deal because with him thinking this way, he goes down a dark path. He hurts his people and does not act as a good ruler should. One way this affects his character is by him raping women and taking their virtue on the night of their wedding. Gilgamesh was a selfish, mean person who tormented his people.
Women are represented as great power and wisdom, but also great temptation and death. In the story, women appear during the hero's journey, sometimes to be a guide. In other instances, they make women to be overactive, sexually, and fairly misleading. They use their bodies to seduce men so that they may control them. For example, the harlot in Tablet 1 of the Epic of Gilgamesh. She, Shamhat, is sent by Gilgamesh to Enkidu in order to gain control over this wild man named Enkidu. Shamhat lures Enkidu in, telling him: 'You are handsome, [Enkidu, you are like a god,]. Not long after, she seduces him, and he and she spend 6 days and 7 nights together. After this time, Enkidu is no longer just a wild man(133). He begins to learn the ways of regular men, eating bread and drinking ale Shamhat told his was fit for a god and a king. Shamhat's sweet nothings and confidence-building words, soon leads Enkidu from the wilderness, the only home he's ever known, and into the city. Further down the line of time, he even challenges Gilgamesh, the very one who sent the harlot to Enkidu. Shamhat guided Enkidu into a new life, but not before she sexually enticed him with her body. She is a perfect representation of the concept of a woman in the ancient Sumerian culture.
The flood is created by the god Enlil to destroy the earth and all the mortals that walked upon it. He felt that the humans were too loud and annoying. He grew irritated with them and wanted to punish them for it. The god Ea betrayed the other gods and warned Utnapishtim that a great danger was coming. Utnapishtim was the king of Shuruppak, which was a extremely prosperous city on the banks of the Euphrates river. Ea told Utnapishtim to build a boat and aboard it with a seed of every living thing, his family, and his possessions. The story does not state the reason to why Ea chose Utnapishtim about the flood. But one can conclude that it was because he was favored by the God as only Ea chose him not the group of gods together. One can also guess as to why Utnapishtim was chosen because Ea spoke into the reed walls of Utnapishtim's castle and he overheard him talking about the disastrous flood that is coming.
Enkidu is represented as Gilgamesh's more reasonable and rational side. Enkidu helped Gilgamesh find his heroic side and turned him from a ruthless ruler to a hero.Enkidu was created to help balance and relax Gilgamesh. He was created by the goddess Arura from a hunk of clay in the forest. Enkidu was created to be a mirror image of Gilgamesh has in has the same strength and temper.Enkidu spoke to the harlot:/ ""Come, Shamhat, take me away with you/ to the sacred Holy Temple, the residence of Anu and Ishtar,/the place of Gilgamesh, who is wise to perfection,/but who struts his power over the people like a wild bull./ I will challenge him / Let me shout out in Uruk: 'I am the mighty one!'/ Lead me in and I will change the order of things;/ he whose strength is mightiest is the one born in the wilderness!"" (1.196-204).Before they become bestfriends, their pride and love of power created a feud between the two. Enkidu and Gilgamesh ended up becoming best friends after and Enkidu was the protector of his friend on their adventures and journeys. When Enkidu dies, Giglamesh is traumatised that he lost his bestfriend but then he starts to question his own future.
A crucial theme that is displayed throughout the poem is mortality. After Enkidu's death, Gilgamesh trembled with fear screaming I am going to die!”am I not like Enkidu?!/ Deep sadness penetrates my core,/ I fear death, and now roam the wilderness”/I will set out to the region of Utanapishtim, son of Ubartutu, and will go with utmost dispatch! (9.2-5). Gilgamesh thought that the only way to overcome his fear was to acheive immortality. He set off to find a man who has done this and learn how he did it. Gilgamesh travels a great deal to track down the mortal man who gained immortality. Death is seen as an impending doom and nobody wants to face it. During his journey, he stumbled upon the very man he was looking for, Utnapishtim. Utnapishtim then tells him the story of the great flood and how he was given immortality. After hearing the story, Gilgamesh realized that the quality of someones life is not determined by fortune and stature, but the quality of the time he spent with the people around him. Humans come to terms with death when they realized that life is worth appreciating and is all about the people you love surrounding you.
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Should People Convert to Vegetarianism
People eat meat and think they will become strong as an ox, forgetting that the ox eats grass - Pino Caruso. In the United States around eight million adults have converted to vegetarianism; removing meat, fish and poultry out of their diet. Some vegetarians do eat eggs and dairy products depending on how extreme they want to go considering vegetarian diets. 'Vegan' a total vegetarian remove any animal byproducts from their diet while pescatarians (partial vegetarians) avoid meat but still eat fish. Reasons for converting range from weight loss, morals, to anatomy. When following the diet and continuing a healthy lifestyle it seems like a better alternative. As of recent, researchers have been able to back up that vegetarianism promotes healthy weight, delivers complete nutrition, and human anatomy has evolved to support a primarily vegetarian diet.
In many different studies vegetarians have been seen as healthier without the meat and a proper diet; eating fruits and veggies instead of an abundance of unhealthy snacks. In an Oxford University study, out of 37,875 healthy men and women (ages 20-97), 5.4% of meat eaters were obese compared to 3% of vegetarians (Procon.org). In the study it continued to include that the people who ate meat had 8.3% higher BMI then the vegetarians. There is an obvious health shift when eating like this; Americans who struggle with obesity or weight in general could solve their problem by converting. Some argue that removing meat from ones diet could cause a lack of necessary nutrients; however, there are many plant based alternatives to meat that can give the same nutrients.
Nuts, beans, dairy, and legumes are some healthy high-protein based foods that can substitute for meat. The American Dietetic Association stated, [all] appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits (Harvard Health). Emphasizing on appropriately planned; when converting to vegetarianism, you cannot remove meat from your diet and not replace the nutrients you are missing from meat. If you cannot become a complete vegetarian it is still good to be aware of how much meat you are consuming and trying to utilize available alternatives. However, always remember that this diet is not impossible and can be done while still getting the necessary vitamins, fats, proteins etc..
Another common argument between meat-eaters and non-meat eaters is whether or not human evolution was meant for humans to consume meat or for a plant-based diet. Many people who refuse to take meat out of their diet claim that humans have been eating it for hundreds of years, why stop now. Some say that a dense form of nutrients and protein that, when combined with high-calorie low-nutrient carbohydrates such as roots, allowed us to develop our large brains and intelligence (Procon.org). When looking at our teeth and length of guts they do not quite fit the bill for carnivores or herbivores therefore we look to our closest ancestors; apes and monkeys and they stick to a plant based diet with an occasional piece of meat. Some theorists think that going back and sticking to a plant based could be our next evolution. That we should only eat meat if it benefits it now. The the important question is how it impacts out bodies today (Newman).
Completely converting an entire country into vegetarianism, let alone state, is impossible and would without a doubt would affect our economy. However, when it comes to a person wanting to better themselves and become a healthier person, then one person at a time is a good start. Being vegetarian is not impossible and depends on each individual person how much they believe it will affect them. Continuing a healthy lifestyle and making better choices when it comes to consumption are all part of vegetarianism and the different sub-diets within it. Taking out meat from your diet and replacing it with nuts or beans would benefit a persons health tremendously all while still fulfilling their nutritional needs. Society seems to be afraid of removing meat out of their diet because they could never live without it when evolution and humanity around you tells you the complete opposite. Stay openminded to new concept as this world continues to evolve.
Works Cited
Vegetarian ProCon.org.ProConorg Headlines, vegetarian.procon.org/.
Harvard Health Publishing. Becoming a Vegetarian.Harvard Health, 2008,
www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian.
Newman, Tim. Are We Supposed to Be Vegetarian?Medical News Today, MediLexicon
International, 15 Nov. 2017, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320047.php.
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Hitler: Psychology and Origins
Hatred of the Jews, the Communists, the Gypsies, and anyone who is not German, made the Austrian born Adolf Hitler wage war on the world and sacrifice more lives than any other person, other than him, can handle. He branded people based on their affiliations and beliefs, which subjected them to discrimination. On top of this action, he fabricated information about them, which made for the badges, armbands, and skin colors symbols of whatever negative feature Hitler presumed they have.
Hitler was the artistic kind of person, henceforth the existence of his emotional instability, as shown in his speeches and trials in 1907 and 1924. Hitler never had any holdups regarding his hatred towards Jews, Communists, and Westerners, too. He had shown his hatred early on in his political career. In fact, he based his political ideals upon the extermination of the Jewish people. Adolf was in his 30s when he decided to put himself in the spotlight and gain a place in the government where he rebranded the Socialist Workers Party later on and turned it into the Nationalist Socialist Workers Party (abbreviated in German as N.A.Z.I.) Mein Kampf (or My Struggle) by Adolf Hitler was thought of because he listened to a donor's idea of publishing. Soon after his revolution in 1923, he was arrested for high treason and entered the courtroom on Feb 1924 facing the death penalty. He was sentenced to 5 years of imprisonment in a luxury, white-collar, cell; he had a view of the countryside, unrestricted visits, and a whole lot of time to finish his book, which described a different version of his life, different than some, if not most, historians. This experience made him become more distinguished, adult-like, rational, and earned him the nickname Legal Adolf.
His book did detail hatred for Jews and Communists, and that was embraced by most of his tiny number of readers. He sold thousands of copies but had a membership base by the hundreds of thousands. Due to the bad economy, most of the public never had any money for luxuries like purchasing books. Later on, Mein Kampf would be regarded as a bible for the Nazi party and the neo-Nazi movement. He described his struggle which was an alternate reality and twisted facts about his earlier stages of life that are still, somewhat, believed by some; his father was not as loving as he stated, and the story behind the Iron Cross medal was not a capture of 4 French soldiers, rather the delivery of a message within the trenches of World War 1. He also describes his vision of Germany, the White Christian country with hatred towards the Jews, Communists, and any other foreigner, for they take away the benefits of Germany. There were, at the time, over half a million Jews, and some the most successful of the population are Jews. Even the family doctor of Adolf Hitler himself, who treated Mrs. Hitler with her breast cancer without success, was Jewish.
His hatred might come from multiple sources; the acts of war he witnessed, the loss of the war, his father's abuse, the over-protectiveness of Mrs.Hitler which alone is derived from the 3 dead siblings that preceded Adolf, or even the fact that Adolf Hitler has had an inferiority complex due to his small torso and long limbs. One factor remains after considering the reasons behind the character development of Hitler: the complexity of the psychoanalysis of Hitler is far and wide. In order to understand when did he start to hate who he hated, we must analyze the psychology of our target to ensure an accurate method of determining whether he developed his hatred before he possessed the power or afterward.
Dr.Langer, a psychologist who has studied the psychology of Hitler along with a team of experts for the OSS division of the US military in 1943, had written his analysis and cited more than 11,000 documents and numerous interviews with people who have met and interacted with the infamous leader for long periods of time. One of these people was the Jewish family doctor of the Hitlers. The MD had recounted Adolph's closeness to his mother while she was in her deathbed in a recording of the interview, and cited Adolph's unusual affection towards his mother which was much more than that of his sisters'. He also commented on the mother's love towards the anti-semite, saying that she was over-protective of young Adolf due to the loss of 3 prior children in birth-related complications. This feature would affect Adolf in a way that would alter his behavior towards the world, his loved ones, himself, and even his principles and ideals; for example, the suicide of his niece in their residence in Germany was due to his treatment to her which included the seclusion from the outside world due to its dangers, and the unusual sexual acts he performs (or rather wants to be performed on him) by her. These encounters are all contradicting to what Adolf Hitler, his followers, or even the majority of the public's knowledge about the person who wreaked havoc upon Europe. Hitler's book, Mein Kampf, would describe the Hitler society's point of view about what the world should be, but his entourage, his staff, and his partners all have different accounts of the life of Adolf Hitler, which would later alter the image that this man tried to present in his memoir for years.
Another source of great benefit for understanding Adolf Hitler is a documentary made by the BBC depicting the study of Dr. Langer. In it is seen that Adolf's childhood was unique in its categorization; Dr. Langer has taken the Freud approach of analyzing the childhood of Adolf Hitler, which he discovered as unique because there may have been an alteration in the early stages of childhood that led to the person we know today. These analyzed works have been the basis for the responsible team's prediction of the infamous suicide of Hitler and his loss in the war 2 years prior to their occurrences. Furthermore, the accounts of the interviewed are personal, and despite the subjectivity of what an event telling, there's no contradiction in the stories told and the facts known. This makes the document, the work, and any citation of them viable.
The prediction of Hitler's suicide was a clear cut sign of his disturbed self, and the attempt of suicide back in 1923 was a precedent to what he did to himself. While injured from a military gunshot, Adolf Hitler was running through Berlin after the failed coup d'etat attempt led by him and his Nazi party. He encountered his future party planner and she convinced him to not shoot himself in the head. Some might view it as a sign of attention desire, others see it as the real devastated man in his most vulnerable moment, but I see it as a proud individual who doesn't accept defeat easily, and would rather end his life than to be killed. Alongside so, his judgment is impaired due to his injury, making the ultimate decision -then- to be of utmost importance. His suicide in 1945 dismisses the theory that he was an 'attention whore' because he did so alone, after killing his wife, and with the knowledge that there was no one there to stop him from pulling the trigger (or swallowing the pill.)
Of course, ending his own life and attempting to do so prior to that wasn't the only indication of self-disturbance. His abnormal-self was also shown in his sexual activity, where the urine of his partner gives him the pleasure he needs for relief. Adolf's niece killed herself because of doing that to the infamous Fuhrer and for locking her in her room for extended amounts of time. This behavior showed the over-protectiveness of his mother in Adolf towards his niece, and the ruthlessness and abuse nature of his father in him. The alcoholic father used to beat young Adolf, and at one point he was left for dead after an almost fatal beating. Obviously, his mother couldn't stop her uncle/husband from punishing Adolf for no reason, but she tried to make up for it by showing him love and admiration. This contradiction made the young man feel close to his mother more and didn't realize that the abusive nature of his father was hereditary and would be reflected later in the actions that made World War 2 as infamous as it is. Of course, the image of Adolf's father in the tyrant's memoir was distorted. He mentioned the loving nature of his father, and the harmony of his family throughout his childhood in Mein Kampf. Adolf Hitler distorted the truth about his life and the lives of others, and because of that many myths and rumors still, stand today as absolute facts. We, as humans, want to know the unusual events, the weird patterns, and the common conceptions and misconceptions in history so we would know the correct lessons and apply them for future generations. Adolf Hitler relied on that, spreading the message of hatred to Jews and Reds and the preservation of the Aryan race, and the message spread across Europe, and eventually, the world. He spread a message based on statements that are far from being true; he stated that the first World War was a guaranteed win for the Germans if it weren't for the treacherous acts by the Communists and Jews.
Looking back at the fact creation technique, we see that it had methods still used today by similar groups such as the neo-Nazi movement, the right-wing fanatics, third world tyrants like North Korea's Kim Jong Un and sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah, and even some governments or parts of governments, like the government of Slovakia or the United States White House administration. All of these examples and more around the world try to present an argument different than reality, and impose such information upon the minds of the public- be it forcible or otherwise. Adolf Hitler used the method of his father to impose his vision of the world; a pure Aryan world with other races enslaved or controlled by him and his party. He forcibly removed all the Jewish communities in Germany and began to 'cleanse' Europe by the series of invasions in the late period of the 1930s. Soon after being praised for Time's Man of the Year award, he invaded neighboring countries and killing who he, and his army and SS units, wish. The method of bullying his way through the lives of many was a reaction to how the world treated him when he was a younger man, and the horrific acts he committed was enhanced only by his past military and bloodshed experience.
Even as the grand Fuhrer of Germany, Adolf Hitler never took off his falsely claimed Iron Cross medal. This need for praise on top of being the ruler of one of the greatest superpowers in history shows the insecurities of the German leader. Also, his need for praise shows his dissatisfaction with the dismal amount of glory he considered he had from his surrounding. He had won his seat in government after numerous recounts and special elections due to a loophole his party seized upon; the members of the parliament can protest and walk out, but that would cause a re-election of the seats of Parliament. From tens to 100s of seats, the Nazi party had gained immense power in the government, and Adolf Hitler kept representing it as its leader. This led to his appointment as Chancellor and, later on, merging his and the President's offices to make it the Fuhrer's office. With his immense power, he remembered his days in the army, and him waking up from a chemical gas attack which blinded him, he invested in scientific discoveries and weaponry. His elite team made numerous planes, bombs, arms, and shields for the soldiers to use. This scientific team came from growing the population of his choice and directing them in different fields of life, a technique used by the Communist Russians; both cultures rely on the specificity of one's field in life, and the necessity for he or she to never drift away to another field to avoid enlightenment. He never confirmed that he brought other people's culture and population control methods, but said that he thought about them or were consulted to him. Adolf Hitler was a liar even as a young man, falsely claiming to his mother and step-sisters that he was a great artist in Vienna, where he lived before he moved to Germany. We can see contemporary examples of these actions in the countries and regions mentioned above, and lying is not only second-nature but also considered vital for national interests.
Misstating facts can be seen in numerous events in the leader's life, starting with his own description of his family as loving and caring and synced, to his version of the Iron Cross story where he delivered a message under heavy fire but replaced the story with one where he captured four French soldiers single-handedly, to his reasons behind a war on Europe, which was the biggest and the deadliest of his lies. Furthermore, while criticizing the former leaders, the ones who led the army he was part of to Germany's loss in the Great One, he applied the same strategies to rally up people's support, promising them of a short and sweet victory over the enemies of the pure race. The same technique was used by Adolf in the late 1910s to recruit him to fight on the western front of Germany's borders with France. The trench warfare was costing the Allies plenty, in terms of finances, ammo, and lives, and that was all thanks to the German mighty power, something to be proud of if you're a German like the delivery man of the advancing army. Switching fronts, as he thought, was the treacherous and heinous act done by the Jewish and Communist leaders of the army. In his 1924 trial, Adolf Hitler stated that he was not a German citizen, but an Austrian one, yet the nationalistic views he held was endearing, colorful, but in reality, it was dark, vicious, and violent. His change to fighting two fronts, as we saw in the war he started, was to fight in each front, simultaneously, and with a lot of brains, brawn, and speed. He used tanks that were small and mobile, ships with sonar, submarines with stealth capabilities, planes that broke ground in aviation science, and an ideology of hate to unite them all under it, using only what he says and with complete disregard to the truth; disregarding the truth to him means the complete absence of the true version of the event or occasion, unlike the rest of us who twist the truth while thinking about it because we can't help but do so. Confronting Adolf about his lies would only make him yell and punish the speaker of such things.
The first World War was a stepping stone for him to build his profile amongst the public, and the revolution was a big porch for him to parade on, but after becoming 'legal Adolf' he was more effective. He opened himself up to a world of politics and realized that this field has the most impact upon Germany, and Europe. He used fact creation and hateful rhetoric to climb higher in the rankings of society and capitalized upon it when he was appointed as Chancellor, the head of the German government. His impact reached the core of the country, so much so that the flag of the country changed into the flag of his political party. When one political party in a democratic country rules undisputed it has the potential to produce a tyrant, as we saw with Nazi Germany. Some claim the United States is no better, but I disagree; the United States, as big of a monopoly its government is, still has a great deal of competition, which has a factor that the competitors rely on greatly; people's satisfaction and votes. In Nazi Germany, only one group of people were happy, and the rest lived in camps, on the run, or stopped living. This tyrannical system of government made for a lack of criticism directed towards the leadership and any kind of negative comments made for extensive punishment. Adolf Hitler repealed the freedom of speech, press, and most other freedoms in the name of national security, much like dictators and immoral leaders of contemporary times.
History lessons are important for human progression, but in this case what some leaders like Kim Jong Un, Jacob Zuma, the president of South Africa, or even the incumbent president of the United States, Donald Trump, have learned to avoid the mistakes of the process, but not change the essence of their objectives in this life they take part of. Much like the man examined by so many before me, Adolf Hitler, these men have used their power for personal gains in ideology and fortune on the same level. Looking at Donald Trump we see that he used his powerful connections in the state government of New Jersey back in the 1990s to build his chain of unsuccessful casinos, and the method used was immoral, to say the least. He also pushed people out of their homes and had numerous lawsuits and settlements concerning the matter. This was done by the man who wasn't the leader of the US, but with his limited power, he has successfully made the world around him benefit himself the most.
As president Donald Trump made the government transform into a rhetoric machine for him, making his aides and employees repeat his tweets as if they make any sense to the people outside his social circle. This pampering by his staff is required to stop the 72-year-old man from shifting into a monster who would need a constant and a huge amount of praise to be stopped from over-compensation, which could be dangerous considering that he has the resources of the most powerful military. The man did not have a normal childhood, mainly because his father was reportedly an alcoholic, and that raises the suspicion of an abused childhood, and because military school was involved in his early years as an aspiring pilot, but the house of Trump did not approve of this demeaning profession, and instead forced real-estate upon the young Donald. This would seem similar to the absence of art and artistic life that Adolf Hitler dreamed of when he went to Vienna, the obligation to go through the military (or the participation military life), and the natural deviation to politics or political venues for personal gain.
Other leaders of the world differ in their levels of morality, sense of nation, and world and human progression. None, however, rival these tyrants above, for they have used the people they have, or are, ruling to personally benefit from them. Jacob Zuma, for instance, used $15 million to renovate his palace with a new swimming pool that he claimed to the courts of South Africa that it was a fire pool in case the house catches fire, a chicken run, and other amenities that seem useless to everyone who isn't, or not related or working for, Jacob Zuma. Adolf Hitler used the people whom he wanted support from to build his utopia and tricked them into a war that ended his life and millions of others. Although the loss of each instance differ greatly, in an alternative world where president Zuma relied on hateful rhetoric to advance his political agenda, he would err and fight to expand his country's territory. These two men don't share the same childhood environment, but they do share in it the poverty, love of a mother and the abusive nature of their fathers.
Looking objectively at some monarchs of history or contemporary times, we find examples that would seem better and even moral, unlike the rule of Adolf Hitler, the man of the essay. For example, the current shaker of the political venue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Bin Salman (aka MBS) have gone through strides not undergone by others before him in the country to seize more power and become Mr. Everything. MBS has jailed more than 100 princes who are blood relatives, tens of former and current ministers and heads of various governmental departments, and iconic businessmen and women under the pretense of corruption. This move and dozens beforehand made him rise through the ranks of government since 2015 to become the youngest and most influential crown prince. Without considering the morality of the method, he used the power he seized to allow for cinemas to be reinstated in the country after a 35-year ban, allow women to drive and alter the civil pedestrian and vehicle laws to include all sexes as equal in these charters, and made the economy of the kingdom move away from oil, which consisted 90% of the governmental revenues, to a more green and varied approach. Jacob Zuma, Donald Trump, or even Vladimir Putin would continue to use the oil and keep filling out their pockets and those of their loved ones. MBS isn't the only example of morality when seizing power, but he is compared to the similarly aged Kim Jong Un, who uses his power to make who's around him praise him to the level of worship, and who increased the number of torture camps since he took power. The execution of his cousin would seem cruel, but if taking power would make for a better world, not a better world for the person in question, then the ends justify the means; a rotting building needs breaking or even tearing down for a newer and better building to exist.
These examples showcase the true meaning of what a leader should learn, be, and avoid to become. I don't think either of us, me or the reader, would become a leader of a country, but we are responsible for our own power over our surroundings and people around us, and that would be improved if we see the needs of others before ours. Adolf Hitler as oblivious to the fact that the economy of Germany relied on its people, Aryan, Jew, or Communist. The cooperation of people builds people, but the early life of Adolf made him as vicious, corrupt, and as racist as he was; the racism was the result of his need to blame anyone other than the people he considered himself aligned with, the 'true' Germans. Donald Trump saw that as well, but the severity of his immorality made him learn that the people needed a vent for their anger over losing occupations and dying careers, and he used that anger and directed it towards the people who built and continue building the United States' economy. The Mexican Wall issue is what made him president, and the birther controversy made him a legitimate politician, and both are built on fictional, or 'alternatively factual' statements.
The similarity of these tyrants' childhoods is remarkable. Where Adolf Hitler faced false praise from his mother, and both were afraid for their lives from the head of the household, same as Donald Trump's and Jacob Zuma's childhoods, and more importantly, they have lived, up until this point of life, at similar rates of power abuse and altering the facts of their lives and the lives of others. Moreover, the nature of their governmental decisions are based on personal profit and the benefit of the ones who helped them get the desired position, if they don't get betrayed by the newly appointed tyrant, that is.
Hatred made Adolf Hitler the most infamous leader of the 20th century, and that made for a generation of narcissistic and racist people who believed in whatever rhetoric the Austrian man said or claimed, and we see the same effects in today's leaders all over the world. Mentioning Donald Trump, Kim Jong Un, and Jacob Zuma is an attempt to provide contemporary examples of what an Adolf Hitler might look like; troubled childhood and a twisted logic haunt all 3 men, and it had done so to the 1938 Time magazine's Man of the Year, Adolf Hitler.
Cited Works Page
https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539,00.html
https://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lm1cuHMCMIg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wc7FuFt7dkI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vOkfNXe6Rk&list=PLgeJ6bGP6EDlgg1EB1_CDrvvUdcI2mjsr
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1981/07/11/walter-c-langer-wrote-mental-study-of-hitler/f7f523e8-fcd1-4552-8aa7-41c33bf37c9e/?utm_term=.749392b1373d
https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78-02646R000100030002-2.pdf
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1981/07/11/walter-c-langer-wrote-mental-study-of-hitler/f7f523e8-fcd1-4552-8aa7-41c33bf37c9e/?utm_term=.3856f63fa4bf
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What does it Mean to be Vegetarian?
A vegetarian is someone who lives on a diet of grains, pulses, legumes, nuts, seeds, vegetables, fruits, fungi, algae, yeast, and/or some other non-animal-based foods with, or without, dairy products, honey and/or eggs. A vegetarian does not eat foods that consist of or have been produced with the aid of products consisting of or created from, any part of the body of a living or dead animal. Many people think that a life without meat would be boring, unhealthy, and damaging to your body. While others claim they are saving the earth, saving animals, and maintaining a better lifestyle.
Switching to vegetarianism has many benefits for the human body. People who make the decision to change their diets and embrace a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle can do so for a number of reasons. A vegetarian diet helps lower cholesterol, control diabetes, prevent cancer, and retain vitamins. There has always been a concern medically, among non-vegetarians about the supposed lack of protein that vegetarians ingest. For the most part, Americans eat more protein than their bodies need. Too much protein can lead to kidney disease, bone loss, and cancer. There are many different foods with high amounts of proteins including soy, eggs, dairy, quinoa, beans, and legumes. Another argument of a vegetarian lifestyle is maintaining a healthy weight. Foods high in carbohydrates are excellent in sustaining a healthy weight. They are a lower amount of calories in carbohydrates than in fats and they are stored differently in the body.
However, eating a plant based diet has its drawbacks. Plant-based sources tend to be low in saturated fat, a component of the brain and a macronutrient vital for human health. Meats contribute greatly to our overall health and contains many nutrients that cannot be obtained in any amount from plants: Creatine creates energy reserves in muscle and brain tissue, complete protein source with a higher biological value, Vitamin D, contains Vitamin B1, B2, B6, and the minerals zinc, selenium, and iron. Vegetarians have a higher risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency compared with people who consume animal-based products.
Becoming a vegetarian does not guarantee good health or a healthy diet. Anyone is at risk of poor health if he or she consumes too many calories, unhealthy snacks, too many refined carbohydrates, whole milk dairy products and junk food, whether or not based on meat. In addition, there is not right or wrong answer for becoming a vegetarian, just maintain a healthy diet and keep up with your body's nutritional intake.
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Are our Schools a Perfect Score: an Examination of Standardized Testing in America
The application for her dream school is finally done, and she's giving it one last onceover before hitting the fated, Submit button. Her eyes are caught by the standardized test score that seems to scream Throw this application away right off the page. It seems out of character for the student with a GPA higher than a 4.0 who involves themselves in a multitude of afterschool activities all on top of a job, and that's because it is. In fact it looks almost as if it was simply a typo. But the fact is that this incredibly bright student who otherwise has the perfect application will probably get denied without question because she simply isn't fit for the college because of one test score. One test score is all it takes to ruin her dreams.
High-stakes testing can be defined as any test where the results are used to make an important decision about a student such as acceptance to a college, promotion to the next grade, ability to graduate, etc. (""The Glossary,"" 2014). Tests can be qualified as standardized when all students are being tested on the same material and each student has been given the same opportunity to be successful. It is also scored and administered in a fashion that would be the exact same for every student (""The Glossary,"" 2015).
This is an issue because tests such as the SAT and ACT among other tests are administered for the sole purpose for colleges and scholarship programs to determine an applicant's intellectual ability. The chief mission of standardized tests is to reference achievement compared to the normal, average basis, yet if the national average is above normal, then students who are achieving higher than normal scores are in the lower half. These tests can be used when an excess of applicants for a program is present so that the best candidates may be chosen. However, this then does not take into account any other capabilities of a student when only the test is considered. (I.E. college)
History
No Child Left Behind
In 1999, students all around the world took the 3rd International Science & Math Test. The United States scored 28th out of all nations (Oliver et al., n.d.). This urged George W. Bush to push his No Child Left Behind Act, passed Congress with Bipartisan support due to it's motivational tennants to help both our students and focus on moving us up on the ranking list. No Child Left Behind focused on testing students yearly to identify schools that are underperforming and help fix them or eliminate the schools that are consistently failing and transfer their students to better performing schools. The act also increased the number of federally mandated standardized tests from six to 17 (Oliver et al., n.d.). The Effect of No Child Left Behind has virtually no support for the hypothesis that No Child Left Behind has led, on average, to a narrowing of racial achievement gaps. (Oliver et al., n.d.). In fact, the United States's scores on the International Science & Math Test are actually down from the last time it was administered.
Race to the Top
This Obama era initiative changed some of the ideals of No Child Left Behind in order to better adapt them to the current times and included new policies such as Value-added Analysis. The value-added analysis made it so teachers ratings are based on if the student improves in the percentiles (Oliver et al., n.d.). In other terms, a teacher's rate of successful students is based on the level of improvement by students.
Continuance Through Grade Levels
Virginia implemented high-stakes testing in 1988 with the introduction of graduation dependent testing. After the implementation of the graduation exam in Virginia the rates in enrollment for the GED program increased, therefore we can believe that GED enrollment in Virginia increased as the nation decreased this could be linked to the graduation examination put in place (Amrein & Berliner, 2002). In New York, Lower Hudson Valley school districts are seeing over 25% of students in grades 3-8 opting out of state certified tests. This shows a pattern of both students and parents discontent associated with state testing. Examples are more extreme in other situations, such as when not a single junior student attended the common core state test at Nathan Hale High School in Seattle An average American student is likely to have 113 standardized tests on average by time of graduation (Oliver et al., n.d.).
How high-stakes tests affect our education system
How this affects our teachers
Standardized Tests can be helpful by showing teachers where certain students need extra help to improve in order to not be left behind by classmates. Nevertheless, these tests put far too much emphasis on teaching only what's going to be on test, this in turn leaves out topics students might show genuine interest in because there simply isn't enough time in the year to cover the curriculum; thus limiting creativity and diversity in education. President Obama's Race to the Top program also included tying teacher pay to student performance in some cases. This has had the negative implementation that students sometimes have achievement goals that are literally impossible to achieve because their predicted score is higher than the score can actually compute, and even when a student receives a perfect score, a teacher's rating could go down, therefore potentially inhibiting their pay. (Oliver et al., n.d.). Some schools that link student achievement to teacher pay using a complex and practically incomprehensible formula (see appendix) this formula is also used to show the predicted amount of calves a cow will birth in their lifetime.
How this Affects our Students
The schedule of testing is also inadequate when considering most tests are administered at the beginning of the year to get a feel of where the students stand. The middle, to determine what the students have learned and still need to be educated on. Lastly, an end of year examination, to determine all of what a student has learned throughout the course of a year. These seem like fair administrations that provide vital information for the teachers to ensure every child understands the material being taught. Yet, even after the scores come back, the information that was missed on the examination is still rarely brought up again because there simply isn't enough time in the syllabus schedule. So even though we are correctly identifying the issue, we are bypassing the solution. These checks are then pointless to a child and encourage the children not to try because even if there is a clear issue that a number of students consistently fail an area of study they know there will not be anything done to correct it and help them.
Economic Disparities
There are two distinct aspects when it comes to examining how economic disparities affect both test-takers and school systems. Standardized tests can be helpful when a state needs to decide where to send supplemental items such as textbooks, additional teachers, study courses, etc. In 2008, The National Association for College Admissions Counselors found that standardized test scores were more predictive of income than intelligence, this influenced them to try to get more schools to identify as test-optional. Despite the push from NCAC, schools still resisted (Soares & Ovaska, 2015).
Psychology/ Neurology
Test-Taking Anxiety
Test-Taking Anxiety can be defined as a social disorder where a test-taker experiences extreme feelings of stress and anxiety during a test. These feelings are especially heightened during high-stakes tests such as the ACT, SAT, and high-school exit exams (Cherry, 2018). Mrs. Christina Steponovich discusses the topic of Test-Taking Anxiety on how this might affect students from her teaching experience. She expressed that students who suffer from test-taking anxiety more often show anxious tendencies like finger and foot tapping during the test as well as looking around the room. There is no sure fire way to cure this disease, but remedies like neurotherapy and counseling to try and build confidence as well as teach coping mechanisms like relaxation breathing.
The Brain Under Stress
If affects the brain by releasing neurotransmitters at a rapid rate, making the amygdala (the part of the brain that deals with fear and releases stress hormones) hyperactive. This leads to heaving breathing and a deficit in confidence when answering questions, therefore the test-taker is more likely to second guess themselves even if they have sufficient evidence to believe they have the correct answer. This contributes to the downward spiral effect where the situation progressively gets worse.
Drug Use
Standardized testing also increases a student's likelihood to use psychoactive drugs like Adderall and Ritalin so they can study for hours on end (Armstrong, 2013). This can lead to addiction in driven, hard-working students which is not usually the group of people whom you would expect to see addicted to drugs.
as of 2011, about 1 in 10 high school-aged US teens reported non-medical use of Adderall or Ritalin, a similar drug, while 4.1 to 10.8 percent of college students reported non-medical use of these medications.
Testing Companies
Non-Profit Testing Organizations
Many testing companies now identify as public non-profits, which seems a little odd considering America spends 1.7 billion dollars annually on standardized testing (Chingos, 2012). Of course, most organizations offer scholarships to students who receive exceptional results, and that's where we hope our money will go when the average cost of session tutoring starts at $1,000 (Carns, 2014). However, it seems more often than not, high ranking officials in these companies take home large paychecks and sizable bonuses at the end of the year. Specifically, in 2002, the Educational Testing Service President, Kurt Landgraf, was compensated with $800,000 for his first 10 months on the job as well as awarding the company's top 15 executives with nearly $400,000 bonuses each. In 2013, Kurt Landgraf made over 1.35 million from his job as President of E.T.S, a private, Non-profit testing organization Make sure to keep in mind the teachers who prepare the students for these tests yearly average starting salary is $38, 617 (Caffee, 2018).
Privatization of Public Education
The Companies
Pearson. Pearson currently owns 40% of the testing markets in the Nation and also owns the General Education Development, or GED test. Pearson has been found in a number of sticky situations when it comes to standardized testing and its many facets. Specifically on grading, they have been found looking for assessment graders on online forums such as Craigslist. The positions are posted, and most scoring jobs do not have sufficient training for those who are hired for the company. Sometimes, the only requirement to be a Pearson at-home scorer is to have a Bachelor's Degree (and not even in the field you are scoring for for some jobs.) In an interview with Tom Farley, he admitted that grades can sometimes be based on quotas and not content, some specific words he called from his experience were, You need to learn to see more papers as a 3, based on last year's quotas, we're scoring too (blank) Quota-based scoring leads to students not receiving an accurate assessment of their education because the score they received many not be the score they actually earned.
McGraw-Hill
Harcourt
Riverside
Case Law
The most recent class-action suit against The College Board and Educational Testing Service is one that comes with vicious accusations. John Doe, on behalf of his son, is suing The College Board on the assumption that the August Administration of the SAT was a duplicate of the test given in Asia in 2017. This directly goes against the rules of the company to ensure that no questions are duplicated if the answers have been revealed to students. There were no international tests administered for the August date which led to many students travelling to the U.S. to take the test, and therefore, the concern that Asian students who took the test in 2017 now had an unfair advantage to excel on the test. The College Board has assured students and families that they checked that all those who took the test in Asia were not re-testing in America for this date yet the public still remains skeptical on the truth in these statements. The case is still waiting to be heard by United States District Court for Middle Florida (Jashchik, 2018).
Federal Law
The only current bill on legislation that will affect Standardized Testing is a bill by the name of Tackling Excessive Standardized Testing Act of 2015 or in short TEST. It is intended to reduce the amount of testing and frequency at which students in grades three through eight complete adequate yearly progress examinations. Considering the previously stated fact that students on average complete 113 Standardized Tests by the time of graduation (Oliver et al., n.d.). This bill is meant to amend the Secondary Education Act of 1965. It initially started as Tackling Excessive Standardized Testing Act of 2014, but the bill never made it to the House floor. It was then proposed as the 2015 version but is still yet to see any form of action towards a vote or debate on it. There bill has since been tabled since 2015, neither the House nor Senate voted on either bill at any point.
Conclusion
Standardized Testing is one of the biggest issues plaguing our education system yet it is rarely examined for ethical processes or innovated to change as both students and the education change around themself.
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Are our Schools a Perfect Score: An Examination of Standardized Testing in America. (2019, Jun 24).
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Standardized Testing is Stupid?
Standardized tests are superfluous in light of the fact that they are horrendous to the psyches of numerous blameless understudies. Every year, the tests get harder and stricter until the point that the understudies can't process their own considerations. The tests wind up agonizing to the brains of those just beginning in the realm of tests. The understudies as of now doing combating in the war are proceeding to fall further and more profound into the universe of uncreativity and limitation. As the dividers tight in on them, they are lost and unfit to wind up creative masterminds. Besides, the usage of government sanctioned tests into the state funded educational systems of the United States of America has disputably raised two unique perspectivesthe defenders versus the adversaries in the clash of the viability of state sanctioned tests. Government sanctioned tests require all test takers to answer similar inquiries; the tests are additionally scored in a standard way. Hence, the training framework trusts that it is reasonable for everyone to step through a similar exam since it is planning understudies for school learning. As a general rule, knowledge can't exclusively be dictated by a test score; accordingly, state sanctioned tests are ineffectual in empowering learning in instructive situations for three reasons: they are unpleasant, unfair, and uncreative.
Since the beginning of government sanctioned testing in the United States, students have seen the test as a compelling apparatus to construct a general public on greatness and achievement. Moreover, state sanctioned tests have created and spread in different government funded schools as an unproblematic method to test a lot of understudies rapidly. Instructors utilize test scores to assess understudy execution, educator capability, and school adequacy. Be that as it may, government sanctioned tests are not the most ideal approach to test people on their insight. As indicated by Standardized tests are unnecessary because they are excruciating to the minds of many innocent students. Each year, the tests get tougher and stricter until the students cannot process their own thoughts. The tests become torturous to the minds of those only starting in the world of tests. The students already battling in the war are continuing to fall deeper and deeper into the world of uncreativity and narrowness. As the walls narrow in on them, they are lost and unable to become innovative thinkers. Moreover, the implementation of standardized tests into the public school systems of the United States of America has controversially raised two different views “the proponents versus the opponents in the battle of the effectiveness of standardized tests. Standardized tests require all test takers to answer the same questions; the tests are also scored in a standard manner. Thus, the education system believes that it is fair for everybody to take the same test because it is preparing students for college learning. In reality, intelligence cannot solely be determined by a test score; therefore, standardized tests are ineffective in encouraging learning in educational environments for three reasons: they are stressful, discriminatory, and uncreative.
Throughout the history of standardized testing in the United States of America, citizens have viewed the test as an effective tool to build a society on excellence and success. Furthermore, standardized tests have developed and spread in various public schools as an unproblematic way to test a large amount of students quickly. Educators use test scores to evaluate student performance, teacher proficiency, and school effectiveness. However, standardized tests are not the best way to test individuals on their knowledge. In the word of Dan Fletcher, Standardized tests have been a scourge of student life in America for more than 50 years because they are more pressure packed and ubiquitous than ever before. Standardized tests are eradicating the opportunity for students to succeed because their enthusiasm for learning is replaced with anxiety and obsession over tests and grades. There are different forms of intelligence that go beyond what our school system measures. Students are not a unit to be measured, and students cannot be assigned a numerical value to identify their intelligence. Students are diverse”they learn at different speeds, and they learn in different ways. Focusing solely on test scores is hurting our students and deviating away from building our society on success and excellence. Critics are slowly realizing the problems associated with standardized testing” they create anxiety, are extremely biased and do not measure the ability to think deeply. It is not possible for these test to take in account the diversities of racial background, school systems, school experiences, and location. Standardized tests don't value diversity. There are a wide range of differences in the people who take standardized tests: they have different cultural backgrounds, different levels of proficiency in the English language, different learning and thinking styles, different family backgrounds, different past experiences. And yet the standardized test treats them as if they were all identical.
Standardized testing also falls under No Child Left Behind which formed under Former President George W. Bush which isn't effective as well. There are a number of reasons why this is so. For one thing, test results vary considerably from year to year, so that teachers ranked high for effectiveness (because their kids scored well on tests) in one year find that, for a variety of factors beyond their control, their students perform worse the following year. One study, for example, conducted across five large urban school districts found that fewer than a third of teachers ranked in the top 20 percent of effectiveness in one year were in that rank the following year--and a third of that group found themselves in the bottom 40 percent. So how could a teacher that was consider great the previous year be determined bad the next.
Rigid curriculums that focus on right and wrong answers teach children to see the world in binaries. These methods don't encourage creativity or innovation. I fear that our deeply flawed education system will produce generations of people who lack critical thinking skills. How can students be expected to become highly skilled or passionate about anything when they're asked to simply regurgitate information? What kind of choices will they make in their adult lives when they have never been taught how to look at the nuances and complexities of situations? Who will have the tools to question authority? Who will question the status quo? How will we compete with other countries when our younger generations have not been encouraged to develop their inquisitiveness and engage with the world?
I fear that our system is failing children by encouraging them to be mindless consumers. High tests scores do not make someone well-educated or well-rounded and memorizing facts does not equal intelligence. Public education should not be a commodity, but a foundation for children to at least have the possibility of succeeding in the world now than any time in recent memory. State sanctioned tests are annihilating the open door for students to succeed in light of the fact that their excitement for learning is supplanted with tension and fixation on tests and grades. There are distinctive types of insight that go past what our educational system measures. Students are not a unit to be estimated, and students can't be appointed a test which doesn't measure up to tell what they've learned. Students are assorted”they learn at various rates, and they learn in various ways. Concentrating exclusively on test scores is harming our students and straying far from building our general public on progress and brilliance. Pundits are gradually understanding the issues related with state sanctioned testing”they make uneasiness, are to a great degree one-sided and don't gauge the capacity to think profoundly. It isn't workable for these test to consider the assorted varieties of racial background , educational systems, school encounters, and area. Standardized tests don't understand diversity. There are an extensive variety of contrasts in the general population who take standardized tests: they have distinctive social foundations, diverse dimensions of capability in the English dialect, different learning and styles, diverse family foundations, distinctive past experiences. But then the state sanctioned test regards them as though they were all indistinguishable.
Since students realize that test scores may influence their future lives, they do whatever they can to pass them, including duping and taking execution drugs. Since educators realize that test scores may influence their jobs and financial stability , they likewise cheat (see the blockbuster Freakonomics for some intriguing measurements on this).
My Opponents May express that state administered testing has turned out to be extremely useful. They may even reach as far as to state that standardized testing is a precise and powerful method for truly estimating a students benchmark for the year on the material they might possibly have the learning over. Standardized testing can give benchmarks to guardians and educators. This enables guardians and teachers to perceive how an student is getting along contrasted with different students in his or her class, city, and country. Additionally standardized tests can help recognize issue territories in individual students, and schools and educational programs. In any case, the issue with those announcements are that in light of the fact that a student realizes an equation doesn't really mean they know the material. Likewise in view of the students background, ethnicity and different factors outside the classroom material which is known to influence the learning examples of understudies, it could prompt a terrible score which considers awfully an extraordinary educator and an student who is an incredible student and has an great mentality and creative mind yet conditions aren't that great. Additionally state sanctioned testing removes a students creativeness in answers when one is given to them yet may not be fundamentally all they have learned.
Inflexible educational modules that focus on good and bad answers instruct students to see the world in pairs. These strategies don't encourage imagination or advancement. I expect that our profoundly imperfect instruction framework will deliver years of individuals who need basic reasoning abilities. By what method would students be able to be required to wind up exceptionally talented or energetic about anything when they're asked to just spew data? What sort of decisions will they make in their grown-up lives when they have never been instructed what to look like at the subtleties and complexities of circumstances? Who will have the apparatuses to address specialist? Who will scrutinize business as usual? In what manner will we contend with different nations when our more youthful ages have not been urged to build up their curiosity and connect with the world?
I expect that our framework is coming up short kids by urging them to be thoughtless High tests scores don't make anyone knowledgeable or balanced and retaining actualities does not equivalent insight. State funded ought not be a problem, but rather an establishment for kids to at any rate have the likelihood of success in the world.
https://jackfisherbooks.com/2017/06/01/why-standardized-tests-make-you-feel-dumber-in-the-long-run/
Footnotes & Sources - Standardized Tests - ProCon.orgProCon.org ? standardizedtests ? view.res...
34 problems with standardized tests - The Washington PostWashington Post ? news ? 2017/04/19
Teachers and the testing mania | SocialistWorker.orgSocialistWorker.org ? 2012/09/18 ? teac...
The high stakes of standardized testsSchools of Thought - CNN ...schoolsofthought.blogs.cnn.com ? ...
https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1947019,00.html
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Standardized Testing is Stupid?. (2019, Jun 24).
			Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from 
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Who Benefits from Standardized Testing?
Standardized testing has become a fundamental part of the American education system. Students are tested frequently from elementary school, through high school. Many people believe that these standardized tests establish a valuable and accurate measure of students success. However, others say they do more harm than good by limiting the scope of education. There are numerous sources which benefit from standardized testing, For instance; college admission, public schools, large testing companies, test preparation companies, and more. We align standardized tests and the results of them, with achievement, intelligence, aptitude, and understanding. Those who oppose our standardized testing culture spit back all the things you cannot sufficiently summarize by filling in a bubble, arguing that these tests aren’t examinations of realistic ability, but rather, an unreliable way of forcing rank. Tests like the ACT and SAT are often met with annoyance, dread or indifference. Nevertheless, standardized tests have certain benefits. Some are obvious, such as helping applicants gain admission to a college or university, along with possible scholarship opportunities. In addition (source here) states that “Popular academic course options like Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate, and dual enrollment, in which a student enrolls in college courses and earns college credit while still in high school, while it is also possible to earn credit with just a standardized test score.” Furthermore, Students will take tests throughout their college careers. While the nature of these tests may change at the university level, the content on AP, ACT and SAT exams, are intended to help prepare high school students for the rigors of college.
First and foremost, on the topic of education. colleges and universities benefit from standardized testing on a multitude of levels. Colleges and universities can use test scores to get a broad idea of a student's academic ability. For many college admission officers, standardized tests provide a neutral yardstick for gauging student potential and performance. Admission tests apply a common standard to everyone. This helps colleges evaluate and compare the preparation of students who go to different high schools. All schools do not offer the same academic programs, learning environments or even expectations. Colleges look at your test scores, along with your high school grades and courses, to see how well prepared you are for college-level work. College admission officers try to get a complete picture of who you are, what you’ll bring to their campus and how you might do on their campus. They look at many parts of your application besides your test scores, such as; high school grades, high school courses, extracurricular activities, recommendation letters, application essays, and more. The importance of test scores in the admission process varies from college to college and depends on an institution’s admission approach and policies. Each college has its own policy. Some colleges, including more selective colleges, may place a high level of importance on test scores, within the context of the other parts of your application. Other colleges, including many community colleges, may not require a test or use your scores at all. Equally important, states that “In addition to using ACT scores as a quick, easy way to compare students in their applicant pool, colleges also use ACT test scores as a way of determining a student’s aptitude in different academic subjects. A score of 32 on the ACT Math Test, for example, may tell colleges that a student is ready to tackle the higher-level mathematics of their college program, while a score of 21 might tell them that a particular student may not quite have the proficiency they need. ACT test scores let schools see where a student stands on a broad academic spectrum, and decide if that student would be able to succeed at their institution.”
On the other hand, standardized testing is an extremely profitable business. Around this time of the year, tens of thousands of high school juniors are frantically signing up for SAT prep classes, buying expensive AP guidebooks, and paying for the SATs, AP exams, and SAT subject tests. Profits for all companies involved are exorbitant, but one company, in particular, stands out with an enormous revenue of $200,000,000 dollars and a profit of $62,000,000. And what company would that be? None other than the College Board, a ""not-for-profit"" company that capitalizes off of students' anxieties. let’s take a look at the compensation of the chief executives of three very large education non-profit organizations heavily involved in standardized testing. The College Entrance Examination Board, known as the College Board, which owns the SAT college admissions exam and the Advanced Placement program; the Educational Testing Service, which administers the SAT and AP exams for the College Board as well as other assessments for other organizations); and ACT, Inc., which owns the ACT college admissions and also is responsible for other tests and programs. It’s easy to mistake big non-profits such as these as for-profit companies because they operate in a similar fashion. They pay their top people a lot of money, charge fees for their services, make investments, market and lobby legislators. So how well do their executives do financially? In actuality, they are doing quite well financially, and many of their subordinates do just fine, as well. According to the latest publicly available 990 tax forms filed to the IRS by the three organizations, which operate under 501(c)3 tax exempt status because of their declared educational missions:
Kurt Landgraf, now the former president and chief executive officer of the Educational Testing Service, earned for the 2013 fiscal year ending Dec. 31, 2013: $1,307,314 in reportable compensation and $42,210 in estimated other compensation from the organization and related organizations. Jon Whitmore, the chief executive officer of ACT, earned for the 2013 fiscal year ending Aug. 31, 2014: $672,853 in salary, plus a bonus of $150,000, and other reportable compensation of $12,949, plus retirement contributions of $57,152, plus other nontaxable benefits of $18,109. That’s a total of $911,073. David Coleman, the president, and chief executive officer of the College Board, as well as a trustee, earned for the 2013 fiscal year ending June 30, 2014: $690,854 in reportable compensation plus $43,338 in other compensation from the organization and related organizations. Total: $734,192.
In 1999, the College Board was facing cash-flow difficulties, so they recruited Gaston Caperton, former governor of West Virginia, to transform the nonprofit company into a thriving business. Fourteen years later, the College Board holds a complete monopoly over the test-taking industry. Many students are required to take an SAT, or ACT subject test in order to apply to certain schools, and all students wishing to earn college credit for an Advanced Placement class must take the corresponding AP exam, which the College Board creates. Therefore, it makes sense that its profits are 317% of the industry average and its former President, Mr. Capteron, earned 444% of the industry average at a compensation of $1.3 million last year. Its newly chosen President, David Coleman, will earn a base salary of $550,000, with total compensation of nearly $750,000. Additionally, College Board's 23 executives make an average of $355,271 per year. These high salaries are extremely suspicious. If the College Board truly wished to create testing equality for everyone, wouldn't it pay its executives less and instead use those profits to lower the cost of the SAT for all? Why is this company considered a nonprofit if its motives aren't completely altruistic?
Furthermore, on the subject of financial benefit for large companies, the College Board will tack on all kinds of extra fees for certain services, including the ""Rush Order"", exam date changes, and the ""question-and-answer"" service. On the College Board website, the company even attempts to sell all sorts of products, including The Official SAT Study Guide for $31.99. Although the SAT registration cost itself can be waived for low-income students, the costs of these special services are not, as a result giving high-income students an edge when preparing for the SAT and completing college applications. It's becoming questionable whether the College Board is, in fact, dedicated to an ""equity agenda"" of ""expanding access to higher education for the poor, African-Americans, and Hispanic."" If the College Board truly wanted an equal testing experience for everybody, it would offer all of these extra services for free to those who cannot afford them. Does it really seem fair that one student can afford an SAT study guide, produced by the test-maker, while another cannot? Those students with the right amount of money reap the benefits, while the others are left in the dust. What both sides have left out in terms of how standardized tests align themselves, whether they are measures of intelligence or oppositional forces to that intelligence, is business.
As of 2011, Gaston Caperton, the president of the College Board, non-profit owner of SAT, was paid $1.3 million. Richard Ferguson, former executive officer of ACT Inc., made roughly $1.1 million. Meanwhile, The National Board on Educational Testing and Public Policy at Boston College reported that the value of the standardized testing market was anywhere between $400 million and $700 million. (Janet Lorin - Washington Post)
At their core, standardized tests are not equalizers. Contrary to a still-persisting popular belief, they do not offer an “equal opportunity” learning environment, which college board says they have tried to obtain. It turns out, academic conformity sells, and business is booming.
Perhaps even more questionable is the accuracy of these tests in measuring one's ""aptitude."" Director of undergraduate writing at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Les Perelman, looked over around 50 sample essays from the SAT distributed by the College Board and found a very strong correlation between length and score. ""If you just graded them based on length without ever reading them, you'd be right over 90 percent of the time,""( Michael Winerip, Washington Post.) A report released a while ago by the National Council of Teachers mirrored Dr. Perelman's criticisms; it warns that the SAT is pushing for a formulaic way of writing and that students don't have time to rewrite on the 25-minute essay section. a major error when measuring one's editing abilities. This style of testing just promotes conformity; in order to succeed in the essay, students must ignore their inner creativity and instead churn out mechanical, structured responses.
We can hardly consider standardized tests education. They enforce ideas of academic success and future prosperity that are as outrageous as the profit the testing industry rolls in from dependent schools and families. We see dollar signs where we should see the opportunity to teach human beings. It's quite clear that the College Board has acquired some major flaws over the past ten or so years. Not only has it given wealthier students an edge over their low-income peers, but it also doesn't accurately test certain abilities. In short, this ""nonprofit"" company has gone completely downhill.
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Who Benefits From Standardized Testing?. (2019, Jun 24).
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Causes and Contributing Factors of Standardized Testing
Standardized test taking has become the norm in the education system. In the 20th century, standardized tests were invented to improve schools, teacher practices, and educational methods. Unfortunately, it has contributed to severe dilemmas in the student's education process. Standardized testing is a cause of limited student learning, biased teaching, and a contributing cause to the diminishing health of students.
Standardized testing is the cause of limited student learning. The tests given only explore cognitive abilities, neglecting the other qualities that are essential to the student. Research proves that GED recipients score about the same as traditional high school students on the standardized test. While they are alike in that they generally obtain the same score, they also differ. GED recipients often lack basic qualities, such as curiosity and perseverance (How Standardized Tests Shape and Limit Student Learning). English and language arts (ELA) teachers could help students develop these non-cognitive skills that are essential to the learning process if they weren't mandated to focus so largely on testing drills. Instead, teachers are forced to limit opportunities, eliminating the curiosity developmental aspect. They also have to cut back on large scale projects, which help to develop perseverance (How Standardized Tests Shape and Limit Student Learning). According to a report published in 2013 by the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), students can spend over 110 hours per year doing test prep and as many as 50 hours per year taking the test themselves. This means children dedicate roughly 15% of instructional time on preparing for and taking the standardized test (The Case Against Standardized Testing).
Standardized testing is the cause of biased teaching. Standardized testing has become the single and most important indicator of a school's performance. Unfortunately, quality in the public school classroom correlates with high test scores and what determines a good teacher is his or her ability to raise the scores of students taking the standardized test. A writer for the New York Times and high school English teacher, Mercedes Schneider, proves this to be true. She admits to being fearful of losing her job as a teacher if she didn't conform to the guidelines concerning the time being dedicated to standardized testing. At the end of the school year she was evaluated by a school administrator. The evaluation is based on two things: classroom observation and the results of her students testing scores. Although the evaluation is supposed to be equally based on those two aspects, poor student testing performance can and will override a positive administration observation, resulting in the teacher's termination (Schneider).
Standardized testing is a contributing cause to the diminishing health of students. Researchers discovered that elementary school students experience greater test anxiety on a standardized test in comparison to the regular classroom test. They hypothesized that one of the contributing factors may be the amount of emphasis educators put on the importance of doing well on these tests (Segool et. al). Although low scores come with consequences for the student, the majority of children feel pressured and stressed because they are aware that the score they receive will impact their teachers and administrators. A study of children'sperception of standardized test taking was conducted in 2012. It showed that even students in third grade understand the consequences of receiving a low grade on the standardized test (Dutro and Selland). A survey conducted by the Northwest Evaluation Association in 2014 reported that 55% of students believed that the purpose of standardized tests was to evaluate their schools (10). Elementary school students in El Paso, Texas were asked what, and if any, fears they had surrounding the standardized test. One student stated, Your teacher will feel bad because you didn't try. She gets paid for teaching you. She wants her boss to see what a good teacher she is but if you don't try, her boss won't know what a good teacher she is, (Strauss). The answer given by that student also shows that the consequences faced by educators and administration members directly and negatively affect the student.
Prior to the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act, a plethora of professionals that directly deal with children on a regular basis (child psychiatrists, teachers, and pediatricians), signed a statement that advised against additional standardized testing that NCLB would require (Rethink High-Stakes Testing). The statement claimed that requiring more testing would negatively impact students health. A school nurse and former board member of the National Association of School Nurses, took notice to this immediately. After NCLB was implemented and the additional testing began, she witnessed an unusual increase of students who came to her with symptoms that align with anxiety. The symptoms cited included headaches, insomnia, depression, vomiting, and poor attendance (Rethink High-Stakes Testing). There is evidence to prove that stress-related issues experienced by students are not getting better but unfortunately worsening. The New York State School Board Association reported that 61% of responding school psychologists in New York claim that since Common Core standards wereintegrated, the levels of test anxiety has risen drastically (Heiser et. al). A pediatrician in Florida stated that she experienced an increase of patients with stress-related issues around the time of testing. She believes the impact of standardized testing has worsened within the past 20 years specifically, in the past five to eight years (Thompson) which suggests that additional testing was the cause of this. A director of testing and accountability in North Carolina reported to the American School Board Journal that, administrators discard as many as 20 exam books a day because children vomit on them, (Toppo). In fact, vomiting during testing is so common that teachers and administrators are given guidelines on what to do in the event a student vomits on their test and/or answer sheet. The test coordinator provided by the Partnership for Assessment and Readiness for College Careers (PARCC) proves this. The teachers are instructed to, put the soiled test into a resealable, plastic bag and if possible, transcribe the responses into a replacement document, (Archived Testing Manuals).
Although standardized testing is beneficial for gathering information to better assess schools in America, the students are suffering for it. Research proves and will continue to prove that standardized testing is a cause of limited student learning, biased teaching, and a contributing cause to the diminishing health of students.
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An Investigation of the Importance of Standardized Tests
Abstract
This research will be about whether the standardized test is a fair system to be used to measure students' success both academically and professionally. The researcher will explain that it is important because not all students are able to test at the same level. Some students have a learning disability, and some students get so stressed out about the test and fail because of the pressure being placed on the test. The problem the researcher will be addressing is that the standardized test is being used to measure students academic and professional success. The hypothesis the researcher will be examining is that, should the standardized test determine every students' success. The researcher will be using the mixed method to address this topic. The researcher will be using graphs, charts, surveys, and also interviews. The researcher will conclude that standardized tests should not be a predictor of students' success academically and professionally.
Introduction
Success is not final, failure is not fatal, it is the courage to continue that counts. (Churchill) For too long the success of students has been based on the standardized test, based on what the College Board believes every student should know. Your success should be based on you as an individual student, not the standardized test. Every student's success should not be based on a test that is made for only a specific group of students who have the materials to pass the test, and the test is designed to help them pass. The standardized test should be made so every student has a chance to succeed. Some students have a learning disability, these students learn different ways and it is not fair that the amount of success will be measured by a test might not be mentally ready for. For some students, the test is just too stressful, and the thought of what failure can do bothers and evidentially will cause the student to fail. Nearly judging students based on tests scores is not fair.
History
The standardized test has been in existence for as long as the 19th Century. It was created to determine students' past academic achievements and future potentials. (According to The Room 241 Team) It is supposed to determine achievements and potential but instead, it is measuring students' success rate. That is one of the problems with the standardized testing. The importance has been so stressed in the past that standardized tests still presently exist, but exist for the wrong reasons. The standardized now is like a life or death test, but in this case, a fail or succeed test. The College Board should try to help students succeed more not measure the level of their future success rate. In the future, this might still be a problem due to the current situations going on. It could be more emphasized on success. More tests might be created even but hopefully, the tests are for the good of all students.
Problem Statement
The standardized test was created in the 19th Century. It was created to see what students were capable of based on the materials being learned in the classroom. The problem is that the materials on these tests are not the same thing being learned in the classrooms. Not only is it not fair to the students who do not have the proper materials to prepare for the test, it is also not fair for those students who have learning disabilities. Having different learning abilities so why is there not a different test for them to take according to their abilities. Some students suffer from testing anxiety. All these students' success, academically or professionally should not be based on a test but the student as a whole. The students get too stressed because of how the importance of the test is stretched; like if do not do well on the test then just going to be a failure which can cause the student to lose confidence and end up failing the test. Not everyone can be great test takers. Some would prefer to think outside the box, but when limited to just a standardized test how can their true potential be known. The College Board can do better on improving the measurement of the standardized test. But the main problem is that the standardized test is a cultural bias test. It was created for different people who learn a certain way, and everyone does not learn the same way. ""Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. (Einstein) The College Board keeps giving the same test and expecting a different result.
Statistical Findings
Figure 1. Shows the scoring rate due to family income, starting from $0-$20k up to $200k. This graph shows that the standardized test is economically biased. It is made so that only a select group of people will be able to perform well on it. It is visible above in figure 1 that higher family income correlates to preparedness for the test. The less the family income is the lower the scores are. Also, the higher income families are doing well especially in writing, and the lower income families are performing below the average national rate. Preparation is very important when taking standardized tests but when there is no money to prepare the results will be like the ones in the figure above. The family's income can affect a students' future, that is the reality of it.
Figure 2. Shows that the standardized test is culturally biased, due to scores of different races. The graph above shows the results of different ethnicities test scores and how some races excel over the others. As seen in the graph, there is a significantly low score range between the black race and the other races. The attention of the College Board needs to be called to these facts. The standardized test should not be the only determinate of student's success, especially when the test is not designed for every student's way of learning. Depending on the race the scores vary. There are other variables tied to the races, such as the type of environment the races live in. The environment is very important and comfortability, but most importantly preparedness. It seems that the White non-Hispanic race was the most prepared. The College Board should have requirements to help all the races' preparedness.
Case Studies
This case study shows how standardized testing can affect a student mentally and have a breakdown due to the overt importance of the test. Dawn Neely-Randall has seen many things in her 24 years teaching in Ohio schools, but 2014 was different. With the advent of the Common Core State Standards in Ohio, students had to take a pilot version of the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) test on top of the standard Ohio Achievement Tests. This amounted to almost eight hours of testing in a single week for Neely-Randall's fifth graders. One student couldn't handle the stress of all of these tests and broke down in the middle of one. She had a complete meltdown, Neely-Randall told the HPR. And I could do nothing to help her, I couldn't help her with the test. I could just let her take a little break then, but then she was going to run out of time, and she was watching the clock, she knew. This proves that at times the standardized test can be the cause of a students' failure.This case study shows how the standardized test can affect the learning and teaching environment. Standardized testing has facilitated an incredibly toxic environment in our schools and in our discourse about education, ultimately turning schools from learning centers to testing factories, according to a professor. That emphasis on standardized testing has corrupted the focus on learning, turning school-aged children into experimental pawns, he says. This emphasizes the burden teachers and students are being forced to carry because of the standardized test. It causes too much anxiety, mental breakdowns which evidently lead to a physical breakdown.
Counter Argument
There are a few good things when it comes to standardized testing. Some pros are that it gives students a chance to show the ability to go beyond the classroom. It allows the students to show strengths in different subjects, but it also exposes the students' weakness. Some cons include the way the test is designed; the test is designed for only a few races to be able to succeed. A pro might be that it shows what students have learned in the classroom, but it does not show what students learn outside the classroom. It is simply an inefficient way to measure a students' success. (Popham) The standardized test involves things like comprehending but different students comprehend differently.
Resolution
Standardized tests have played a role in students' success academically and professionally for too long. It is time for other things about a student to be recognized; like the extra curriculum activities, the students participate. Another thing that can be looked at is student behavior; a student could have a very high score on a standardized test but be a bad student outside of testing. The College Board should consider the fact that there is more than one way to test a students' ability to be successful. Some students can go above and beyond in classrooms but cannot apply the materials being learned in the classroom to the tests. Also, the College Board can finalize that depending on the type of student it is, there will be a test for that type of student. The student should have an opportunity to be the best possible and maybe the test is only allowing so little. Some students like to think outside the box, now those are the students that can be future test makers. These students can make the future standardized tests to Oladeru 6 fit every student's learning abilities because these students will understand how it felt to be in that same position. Conclusion Standardized tests should not be a predictor of students' success academically or professionally. For too long the standardized tests have been used as a determinate of students' success, it is time for that to come to an end. The standardized test for one is a culturally bias test. Studies showed that more black students have the lowest score than any other race. The standardized test is a test that allows only a specific group of students to know the materials to pass. Some students are financially unable to materially prepare for the test. Other students get anxious due to the overtly stretched importance of the effects the test may have in your life whether you pass or fail. Although the test can show what a student has learned in the classroom, not all students are learning the same things or even the same way. The standardized test must not continue to be a determinate of students' success academically or professionally.
Works Cited
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Gillmore, Meagan. The Problem With Standardized Testing. Education for Today and Tomorrow | L'Education Aujourd'hui Et Demain, www.teachmag.com/archives/9990.
Mulholland, Quinn. ""The Case Against Standardized Testing."" Harvard Political Review The Evolution of Rap Comments, Harvard Political Review, 14 May 2015, harvardpolitics.com/united-states/case-standardized-testing/.
Popham, W. James. Why Standardized Tests Don't Measure Educational Quality.Manipulated Kids: Teens Tell How Ads Influence Them - Educational Leadership, ASCD, www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar99/vol56/num06/Why-Standardized-Tests-Don%27t-Measure-Educational-Quality.aspx
The Room 241 Team. Do Standardized Tests Accurately Show Students' Abilities?Concordia University-Portland, Concordia University-Portland Room 241, 5 May 2018, education.cu-portland.edu/blog/news/do-standardized-test-show-an-accurate-view-of-students-abilities/.
Southeastern Louisiana University. ""Standardized testing creates 'toxic environment' in schools, professor says."" ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 April 2013. . ""Winston Churchill Quotes."" BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2018. 14 May 2018. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/winston_churchill_124653
Zumbrun, Josh. SAT Scores and Income Inequality: How Wealthier Kids Rank Higher. The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, 21 Jan. 2015, blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/10/07/sat-scores-and-income-inequality-how-wealthier-kids-rank-higher/.
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An Investigation of the Importance of Standardized Tests. (2019, Jun 24).
			Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from 
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Standardized Testing Making Leaps and Bounds
In a day and age when standardized testing is getting a bad reputation, sometimes we have to look at what is being done to improve the old and bring it into the future. Today there are Opt Out movements where parents are willingly choosing to not measure the progress their children are making. But what does opting out really do? It threatens a schools funding, while standardized testing may not be winning any popularity contests, they are what help keep our schools running. In this technological age, there are many advances coming to the old standard on standardized testing.
The opt-out movement is putting school at risk of losing access to federal aid. Jack Markell, the former Democratic Governor of Delaware, says that more states should be using their access of addition funds through Every Student Succeeds Acts in order to perform assessment audits which he says no state had yet to take advantage of (qtd. in Doran).
After a survey of 1,000 teachers in 3 states and the District of Columbia ,Josh Kaufmann, executive director of Teach Plus, says he was shocked by their response of the PARCC test and how they believed it was better than its predecessor ISAT. Kauffman explains that it wasn't a good test, and that it wasn't great at measuring students' progress or critical thinking skills. With 79% of teachers preferring PARCC to ISAT, and in Chicago 89% thought it was better it shows we are progressing and making needed changes (qtd. In Sanchez 1-2).
However, the main argument against standardized testing seems to be that teachers are teaching the test, causing the test to determine curriculum and not the teacher. While too much test preparation and removing non-tested subject from curriculum are indeed the wrong approach, teaching the test can be utilized in a better way. Teaching students the correct knowledge and skills that are needed not only for tests but for life can be beneficial not only to the students but overall test scores (Phelps 2). Some try to think of standardized testing as a competitive sport accusing it of shaming schools when they post results like they are sports scores. While also accusing it of over utilizing rote memorization skills and not using enough critical thinking. (Dixon 1-2). But the new test in the works is taking these notions into consideration and progressing into a better test that can evolve with a student.
Local Chicago Public School Vice Principal and teacher Julie Pienta has seen standardized tests change more than once in the past 10 years, and believes standardized testing is a positive for students and schools alike but believes it's how the results are used that is putting the test itself into a bad light. With the purpose of the test being to test a wide range of students and hold them to the same standards, which is needed in order to improve instruction in the classroom. Yet, Pienta says the test can't be the only measure of student's abilities and that Likewise, the results of one standardized test should not be used in the evaluation of a teacher, school, district or state for the same reasons (Pienta).
Pienta also doesn't see teaching the test as much as problem as it had been in the past, due to it being too difficult to predict what will be on the test and that the main pressure put on the students doesn't necessarily come from the test itself but from teachers, adults etc.(Pienta).
It is said that standardized test prep uses 1% of a teacher's instruction time but its affects are much larger. PARCC results however can come 6 months or more after the test is given, how can you focus on areas that need improvement with such a slow turn around? Maranto equates it to a child caring about a video game if he didn't know his score for 6 months, who would care? The transparency that standardized testing has provided has let charter schools like KIPP, Harmony, Basis, YES Prep and Great Hearts who are academically succeeding to replace less successful public schools. The success of these charter schools doesn't come from tests like PARCC, they come from computerized tests like Northwest Evaluation Association's Measure of Academic Progress (MAP) test. MAP tests are shorter, easier to administer, results are immediate and cheap costing about $10 a child for three tests. Standardized tests are needed to measure a student's skills and knowledge since grades can range teacher to teacher, school to school because grades are objective. Grading causes the student to be against the teacher and it can leave students resenting one another but yet with standardized testing it puts them all on one team against the test. This alleviates pressure not only on students but the teacher as well. Standardized testing unites students and teachers in one common goal. The goal to beat the test and beat other school it becomes a team mentality. Standardized testing does more good than bad and is purely a means to collect data for educators to use in order to help students (Maranto 1-3).
PARCC tests have been known to long and very difficult, leading to a number of students not passing. In turn, Illinois wants to make a shorter test with quicker results to better help the students (Editorial Board 1). PARCC comparative results are in and they weren't great, showing us in 2017 less than 40% of 900,000 students passed reading and math exams. It is said the new test will continue to use year-to-year comparability and again be a better assessment of a student's progression (Editorial Board 3)
PARCC while having been seen as better than its predecessor ISAT, is possibly on its way out as the Illinois State Board of Education is planning on implementing a new format of testing. The goal of this new test is to receive results in a more timely matter and change the questions on the test depending on how a student answer. This again is showing us that the powers that be see that testing needs to evolve and change in order to continue to be relevant (Rado 1).
In 2015 when Chicago Public Schools tried to combat the PARCC test, resulted in the state threatening hundreds of millions of dollars in funding. When super intendents wrote to the Illinois State Board of Education in 2016, the state listened and the push for change began. The Illinois State Board of Education is looking to create a computer adaptive test. While the revised test will still use Common Core standards and continue to include PARCC questions it will also include new content developed by educators. Illinois is not the state making the move to a more hybrid test, Colorado and Texas are also making changes. New Meridian, a company said to lead the industry in assessment design and development, has landed a 19.6-million-dollar contract to help develop the new test for Illinois, this is a large investment into making the test better for students and schools (Roda 2-3). Assistant Superintendent in Schaumburg, Paul Goldberg says he welcomes shorter tests and how some families are already familiar with computer adaptive testing being used to measure student's progression and skills (qtd. in Roda 4).
Computer adaptive tests will evolve as a student answers. When questions are answered correctly, the test and questions will progressively get harder and alike if students answer incorrectly the questions get simpler. The goal of the new test is to measure all students and have results almost immediately, this is a large undertaking and requires a lot of work. (Roda 4).
The STREAM program (Science, technology reading, engineering, arts, mathematics) is an experimental program, that submerses students into experiences, because employers are finding a lack of noncognitive skills in graduates. The use of STREAM uses project-based learning to help students for these skills, the students in this program are still required to take standardized test. STREAM is not teaching the test, the purpose of the program was to study and see if participation in such a program would affect scores and achievements on standardized tests. Fifty-seven students took part in the year-long STREAM program, and about 140 students partook in traditional classes. School officials say academic standing was not factored into who was included in the program and the research team was in no way connected to the school. Students who took part in the program said they enjoyed it more than traditional classes and also found it more motivating. The students in the program and students set in the traditional classroom all took the same standardized test ACT. The results showed students in both groups started and finished on the same levels. The differences in scores were insignificant, and the students in the STREAM program had actually scored marginally higher (Scogin et al. 39-56).
The STREAM program shows us teachers do not need to teach the test in order to have successful standardized test results, it also shows that creative curriculum can be implemented and be successful and useful in teaching student's valuable life skills that they can take with them into the work force. Group projects with in the STREAM program left students feeling les stressed and more proactive and striving to achieve better results. Teaching the test while not necessarily a bad thing, it also isn't mandatory. Students can learn and grow in a multitude of environments. Standardized testing has gotten a bad reputation through-out the years for various reasons; time spent on test prep, teaching the test, the time it takes to get results and the stagnant nature of the test. Educators are making incredible strides to rectify those problems and others. They are giving students a new test, that will challenge them on a more personalized level, we will see results quicker making it easier for teachers to make adjustments to help students succeed. Standardized testing isn't the necessary evil it's been made out to be, yes, it's needed for badly needed funding, but it can also be a very valuable tool for a student's achievements.
Works Cited
Aycock, James. Teacher Voice: In Defense of Standardized Testing. SCORE, State Collaborative on Reforming Education, 2014, tnscore.org/in-defense-of-standardized-testing/. Accessed 29 October 2018
Dixon, Bruce. The Testing Emperor Finally Has No Clothes. Education Digest, vol. 83, no. 9, May 2018, pp. 45“50. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso&db=a9h&AN=128750078&site=ehost-live&custid=s8876422.
Doran, Leo. ""The Opt-Out Movement: Civil Disobedience Or Misguided Obstructionism?"" TCA Regional News, 07 Jun. 2017, pp. n/a. SIRS Issues Researcher, sks.sirs.com.
Editorial Board. Is scrapping the PARCC test about helping kids or making Illinois schools look better. Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, 2018, www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-edit-illinois-parcc-change-20180209-story.html. Accessed 18 October 2018
Maranto, Robert. Testing Patience. Academic Questions, vol. 29, no. 3, Sept. 2016, pp. 299“302.
Phelps, Richard P. ""Teach to the Test?"" Wilson Quarterly, 2011, pp. 38-42. SIRS Issues Researcher, sks.sirs.com. Accessed 23, October 2018.
Pienta, Julie. Thoughts on standardized testing. Received by Nicole Tetrev, 18, October 2018
Rado, Diane. PARCC pushback prompts Illinois to remake controversial test for 3rd-8th graders. Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, 2018, chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-no-more-parcc-20180207-story.html. Accessed 18 October 2018
Sanchez, Melissa. More Prep for PARCC test, but better than ISAT. Chicago Reporter, Chicago Reporter, 2015, www.chicagoreporter.com/teachers-more-prep-for-parcc-test-but-better-than-isat/. Accessed 23, October 2018
Scogin, Stephen C., et al. Learning by Experience in a Standardized Testing Culture: Investigation of a Middle School Experiential Learning Program. Journal of Experiential Education, vol. 40, no. 1, Mar. 2017, pp. 39“57. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1177/1053825916685737.
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Standardized Testing Making Leaps and Bounds. (2019, Jun 24).
			Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from 
 https://studydriver.com/2019/06/page/6/
		
Standardized Testing – Crazy and Stressful Time for Students, Teachers, and Parents
Did you know that about 16-20% of students have high test anxiety and another 18% are troubled by mildly-high test anxiety (American Test Anxieties Association)? From a young age, most students have taken standardized tests. Though they are not enjoyed by all, students are forced to take them. They may test knowledge, but they can also affect students' brains with anxiety and stress. Standardized testing should be limited in schools because teacher instruction is focused on testing, standardized tests only show strengths and weaknesses of groups of students, and standardized tests can positively and negatively affect many families and school corporations.
While students are testing, it's not just the student that is affected, but the student's family and, possibly, the entire school corporation. Vogt agrees when he writes about an interview with an English professor who won't allow her son to take the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) because high stake tests are negatively affecting her son, his family, his teachers, his school and, ultimately, the entire educational system (Vogt). Some parents are not big fans of standardized tests, and those parents often choose to opt-out. Opting-out means for a parent or guardian to not permit their child to take the standardized test.This is a way for parents to protest to the school corporations and the state.
While there are bad sides to standardized testing, there are also very positive things that have come out of these tests. Standardized tests have had many goals, but this goal is important: to help students to learn. Standardized tests have been able to show groups of students' strengths and weaknesses in various school subjects. Records have shown that students at eighth grade level seem to be closer to basic level than proficient level (Nation's Report Card). This can show teachers that they need to teach their students better, so that all the students would be able to understand all the material.
While the tests definitely show the strengths and weaknesses of groups of students, they don't show individual strengths and weaknesses. For example, on the Indiana Statewide Testing For Educational Progress Plus (ISTEP+), when the results come back, students see how well they did compared to the rest of the state. It doesn't show individual strengths and weaknesses, but statewide comparisons, which isn't extremely helpful. Issitt agrees when he writes that while standardized tests offer information about a population, they do not provide data that addresses the achievement of specific individuals (Issitt). This is one of the problems that some parents and students have with standardized tests.
The purpose of teachers is to teach students to help them remember important information about specific subjects. While this is the goal of all teachers, they don't do it. Many teachers focus their teaching on improving students' test scores, which is known as teaching the test (Standardized Testing). While it may partially help to improve test scores, it doesn't help students retain the information. This is something that many parents are trying to get school corporations to fix.
If someone has issues with standardized testing, tell them to go to their superintendent or state representative to try and change standardized testing rules. If they change standardized testing, it may help students not to worry as much. It will help their brains to be released from huge amounts of anxiety and stress from standardized tests. One day, teachers might teach for the students' benefit, standardized tests could positively impact everyone, and the tests could show individual student improvement, instead of statewide student comparisons. Hopefully, one day standardized testing will be restricted for the good of the students, the parents, the school corporation, and, possibly, the entire world.
Cite this page
Standardized testing - Crazy and Stressful Time for students, teachers, and parents. (2019, Jun 24).
			Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from 
 https://studydriver.com/2019/06/page/6/