Restriction in Marriage in the Story of an Hour

Kate Choppin shows the theme of restriction in marriage. it is true that marriage link and connects people together however people lose their freedom after they get married. important historical context to keep in mind about this work is that it was published in 1894. women did not have many rights during this period in history. Chopin used of literary realism reflect society, women did not have the right to pick whom they would get married. The idea of restrictions within marriage is shown in the beginning, Choppin states Mrs.mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble great care was taken to break her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death ( Paragraph 1). Through the author's diction, the reader noticed how she is being referred to as Mrs.mallard because she is married to Brentley Mallard. For the rest,,of the text, she is frequently referred to as Louise she since Mrs.Millard get to be her individual self if her husband passed away. The heart symbolizes love in many cultures, in the beginning, the author states that she has heart trouble. reading this should give the reader the idea that the heart issues directly connect to the restrictions within her marriage relationship. After she found out that her husband is no longer alive she yelled Free free free all sort of days... Would be her own ( Paragraph 11+19). she feels alive as blood rush through her body and pulses increase. Mrs.mallard finds the opportunity to live the rest of her life for herself. she looks forward to all the individuality and freedom. however, as she sees brently walk through the doors she collapsed from disappointment. She realizes that the happy life that she was hoping and dreaming of is no longer available as if life is being taken out of her. the ending of the story is very ironic since a person should be happy knowing that someone they love is not dead.

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Kate Chopin and Many Details in the Story of an Hour

Imagine hearing your husband has died but all you felt was joy and freedom. Marriage is when two people are equal, and they share everything. Mrs. Mallard was in a marriage where she felt stuck and she didnt have any freedom like most women in the 19th century. There are many factors that suggest Mrs. Mallard was in an unhappy marriage. Three significant symbols in The story of an hour are Mrs. Mallard's bedroom armchair, the open window, and the heart problem. After hearing the news of her husbandr's death, Mrs. Mallard rushes to her room to be alone, where she sat in her armchair. The armchair symbolizes the news of the death of Mr. Mallard started sinking in. In the story, the armchair was described as a comfortable and roomy symbolize a feeling of warmth and freedom in her life. An armchair is a place where she felt like herself, a comfort zone. The Author describes the armchair as an escape from her marriage. In the chair, Mrs. Mallard felt something came over her, but she didnt know what it was. The Author uses descriptive language to portray Mrs. Mallardr's true feelings. Sitting in the armchair gazing out the open window symbolizes the freedom presented to her. The open window shows a life that she wanted but now have an opportunity to live it. The springtime describes outside the window show a new beginning for Mrs. Mallard as a single woman free to do anything she pleases. An example of this is she smells the fresh scent of the rain coming from the outside, she sees trees moving in the wind. The Author use these descriptive words to show the freedom Mrs. Mallard feels. Mrs. Mallard whispered free, free, free this show she was imprisoned in her marriage and faces a difficult life with her husband and waited for a chance to be free. You could tell with her husband she was restrained and that he has control over her. The Author uses Mrs. Mallard's heart trouble to show the weakness of the marriage between Mr. Mallard and Mrs. Mallard. In most marriage, the heart would be a symbol of love but in this story, the heart shows the lack of freedom in the marriage. Mrs. Mallard felt trapped, I said this because after the news of her husbandr's death she felt joy after grieving for a short moment. Another symbolism that was presented was that Mrs. Mallard dies of joy or a hearted disease. When Mrs. Mallard collapse the doctor said she died of joy due to seeing her husband alive, while many would believe that she dies due to a broken heart. She was broken heart because after seeing her husband the joy that she felt was taken away from her. The sense of freedom she felt was taken from her. Mrs. Mallard dies of shock that was brought on by the realization that her newly found freedom she felt was once again out of her reach. Finally, Kate Chopin uses many details to display how Mrs. Mallard felt in her marriage. From tell readers about Mrs. Mallard heart trouble to the open window. There were many symbolisms in the story that represent the weakness in the marriage and the freedom she felt. Kate Chopin used the heart condition to show weakness in the marriage and to show what society thought of women back in the 19th century. The doctor proved that in society the woman would be happy that her husband is alive instead of dying of shock due to her freedom being taken away. The open window represents the new freedom she found and the new beginning for her.

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We have a Right to Die with Dignity

A very controversial topic discussed in recent years is physician assisted suicide. The discussion is if it the patient actually has the right to die with the assistance of a physician. Many of the people who oppose physician assisted suicide have arguments based off of religious, moral, and ethical standards. Those who support physician assisted suicide have beliefs that it ends suffering of those who are already dying and they respect one's choice of death. Even physicians are split on this topic, they argue what is the difference between killing and assisted suicide. Physician Assisted suicide is the voluntary termination of one's own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct assistance of a physician. Physician-assisted suicide is the practice of providing a competent patient with a prescription for medication for the patient to use with the primary intention of ending his or her own life. For me the main concern with assisted suicide lies with the capability of the terminally ill. Many who are in their last stages of life have begged for a physicians help to end their life. These people who are literally begging to be killed are in suffering a great deal and they believe the only way to end their pain is to kill themselves. When some view this belief some see it in a positive manner and the others see it in a negative manner. For the positives they see it as ending one's suffering, from a diseases or condition without pain. For the negatives, however, assisted suicide is the direct murder of someone. After researching both sides of the topic, I believe that terminally ill patients with the mental capacity to understand what they are doing should be given the right to physician assisted suicide. I believe this because assisted suicide gives terminally ill patients the chance to end their suffering when they want, have a better quality of life, supports free will, is accepted by ethical beliefs and has some benefits.

Terminally ill patients are going to end up dying. We have machines that will pump your heart for you and continue to circulate your blood but, as far as technology has come today, no technology will end up saving the terminally ill. No technology will be able save them from the pain they go through and nothing will help relieve the immense amount of pain that these patients experience. As the days go the technology/medicine that is keeping them alive becomes a nuisance. The terminally ill patients lives become worsened and they may even start losing their mental capacity. What type of world is it to live in where everyday another piece of you goes and you get closer to death. Many terminally ill patients dont want to live in a world where they are not able to be themselves and ask their physicians to help end their suffering. Many would rather dictate their terms of when and how they go. They would rather be remembered for someone they were than someone they may become. They rather die being self reliant than dependent on someone else. We should respect their choice and this procedure should be just like any other, one self decides. For example, Charlie and Francie Emerick who suffered from prostate cancer, parkinson's, and heart attacks went through immense amount of pain and asked their physician to end their lives. They were given the euthanasia and passed away together holding hands. Their wish was fulfilled and they dictated the terms of their death and when to end their suffering. Another example is David Goodall, he was 104 and experiencing a number amount of disorders, he was in much pain and on his birthday said he was not happy to be alive. He had to travel to the Netherlands to end his life. He played the music he enjoyed, ate his favorite food, went sightseeing, and was surrounded by the ones who loved him the most. Again his mental and physical being were deteriorating and he dictated when and how he wanted to go. Why should we be able to decide how someone wants to live or die. Stephen Hawking stated We dont let animals suffer, so why humans?. If they are in so much pain that they would rather die, we should listen and help these people end their suffering. There are many times where technology is not enough and the pain is too much to handle. Without physician assisted suicide we are just prolonging the suffering of a terminally ill patient and these are one of the reasons physician assisted suicide for the terminally ill must be legalized.

As mentioned before the quality of life is very important in this debate about physician assisted suicide. Many of the people who would and do request assisted suicide have a disorder which will make them someone who they are not. They will not be able to act the same or understand what is happening to them. They will lose all mental functions and will be suffering without understanding. This would be just as bad as any physical pain. Michelangelo once said one points with the brain not the hand. This shows that the brain is the most important thing in the body and with an ill fit brain it is hard to live. Brittany Maynard a patient with stage four Glioblastoma multiforme said I've discussed with many experts how I would die from it, and it's a terrible, terrible way to die. Being able to choose to go with dignity is my greatest hope. This statement shows the thought process of many terminally ill patients. They would rather be remembered and go as who they are than someone they might become. Many do not want to be remembered as those who went through a great deal of suffering and were not themselves but remembered as someone who had dignity. Many terminally ill patients who request assisted suicide lost hope that they will ever be able to recover from their illness, and what type of world is it to live in without having something to look forward too. Without hope the brain will become depressed and the patient's state of mind will deteriorate. Many terminally ill lose their hope to live and consider themselves useless and burdensomes. No person should ever get to this point and should be give the option leaves this world before it comes to that point. Also many terminally ill patients become recipients of anxiety, from the expensive fees and regret from the family taking care of them. A competent terminally ill patient understands that all of the costs for the hospital will fall on their family and this makes them sad and depressed. According to healthline.org a month at the hospital ranges anywhere from 2,000-10,000 dollars. Many families do not have the funds to cover this cost and will be sent into financial ruin. This cost not only creates anxiety for the terminally ill but also ruins the quality of life for the terminally ill family. If the terminally ill had the option of physician assisted suicide they can help guarantee a better quality of life for them and their family.

The right to assisted suicide is also part of our basic rights. Every American has the individual right to make decisions about their own life. When one who is terminally ill, fully understands what they are doing and asks the doctor to help them with suicide the doctor should support them. This is supported by the American Constitution: ... No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property . Every person that is a citizen of America has the right of free will provided by the constitution. The right to free will includes the right to physician assisted suicide. We are the controllers of our own destiny and fate, and the right to physician assisted suicide allows us to be the full controllers of life. Just to have the option would make people feel better. This is proven by surveys taken in Oregon, one of the few states in America to have physician assisted suicide legal. Just the option of assisted suicide makes people feel like they can take every possible route and take time to decide what they really want.

Allowing patients the ability to choose physician assisted suicide is shown in a widely set of common ethical principles. The first ethical principle allowing people the right to physician assisted suicide, is respect of autonomy and self-determination. This principle compels us to respect the right of individuals to make their own decisions about their own lives, even their decision on death. The second ethical principle is compassion for our fellow citizens. Patients which are terminally ill will endure an immense amount of pain both mental and physical. The pain the patient's experience is unnecessary and can be prevented with physician assisted suicide. Henceforth, making these patients, our fellow citizens, go through this unnecessary suffering is cruel not compassionate.

The right to assisted suicide also does not just help the terminally ill patient but can also help many others. It helps the patient leave their problems. Assisted suicide helps the family recover from a tragedy and continue moving on with society. The family will be allowed to say their goodbyes and a not have to see their loved one be in pain. For example, David Goodall, the 104 year old, was in much pain, but before he preformed assisted suicide, he said goodbye to all his family and friends. In the operation room he was surrounded by his immediate family and this in a sort of way is closure for the family. They got to say what they wanted and saw him in his last moments in the world. The procedure of physician assisted suicide may also help complete strangers. For example, there was a 44 year old woman whose brain stem was damaged, she was completely paralyzed and could only communicate by blinking. She was living off machines. She determined this was no way for her to live and asked for physician assisted suicide. She also made a request before she died and that was for her organs be donated after she passed away. Her request was fulfilled and both her kidneys and liver were harvested and donated to people in need. Today three people lives were changed because of her choice to end her meaningless life and donate her organs. The possibilities could be endless to how many other people lifes could be changed by terminally ill patients ending their life. Organs can be donated to save other people's lives and allows the family of the terminally ill to say their final goodbyes and closure.

People who oppose physician assisted suicide believe the terminally ill do not have the right to end their suffering, have a right to free will, and have a better quality of life. One of the large components to the opposition is that it is not the physicians job to end someone's life that physicians are supposed to heal not kill. In contrast to this point, physicians are already familiar with facilitating the death of their patients. Currently all 50 states of America have the right to refuse treatment and be allowed to die. Also all American citizens have the right to be taken off of life support. The only difference between this and assisted suicide is that the patients may go through immense amount of pain by refusing treatment. Another counter to assisted suicide is that it goes against the hippocratic oath. The hippocratic oath is a 2,400 year old document and is it really appropriate standard of evaluation. Modern medicine and technology have already violated the oath by performing surgery. The hippocratic oath states one should never cut for stone and to use the knife on a patient. This part of the 2,400 year old oath is completely violated by today's medical procedures, but these medical procedures, such as surgery are required to help the suffering of the patients. Also Dr. Michael J. Strauss states Though many people assume that the oath is still taken, it is rarely administered in its original form, if at all showing the hippocratic oath is not even used in today's medicine. Dr. Robert Olvera also explains The oath also directs physicians, including me, to 'help the sick.' So a modern interpretation of the oath might be: Do what is right for the patient. The inconsistency provided by the hippocratic oath are one of the reason why we can not use the 2,400 year old document to deny the right of assisted suicide to terminally ill patients. Another argument made by the opposers is that physician assisted suicide will lead to a slippery slope. Slippery slope is by permitting doctors to help certain patients end their lives, members of some groups may die in disproportionately large numbers and may lead to discrimination in the hospital. After analyzing the data in places where assisted suicide is legal the University of Utah found no real evidence of disproportionate cases of physician assisted suicide. Some argue that assisted suicide is the same as murder but the difference between assisted suicide and murder is that murder deprives the victim of meaningful life that they would have experienced, but physician assisted suicide is only used when the patients future holds nothing but additional suffering. Most of the counter arguments presented by the opposite side can be proven wrong or discredited, giving us more of a reason to support physician assisted suicide.

In conclusion, I believe that terminally ill patients with the mental capacity to understand what they are doing should be given the right to physician assisted suicide. I believe this because assisted suicide gives terminally ill patients the chance to end their suffering when they want, have a better quality of life, supports free will, is accepted by ethical beliefs and has some benefits. As said by Socrates, Death may be the greatest of all human blessings.

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The Medical Ethics of Physician-assisted Suicide

Physician assisted suicide is when a doctor supplies a person with the necessary things and information to help the person perform a life ending act. Physician assisted suicide is when is when a person gets prescribed a deadly dose of medicine from their docotr that they can take when they get ready too. Physician assisted suicide has become an option for those around the world and even legal in certain States in the US. This option is legal in 6 states which are California, Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) most of those requiring a minimum age of 18 years old, and a diagnosis of 6 months or less life expectancy. This being legal in states that are so close to home makes me interested to know more about the topic and why it is legal in those 6 states and also why it is prohibited in certain places around the world.

I personally think physician assisted suicide is wrong and should never been performed on any person. , Jackowski (2014) explains why assisted suicide is not the answer, and that every person considering assisted suicide should have someone teaching them on the reasons assisted suicide isnt the answer. People should have a healthcare advocate that can give them options and resources that they may not be able to get from friends or family. I agree with Jackowskir's because she gives really good reasons behind what she believes and I agree with the fact that assisted suicide isnt the right option and should be avoided at all costs. Those who are diagnosed with an terminal illness are at a all-time low in their life and should not be left with such a huge decision without being explained the procedure.

In many cases, there are patients who are given only a certain amount of time to live and I can see where some people would want to do an assisted suicide. Angell (2012) explains why assisted suicide should be an option for people who have been diagnosed with a deadly illness. There are many things that have to be met in order to receive assisted suicide and also the doctor has the option to disagree with the choice and also refuse to do it. Assisted suicide isn't an option for those who have illnesses that are not terminal, and a doctor has to deny the request of assisting in this. Many requirements have to be met in this case for assisted suicide and that is what makes this idea something that many people believe in.

If this was to pass and become an option I find it very important that there are guidelines for each and every requirement that must be met in order for the assisted suicide to take place. Angell (2012) also brings up the point where depression may cause some patients to want assisted suicide and this could not be allowed to happen because depression is a treatable illness. There are many requirements that must be met in order to be treated in this way and this assures me that this option could be positive for those who are diagnosed with a certain type of illness that cannot be treated.

I believe that assisted suicide has many loopholes that can be found and misused and Rockett (2014) explains that there are in fact many mistakes can happen when assisting someone in this type of treatment. This article talks about a patient who was given 6 months to live but then ended up living longer than 6 months. A personr's sickness can be reversed, but if someone decided to do assisted suicide then the outcome cannot change. Assisted suicide could end someoner's life when they could have much longer to live than their diagnosis told them. Rockett (2014) makes many points on how assisted suicide could go wrong therefore it should not be practiced, she explains the mistakes that can be made and that can cost someone their life. The doctor should fully commit themselves to the health of their patients, and patients should feel safe in the care of their physicians. I believe that this method of treatment could be misused by many doctors, leaving patients hopeless and unsafe in the care of their physicians.

Everyone has the right to express themselves anyway that they want. They also have the right to go about their life in any way that they choose. In this article, Humphreys (2006) explains to us that people should be able to control the way they die. He uses his brother as an example because he was diagnosed with cancer, and suffered through chemo the entire time. Someone who is diagnosed with a terminal illness and given a certain amount of time to live should have the option of taking control and ending their pain and suffering rather than just waiting until the day comes. Having to suffer and just lay there waiting until you die is something that is explained in this article, and assisted suicide could really help those who are in this situation. I also believe that the person should be informed very deeply and given information about the topic. I even think the person should be told that there is potentially a chance they could live longer than expected. I believe this would in fact change many peopler's minds about ending their lifer's.

My view is that there are very good points explained by Humphreys (2006) stating that if someone is near death and suffering then they should be able to determine when they are ready to end it. I think that assisted suicide would be a lot more difficult than just giving this as an option for those with a terminal illness. If assisted suicide was an option for those who are ill then it should be used in a strict manner to ensure that it isn't misused in any type of way. I think there should be a program for the people to go through and given the information on the subject. I think that many times many people give up to soon when if they would have just fought awhile longer their life would have turned around for the better.

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Should Physician Assisted Suicide be Allowed for Terminally Ill Patients?

The United States is a nation that is founded on the rights of freedom and liberty, giving each citizen the right to make their own decisions. This freedom includes having a decision on oner's life, including medical care. The ongoing struggle between those who are in favor, and those who oppose this subject have ravaged the medical field, making everyone question what is morally and ethically right. Physician assisted suicide is neither morally nor ethically acceptable in any circumstance, itr's a direct violation to the doctorr's Hippocratic Oath, and had legal consequences that could decrease the professionalism of physicians.

First therer's a moral issue. Morality usually concerns how our choices bear on the immanent goods of human persons, such as life and health, friendships, etc. We have to care of every person, and help them preserve their goods. Since these goods are the aspects of the person itself, to act against any of the goods, is to act against the person themself, US physicians remain sharply divided on assisted suicide because of morals and ethic based principles (Gopal). Having the choice to kill a human, even to prevent suffering, is contrary to the appreciation for the person themself, in terms of killing others and killing oneself. It doesnt mean that we should take all measure to preserve someoner's life, but help relieve them of their pain and keep them there until the end of their life, the physicians constitutive professional role is to attend to those who are sick and debilitated, seeking to preserve the measure of health that can be preserved(ORounce). It isnt intentionally right to destroy the person in order to remove the pain and the suffering, A personr's sense of self-worth is profoundly affected by the views of other people in their lives, and so they would be harmed by the practice of PAS, leading many to depression and requesting suicide because of the deference to others. Thus, out of compassion and care for the patients who are terminally ill, PAS should remain illegal.

Not only is it morally wrong but it goes against the doctor's Hippocratic Oath. By promoting physician assisted suicide, the doctors invalidate their pledges to be the best healers that they could possibly be. This ruins their credibility and reputation as physicians. The opposition states that it would be more harmful to the patient to suffer the pain and agony of terminal illness than for the doctor to assist them with their deaths, If a patient requests PAS/E then the physician should take this as an opportunity to explore the sufferings and fears of the patient to discuss their options (Boudreau). Hippocrates intended for the doctors to heal their patients, not to kill them, and also stated that no lethal drugs or methods of assisted suicide should ever be practiced. Ignoring these principles would go against the Hippocratic Oath, which would degrade the physicians character, There is a clear distinction between a physician allowing a terminally ill person to decline treatment and to die in the natural course of his or her terminal illness, on one hand, and a physician prescribing PAS/PAD, on the other (Gopal). There have been doctors who have experiences the embarrassment of being proven wrong in their diagnosis. To make euthanasia a option would reduce the possibility of having those chances of recoveries.

Physician assisted suicide has been brought to the attention of the supreme court several times. It has only become legal in four of the fifty states in the US, PAS has become a growing dissatisfaction with medical professions, and PAS is only legal in four states: Oregon, Montana, Washington, and Vermont (Gopal). When these states were surveyed on their PAS rate, and the majority of patients who request PAS are depressed. The relationship between the patient and the physician are asymmetric, with the information, power, and safety on the physicians side. If PAS is an option and the physicians lists it as an option the patient might feel obliged to consider it, Words have consequences and laws have greater consequences. Legalizing PAS may give peace of mind to a few people with terminal illness, who may be unaware of the resources available to them, but it has a huge negative implication and consequences for many who suffer ( ORounce). What if the doctorr's prognosis is uncertain? Cancer is notorious for defying accurate diagnosis, errors do occur at times. Ironically, medical professions shun capital punishment since an innocent person could be potentially executed, whereas places that legalize PAS tolerate the real risk of a mistaken diagnosis. The cost of these mistakes is a human life, and the professionalism of the physician would be decreased.

People who believe in the opposite side of this argument for PAS, arent right since physicians have been surveyed on how many patients have requested for physician assisted suicide and only 6% have actually complied (Meier). Since most terminally ill patients decline treatment to die naturally with excellent symptoms, since they are put into nursing homes, or hospitals long term. Also, the physicians goal should be to cure or relieve the patient of pain, and not prescribe PAS because they asked for it (ORounce). There are many terminally ill care center in the US. Anyone has access to it if ever needed, so that they wouldnt have to consider ending their life. Therefore physician assisted suicide should remain illegal.

People who are for physician assisted suicide make it sounds that trying to keep people alive are not worthy human beings. What is more respectful of human life, then to maintain it until itr's not possible. After all life is a struggle and a gamble, not one knows what the outcome will be. Physicians should try to relieve patients of their pain as long as they can, and when it's time for the patient to go, they can die peacefully, and in that process it wont decrease the professionalism of physicians. Physician assisted suicide should remain to be illegal to maintain the temptation of PAS, physicians professionalism, and to allow doctors to keep their oath to protect patients.

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Ethics Behind Physician-Assisted Suicide

Assisted suicide is the act of intentionally killing yourself with the assistance of someone else. In the United States, physician-assisted suicide is when a physician provides a patient, who meets the criteria of having a terminal illness, with medication in order to terminate their life to relieve pain and/or suffering. Physician-assisted suicide is often confused with euthanasia. Other terms for death by a doctor or physician, such as aid in dying or physician-assisted death, are preferred because the word suicide provides a negative connotation. The term suicide is associated with the early termination of oner's own life, as a result of mental illness and/or deep emotional stress. When choosing physician-assisted suicide, the patient must administer the medication themselves. Euthanasia is illegal in the US. It requires a doctor, or another individual, to administer the medication to the patient. Witnessing a fatal disease consume a loved one or patient causes ethical unrest and moral uncertainty; as such physician-assisted suicide should never be an option.

Ethics and morals can be seen as the way that humans should live and interact with each other. Although ethics and morals have similar definitions, they are not the same thing. Ethics are a set of principles or rules that may be used by a society to determine how to make and judge a decision; while, morals are a set of values that may be used by an individual to determine how to make and judge a decision. For example, in our society it is ethically wrong to kill other humans; therefore, if someone commits murder, they are considered to be unethical and wrong. Unlike ethics, which apply to everyone, morals may vary from person to person. This allows for a conflict of interest between ethics and morals. For example, it may be morally right to get revenge, but if that revenge harms another person physically, mentally, or emotionally it can be seen as ethically wrong.

It is often argued that humans do not need ethics because there is law and government. While it may be ethically correct to follow the law, the law is not based off of ethics. According to the Ethics Centre, The law tries to create a basic, enforceable standard of behaviour necessary in order for a community to succeed and in which all people are treated equally (1). The law is necessary to keep society functioning in an orderly fashion, but not to ensure everyday human interaction benefits everyone. The example that the Ethics Centre used surround the topic of consumer and producer relationship. There is a law to protect basic consumer rights, but sometimes the solution to an argument or dispute may go beyond the legal obligations of the producer. In a situation like this, following the law may require an individual to retreat from ethical and moral standards. This may, also be the case with physician-assisted suicide.

The job description of any doctor is to use their knowledge to treat patients with illness, disease, or injury and help maintain mental and physical health. Physicians are trained and specialize in medicine. When giving patients the notice that they Allowing patients to take the lethal prescription themselves can States, such as Oregon, that allow physician-assisted suicide in the US require patients to meet certain criteria. Patients must have a terminal illness, meaning that their doctor believes that their illness is incurable and likely to lead to death sometime in the near future. As stated above, the patient must be capable of administering the medication themselves. They must also be mentally healthy and conscious of their actions and the consequences that follow. It is required that there are two verbal requests 15 days apart from each other, and one written request. When determining whether or not a patient qualifies for this procedure, there must be two doctors, the primary care physician and a consulting physician, and two witnesses present. This ensures that there is no foul play involved, the process must be completely voluntary.

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The Choice of Assisted Suicide

There are very few things that we as humans have complete control over. Our bodies should be one of them. Why should a terminally ill patient and their family suffer for a longer period of time when they already made the mental decision that they are over it? There probably isnt one person that can say that they havent watched somebody they love suffer from and ultimately die from some sort of unfortunate disease. Assisted suicide is a choice that should be available for patients who are painfully-suffering from an underlying disease. The thoughts of assisted suicide are very mixed. Some people believe that it is a great way to put terminally-ill patients out of the their pain and suffering. They see it as a way for a person to die with dignity after suffering from a painful disease. Others think it is beyond morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally end a patientr's life. They feel that a doctor should not have unnecessary deaths put on their shoulders the rest of their career. Assisted suicide goes beyond the beliefs of medicine when arguing that it should heal and protect. But shouldnt doctors also help with the pain of the patient?

Assisted suicide has been around since the 17th century, when Francis Bacon used, euthanasia, as a way for painless death. In the United States, the first legal cases of this procedure were in Oregon. On October 27, 1997 the state of Oregon passed The Death With Dignity Act. This act made it legal for terminally ill patients to legally end their life to stop their constant suffering. The next year after the act was passed, a total of 23 people in that state were prescribed the lethal dose of medicine to be assisted in their death. For the two decades that this act has been in place, around 1,300 patients in Oregon have peacefully passed with the help of assisted suicide.

There are five types of assisted death. The first type is active euthanasia, it is death brought upon by a specific act. This means purposefully giving the patient an overdose of lethal medicine. This can be a doctor prescribing a patient more painkillers to make them fall into organ failure, then the failure of their organs will cause their death. Passive euthanasia is when death is omitted. Such as- holding their treatment, turning off a life support machine, choosing to not carry out with a surgery to extend their life, and stopping their feeding tube. Non-voluntary euthanasia is when the patient is unconscious or physically can not make the decision on their own. Just think of a newborn baby, they were just born and has been diagnosed with a fast-spreading cancer and has an estimated time of one month to stay alive. The baby physically can not speak their opinion on how they would like to go about the situation, so someone else will have to make the decision based on the best interest of the baby. Involuntary euthanasia occurs when the patient chooses life but is killed anyways for the benefit of the patientr's situation. This is where the argument of murder comes into play and makes people believe that ill patients are just killed off without their consent. Indirect euthanasia is giving the patient treatment to speed up their death. Finally there is assisted suicide, where the patient is going to kill themselves but they need help getting the drugs in their reach. This is as simple as moving the pills to their bedside or injecting the medicine in their IV.

There are specific requirements that are needed to be eligible for these procedures depending on your situation. You must be diagnosed terminally ill and given a short amount of time left to live by at least two different physicians. You must be able to physically take the medicine on your own. This means taking the pills and swallowing it or flipping the switch on the IV. The two drugs offered for physician assisted suicide are secobarbital and pentobarbital. Secobarbital is the most commonly prescribed of the two forms. The medication typically come in nine grams of secobarbital in capsules or ten grams of pentobarbital liquid. You have to live in one of the states with a law passed that makes assisted suicide legal. You are allowed to move to one of the seven states where there is a law in place, you only need a proof of residence to show your doctor for the prescription. But since moving is very tiring for a terminally ill patient and most people do not want the hassle of moving their entire life to a different state, just to die when they get there. There is a question about the right to be assisted in the committing of suicide, a right that implies a duty for someone else. There are also questions about whether a physician is the person who should assist, whether all physicians should be required to assist, and in what ways a physician should assist.

Many doctors take many different stances on this issue. Some believe that a doctorr's duty to save life should outweigh other duties. Before you finish medical school, some schools make you pledge to the The Hippocratic Oath. The oath states that a doctor should keep their patients from harm and come for the benefit of the sick. It also states that a doctor should never give a deadly drug, even if they have asked for it. This brings the issue that doctors have to go against their morals and prescribe a high dose of medicine to kill on purpose. Many argue that doctors should not be playing the role of God, that they should not have the power to decide who should and shouldnt live. But this practice is mostly based on consent of the patient, therefore nothing would happen to the patient if they did not make the choice to do so. On the other hand, some doctors believe that part of their job is to help their patients die better. Meaning they should help relieve the suffering that the patient is going though. Sometimes, the only way to make that happen for the patient is to help them end their life.

The United States does not have law forcing doctors to participate in this procedure. But in the Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health case, in 1990, the court decided that severely injured patients have a constitutional right to refuse medical treatment and die. In the seven states that physician assisted suicide is legal, the doctors who are morally okay with participating may do so, but it is not required. In Oregon, the amount of doctors who agree with the idea of assisted suicide raised from forty-six percent to fifty-seven in 2014. Dr. Stewart Younger says that, people are getting used to the idea that death is the least worst alternative, meaning that death is not the worst thing that can happen to a person. They believe that the constant-excruciating pain and suffering is the worst thing that a patient can go through. Lauren Bacall once said, A manr's illness is his private territory and, no matter how much he loves you and how close you are, you stay an outsider. You are healthy. This shows the point that no one knows exactly what someone with an incurable illness is going through. We are not that person. Therefore, who gets the right to say that their pain is irrelevant. If a person has the right to live then a person should have the right to choose to die on his own terms. The general publicr's belief is that, doctors have professional obligations to save the lives of their patients regardless of their health status- to fight until the end. But if the patient has reached their limit, doctors should not have to keep pushing for their fight. The opposing view thinks that, healthcare workers involvement in the euthanasia practice is a betrayal.

Each individual should have a private death. The law does not tell us how to live our personal lives as long as we live lawful. Death should not be any different from any of the other choices that we are allowed to make. When we are ready to face death, whether it is our own or that of a family member, it should be personal. It should be left up to us and our loved ones. People want to be remembered as strong and confident when they pass away. It is most important when thinking of the memories of the young family members that the patient might leave behind when they decide to go. These patients want to make the impression that they died with their dignity and that they won the fight with their illness. Instead of the illness completely taking over their life and causing them un-bearable pain.

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The Complications of Physician-Assisted Suicide

There is a heavy debate on the legality, morality, and ethics surrounding physician-assisted suicide because itr's difficult to determine what qualifies a person for assisted suicide because there has not been enough thorough research. There are many aspects, both beneficial and detrimental, that have not been adequately explored. This should be a cause for concern for both doctors and patients. The controversy surrounding physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia is rooted in the lack of knowledge about the regulations, demand, qualifications, moral and ethical issues, the current legality surrounding the issue and why it should continue to be illegal in most states.

Most who oppose physician-assisted suicide base their opinion on the moral and ethical arguments and the possible risks. In the American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, Faith Lagay states, ""Physician-assisted suicide is fundamentally incompatible with the physician's role as healer, [it] would be difficult or impossible to control, and would pose serious societal risks"" (Lagay,2001). Physician-assisted suicide can not be considered palliative care, which is specific medical treatment focused towards patients with serious or terminal illness, because it is not healing the patient and is generally considered unethical. In the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), Richard A. Gingrich, M.D explains that Many patients are very susceptible to feelings of guilt of being a burden on their families which could lead to requesting assisted suicide not because they really want to die, but because they may feel that their families, or even society, would be better off without them (Gingrich, 1993). This is a major concern for physicians who would be willing to conduct assisted suicide because itr's difficult to determine the real reasons someone would request it. Guilt on the part of the patient is not considered a valid reason because it could be a side effect of a mental illness or trauma. Stephen S. Lefrak, M.D., a reputable professor of medicine, states in the NEJM, The error lies in assuming that physicians have the talent and the personal qualities to meet the proposed safeguards and policies. Can we be so arrogant about our abilities that we would allow ourselves to govern the distribution of death? (Lefrak, 1999). This quote makes an essential point, itr's not another personr's responsibly or right to decide the fate the end of anotherr's life. Nobody should be granted the power to rightfully and inconsequentially distribute death, which is essentially what physician-assisted suicide is.

On the other hand, people who support physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia refer to it as treatment for patients as a euphemism to make people believe that itr's a medical procedure to ease the morality issues. The supporters defence explains that the main argument is that people have the right to control what happens to their own body and have the right to make their own decisions. Faith Lagay states, Most terminally ill patients who wish to commit suicide want to do so by medical means, nonviolently, out of respect for themselves and others. Yet medical suicide is not easy to accomplish; dosage and timing of drug administration matter critically, especially if the drug is taken orally, and failed attempts can cause greater trauma than death itself for the patient and caregivers. Patients may beg caregivers to complete their failed attempt at dying. These circumstances and possible consequences convince some physicians that helping a patient who is determined to end his or her life prevents a greater harm than it causes. Moreover, some believe that ending, at a patient's request, the physical pain and mental anguish from which that patient will not recover does not violate the spirit or goals of medical ethics (Lagay, 2001). Some argue that if someone is experiencing unbearable and constant pain deserves the option to make the decision to end their own life if they feel itr's totally necessary, but is it worth the possible detriment? Therer's still questions left unanswered on how to determine what makes that totally necessary in a specific situation. Lagay also states, Some bioethicists believe that, when law and professional ethics come into conflict, physicians have obligations beyond their one-on-one covenant with patients. Alex Capron and Eliot Freidson, for example, have written that physicians have a social and political duty to create an environment that encourages the ethical practice of medicine. On this view, physicians should support and campaign for regulations that ensure humane care for the terminally ill and reimbursement for the costs of proper end-of-life care. Such provisions will reduce patients' concerns that their end-of-life care is overwhelmingly burdensome to others (Lagay, 2001). A main concern that advocates have is to provide a respectable, proper end to oner's life. Advocates for legal assisted suicide argue that allowing a small number of assisted suicides under carefully controlled and restricted conditions is better than secret and unregulated activity.

There are many different laws and regulations is each state, some states have relatively lenient laws and in others itr's completely illegal. It is stated that in most states, a licensed healthcare professional who, with the purpose of helping someone commit suicide, provides the physical means by which another person can commit or attempt to commit suicide, or participates in a physical act by which another person commits or attempts to commit suicide, is guilty of a felony. Only seven states in the US (and DC) have legalized physician-assisted death with the exception of certain qualifications. These states are California, Colorado, Hawaii, Montana, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and DC. The patient must be at least 18 years old, must have one written request and two oral requests (at least 15 days apart), and have less than 6 months until expected death (State-by-State, 2018). Every few years these laws change and adapt to the needs of the people in those specific states and more states have continued to be more open to legalizing assisted suicide for specific patient situations. Faith Lagay states in the American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, That a state can legalize physician-assisted suicide, as Oregon has in fact done, highlights the difference between what's legal and what's ethical; what the state allows residents to do and what members of a given profession, in this case medicine, believe they ought to do. Though a state may legalize physician-assisted suicide--or abortion, or capital punishment, for that matter--it cannot force doctors who oppose the practice on grounds of professional ethics or from personal beliefs to participate. In Oregon, the legal right to seek a physician's help in ending one's life went into effect in 1997 (Lagay, 2001). Laws surrounding this topic are very difficult to put into place because the laws would have to be more generalized to suit more than just certain patients, causing a more widespread normalization of this practice. Normalization would increase the possibility of doctors suggesting assisted suicide to vulnerable patients that wouldnt have thought of it as an option in the first place. The misuse of this practice by physicians and the vulnerability of patients is one of the main concerns in regards to physician-assisted suicide, because they are the most difficult aspects to control.

Doctors who support physician-assisted suicide have to consider the factors behind a patientr's request for assisted suicide, and it depends on specific circumstances if the doctor would be willing to assist a patient's death. Itr's stated in the American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, If a state does legalize physician-assisted suicide, what choices do physicians in that state face? Must they opt either to (1) refuse aid to patients determined upon killing themselves, thus driving those patients to seek help from other, possibly unknown, physicians or inexperienced caregivers or (2) violate their profession's principal code of ethics? (Lagay, 2001). One of the main reasons a doctor might consider it is if the patient experiences unrelenting, constant pain. It can be extremely difficult to determine a patient's level of pain, because there is no actual medical way to measure pain other than by the patientr's word, which increases the inconsistencies of a patient evaluation. Itr's rare that a mentally competent person would actively chose suicide over other medical treatments and itr's difficult to determine oner's mental competency without having a foolproof system of determining such, which has not been put in place. So until that is created, physician-assisted suicide should not be legalized. There is not enough research around the drugs or methods used to conduct euthanasia or the effects that come along with the drugs.

There has continuously been more questions than answers, doctors know that there are both benefits and deficits but dont have the evidence to come to a solid conclusion. There seems to be more possible disadvantages than advantages because itr's more difficult to control the negative, unexpected outcomes. It is extremely important to have the most accurate and useful information on physician-assisted suicide because it is human lifes that are at stake. There needs to be continued research on all the possible deficits to the patient, the families, and the doctors involved. Currently, society doesnt have the essential information needed to create a policy that would comply with all the ethical issues brought about by assisted suicide, and that is why it should not be legalized until that information is obtained.

Works Cited

Fiesta, Janine. Legal Aspects of Physician-Assisted Suicide. Nursing Management, vol. 28, no. 5, 1997, p. 17. https://web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.cnm.edu:8080/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=261ce594-60df-436c-a4eb-e1e310e4aad4%40sessionmgr104

Gingrich, Richard. Assisted Death and Physician-Assisted Suicide | NEJM. New England Journal of Medicine, 1 Apr. 1999, www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199304013281313.

Lagay, Faith. Physician-Assisted Suicide: What's Legal and What's Professional? Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association, American Medical Association, 1 Jan. 2001, https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/physician-assisted-suicide-whats-legal-and-whats-professional/2001-01

Lefrak, Stephen. Assisted Death and Physician-Assisted Suicide | NEJM. New England Journal of Medicine, 1 Apr. 1999, www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199304013281313.

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The Desire for Death

Assisted suicide is to deliberately help or encourage someone to end their life. (Euthanasia is the act of deliberately ending someoner's life to relieve their suffering).

Palliative care is aimed at supporting people at the end of their life. This may include for example, withholding or withdrawing futile treatment, which is not considered to be euthanasia or assisted suicide. Lawful care of terminally ill patients, such as withholding or withdrawing futile treatment, never involves an intention to end a patientr's life.

Nurses working in palliative care are sometimes asked to help end someoner's life: 'I cant go on like this, can you give me something to end it all?' Patient assisted suicide has been described as 'the provision of drugs and/or advice so that a patient could take his or her own life'. [1] This is illegal in Australia. [2]

It is important to acknowledge that some patients are expressing a desire to die rather than requesting direct action. These requests to die can be made when someone is depressed or emotionally distressed. For example they may feel that they are a burden, or perhaps are suffering intolerable physical or emotional symptoms. At other times decisions have been made carefully, such as deciding that life is intolerable.

One study of terminally ill patients in Canada [1] found that the desire for death was transitory (dependent upon symptoms at the time). This indicated that potentially treatable symptoms could in fact, drive people to suicide. Further research, on who is choosing an assisted death and why, is needed. [3]

If someone is talking about taking their own life, whether or not they are asking for help to do it, this situation needs to be addressed urgently. Actively listening to their concerns and fears can help ascertain why they have come to make this request. Talking to others within the health care team whenever possible provides a multidisciplinary approach to a situation that shouldnt rest with one practitioner.

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Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

Though European countries had been invading lesser developed countries for centuries, their involvement in other countries thrived in a period known as the Age of New Imperialism as their thirst for power grew. Author Joseph Conrad, in his novella Heart of Darkness, addresses this topic of imperialism in a social criticism of the European colonization in Africa. This literary piece was revolutionary during the time period, as it addressed the issue of the rampant racism, mistreatment, and destruction that European colonists brought to the African country Congo. The author portrays the corruption of imperialism through the development of one of the main characters, Kurtz, and his journey through the Congo jungle, thematic elements of darkness, and a melancholy style of writing.

Joseph Conrad provides a negative depiction of the European distortion of lesser developed countries through the cutthroat methods of Kurtz as he ventures through the Congo and the opposition he faces from protagonist Marlow. As a central figure in the novella, the character of Kurtz embodies the barbarity of European imperialism. Marlow satisfies the function of antagonizing Kurtz through skepticism the position of power that he holds as he views how far he will go in the mistreatment of the native Congo people in order to gain ivory. Marlowr's ambiguity toward the morality behind imperialism is displayed in his thought process surrounding Kurtz. When discussing Kurtz, Marlow states, They only showed that Mr. Kurtz lacked restraint in the gratification of his various lusts, that there was something wanting in him - some small matter which, when the pressing need arose, could not be found under his magnificent eloquence (Conrad 45). The quote not only divulges the authority that Kurtz possesses due to his appealing nature, but the abuse that occurs because of the lacked restraint of his various lusts. During the Age of New Imperialism, European countries ranked the most powerful because they used their modern developments as a way to dominate third world countries who did not have such and take advantage of their resources. In this novella, the high-ranking position of authority Kurtz holds personifies the powerful entity of all European colonizers and his mistreatment of the native people for the ivory trade business exemplifies just a snippet of the extortion occuring due to imperialism. Asian Social Science additionally remarks on the issue, ... Kurtz yielded to their combined power by using his authority as deity to help him attain his goals he was representative of the European colonizers, and his behavior represented the wills of what he belonged to (Zhao 148). Through the characterization of Kurtz, author Joseph Conrad intends to simulate an idea of the atrocities of imperialism in order to expose an issue that at the time everyone had looked the other way to.

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Representatives of Romanticism

The two concepts that relate to Romanticism is Frederick Douglass-the slave presented himself as a hero and overcoming hard trials. The slave is portrayed as a hero, because he went through many whippings and neglect. In most cases, the slave can teach someone else how to make it out a hole. In the beginning a slave had a hard time coping with society, but eventually they will meet someone to help them to victory. A slave could teach other children to read whenever they learned. A slave would have to overcome hard trials with their master. It was often a wild setting but ended in dreams being fulfilled. A slave went through an emotional rollercoaster while working and trying to make their master satisfied. When a slave learned while on the job, it made the slave become smarter and come up with more ideas to escape. Frederick Douglass and the concept of slavery and Percy Shelley- power in nature are similar but different too. In Frederick Douglass story, he tells how his master, Mr. Auld, thought that he shouldnt learn to read. Even under control, Frederick tries to maintain his strength that is obvious in the comparison of him learning to read to a man that will become unfit and unhappy (250). Frederick Douglass lived in extreme conditions which sparked him to try to become something great outside of being a slave. The master wanted to control and keep Frederick Douglass illiterate. The master also proved that his power is in control of all things and that is all Frederick Douglass knew and thought at the moment. In Percy Shelleyr's story, the power of nature seemed to be the focus. The wind has the power to be in charge over all other nature around it. The wind is like a metaphor to other inspiration in nature. The poet hopes his message gets across by the strong winds sent in all directions. In Ode to the West Wind, the poet speaks to nature and hopes for a significant change. Even in distress, the poet shows he needs support in comparison of lifting him as a wave to that of him falling upon thorns (401). The Life of a Narrative of Frederick Douglass and Ode to the West Wind consider a power to inspire after a rough, emotional setting. There is something or someone in charge to help move past the dark moments. There is also a need to lend a helping hand somewhere because in both stories, there are wild, strange obstacles that interfere often. In both of the stories there is a lust for attention and determination to find the end results of passion. The origin of William Wordsworth- Tintern Abbey is a interesting one. The title is very important and worthy of consideration. According to the Norton Anthology, Wordsworth turned readers away from classical models and Gothic supernatural stories to everyday emotion and imagination, focusing on feeling (345). William compared God/nature in his story. He also incorporates his feelings with nature. Even at his lowest point, the speaker embodies a certain feeling when he compares his hours of weariness to the feeling of the blood and heart (351). William used connections that repeated themselves in his written works. Tintern Abbey was considered one of his Lyrical Ballards. According to Oskar Gruenwald, Human agency with nature is crucial. The unprecedented opportunity we have today is for common interactive relationship in which each discipline retains its integrity and yet is radically open to the discoveries and insights of the other (3). He is referring to the knowledge of God/nature. Wordsworth wants to look deeper at existence and try to distinguish between the old self and the new self. His stories portray just ordinary people. The speaker in Tintern Abbey wants more insight as the story goes on. The speaker starts out with a wild, emotional setting and starts reflecting on pleasures. According to The Norton Anthology, Romanticism has no ending, because writers can be called Romantic if they seem to still fit in the time period (324). All of the Romantic writers during the 1780s and 1830s brought a movement that consisted of traditions, styles, and passions. Writers were embracing nature and showing that science and statistics can be incorporated in the Romantic movement.

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Hayez and his Works during the Romanticism

In Europe, and specifically Italy, Love was expressed through a series of literary works and paintings. In paints, the use of color, texture and environment and culture brings out the concept presentation of love and time as desired by the artist. Hayez was very talented and often used socio-cultural impacts to explain the love component of the society. The emotional scenic demonstration of love through pictorial paints were bound to be interpreted differently, since everyone perceives a picture differently. However, the themes that Hayez stressed on were very much outstanding and logically equivocal. To date his paints are treasured in national museums in Italy, Germany and France (The National Gallery, London). One of his major works, the Melancholy was very emotional and showed a concrete imaginative ability of expressing in love in a freer dimensional state. That means that love was sometimes an uncontrollable part of the person in true love (Didier & Samedi, 142-154). He was a renowned artist whose works often focused on the free will of action. It is however very imperative to understand that he pushed for change that would come from within an individual, which would help in transforming the mindsets of the various communities to uphold ethics and free will (Elisa). Hayez works were very important in expressing individualism among the people and he often stressed on the emotional attachment on his paintings. As an elite painter, Hayez made sure his work was relevant to the socio political and historical aspects of Italy. The Socio-cultural development in Italy were greatly impacted by the Romanticism movement (Elisa). In Italy, music and love paintings were very common and were expressed in a more emotional way (Rampazzi et al). The common medium of presenting love was basically through painting and literary works which included poetry and novelists writing. Hayez falls in the former category, and exploited every single opportunity of expressing beauty, love and emotion as complete bundle that was necessary for the growth of and nurturing of personal serenity of whoever was the targeted audience. Hayez often presented his symbolic romance in painting while focusing on the melodramatic characteristics of the romanticism (Didier & Samedi, 142-154). In Italy, the movement was relatively slow and was therefore superseded by the neoclassicism. The refined paintings and the title that they were given often portrayed very definitive and symbolic figure of beauty and environment. The landscape features in Hayezr's painting as always gave well documented and reliable stature. Talking about Love, ?The Kiss was a very phenomenal work. The paint expresses an undying love, expressed outside in a hall way at a corner that leads to some kind of staircase (Elisa). This work made Hayez vary famous and was highly rated by the contemporaries during his time. The two people kissing were most likely young and required to show each other The two lovebirds were showing very stunning warm and emotional hug, most likely a loving hug. The paint was so romantic that anyone who came across it could not have a different interpretation (Elisa). At the time of the creation of the paint, love and individualism was a key aspect of themes that Hayez was desperately seeking to express. It is however worthy understanding that this was his most valued romantic paints of all times, and earned him respect in the larger Italy nation as a whole. Love was a very discrete and more complex phenomenon during the Romanticism (Elisa). In his description of free will and implementation of the much sought after love in a rapidly dynamic society, some Hayez work were relatively displaying nudity and romance in a combined model presentation. One such paint is the ?Susanna at her Bath. With a highly valued texture of the paint that presents a more solid picture of a well described aspect of life in a free will society. The paint is analytically said to have emanated from French culture of showcasing nudity in artwork. The free will to express oneself, especially the as a figure of appreciating beauty is boldly expressed in the paint of ?Susanna at her Bath. The artwork is derived from the biblical Susanna from the book of Daniel (Chapter 13), a story of two men who approached and Susanna and lust after her after seeing her nude in her bath. This paint is phenomenally tied to the important aspect of fidelity and true love in society. The nudity depiction shows that if brain is exposed to nude figures, our emotional thoughts and sexuality are visually impacted. Conclusively, romanticism movement was closely tied to love and free will, and that is what Hayez exploited most: the communal aspects and the kind of cultural perspectives that viewed the authority as more of oppressive than beneficial. The movement began in Europe and later on spread to most parts of South and North America (Rampazzi et al). In American Literature for instance, the movement was used to depict the socio-political impacts of the governing systems. Since the movement was using arts as a medium for presenting the occasions that the people were exposed to, it was bound to last long. In Europe, Romanticism was mainly a way of expressing how the society felt about the freedom that love brought upon different communities. Through painting as an information mechanism, there was a possible way of emancipating the masses about their responsibilities to exercise true love and stop oppression. The love for humanity and was displayed in work through the deep consideration of emotions and individualism. In describing the nature and attitudes of the expected behavioral concepts we realize that Hayez work was pegged to culture and society so much that he became part of the paints literacy (Elisa). Expressing free will and the aspect of love in the days when tyranny and oppression was the theme of life was somewhat an enlightenment that Hayez exploited informationally.

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The Era of Romanticism

The Romanticism Period, refers to the cultural movements that occurred in Europe, and America from 1770 to the 1860s. In this era, romantic authors saw themselves revolting against another period called the Age of Reason which began in the 1700s and ended in 1770. The Romantic Period came after the Age of Enlightenment, which really had an emphasis on logic, reason and science. The Romantic Period was a deviation from that. In Romantic literature, we see a prominence on emotions, imaginations and intuitions elements of humanity that can challenge reason. The era before Romanticism weakened the religious stronghold on society, Romantics were not very concerned with devotion, but rather were interested in experimentation with religion in an esthetical manner. Many artists, writers and visual artists alike, used religious imagery and themes in their works, but did not necessarily consider their works to have Christian or religious associations. As with the era before it, people of the Romantic period expressed doubt in a higher holiness. Romantic poets cultivated individualism, reverence for the natural world, idealism, physical and emotional passion. Romantics set themselves in opposition n to the order and rationality of classical and neoclassical artistic principles to embrace liberty and revolution in their art and politics. No other period in English literature exhibits more diversity in style, theme, and substance than the Romantic Movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Additionally, no period has been the topic of so much disagreement and misperception over its essential principles and aesthetics. Romantics stressed the admiration of nature in art and language and the involvement of sublimity through a link with nature. Romantics rejected the rationalization of nature by the previous thinkers of the Enlightenment period. People desired magic and a retreat from real-life, particularly in the second half of the eighteenth century. Industrialization was leaving its residue in the cities and in the world. Many wished and that the Revolution would bring a remedy for the difficulties with modern society and European development. When it did not come, they withdrew to nature and Romanticism. It became a reserve, where they could vision a better world, revel in the past and imagine their time away. The eruption of the French Revolution almost heralded the start of Romanticism. What they had in common was the striving for liberty: liberty from an tyrannical regime and freedom from reasonableness. Several of the libertarian and abolitionist movements of the 18th and early 19th centuries were created by the romantic philosophy, the desire to be free of convention and oppression, and the new importance on the rights and self-respect of the individual (robinson,2001). Romanticism pressures self-expression and individual uniqueness, romantics believed that men and women should be guided by sincere emotions rather than the cold abstract guidelines and rites recognized by a conformist society. The conformist, who promoted, defended, and openly profited by the Revolution when they rose to power. In the period of its most active fermentation, the Romantic Movement was nothing more than a protest against conformist conventions, conformist society and morality. To be extreme and flamboyant and unusual and violent even at the risk of becoming grotesque was the desire of every young Romantic. The Romantics were, in fact, conventional origins, who were trying hard to escape from their own darkness. To contemplate Romanticism is logical to think of Victor Hugo. Hugo associated himself with the Romantic Movement that flounced through Europe and the Americas. It was a movement categorized by reliance on the mind, liberty of thought, expression, and nostalgia of nature. As early as 1828, Hugo had allied with social freedom, and the liberty of the artist. He believed that the year 1830 was as vital for poetry as it was for government. The 19th century, was known for Romanticism and Socialism. Hugo related with the Romantic Movement while it was still in its early stages, and endured faithful to the Romantic cause all throughout, it spanned over three generation. Hugo not only safeguarded his break from outdated dramatic structure but also justified the outline of the grotesque into art. Romanticism praised the genius of the extraordinary man, Hugo presented himself as the poet born of the philosophical currents that shaped Romanticism, to which the poet is a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures (Gay,2015) . Hugo identified with the Romantic Movement and felt it was his calling. In the early 1830's, when Romanticism was just beginning. Hugo's influence lay in his fictional characters, Hugo created for himself a character. Hugo believed that: "Every man who writes, writes a book; this book is himself. Whether he recognizes it or not, whether he desires it or not, it is true (Dick, 2018). The things of which he wrote were about the people and for the people. He believed in the common man, and saw the poor as the legs by which the rich were able to stand. He saw in them potential and he worked hard to have this potential realized by the people. His most notable characters in Les Miserables were not of the rich or people of high-standing, but rather, of the poor and common man (Gay,2015). In conclusion, feelings and imagination are different in each person, romanticism encompasses the accentuation of the personal or diverse. Today, Romanticism can be found in a widespread of films, television, music, literature, and art. Whether it is emphasized on the eternal power of nature or an audiencer's intuitive reaction to a specific medium, current society is apt with Romance in the Romantic sense. In the art world, Romanticism provides a new way to interrelate with paintings to not only capture the complexity of the human understanding, but to capture this format with desire of color and form.

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Romanticism: a Literary and Artistic Movement

Romanticism was a literary and artistic movement that emphasized individualism by inspiring a social change. It was considered a period that increasingly portrayed new, mass cultural views, such as emphasizing an individualr's ability to remove themselves from a restricting society. Writers, such as Walt Whitman, Edgar Allen Poe, and Fanny Fern, used their works to draw attention to how individuals fit into their society. They contributed to the Romantic Era by acknowledging the relationship between social or political events and the emotional attachment that individuals have towards them. Therefore, the following writers and their literary works expose the individualistic rights of people, as opposed to being subjected to the whims of society. Imagination is a significant quality in Romantic literature. This helped to hone in on the emotional aspect of individualism. Walt Whitman used this creative technique in his poem, Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night. Whitman explored the bond between two comrades who each faced loss. In doing so, he also explored the idea that some situations limit how people can, and should, act in society. In the second line of the poem, the narrator states, When you my son and my comrade dropt at my side that day (1454). This shows that the narrator viewed his comrade as family because the war brought them together. It also tells that the son was injured and that the narrator Found you in death so cold dear comrade (never again on earth responding) (1454). This exposed two losses The one man lost his life and the other lost his dear friend and loved one. Further, the Vigil of silence, love and death, was during the night in starlight. The stars portray a light in the darkness, above all the destruction of war. This poem is of a Romantic time because it illustrates the celebration of love, but also notes the discrepancy between private and public moments through symbolic representation. Finally, the abrupt way that the poem ended emphasize that society tends to overtake individuals in society, but the vigil itself portrays the united stance that people can take even if it romanticizes the war. Whereas Whitman portrayed lightness, following destruction, in his poem, Poe portrayed the darkness of the Romantic period as a whole. His work was associated with the subgenre Gothic literature. This subgenre included elements of emotion through ideas such as fear, isolation, illness, and superstitions. One of Poer's most popular short-stories, The Tell-Tale Heart, captured the insane characteristic of the narrator through the concept of isolation. This individual was considered unique because he did not follow the mainstream societal views. This story, also, acknowledged the anxiety of society during this time period regarding the increasingly popular views that favored independence and individualism. Therefore, one of the most significant aspects of the narrator in The Tell-Tale Heart is the way that he is trapped within his mind, which portrays the fear of individualr's standing out against society the internal self versus the external self. An example of the narratorr's struggle with sanity, [V]ery, very dreadfully nervous I had been, and am I heard all things in heaven and in the earth observe how healthily- how calmly I can tell you the whole story (1186-87). Right from the start, he contradicts himself by acknowledging how nervous he was, to hearing supernatural things, and then believing himself able to tell his story in a collected manner. Further, his reason for grotesquely murdering an innocent individual in this story was illogical. He claimed it was due to his eye! He had the eye of a vulture, and contrary idea that the man never wronged me. He had never given me an insult, the narrator still murdered him as though he had (1187). This establishes the sin in which an individual illustrated by being unique, or in the narratorr's case, insane. His guilt overcame him by the end of the story which concluded in him confessing to his crime because he believed he was hearing the manr's heartbeat under the boards. This represents societyr's stance over an individual, which meant that it attempts to control the individual and oppress their uniqueness (sin). Similar to the works of Whitman and Poe, Fanny Fern used her works to emphasize the need for individualism. However, her work A Law More Nice than Just, focused solely on acquiring womenr's rights. In this way, she revealed the unequal, patriarchal society that dismissed womenr's activism. She used humor to lighten controversial issues she exposed in her work. For example, in her column, she criticizes a recent news article that specifies a woman had just been arrested for wearing menr's pants. She offers a humorous story in response about wearing her ?husbands pants because it was a lot easier in the rain. She states, Ill do it, said I Do what? asked Mr. Fern Put on a suit of your clothes and take a tramp with you (1216). She continues by emphasizing the husbandr's hysterical laughter about the matter, which acted as a representation of the absurdity society felt about such direct change. This story acknowledged the unjustified laws that women encountered, showing that both should be considered equal. This story also showed that the laws reflected the customs of society, further acting on past stereotypes, as Fern tries to accomplish new standards for womenr's independence. Through each of these literary works, Whitman, Poe, and Fern all try to advocate individualism. They use them as a means to reflect on the relationship between the individual and society by suing emotional elements and imagination. Each represents that individuals have the ability to remove themselves from the restrictions that society poses on their attempts of social and independent change.

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Romanticism and the Process of Life

The mystery of the ceaseless nature of life and death has baffled thinkers, great and small, for millennia. Hundreds of years passed with nothing except speculation to interpret your place in the world, but the spread of the Enlightenment and the idea of scientific reasoning brought a new wave of assumptions to Europe. Men and women started using reason in order to make sense of the world around them. This led to the delegitimizing of what came to encompass the Romantic movement; observation of nature, the sublime, and individual expression; among others. These poets wished to bring back an emphasis on the more indescribable and mysterious aspects of life. Thought and emotion guided their documented experiences, especially when it came to the interpretation of life and death. Although Blake, Shelley, and Keats each discuss the process of aging and resulting death, Blake believes it to be a necessary aspect of nature while Shelley and Keats view it as burdensome. Blake represents the first generation of Romantic poets, who ardently stressed a harmonious relationship between man and nature. The most visible example of this association lies in the collection Songs of Innocence, wherein Blake considers the brightest side of humanity, meaning before the Biblical fall of man. This includes the process of aging and eventual death as, in a perfect relationship between man and nature, growing older is accepted and as much a part of life as the changing of the seasons. No one fights against it or looks with jealousy upon those younger than them. For example, in Echoing Green, a group of children play while the older men and women watch them nostalgically; these elders laugh away care as they look on, but do not reference any feelings of wanting to go back or hold anything against the children, themselves. They recognize that youth must fade (Blake, Echoing Green 10-14). Another aspect of a perfect correlation between man and nature is the joy that comes along with the birth of new life. In Infant Joy, a mother welcomes her child into the world and asks the newborn what she shall be called. The infant replies, I happy am,/ Joy is my name. The mother blesses her child and sings her to sleep, wishing that Sweet joy befall thee! Both poems exhibit instances in which life, at all stages, is cherished and exalted (Blake, Infant Joy 4-12). No worry or sadness exists over the prospect of having to grow old or to bring forth another mouth to feed. Men, women, and children accept their place within the natural order and even celebrate it. Conversely, Songs of Experience, emphasizes the fallen, corrupted aspects of human nature, including the reluctance to accept aging. The subjects of Songs of Experience find themselves to be jealous and hostile towards those who still have their youth. Nurser's Song, especially, references ill feelings that the nurse has for the children in her care. Watching the children play on the green triggers a flood of childhood memories for the nurse, causing her face to turn green and pale. She longs for what the children have, youth and the opportunity that it brings. However, the nurse knows that it has already passed her and resents the children for what she cannot have. This is seen through her scolding of their childish ways, Your spring & your day, are wasted in play/ And your winter and night in disguise. Her reprimanding not only exhibits a reluctance to age, but also a kind of resentment towards those forces that caused her to grow old (Blake, Nurser's Song 1-8). Life, in Songs of Experience, is not revered, but despised. Children are shackled and taught to ignore the inherit freedom of their nature while families fear the idea of new life, as it means a new mouth to feed. For example, in Infant Sorrow, an infant enters the world crying and struggling to a family that does not want her. The parents view the child as a burden on them, a person they will have to support into adulthood (Blake, Infant Sorrow 1-8). The happiness that resulted from the birth of the newborn in Infant Joy, does not appear in this particular poem. It is obvious that the stages of life are not to be celebrated in a world that has been corrupted by man. The two separate collections, Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience exist in order to illustrate the contrast between a pre and post-Biblical fall world. From that point of view, Blaker's own thoughts on inequality and the perception of aging shine through. Blake recognizes that the world consists of imperfect people trying to live in correlation with nature, despite their tendency towards folly. Blake, himself, believes in an acceptance of the natural order, including the processes of aging, and acts as a sort of prophet. He tells the youth, and all those reading his poetry, to listen to his words, as many ...wish to lead others when they should be led (Blake, The Voice of the Ancient Bard 11). The two collections represent the perfect versus the realistic. Blake asserts that the world should be as is described in Songs of Innocence, but Songs of Experience shows that to be false. Humans do not act in accordance with God and nature. They fight against their steady aging and look with disdain upon those who are farther away from dying than they. While Blake considers this mindset to be a byproduct of humanityr's corrupted nature, Shelley views aging through the lense of Songs of Experience, burdensome and almost torturous. In To a Skylark, Shelley struggles to encapsulate the immortality of the birdr's song in comparison to the doomed mortality of his, and mankind'r's, own. Shelley structured the piece to mimic a prayer. The opening line reads, Hail to thee, blithe spirit! and follows with a praise of the skylarkr's ability to sing such a heavenly song. The speaker then details the fact that the birdr's song is not tainted as the poetr's because it cannot comprehend the pains that accompany human existence. The skylark is not conscience of its own being, let alone its own mortality. Therefore, its song is pure, unaltered, and continuous. In contrast, a man understands the fact that he will die one day and is deeply troubled by his own consciousness. Manr's poetry, even that concerning a happy subject, brims with the knowledge of his own death: We look before and after, And pine for what is not: Our sincerest laughter With some pain is fraught; Our sweetest songs tell of saddest thought (Shelley, To a Skylark 86-90). The speaker continues by asking the skylark to allow him to sing in a similar way, so that The world should listen then, as I am listening now (Shelley, To a Skylark 105). Unlike Blake, Shelley never explicitly references the aging process, but he discusses the prospect of death, itself. Instead of advocating an acceptance of death and its place in the natural order, as Blake does, Shelley questions the consciousness of man. Treating the understanding of aging and death as a curse, he details how a manr's poetry could never match that of a birdr's due to his own comprehension of his impending mortality. He ponders the depth of the knowledge of the skylark, believing that perhaps the bird is cognizant of more than humans. Thou of death must deem/ Things more true and deep/ Than we mortals dream (Shelley, To a Skylark 81-84). Therefore, Shelley claims that the burden of the human existence is not the process of aging and death, but the knowledge of its inevitability. As a fellow member of the second generation of Romantic poets, Keats also views the natural order as taxing and questions his own cognizance. Keatsr's poetry more explicitly references death, as he contracted tuberculosis at a young age. Like Shelley, Keats regards recognition of oner's own mortality as true death. In Ode to a Nightingale, he stresses how much he longs for ... a draught of vintage, hoping to numb his ability to contemplate the greater purpose of life. Keats states that he wants to be left alone with the nightingale to ... fade away into the forest dim. He hopes to dissolve into the night with the bird, forgetting all knowledge he has of his own impending death. Keats describes the pains and sorrows of the human experience that have escaped the nightingale, as it cannot recognize its own misery (Keats, Ode to a Nightingale 11-20). Both Shelley and Keats look to nature, specifically birds, as representative of the freedom which alludes all of humanity. Doomed to feel and interpret all the sadness life entails, especially death, the poets long to be as the nightingale or the skylark, ignorant of their own precarious nature. Because the birds are not able to foresee their own deaths, their song reaches an immortal significance. The poet's voice and message may change, but a birdr's song remains the same from generation to generation. Keats illustrates this when he tells the nightingale, Thou was not born for death, immortal Bird! (Keats, Ode to a Nightingale 71). Aging may be apart of the natural cycle of life, but the knowledge of such a sequence is a significant burden, according to Shelley and Keats. Blake emphasizes the necessity of accepting oner's position in life, whether that be a young child or an elderly person. In a pre-Biblical fall, i.e. perfect, society, man and nature should have a harmonious relationship in which humans respect and work within the context of the natural order. This obviously is not actually the case in the outside world. Blake observes that men try to control nature and force it to bend to their whims, proudly thinking it will kneel to them. They feel jealousy and hostility towards those that have the things they once did, such as youth. The world described in Songs of Experience is one that Shelley and Keats try to make sense of. The two poets detail their consciousness of aging and death as burdensome and almost unnecessary. They do not advertise living within the natural order, but instead represent exactly what Blake was arguing against, not accepting your age as part of the everchanging and continuous circle of life.

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Neoclassicaism and Romanticism

During the 18th century, a new movement brushed through Europe and created a primitive change in politics, science, and art. The Age of Enlightenment was partially a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, as the world witnessed the importance of technological innovation for the growth of humankind. Neoclassicism and Romanticism literature and arts affected the present world. Neoclassicism was the foundation of romanticism especially in the influence either in literature, arts and of their genres. Neoclassical and Romanticism both developed from Greece and Rome in antiquity. This age of reason and enlightened thinking dominated Europe, creating two important eras in philosophy and visual art. Neoclassicism and Romanticism competed side by side, bringing creatives together to express emotion as well as a love for the classics of Greece and Rome. While Neoclassical art was directed towards to classical Greco-Roman art, the Romantic era placed the emphasis on capturing emotions like fear and horror in visual form. The 15th-century architect Leon Battista Alberti believed in Classicism defined beauty in architecture as the harmony and concord of all the parts achieved by following well-founded rules and resulting in a unity such that nothing could be added or taken away or altered except for the worse. In paintings, artists were to choose subjects that glorified man, use characters suited to the actions being represented, and emulate the appearance of actions in the natural world. Often considered the direct opposite of the Romantic era, Neoclassical art had a huge grip on Europe for many years. At the peak of its philosophy, Neoclassicism revived the "true style" of classical art from Ancient Greece and Rome. Another example is painter Jacques-Louis, David made this style famous through the token painting of the Oath of the Horatii. It stressed the importance of love and sacrifice for oner's country. The examples of antiquity in the Renaissance in Rome provided the guidelines of Classicism for the next two centuries in Italy. In the 17th-century France mocked those examples, along with Albertir's theories, guided the principal French artists to a real Classicism. Nicolas Poussin and Francois Mansart were important were key figures in showing the real Classicism in architecture and paintings. The main characteristics of Neoclassical paintings were organizing the composition around symbolic numbers, and telling heroic stories of moral civics. Romantics rejected the rational ways of Neoclassical artists, and held their love of individual expression over the restraints of traditional customs. Romanticism and Neoclassicism both had their strengths and contributed greatly to the present world. English painters such as Sir Joshua Reynolds provided lessons in Renaissance Classicism that dominated a similar span of English and American painting. By the middle of the 18th century, Classicism was being attacked from two directions. The authoritative equation of Classicism and beauty was challenged by longings for the sublime, so that romantic fantasies, suggestive allusions, and bizarre inventions came to be more highly valued than classicist clarity and dignity. Likewise, the accepted superiority of Roman antiquity was being challenged by supporters of Greece. The historian of ancient art Johann Winckelmann, for example, saw in Greek sculpture a noble simplicity and quiet grandeur and admonished artists to imitate nature by imitating the Greeks, for only they have revealed manr's greatness”a classicist doctrine translated from Rome to Greece. In sculpture this program was followed particularly by Antonio Canova. In painting, on the other hand, Jacques-Louis David reestablished the formal standards of Raphael and of Augustan Rome and turned Classicism into a tool that served the new exhortative and eulogizing subjects painters were called on to render. Restraint, grandeur, and simplicity, along with precise depiction and close congruence of clear form and noble content, continued to constitute the Classicism in many of the works of such later artists as Pablo Picasso, Aristide Maillol, and Henry Moore. After the mid-18th century, Classicism in architecture became connected with rationalism. Various Neoclassicisms were spawned by reverence for Greek, Roman, or Renaissance models. By the early 20th century, classicistic demands for harmony, proportion, and the congruence of parts were being applied to new technology to give order to many styles. The architects Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe exemplified two different ways of adapting Classical stylistic characteristics to modern problems and materials. Periods of Classicism in literature and music have generally coincided with the Classical periods in the visual arts. In literature, for instance, the first major revival of Classicism also occurred during the Renaissance, when Ciceror's prose was especially imitated. France in the 17th century developed a rich and diversified Classicism in literature, as it had also in the visual arts. The dramatists Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine, together with the philosophers Blaise Pascal and Rene Descartes, were particularly important. In England, Classicism in literature arose later than in France and reached its zenith in the 18th-century writings of John Dryden and Alexander Pope. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Friedrich Schiller were major figures in the German Classical literary movement. In the early 20th century, T.S. Eliot and proponents of the New Criticism were sometimes considered classicists because of their emphasis on form and discipline. In music, the great Classical period arose in the late 18th century and was dominated by composers of the German-speaking area of Europe: Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Christoph Gluck, and the young Ludwig van Beethoven. Their music is polished, refined, and melodic. In their era, instrumental music became more important than vocal music for the first time in history. Intense interest in such music and in regularized Classical form led to the standardization of symphony orchestras, chamber ensembles, pianos, and various compositional forms. The idea of the artist as a genius, emotionally connected and originality was turned against by the radical world. William Blake was an exception to this, he practiced a more visionary art, the favored landscape of English painters. Hearing the words "Romantic art," one might think of love and kindness, but that is not usually true to William Blake.To him, it simply infers emotional art. Romantic art hit the turn of the century, and had a large number of participants for the next couple of years. Romantic art continued to focus on feelings and emotions. The end of the Romantic era is marked in some areas by a new style of Realism, which affected literature, especially the novel and drama, painting, and even music, through Verismo opera. The early period of the Romantic Era was a time of war, with the French Revolution (1789-1799) followed by the Napoleonic Wars until 1815. It means being a staunch individualist, believing in the rights of other individuals, and expressing deep, intense, and often uplifting emotions like Beethoven (whose Fifth Symphony marked the beginning of the Romantic era in music). During the Romantic era, an affectionate and sentimentalized portrait of the Middle Ages emerged that was usually no more accurate than the polemical characterizations of Enlightenment writers. This in turn led historians such as Alfred Einstein to extend the musical " Romantic Era " throughout the 19th century and into the first decade of the 20th. simple, memorable way to imagine the Romantic era: an age of "heroic individuals" whose styles and subjects symbolized the power of the human will or spirit in shaping history and art. The most known Romantic arts were nothing but three novels: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Miserables, both by the French writer Victor Hugo, and Frankenstein, by 18-year-old British writer Mary Shelley. The originality influenced by Romanticism, classical art was in a wide spectrum, and challenged the Romantic idea of creation from nothingness. Beyond technique, the Romantics also went against the political art of the Neoclassical era with more devout are with displays of intense emotion. Art of this period also depicted the romantic ideal of nationalism, but for reasons of length, we will focus on landscapes in this post. In contrast to the social art of the Enlightenment, Romantics were distrustful of the human world, and tended to believe connection with nature was mentally and morally healthy. Many Romantic ideas about the nature and purpose of art, remained important for later generations, and often underlie modern views, despite opposition from theorists. Translator and prominent Romantic August Wilhelm Schlegel argued that the most power of human nature is its capacity to divide and diverge into opposite directions. The Romantic era ended by giving new styles of painting and music. Though different in style, the eras of Neoclassical and Romantic art both became embedded in Europe's history. Neoclassicism was the foundation of romanticism especially in the influence either in literature, arts and of their genres.

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Romanticism and its Culture

Romanticism and Its Culture

Out of all of the topics we had to choose from for our first first Special Investigation assignment, I thought that Romanticism and Its Culture was probably the most interesting to research. When you break it down, it can come down to many different aspects. Romanticism and its culture was culturally best represented in the time from from roughly 1800 to 1850. To really understand what is Romanticism and Culture, it can be broken down into many different ways. According to enotes.com, they suggested a list of information that I found helpful to really understand what all was going on. Characteristics of the Romanticism Period were thought to have been represented by individuality/democracy/personal freedom, spiritual/supernatural elements, nature as a teacher, interest in past history/ancient greek and roman elements, celebration of the simple life, interest in the rustic/pastoral life, interest in folk, and so on and so forth. (Ashley 1)

A couple other specific ideas to dive into hat are interpreted during the Romantic Period also included the generalization of nature, myth, emotion, symbols, and ideas about the self and individualism (Yourdictionary.com). In this paper, Id specifically like the point out and talk about the Brothers Grimm Private library to try and highlight the Romantic period and its culture throughout this time. I may be a little biased, but I truly enjoy these stories and I feel as though they really bring evidence to what the time period really was and what it brought to the table. The fact that these stories are also read and valued so highly today speaks volumes in itself. Even though they may be referred to as some watered down version written by Disney, there are many stories retold today that were based off of legendary stories written in the romantic period. Here are just a few examples of the stories that many of us all know and love today: Cinderella, The Frog Prince, The Goose-Girl, Hansel and Gretel, Hansel and Gretel, Rapunzel, Rumpelstiltskin, Sleeping Beauty, and Snow White. It was published in two volumes, in 1812 and in 1815. (Pullman 1)

A lot of the time when we think or talk about Brotherr's Grimm, you oftentimes think of just the two brothers that who copiously wrote their hearts out to get the finished produce of the stories we know today. When in all actuality, there were actually several. According to Associatesdegree.com, it stated that the Grimm family actually had nine children toal but only six had survived through infancy(Curtis 1).

Within their large family, they had manu brothers. Out of all of the siblings, there was only one sister. When I had read this, it made me laugh because it reminded me so much of my large family and me being the eldest, only girl (Curtis 1). Even though there were so many boys, a lot of the male figures in their lives died in their early lives. Both their father and their grandfather died early, leaving the family in dire straits. The Grimm brothers seem to favor stories with the female characters in focus, and scholars believe this may be due to the loss of these male figures in their lives (Curtis 1). When people go to try and visit where the birthplace of the plague and statue of the brothers Grimm, they are actually across from the street from the home where they were born - the original home was destroyed in world war two(Curtis 1).

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Good against Evil Good Man is Hard to Find

The definition of the word good is something that is morally right. The story of a family on a road trip to Florida, begins with an unnamed grandmother, whose hesitant demeanor, goes unnoticed as they move forward with the getaway. Ironically, a misfit on the loose around their destination, crosses paths with them, ending their trip in tragedy. During her final living moments, the grandmother pleads to the misfit that he is a good man. However, her efforts dont save her from the misfitr's malicious actions, killing her without uncertainty. In OConnorr's, A Good Man is Hard to Find, the theme of good vs. evil is explored between the characters of the misfit and the grandmother.

The grandmother figure in the short story has a rather aggressive beginning in the first paragraphs. The road trip the family is about to embark on isnt ideal for her, especially with the misfit around the area. However, her character is beginning to show throughout the trip. When the children were commenting on how Tennessee appears to be a dumping ground her response demonstrates how much she values respect when arguing back, In my time, children were more respectful of their native states and their parents and everything else (243). Further along their trip, she seems to correct the childrenr's behavior constantly, as they spew out insulting comments in the car, and at their next stop at a barbecue joint owned by Red Sammy. However, she engages in conversation with the owner, and expresses her idea of what a good man means to her.

To her, the definition of a good man, is virtually someone who has a moral and respectful mindset, in response to Red Sammyr's actions, Two fellers come in here last week, driving a Chrysler right to me. It was a old beat-up car but it was a good one and these boys looked right to me. Saif they worked at the mill and you know I let them fellers charge the gas they bought? Now, why did I do that? (OConnor 245). His generosity and kindness falls into the description of a morally good man. However, she does judge his character rather fast, not knowing if her's done anything morally wrong in his life. It doesnt seem like she gets to know whoever she calls good well enough before describing them this way. Once meeting the misfit, the word is thrown to characterize him quickly from grandmother as well.

The first mentioning of the misfit didnt give any specific details, only that he escaped prison and was heading towards Florida. Obviously, the grandmother was concerned about heading in that direction with the family, yet they didnt believe there was a slight chance of crossing paths. The misfit carried along their trip, as conversion with Red Sammy progressed on the state of the world. Crimes that he committed in the past, werent discussed between the grandmother, and his mentioning was just used to make conversation. The indication of his history is given when speaking to grandmother. He describes his parental figures, saying Daddy was a card himself. You couldnt put anything over on him. He never got in trouble with the Authorities though. Just had a knack of handling them (OConnor 250). There is an evidently history of crime in his family, having followed in his fatherr's footsteps. An assumption can be made that the misfit grew up morally corrupt in knowing his fatherr's criminal actions. A close relationship between the two is clear since the misfit also is described by his father as a different breed of dog, predicting his son would eventually follow his path. The misfit is lead into a life of evil, hateful crime which is especially shown in the climax of the story.

The confrontation between the two characters reveals a complexing analysis of their ideals and beliefs. The misfit has ironically crossed paths with the family, and the interaction with the grandmother was bound to end terribly. Suddenly, since the grandmother senses her fate, her definition of a good man appears to apply to the misfit now. Once she realizes his identity, she reasons with him, crying out, I know youre a good man. You dont look a bit like you have common blood. I know you must come from nice people! (OConnor 249). The misfit is the polar opposite of her previous definition, representing the pure evil due to his criminal actions in his life. Her use of wording when expressing he doesnt have common blood is indication of how sher's trying to reason with his actions. Now, a good man comes essentially comes from a person with a lifeline of goodness in their genes.

The heavy use of religion shows how evil the misfit actually is. The grandmotherr's religious background presents itself, as she tries to convince the misfit, prayer is the answer to his troubles. Yet, the misfit doesnt believe prayer will get him anywhere or fix his past criminal record. His revelation of why he doesnt want to be saved by God points out the true evil his character represents. The reasoning behind his lack of religious belief is announced when he argues, I found out the crime dont matter. You can do one thing or you can do another, kill a man or take a tire off his car, because sooner or later youre going to forget what it was you done and just be punished for it (251). At this point, the misfit has no sense on whatr's right and wrong. He acts on his evil actions of killing, not having enough motive to stop his criminal acts. There is no guilty feeling when pulling the trigger,

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Symbolism in a Good Man is Hard to Find

In literature, forests have a bad reputation. Little Red Riding Hood gets tricked by a wolf in a forest. Dante starts his descent into hell wandering around in a forest. The Forbidden Forest near Hogwarts gives Harry Potter almost nothing but trouble. Forests are full of creepy fungi, jagged rock, twisted branches, and deceptive little critters. To read almost any book is to understand how purely evil forests are. This is also the case in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, where the forest is where all except the grandmother is taken to get shot. It seems like only good thing to have come out of forests is the Black Forest Cake, when you first start reading. Symbolism and irony are two literary devices that are used commonly throughout the story. We know that the family begins in Atlanta and that they travel a few hours south to the town of Toombsboro. Here, the grandmother persuaded her son to take a detour onto a dirt road. After continuing on this road they run off the road and land in a ditch. The ditch is nearly ten feet below the road and lies between the road and a "tall and dark and deep" forest. There is forest on the other side of the road too, so the forest "looms" over the scene on both sides. This part of the story is like a staged play: the site of the action doesn't move, the ditch is the stage, and the forest is "backstage," where characters are taken. We only learn what is happening from the noises we hear, which are usually screams or gunshots. As for the time, the era of the story is never explicitly defined, but given the cars and the mention of Gone With the Wind (published as a book in 1936 and released as a movie in 1939), we can guess it's the 1940's or later. Since there is no mention of a war going on, and the grandmother says that "the way Europe acted you would think we were made of money" (44), it is almost certainly after WWII. Since O'Connor wrote this story in 1953, I think we can place it in the late 40's or early 50's. We know that the family leaves their home in the morning, and that they leave Red Sammy in the "hot afternoon. We do not actually know how late it is when they land in the ditch. The grandmother says it is a beautiful day, but we know from The Misfit that the sun is nowhere to be seen. The story is told in the third person and it centers singularly on the grandmother. She is the character we are told the most about, by far. She is also the only character whose point of view we can access directly. We get to hear her thoughts and feelings, although we never get too much detail. We are usually given a direct, short summary that leaves a lot of room for imagination on the part of the reader. That there is room for interpretation with regard to the grandmother's inner thoughts continues to be a subject of debate. The only other character who is given comparable attention is The Misfit. We only learn about him through the grandmother's perspective. After the grandmother is killed, though, there is a brief switch to The Misfit's perspective, although we do not get any further into his head. You know, if we were wicked killers running from the police we would not choose to drive in a big, black, battered hearse-like automobile. (70). Nothing symbolizes menacing death like hearse. Although, this is the kind of automobile Misfit & Co. chose to ride around Georgia in. One that looks as if it should be carrying a coffin to a funeral. It is excellent imagery for the story, but quite dumb if you are trying to stay incognito in real life.

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Benjamin Franklin and Colonial America

Few people in the history of the United States of America can be said to be as impactful as the founding fathers. The most impactful of those said founding fathers must be Benjamin Franklin. A politician, scientist, and revolutionary, Benjamin Franklin had done a great deal of things for the betterment of America and the betterment of the world. Born in Boston as the 10th son of the soap maker Josiah Franklin to his second wife Abiah Folger Benr's life was almost set in stone before he was of 10 years old. his father had intended for Benjamin to become a clergymen, However the funds were not in that favor. Unable to get the necessary years of schooling for the clergy Benjamin was instead sent as an apprentice to his older brother a printer by the name of James Franklin when Benjamin was 12 years old. By the time Benjamin was 15 his older brother chose to open a newspaper shop with the equipment from the printing business. The opening of his brothers newspaper was Benjamin's first interaction with the public and the start of his career as a public figure. First writing articles under an alias as Silence Dogood. 14 letters later and Ben revealed to he had been the writer, to the praise of friends and the public but to the dismay of his brother who was jealous of the attention was now receiving. This would be the start of a rift between the two brothers and would climax so years later. But for now the brothers were at odds with the puritan preachers, the Mathers, on the matter of immunization and general treatment for smallpox within Boston. The two brothers took the side of the public, feeling that inoculation wasnt the way to deal with the smallpox threat. However, that public support dried up fast for the Franklins after James had begun to criticize the church during the debates and in the articles. Culminating in James spreading time in jail for his views. This would be Benjaminr's first chance at real control, and as could be expected from the then young man he had kept the business floating long enough for his brother to be able to serve his time. Instead of the expected praise Ben was met with ridicule and beatings of which reopened the rift between the brothers and Ben was pressured to run away from the treatment. Although running away was a discouraged practice at the time Ben still went through with it and ended in philadelphia, Ben was lucky to be accepted into the city and was quick to work with his skills and talents. This would be the conclusion to Benjamin's young life save for his having a child in 1728 and the following Deborah Read. Benjamin Franklin coming into his middle ages was a far different man from the subservient apprentice he had been. His second phase of life was his adventures and success into the world of entrepreneurship. Not content with just a printer shop Benjamin strived for the best and opened his own general store with his wife. Even two stores were not enough for Benjamin, so he took it upon himself to enlighten the general public and improved the quality of the average citizen's life with both political essays published in his newspaper and his writing of Poor Richard's Almanac. The almanac was one of Benr's first major achievements for the advancement of society. The almanac was a yearly published book that contained information for the tides and astronomy. From the book came a large portion of Benjamin Franklin's famous quotes such as a penny saved is a penny earned. To accompany this public service was the start of Ben's involvement in fire safety, which at the time was a major fear for the citizens of philadelphia. Followed up by his lobbying for the eventual creation of a city fire department. This and other scientific achievements

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Personal Attitude to Pride and Prejudice Novel

Jane Austen, author of Pride and Prejudice, was born on December 16, 1775 in Steventon, U.K. She was the seventh child out of eight children and the second female of the siblings. Her father, George Austen, was a reverend and was married to Cassandra Leigh (who was later changed to Cassandra Austen after marriage). She went to a boarding school along with her sister, Cassandra. After they came back home, they began writing professionally and that is when Jane would write Pride and Prejudice (first named First Impressions). Her first draft was written in 1799 and was first published in January 28, 1813. Four years later, on July 18, 1817, Jane Austen died of Addison's disease. Pride and Prejudice was a historical fiction romance that was set in a town in England in the year 1813. The setting of the plot varies from estate to estate and town to town, though begins in Longbourn (the Bennet's estate). Our heroine of our story is Elizabeth Bennet; she starts off as a 20 year old witty young woman with dark hair and dark eyes. She is clever, independent and sometimes even haughty. She is the second eldest daughter of the Bennets and the surprising love interest of Mr. Darcy. Fitzwilliam J. Darcy is an arrogant, intelligent, and unagreeable man. Well, that is how he appears to only seem at first. He ends up falling in love with Elizabeth, later becoming her spouse. On the surface, Charles Bingley is the exact opposite. He is witty, kind and agreeable man who has moved into Netherfield Park. Though as perfect as he seems, he still looks for his good friend Mr. Darcy for help when he is in need. In the beginning of Pride and Prejudice, Charles Bingley moves into Netherfield Park. Bingley is wealthy, handsome, kind, socially agreeable and is seen as a perfect candidate to be the new spouse of everyone's daughter. The Bennet's household is all unmarried girls (not including Mr. and Mrs. Bennet of course) and Mrs. Bennet is ecstatic at Bingley's appearance. Mr. Bennet is unenthusiastic but is still open to the idea of one of his daughters getting married. Mr. Bingley plans out a wedding and it seems like a competition for parents (mostly mothers) to see if they can get their daughter to pull at Bingley's heart strings. At the ball, they introduce Mr. Darcy and Mr. Bingley, along with getting to know the Bennet girls. During the ball, Dary gets to dance with Elizabeth which only boost the hopes for marriage for Mrs. Bennet. Mrs. bennet goes and squeals about it to Mr. Bennet and he remains stoic as ever. Later on, Mr. Bingley invites them to a dinner where they get to know eachother better. Darcy continues to present himself as a man that does not care about anyone but himself. Darcy sees everyone as unfit for him to be attracted to. That all changes when the Bennets begin to get to know the Bingleys better along with Mr. Darcy. Darcy starts to grow feelings for Elizabeth. (idk if this is done or not tbh:/) Later on, Lydia, Darcy's sister, falls in love with Wickham, a militia officer. Wickham a manipulative snake and has the charm to get anyone to wrap around his finger. In this particular game of manipulation, he pretends to be the victim of Darcy's cruelty. Though in reality it was a trick to get the Darcy's fortune. Elizabeth and Lydia both fall for his lies. This begins to cause more conflict in Elizabeth's and Darcy's relationship. Darcy fixes the whole situation and regains his trust from Elizabeth as well as his sister. Later on in the story, Darcy and Elizabeth go on a walk in Longborn, the Bennets estate. Elizabeth thanks Darcy for all he has done and Darcy replies, I thought only of you (Austen *insert page number*). After this, he proposes to the dark haired girl the second time and this time she accepts. They both are obviously giddy with love even though neither are very romantic. After the proposal, Elizabeth must convince her parents that she truly loves Darcy before marrying him. She explains to him that he paid off Wickham only out of his love for Elizabeth. Her mother, as expected, is ecstatic at the news. After the weddings of the Elizabeth and Darcy along with Jane and Bingley and Wickham and Lydia, Elizabeth finally ends the feuds with Miss.Bingley, Charles Bingley's sister, who was also not-so-subtly fighting for Darcy's heart. Lady Catherine, a rich neighbor against Darcy and Elizabeth's relationship who even confronts Elizabeth about it, finally comes to terms and accepts their marriage. I personally did not enjoy this book, it is just not my cup of tea. I would not suggest this book if you do not enjoy older writing or vague descriptions. For example, Pride and Prejudice hardly gives any scenic description or any descriptions of even the main characters which is usually my favorite part of reading. I also don't recommend this if you don't enjoy the culture of 1800's. For me, it was a little hard to get through because of the culture. For example, everyone needed to get married and the moment Mr. Bingley moved in town everyone wanted their daughter on his mind just from knowing that he is young and has money which bothers me a great deal where even the book glorifies this mindset.

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The Theme of Gender and Sexuality in the House on Mango Street

The House on Mango Street, a fictional novel written by Sandra Cisneros in 2009, takes place in a poor city in Mexico. Esperanza, the narrator and the main character of this novel feels insecure about herself and feels like she doesnt belong in her neighborhood. The book shows how Esperanza has grown throughout the year. Esperanza maturing from a young self-conscious girl to a strong self-sufficient women. As Esperanza learns new things, she notices the girls and women in her town are concerned about their beauty more than life itself. In their culture the women where taught that you must satisfy a man with your beauty and that looks are the number one priority.Esperanza would like to change the perspective that women have about themselves.

Esperanza, is a young Latina girl that feels like she doesnt belong in society, but while she is in Mango Street recognizes the girls and boys live in separate worlds. Esperanza only has Nenny to socialize with, but is too young to be friends with her and is more of a responsibility than a friend. Someday I will have a best friend all my own. One I can tell my secrets to. One who will understand my jokes without me having to explain them. Until then I am a red balloon, a balloon tied to an anchor (Sandra 9). Esperanza describes herself as a red balloon, a balloon tied to an anchor, because she stands out from everyone else in her neighborhood, but is also in isolation from society. Until one day she finally meets two girls named, Rachel and Lucy, she can finally call friends.

As Esperanza encounters new things as she comes across Mango Street she looks at the number of women that sit at their windows. She looked out the window her whole life, the way so many women sit their sadness on an elbow. I wonder if she made the best with what she got or was she sorry because she couldnt be all the things she wanted to be. Esperanza, I have inherited her name, but I dont want to inherit her place by the window (Sandra 11). Esperanzar's grandmother was the first women that was trust beside a window. Esperanza knows she doesnt want to be in the same situation other women have put themselves into. The women sitting in their windows give Esperanza an understating of how womenr's decisions effect their future. Esperanza comes to realize that she doesnt want to put herself in a position of where sher's looking out the window watching other women live there lives, while not living hers.

Esperanza experiences that Mango Street is a male dominated society and how the women are being treated like second class citizens. In the movies there is always one with red lips who is beautiful and cruel. She is the one who drives the men crazy and laughs them all away. Her power is her own. She will not give it away (Sandra 89). The girls believe that being beautiful is one of the womenr's most powerful weapon. Esperanza grows to realize that power doesnt not come from beauty, but more from independence and strength. Esperanza observes that girls have trouble choosing between power or sexuality.

This story is to show women that there is so much more in life that beauty. The beliefs that women have in the book is if they dont look beautiful, the women wont have a man. But Esperanza is different from the other girls, she believes in independence has more power than beauty does.

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Social Issues in the House on Mango Street

In todayr's society there are many social problems that everyone tends to face. People are often treated as if they are inferior to others based on different things such as race, ethnicity, and even gender. In the story the House on Mango Street, the author, Sandra Cisneros addresses these issues. Throughout the story, Cisneros thoroughly explains and displays how these conflicts effect the public. This story is written through the perspective of a young women, Esperanza, who is growing up in a low-class neighborhood. Cisneros indicates the problems with their society expectations including: there expectations of women and how they are treated, the discrimination that is based on their social classes, and the prejudices because of a personr's ethnicity/race.

The House of Mango Streets views on society are based on a hierarchy. The story displays how women are looked upon as subordinates in a hierarchical society. In this book, Esperanza explains what women and young girls are subjected to, in the chapter What Sally Says Esperanza explains the assault that Sally goes through by her own father. Esperanza states, But Sally doesnt tell about that time he hit her with his hands just like a dog, she said, like if I was an animal. He thinks Im going to run away like his sisters who made the family ashamed. Just because Im a daughter, and then she doesnt say. In order to get away from this life and escape her fatherr's wrath Sally feels as if she needs to get married young and move on into another lifestyle. Esperanza explains her views on this by stating,Sally got married like we knew she would, young and not ready but just the same. She met a marshmallow salesman at a school bazaar, and she married him in another state where itr's legal to get married before eighth grade. She has her husband and her house now, her pillowcases and her plates. She says sher's in love, but I think she did it to escape.

The discrimination based on their social classes is shown in more ways than one. In The House on Mango Street people are treated according to their wealth evidently. Outsiders often look down upon Esperanza and her peers with no reason, except, that they live differently because of the fact that they have less money. In one part of the story Esperanza talks about how strangers percept their world, by saying, Those who dont know any better come into our neighborhood scared. They think that were dangerous. They think we will attack them with shiny knives. They are stupid people who are lost and get here by mistake. This comes to show how outsiders often have misconceptions about people who are different from them and are more so often too quick to judge. This suggestion is shown again when Esperanza is talking to a nun and the nun asks, Where do you live? And Esperanza points it out and then the nun goes to judge and says There? In a rude manner that belittles Esperanza and makes Esperanza feel very embarrassed for being proud that her family is not renting but owns a house for once.

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Assisted Dying – Dignity in Dying

Dick Turner was my guinea pig when I entered the business back in 95. He was one of the first students I became really close with after I started working at St. Dymphna High School on the south side of Baltimore. He was your typical high school geek, about 5 foot 10 inches, had the posture of a 95 year old with scoliosis, outdated clothing that fit a little too big and wore an oversize set of bifocals that had a piece of tape holding them together and looked like theyd been through the ringer. Of course, Dick was the unlucky fella that had a shitty life at home, a topic him and I could relate on. His father was an abusive son of a bitch, mom left when he was in 3rd grade to chase her music career down in Nashville, and his older brother ran one of the largest drug cartels east of the Mississippi. Initially, I only saw Dick once or twice a month during his freshman year, usually when he needed to talk about his dads monthly tirade that resulted in another trip to the hospital for him. I always offered to call D.C.F.S., but Dick would talked about how much he feared his father would kill him if he ever got a call from them. Anyways, throughout most of his sophomore year and in to his junior year, I became the closest thing he had to real family in a short amount of time. On a daily basis, hed come talk to me about how much he hated coming to school, and to be honest I didnt blame him. For years I watched from a distance as he would get pummeled and brutally humiliated by his peers. He had yet to outgrow his speech impediment that caused him from pronounce his rr's like a 2nd grader, even I struggled to listen to him talk sometimes, but the students had a field day with that. The self-proclaimed all-star future division three quarterback would heckle him as he walked the halls with his possy of subpar athletes. I give him credit though, no matter how much shit he took, Dick walked those halls with a sense of confidence that I never had. Too bad the scrawny 16 year old didnt have a god damn fighting bone in his body.

Unfortunately, midway through his Junior year, life came at him a little too fast. In addition to his seemly pointless life at home and school, he had faced adversity with depression and anxiety, convincing himself that he was nothing, but a waste. So much of a waste, that he approached me during his lunch hour one-day with a story about his dad walking in on him attempting to hang himself. The most disturbing part about it was his dad proceeded to calmly walk away in content. I never told him about my history/failures with suicide. I tried to help by sharing some wisdom, but in all honesty, I was just bullshitting him. At that time, Id been living alone for just over five years a few miles from where I grew up, and arguably hated my life just as much as he hated his. On the side, I ran a small funeral home and specialize as a mortician (If that doesnt get you excited, Im not sure what will). The only relationship I ever built was with the local police department by acting as their rat, informing them about the students pushing drugs around town and snitching on weekend parties. Probably , because I was never invited to anything back in high school. Sounds miserable, right? Unfortunately, Dick saw right through my bullshit and it was past the point of no return. A week later, the police pronounced Dick Turner dead, at the age of 17 from self-inflicted wounds. His peers, his father, basically everyone he crossed paths with, besides myself, drove him to this point.

Initially I felt guilt. Felt that this was my fault. Felt that this was just another failed opportunity to actually make something of myself. Quickly, my guilt shifted to anger. Anger towards those that caused him to feel so empty. Not to mention Dick was probably the closest thing I had made to a friend in the last decade. The day after his death, I showed up to school and scanned the halls like I usually did. I realized that the individuals who were the reasoning behind Dickr's actions went on with their day, not even thinking twice about their actions. So I began to write

All,

This act of taking my own life has not come without deep thought. Ive done all I can to gain your acceptance, but at the end of the day I guess I am just not good enough. I had every opportunity to take you all with me, but your actions towards me have made it clear that I do not deserve the same life as you.

As I wrote, that anger shifted to adrenaline, giving me a rush Id never felt before. I was no longer writing for Dick. I was writing for myself and so I continued

...To Kaycee Smith, Ranae Walker, Sophia Smith, kids who sat behind me in remedial math, and lastly, to QB1, thank you for helping me realize how worthless I am. I hope you will all sleep well tonight knowing that my death comes at the hands of your action. Richard Turner

A few days later, Dick Turnerr's suicide letter just so happened to surface throughout the halls of St. Dymphna. As I scanned over the students that morning, it joyed me to see the weight of the world being held on the shoulders of so many individuals. Individuals that had reminded me so much of my past. For once the power had shifted, and I finally had a sense of relief. Later that week, I couldnt help but smile as I watched students file through my funeral home for his wake, bags under their eyes, many of them knowing they were at fault. It was exhilarating to watch as they recognize the innocent, helpless individual that they walked all over for years didnt have a home, or a family. The toll I saw it take on these individuals was like a drug, relieving and addicting. And that was the beginning of it all.

Dick has been dead now for about 25 years, and every other year since then, Ive had many Dick Turners come in-and-out of my office. Itr's almost like itr's something in the water in this town. There is always that one kid who had no hope. No chance. Their parents neglected them, they had no friends, no one ever gave them a lick of an opportunity. And as I began to notice this, I did them all a favor. When they would share their problems, I was honest and blunt, giving them the same spiel as if it were from a script...

You know you remind me of myself, and through all ups and downs, medication and therapy sessions, one thing I learned from a young age is that this world will not show sympathy for you. Growing up, I was mocked, ridiculed and picked on by all my peers. My parents didnt care about me either. God generously granted me with health problems that had stunted my growth at a very young age, so I wasnt able to fight, and trust me, they will continue to take advantage of that. If youre the weird kid, better off giving up now, cause truth be told, no one wants to be on the weird kids side. I was called names, they even threw me in lockers and sometimes even beat the shit out of me, you know, for fun. Youd think at least theyd give you some credit after you come to school with scares from cigarette buds on your face, but no, they just call you pizza face and pick at them so they never go away. People will be so dedicated to making your life hell, theyll be willing to pay a girl fifty dollars to go on a date with you, just to see you have a little sense of hope and then she will abruptly leave after dinner, making sure you handle the check. In college, youll spend most of your time studying and working at a local pizza joint serving late night food to all your drunk, superior peers. At that time, your best friend will probably be your boss, Chef Vincenzo. He wont speak much English, and your conversations will consist of him critiquing everything you do, but at least hell acknowledged your humanity, right? By the time you graduate, your parents will have left you ( if they havent already), or maybe even overdose on some synthetic drug, and youll probably lose contact with your whole family, and have failed to commit suicide a handful of times. But thatr's just speaking from experience I guess.

Some of it is true, and some of it is an exaggeration, but listen. If you want to know why I am the way I am, if you really must know why I do what I do, Ill try to make it as quick as possible. The first impractical joke of my life is that my name is Theodore Bundy. Yep, thatr's right, I guess when youre the youngest of six siblings all from different fathers your mom starts to have a little fun and name you after serial killers. I grew up without a father, all my other siblings killed themselves before the age of 16, and ever since I turned 17 my mom had been in-and-out jail for anything you can think of. Possession of marijuana, driving under the influence, prostitution. Hell, she even had her stint in a drug cartel. Because of my parents uncanny ability to consistently abuse drugs before I was born and throughout my childhood, I am what you would call a grade A crack baby that unfortunately, yet miraculously made it out of my adolescence. As a kid I suffered from heart problems, seizures and other implications that have caused a limp in my walk and have left me with an extremely noticeable and unattractive stutter. I give myself credit for being able to provide for myself starting at such a young age, however most of my earnings have gone towards effective healthcare to cover my three open heart surgeries, annual mental health checkups, and monthly visits to the doctor to cope with my macular degeneration, a disease most common in people over the age of 65. Look where Im at now. Right where they all said Id be. Just like I was 25 years ago, I currently reside a few miles from where I grew up, and work as a counselor and remedial math teacher at the same high school I swore Id never come back to after graduating a little over 30 years ago.

So, how can I resist? Over the last 25 years Ive done what many would call a crime, but I believe to be a favor. Ive assisted in freeing a dozen of students from this horrible world. By telling them my story, I hope to indirectly convince them that it doesnt get much better from here. Why? Because it doesnt. And as they move on, my job is to make sure they dont go unnoticed. I give them a voice they wouldve never had. Long story short, I make a letter for each them. I target any and all individuals that had cause pain throughout their lives. For example, just under five years ago, I wrote a letter for a young woman named Madeline Snuff. After being allegedly raped by two players on the football team, and harassed by the whole cheerleading team, she came to me for advice. A few days later she took a gun to her head. As I always do, I took it upon myself to composed a letter exposing the two young men. Two weeks later their remorse led them to take their own lives. Do I feel bad? Well, let me ask you this. Did anyone ever feel bad for me?"

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Assisted Suicide: a Right or a Wrong?

In recent years, there has been some controversy about doctor assisted suicide, the legalities and morality of letting a person choose to die, helping them to do so due to a physical inability to end their own lives. Many states have specifically outlawed this practice, with only a small fraction putting laws on the books that frees a doctor from criminal prosecution for ending a patientr's life upon their request. Although currently legal in just 6 states, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Oregon, Vermont and Washington Any other state would bring charges of various degrees against a medical professional for acting upon the wishes of a patient if that patient wanted to be medically terminated. The majority of states that have outlawed this is because of a multitude of reasons. Religious beliefs vary widely, but often, state suicide in any form is to be condemned. Professional codes of conduct, under the goal to always save a life if they are able, is an ethical belief that rings personally true to many in the medical field. Due to the conflicting beliefs, individual state has made it a point to put an end to the practice of assisting patients in seeking death.

It is no unknown fact that death is an inevitable part of human life. Although the average lifespan of a human is seventy-nine years, there are unfortunate events that could shorten the average lifespan. Illnesses along with accident can come at any given time and most humans are not prepared for it. In some instances, these illnesses come with no cure, or way around it, leaving the patient to suffer in pain and agony during their last few moments of their lives. Is there no other way to have patients leave peacefully and on their own terms? Assisted suicide is one of, if not only, the other option some patients have available to them. Unfortunately for them, they do not always have the chance to choose that option. However, if that is their wish, why are there reasons to not allow them to do so? Who has the authority on what a person should do when it comes to terminating their illnesses and their reasons why? Euthanasia is defined as the administration of drugs with the explicit intention of ending a patientr's life, at the patients explicit request. Physician assisted suicide definition is defines as the prescription or supply of drugs with the explicit intention of enabling a patient to end his or her own life. (Board of the Royal Dutch Medical Association. Vision on euthanasia. In: Euthanasia in the Netherlands [5th ed]. Utrecht: Royal Dutch Medical Association, 1996: 24-56.) Aims to make patients lives better, but to realize how beneficial it is, it is important to understand how this idea came about, how it is affecting current lives, and how it can be beneficial in the future.

Physician assisted suicide should be legal. Individuals should be able to make the choice to end their life under medical care. Religious views should not determine how one decides to end their life, when under extreme circumstances. When it comes to mental health and the patient wanting the rights to death with dignity, there should be a team of medical professionals to review the request and make a plan to allow patients to opt out of living and make their own medical decisions for themselves. Such a team should include mental health specialists, that can assess the patient in the process of evaluation and a care plan, including something that acts as a living DNR, (do not resuscitate) in cases of terminal illness.

There are several different theories and conceptual ideas that surround the morality and legality of assisted suicide. One such idea is that if someone is diagnosed with a terminal illness and given 3 -6 months to live and they are of mind to clearly make the decision to administer meds prescribed by a licensed physician to end their life, they should have the right to do so. The research, peer reviews and documentary along with statistics will be from the campus library online. The research will show why we should in fact respect their dying wish, be by their side and help them release the pain. Who has the right to judge? God? How is it fair for strangers to judge what a terminal patient and their families have decided to do with their own lives, bodies and mind? Im not saying just anyone should be able to go to a doctor, have access to a prescription and end their life for non-terminal health reasons or because they are having a bad time seeking a quick fix to end it in the moment. A question I have, is how much counseling, if any, do the individuals have to go through to ensure itr's a stable decision. Death can be beautiful, if done correctly by giving adequate time to plan with a thoughtful process. Assisted suicide can be a beautiful thing for the person thatr's making the decision and able to plan it all out and leave the world in peace. How lucky could one be to ease the pain, the burden and go out in peace? I will be looking into the states and other countries that have legalized it and see how many cases there are and how the process goes. Such as the requirements for being eligible, legalities, and how itr's administered. I also want to investigate the controversy with organized religion and why its they think itr's okay for their God to decide when itr's your time to go? Did God not already make that decision when the individual was diagnosed with a terminal disease and was told theyd have no quality of life? Let them decide when they have had enough and allow them to die with dignity.

Oregon was the first state to legalize physician-assisted suicide (Death with dignity act) in November 1994. Due to a lawsuit filed, the act did not go into effect for some time. In fact, the HR-4006 lethal drug abuse prevention act of 1998 was passed on Aug 4, and blocked Oregon from being able to perform assisted suicides. However, in 1998 Oregonr's health commission decided to include the physician assisted suicide on the prioritized list of services available. Other states soon followed. In 1996, the Supreme Court in Ohio ruled it was not a crime and advocates in Michigan, petitioned to put the legalization of the practice on the ballot. Many religious groups believe that God gives and takes life and the choice is not our own.

(KRUG, PENNY. ""Where does physician-assisted suicide stand today?"" AORN Journal, Nov. 1998, p. 869. General OneFile, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A53268435/ITOF?u=mcc_pv&sid=ITOF&xid=1aa7aca2. Accessed 21 Oct. 2018). I do not understand why the state of Oregon is not able to make that decision, if the people vote for it then let them have it. If the proper steps that the state enforced are being followed, it should be acceptable. In Seattle, 1994, a group of physicians and advocacy groups successfully challenged the law banning assisted suicide. (Compassion in Dying v. Washington, 79 F.3d 790 (9th Cir 1996). Also, in May of 1996 the WSMA convened a 13-physician end of life task force to look further into how the process would look. When finished, they decided that you would have to follow practice guidelines, procedure requirements, monitoring and have more than one doctorr's approval. (Van der Maas PJ, van Delden JJ, Pijnenborg L, Looman CW. Euthanasia and other medical decisions concerning the end of life. Lancet 1991; 338:669-674, Miller FG, Quill TE, Brody H, Fletcher JC, Gostin LO, Meier DE. Regulating physician-assisted death. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:119-123, Baron CH, Bergstresser C, Brock DW, et al. A model state act to authorize and regulate physician-assisted suicide. Harvard J Legislat 1996; 33:1-34). (McGough, Peter, et al. ""Physician-assisted suicide: finding common ground."" The Western Journal of Medicine, June 1997, p. 394+. Academic OneFile, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A19587370/AONE?u=mcc_pv&sid=AONE&xid=60764a23. Accessed 21 Oct. 2018.)

Mental illness is also spoken about and how one should not be able to make that decision if they have depression or other mental health related illness. When it comes down to it, why should a court or religion have the power to dictate personal decision? My argument is that if an individual is diagnosed with a disease that will, in fact, take their life at some point and cause unfathomable amounts of pain, weakness and depression, with no cure or quality of life please for the love of your God dont dam someone for wanting to let go. When one is diagnosed isnt that enough suffering? When youre not able to get up walk and enjoy life with your loved ones whatr's left of your life? I have never really been the religious type but respect others, I also didnt put much thought into this subject. Will our justice system keep listening and researching and become empathetic to the idea? If other countries and states have legalized it and?

Letr's expand the debate and look at the current era and the crisis its facing. While reading an article on the letters and biography of early 20th century author Charlotte Perkins Gilman, who took her life on August 17, 1935 by inhaling a lethal dose of chloroform and passed peacefully after battling breast cancer for three years. She did leave a suicide note and it stated; When all usefulness is over, it is the simplest of human rights to choose a quick and easy death in place of a slow and horrible one (Living 333) Charlotte also kept a journal through her journey. She also studied western tradition of death and dying. Gilman believed that death with dignity is a human right and I would have to agree; our bodies are our own. Most times we can plan where we get buried, if we want to be cremated, where the services will be, all the way down to the flowers and people that will be attending. If we can make the decisions of what we do after we pass, then why cant we decide when and how we pass on our terms. Although her family was supportive, they were still saddened not only by her choice to end her own life but for the pain and suffering she will no longer endure. I was moved and inspired by her writings and the courage it took to make the decision in a time that it was not acceptable let alone talked about. It took me to a place of understanding and respect for the sick and dying. The healthy and strong ones rarely understand the pain and agony of a terminal illness which is understandable. (Knight, Denise D. ""The Dying of Charlotte Perkins Gilman."" ATQ: 19th century American literature and culture, vol. 13, no. 2, 1999, p. 137. Academic OneFile, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A55266783/AONE?u=mcc_pv&sid=AONE&xid=eb18956f. Accessed 21 Oct. 2018)

Now I would like to touch base on Doctor Jack Kevorkian, who was also called The Doctor of Death. Some see him as a monster and some a hero, he admitted to assisting in 28 suicides from 1990-1996. Each patient had their own illness some not terminal nut debilitating, crippling and no real quality of life. The one thing they all shared was a sense of suffering that was so bad they ended their own lives. When it came to the patientr's relatives, they were not upset at Kevorkian for assisting their family members in suicide, he was seen as a hero to them for aiding in the peaceful, painless ending of their lives. Kevorkian charged no fees to assist and shunned the media only to explain his position. He did not let the courts detour him either in his own words I dare you to stop me. My feelings on Doctor Jack Kevorkian and his actions are supportive in many ways, h didnt just kill the patients, he assisted after being asked to end their suffering. (Roberts, John, and Carl Kjellstrand. ""Jack Kevorkian: a medical hero."" British Medical Journal, 8 June 1996, p. 1434. Academic OneFile, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A18423313/AONE?u=mcc_pv&sid=AONE&xid=b4fafea4. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018).

Personally, I do not see a problem with someone wanting to take their life while in an end of life phase of discomfort. It is impossible to imagine the pain they are in. I have experienced a similar situation myself where my mother was diagnosed with a terminal illness. When the disease decided it was done with her, it took on an aggressive state that gave very little time for planning. After watching what she went through in the stages of her death, I will never be able to get the images and details out of my head. Knowing that if she had the option to take her own life medically, she may have made that choice I would have given her my full and deserved support. Being consumed with pain and suffering is not how we should exit this world. Letr's embrace patients who are leaving this world and give them the dignity and respect they earned while living, despite what brought them to their last breaths.

Works cited

Compassion in Dying v. Washington, 79 F.3d 790 (9th Cir 1996)

Knight, Denise D. ""The Dying of Charlotte Perkins Gilman."" ATQ: 19th century American literature and culture, vol. 13, no. 2, 1999, p. 137. Academic OneFile, KRUG, PENNY. ""Where does physician-assisted suicide stand today?"" AORN Journal, Nov.

Onwuteaka-Philipsen, Bregje D, and Gerrit van der Wal. ""A protocol for consultation of another physician in cases of euthanasia and assisted suicide."" Journal of Medical Ethics, Oct. 2001, p. 331. General OneFile, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A79396280/ITOF?u=mcc_pv&sid=ITOF&xid=46269df9. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018.

Roberts, John, and Carl Kjellstrand. ""Jack Kevorkian: a medical hero."" British Medical Journal, 8 June 1996, p. 1434. Academic OneFile, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A18423313/AONE?u=mcc_pv&sid=AONE&xid=b4fafea4. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018.

Van der Maas PJ, van Delden JJ, Pijnenborg L, Looman CW. Euthanasia and other medical decisions concerning the end of life. Lancet 1991; 338:669-674, Miller FG, Quill TE, Brody H, Fletcher JC, Gostin LO, Meier DE. Regulating physician-assisted death. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:119-123, Baron CH, Bergstresser C, Brock DW, et al. A model state act to authorize and regulate physician-assisted suicide. Harvard J Legislat 1996; 33:1-34). (McGough, Peter, et al. ""Physician-assisted suicide: finding common ground."" The Western Journal of Medicine, June 1997, p. 394+. Academic OneFile,

https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A19587370/AONE?u=mcc_pv&sid=AONE&xid=60 764a23. Accessed 21 Oct. 2018.)"

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Physician-Assisted Death

Life itself is something that is a journey and therefore that journey leads you to something that is guaranteed which is death. In actuality we are only living to die, so why not make the most of the time that we are here, why because this is a statement that corresponds to us as human beings, we are only living to die. However, the question remains how do you want to live, what are you remembered for, what did your life even mean? Well as the content of your character is judged by your own peers does death really mean something, or are you remembered bye the cause of death? This question will never be answered only to the ones who grief of the losses of their loved ones and others who have a vivid memory of what it was like to have that person here. People arent satisfied with their life and continue to figure out if they would rather live or die, so they decide to not live at their own personal risk without taking anything to extreme measures, but to end the suffering with a bit of help. The legal term for assisted suicide includes a licensed doctor providing lethal drugs to patients who have an incurable disease or illness that they no longer continue to manage. This is a gateway for people to go out on their own terms recollecting with their family as they share moments with them until they decide to go out in peace. Many believe that this practice is a wrong practice of medicine by law, allowing these professional doctors to use what they know to affect the people in harm's way. In other countries including the united states the practice of unlawful use of medicine has been used putting many in harmful situations.

A number of issues have begun to surface through the practice of assisted suicide, questioning judgement on how can professional physicians kill patients? As a licensed physician, you are able to practice the uses of medicine to ensure the well-being of patients mentally and physically. Normally, physicians understand the importance of life itself, as well as the functions of the body more than the average person, so they know the risk of death because they see it on an everyday basis. The patient understands before the departure of life they want to end their life with the dignity and happiness on their terms. Physicians who remain confused about the difference between killing a patient and allowing a patient to die should not be practicing medicine. (Solomon) Andrew Solomon was a writer and lecturer on psychology, politic and the arts.

Wanting to know how many people deal with assisted suicide has been a topic of interest to many that are not informed and know not much about the issue. When seeing one of your loved ones or a close one in this specific position it hurts. Laws and regulations were created and is known to be the Suicide Plan. It explains the plans to continue the insurance based on conditions of the patient. Most of us have trouble imagining so far in advance what we would have to lose before we, in our present state of mind, would judge our future, deeply demented selves no longer desirous of living. ( Borson ) Soo Borson is a professor of Psychiatry and behavioral sciences and also a community health nurse. The Quote that Borsons gives us means how are we to judge our own fate into the future. While everyone thinks seeking aid in dying is a special case with and for whom decisions must be individualized with framework of existing laws.

Questioning whether the doctors that take these orders and go through with the procedure should be protected or not or should we protect the patient only and spare their lives. Ones who don't have access to aid in dying can be affected by this knowing that their will be an end coming to their lives as well as many trying to use this for the wrong reason to die. Relationships that patients have with doctors and others outside the hospital test their rights to make choices of their own. The choices that these patients make can be as hard for the family members, friends and the physician who has to follow these orders. We subject people far more people in my own view to gracious agony. ( Solomon, Liberty and the right to die) Pain that the patients go through every day can only get better or worse for them. Time is everything to the patients, but sometimes they feel they have none left. Knowing that you might not have that much time left to live, you would want to end your life on your own terms instead of someone elser's or being operated on living a way that you don't want to live.

Assisted suicide comes with disagreement as the topic explains reasoning for any deaths that are expected and could have been prevented. Today many people and experts look at this issue and wants to know more about the issue. Politicians compare this subject, assisted suicide, with socrates. Socrates was a greek philosopher who helped establish the new eastern civilization. Socrates was a great man with great ideas but was troubles making choices to end his life. He had a decision to make. Socrates was given the chance to accept a death sentence or an exile from the country whom he corrupted. Socrates corrupted his countries youth of the Athens in 329 B.C. I believe that this was the first rule of assisted suicide used as an example for future generations.

Physician assisted suicide is legal in only seven US states and also the district of Columbia. Assisted suicide is a option that is given to some individuals by law in these seven states including district of columbia. In montana Assisted suicide is also legal but it is an option via court decision only. In order to receive assisted suicide you must have a terminal illness as well as an estimate of six months or less to live. Each legal state has a specific method they use for assisted suicide but they mostly involves a prescription from a licensed physician approved by the state in which the patient is a resident. Physician-assisted suicide differs from euthanasia, which is defined as the act of assisting people with their death in order to end their suffering, but without the backing of a controlling legal authority. Euthanasia is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. Euthanasia and physician assisted suicide refer to deliberate actions taken with the intentions of ending a life, in order to relieve suffering. In most countries, Euthanasia is against the law and it may carry a jail sentence.

The difference between assisted suicide and Euthanasia is assisted suicide a doctor assist a patient to commit suicide if they request and Euthanasia a doctor is allowed by law to end a person's life by painless means, as long as the patient and their family agree. In Oregon the physician has to be a doctor of medicine to practice medicine and must be willing to participate in the act of assisted suicide. Vermont you have to be a doctor of medicine or Osteopathy to even write a prescription for a patient wanting to seek assisted suicide, and same for those that live in washington where it is also legal. In Colorado, the law allows an eligible terminally ill individual with a prognosis of six months or less to live to request and self administer medical aid in dying medication in order to voluntarily end his or her life ( CNN Physician Assisted Suicide)

Many states have tried to implement the legal right to die movement but most have failed at it, as many states passed a law making it illegal. The practice of this is illegal in at least forty states in the U.S. Washington and Oregon can practice this through the Death with Dignity Act. The Death with Dignity act is based on a growing movement in the United States that believes that terminally ill people should have the right to decide when, where and how their death occurs. Oregon was the first to adopt a Death with Dignity Act. Medication used for the death with dignity act is Secobarbital, which helps with falling asleep and keeping a patient sleep during a medical process or surgery. It is the most common medication prescribed, followed by pentobarbital. Typically 9 gram capsules of secobarbital and 10 grams of pentobarbital liquid all at once. Most patients fall asleep peacefully after about 10 minutes of drinking the life ending medication. These patients die within 1-3 hours later.

Life insurance policies issue a benefit even when the insured has taken their own life. Whether or not they have committed suicide or had aid with assisted suicide it would not affect the policies pay out. Both permanent life and term life insurance the first two years of coverage is known as the contestability period, meaning if you pass away during that period of time, your life insurance company will investigate your death by any means to make sure that you did not commit fraud or lie about your death. Many insurance companies would not pay but if the person who owns the life insurance policy commits suicide within the first 1-3 years. Insurance companies usually refund the family all the monthly payments made up to that point. The death benefit of the life insurance does not get paid. Assisted suicide is a type of suicide (hence the name). So in the past, an insurance company could deny your family your life insurance benefits if you chose to end your life due to a terminal illness. ( end of life act ) This can be beneficial to those that wants to look into assisted suicide and wants to know more about whether or not their insurance company will accept this.

Physicians increasingly support the concept of assisted death, but few have been part of one, even in states where itr's legal ( Health Leaders ). The number of doctors/physicians who support the idea of assisted suicide had risen, but in states where assisted death is legal there haven't been many doctors willing to be a part of the act. Almost 300 physicians said that they have practiced in states where assisted death is legal. 300 physicians which is nearly 16%, yet only 17% of physicians have actually assisted a patient. 13% received a request but kindly declined it and 70% never been asked to assist a patient's death. many respondents wrote comments that reflected the struggle between patient wishes and not wanting to prolong suffering, and the physicians commitment to First, do no harm. They differentiated between withholding components of ICU care, for instance, and actually helping to end someoner's life. Our role is to ease the suffering of the dying patient and their family. I am acutely aware that our modalities of treatment can become modalities of torture. As such, components of ICU care should be withheld at times, Medscape reported that Ian Hunt, MD, a pulmonologist, said. He added, I am very concerned that patient-assisted suicide could be misused. Physicians also expressed concern regarding mentally ill patients ( health leaders ). With only a year since assisted death became legal in some states, only a small number of doctors are willing to perform the procedure. This number is decreasing more and more as physicians believe taking a life is harder than they thought.

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Afghanistanr’s Turbulent History in the Kite Runner

In the light of Afghanistanr's turbulent history and its impact on its people, the historical details incorporated into the novel could be seen to represent Afghanistanr's rape of culture and identity. As a result of the Soviet invasion, Kabul becomes a city of secrets and suspicions, You couldn't trust anyone in Kabul any more for a fee or under threat, people told on each other, neighbor on neighbor, child on parent, brother on brother, servant on master, friend on friend. The rafiqs, the comrades, were everywhere and they'd split Kabul into two groups: those who eavesdropped and those who didn't. The tricky part was that no one knew who belonged to which. A casual remark to the tailor while getting fitted for a suit might land you in the dungeons of Poleh-charkhi. Complain about the curfew to the butcher and next thing you knew, you were behind bars staring at the muzzle end of a Kalashnikov. Even at the dinner table, in the privacy of their home, people had to speak in a calculated manner the rafiqs were in the classrooms too; they'd taught children to spy on their parents, what to listen for, whom to tell (112). Of course, war changes everything. But it's still surprising, somehow, that the home itself could become a charged and dangerous environment. Isn't the home supposed to be a place where one can relax a little? Where one can count on the loyalty of your family? Apparently, that's not the case in Shorawi-occupied (Soviet-occupied) Afghanistan. Hosseini is describing, here, the dangers of occupied Afghanistan, but he's also referencing other betrayals. Later in the book, we learn Hassan is Amir's half-brother, though no one tells Amir this until he's 38 and Amir's father, knew all along Hassan was Amir's half-brother. Count 'em up. Brother betrays brother. Father betrays son. The very face of the country is physically devastated by the toil of war. The once beautiful landscape is strewn with, Chains of the villages sprouting here and there, like discarded toys among the rocks, broken mud houses and huts consisting of little more than four wooden pools and tattered cloth as a roof (231). There is nothing left in Kabul expect the destruction of others. The Sovietr's and the Taliban had raped the very culture and well being Afghanistan, leaving it destitute. Afghanistanr's people now seem to have no identity and belonging, Returning to Kabul was like running into an old, forgotten friend and seeing that life hadnt been good to him, that hed become homeless and destitute (246). Kabul is personified as an old friend who has become 'homeless and destitute' as a direct result of the ongoing political conflict. Afghanistanr's people have been raped of their identity and cultural belonging. Both Russia and the Taliban metaphorically raped Afghanistan by stealing its very being, its culture, and forcing the country into submission in the same way a rape occurs. When the country is raped, its gifts, its humanity, is taken away by force. Then, when the country and its people attempt to protest, they are forced into silence.

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Plot of the Kite Runner Novel

Amir remembers an event that had happened twenty-six years ago when he was a little boy in Afghanistan. Before this event took place, Amir lived in a beautiful house in Kabul with his Baba (which means father), their servant Ali and his son Hassan. Rahim Khan, Babar's close friend, was often at their house too. Amirr's mother died after giving birth to him and a year later Hassanr's mother left home after giving birth to him. Ali and Hassan were both Hazaras which is another ethnicity in Afghanistan. One day Afghanistanr's king was overthrown and from that day on everything changed. Amir and Hassan were best friends, the only difference was that Amirr's father was rich and people respected him, but Hassan was their servant and a Hazara. Amir and Hassan were outside playing around when they bumped into Assef, Wali, and Kamal. Assef makes fun of Amir for hanging out with a Hazara and tries to beat him up and thatr's when Hassan hits Assef in the face using his slingshot. That same winter, Amir and Hassan participated in the kite running tournament. This is a competition where boys cover their strings in glass and battle to see who can sever the string of the opposing kite. When a kite loses, the boys chase and retrieve it. This was the year that Amir had finally won. Hassan had taken off to look for the losing kite. Amir, filled with joy, ran to find Hassan and when he did Amir completely changed. When he found Hassan, Assef was raping him. Amir had no clue what to do and he was too afraid to save Hassan, so he ran home. When Hassan comes home with the kite Amir pretended like he didnt see anything. After that, things between Hassan and Amir were never the same. Amir felt very guilty and decided that one of them had to leave. Amir took some money and a watch, puts it under Hassanr's pillow, and tells Baba that he stole it. Since Hassan is a servant and knew that no matter what he will lose, he admitted that he did steal the money and watch. Baba forgives Hassan, but Ali said he couldnt live in house anymore and they moved away. Baba was really upset and begged them not to move away. Baba cried for the first time and this really concerned Amir. The story moves on to March 1981. Kabul was invaded by the Soviets and became a war zone. This is when Amir and Baba packed their bags, left the house without telling anyone, but Rahim Khan, and escaped from Afghanistan. Their journey to Pakistan was horrible. They were stuck in the back of trucks, lack of food and water, bad smell, and had lots of trouble getting through military checkpoints. After two years of living and Pakistan, Baba and Amir move to Fremont, California. Amir finished high school and goes to college and Baba got a job at the gas station. On Sundays Amir and Baba would go to the Flea Market to sell things and make some money. One day Baba found an old friend, General Taheri, at the market. General Taheri had a daughter named Soraya and Amir had fallen in love with her. He never had the guts to go talk to her because in the Afghan culture it looks bad. Finally, one day Amir gathered the courage and went to talk to Soraya. As they were talking General Taheri caught them and told Amir that there is a more formal way to do things. A while later they find out that Baba is diagnosed with lung cancer and he doesnt have much time left. Amir asks Baba if he could get General Taherir's consent to marry Soraya and Taheri accepts the proposal. Due to Babar's health, they had the wedding sooner than usual. A month later Baba dies. While Amir works on his writing, they try to have a baby but find out that they cant. Pretty soon Amir receives a call from Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan states that he is very sick and needs to meet Amir as soon as possible in Pakistan. Amir leaves for Pakistan in a week. Rahim Khan talks about how after they drove the Soviets out of Kabul everything got worse because now the Taliban rule by violence. Rahim said that after they had left Afghanistan, he was getting very lonely and wasnt able to take care of the house, so he went to find Hassan. He persuaded Hassan and his wife Farzana to come back to Kabul and live with him. Soon Hassanr's mother, Sanaubar, had come back and asked him to forgive her and eventually he did. Sanaubar delivered Hassanr's son Sohrab. Sanaubar never left Sohrab alone. She always made clothes for him and played with him but when he was four years old, Sanaubar died. Rahim Khan also got very sick and left for Pakistan to get medical treatment leaving Hassan and his family alone. One day Rahim Khan received a call from a neighbor in Kabul saying that the Taliban found out there was a Hazara family living in a nice big house. Hassan tried to tell them that he is just a servant and the owner is coming soon but they killed him and Farzana and sent Sohrab to an orphanage. Rahim Khan told Amir that there is a couple in Pakistan who can take care of Sohrob and he wants Amir to go to Kabul and find him. He also told Amir that Hassan is actually Babar's son, Amirr's half brother. Amir was very shocked and didnt know what to do. He was also very mad because his whole life was a lie. Finally, he agreed to go find Sohrob. When Amir goes to Afghanistan he is very sad and surprised. He said that he feels like a tourist in his own country. He finds the orphanage where Sohrab was but when he got there the director told him that the Taliban took Sohrab a month earlier. They told him that he will find the Taliban at the soccer game which was being held the next day. When Amir went to the game, he set up a meeting with the official through one of the guards. The day of their meeting Amir tells the official that he is looking for Sohrab. When they brought Sohrab in the official said Whatever happened to old Babalu, anyway? (Babalu is what everyone used to call Ali because he suffered from partial paralysis of his face and walked with a limp caused by polio.) Amir was shocked. The taliban official was Assef. Assef beats Amir with his brass knuckles. He broke Amirr's ribs and split his lips. Sohrab comes in front of Assef with his slingshot, just like Hassan. When Assef tried to hit Hassan, he shot him in the eye and escaped with Amir. While Amir was recovering in a hospital in Pakistan he finds out that Rahim Khan died. He also found out that Rahim Khan lied and there was never really a couple wanted to take care of Sohrab. Amir thought for a while and asked Sohrab to move with him to America. After a few days, Sohrab agrees. When Amir recovered he went to Islamabad. Amir tried all he can but the adoption officials said that because they cannot prove that Sohrabr's parents are actually dead it will be impossible to get him out of the country. Amir tells Sohrab that he might have to go back to the orphanage. When Amir tells Soraya she told him that she found a way to bring Sohrab to America. When Amir went to tell him, he found that Sohrab tried to kill himself. Luckily Sohrab was unsuccessful in trying to commit suicide but after that day he never spoke, even when they brought him to California. For Sawl-e-Nau, the Afghan New Yearr's Day, all the Afghans had a gathering at the park. They had a kite running tournament and Amir bought one and convinced Sohrab to fly it with him. Using Hassanr's tricks they won. That was the day that Sohrab finally smiled and Amir runs to get the losing kite for Sohrab.

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Poetry of Romanticism

A young writerr's first introduction to poetry begins with the schoolyard classics: "The lunatic, the lover, and the poet are of imagination all compact, as Shakespearer's line rings. Dickenson states much madness is Divinest sense. I became insane with long intervals of horrible sanity." goes Edgar Allan Poe. And while Sylvia Plath desperately questioned, Is there no way out of the mind? Anne Sexton admits that "Poetry led me by the hand out of madness. The most popular themes of poetry have been the same throughout its history: depression, bipolar disorder, paranoia, and just plain insanity, all glazed with a lens of romance. In this essay, I will analyze three poems by three writers not just famed for language that would influence English creativity forever, but for changing the meaning of creating art through poetry. All three pieces can be found attached to the end of this paper. The Sylvia Plath Effect was first named by James C. Kaufman, a psychologist who took an interest in the creative field, stating the use of Plathr's madness as a tool to analyze the truth of her poetry is the plain fetishization of her condition. A study of sample groups determined that female poets and writers were much more prone to mental health deficiencies than any other women in other creative careers, or male poets, but gave no supporting reasons for why that fact may be true. In the case of women, more often than not the refusal to participate in patriarchial values would have them dismissed as mad or hysterical. The discussion has circled around the stigmas of women being the more oppressed gender in the time of the famed young suicide, but what of the male poets who defied the stoic nature of the 20th century and previous? For me, my fascination with the macabre began with Edgar Allan Poe. While imagery was always taught to be made rich with use of color and shape and texture, Poe reeled me in with dark, muted tones and unsettling shadows and grisly emotion. Although his most popular piece would be The Raven, for the purposes of this essay I will be analyzing Alone to exemplify the classic tormented mind. The poem opens up with an admission, From childhoodr's hour I have not been / As others were... / I could not bring / My passions from a common spring” that he had always known from childhood that he saw things differently. His passions were not stemmed from things like spring and light and color; he saw beauty in darkness and abnormality, as that was exactly who he was. His use of em dashes portray abrupt and longing ends to his lines. He goes on, From the same source I have not taken / My sorrow... / all I lovd”I lovd alone” explaining that the very thing he found beauty in also brought him great pain, and loneliness. His grief was also his love. He circles back to childhood, ...in the dawn / Of a most stormy life”was drawn claiming his life began in shrouded mystery, like begin trapped in a storm, From evry depth of good and ill / The mystery which binds me still” all the joy and grief in his life are woven into him as a code that neither he or anyone else can decipher, only observe. His ability to express this mystery weighs him down, binds him to the despair. Poe uses color next to describe the storm red cliff of the mountain and autumn tint of gold are the colors of his dawn. Alone closes From the thunder, and the storm” / And the cloud that took the form / (When the rest of Heaven was blue) / Of a demon in my view” He continues to be plagued with the darkness, the storm, until the foreseeable end, which finally becomes him, a Lopez, 2 cursed demon. Poe intertwined the beauty of landscape with the gloom of his own depression or his otherness from most people. His fascinating and unique perspective of enamor begins a path of romanticism for like-minded artists. In the century following Poer's example, the next giant and most notable, in my opinion, of dangerous romanticism is Sylvia Plath, for whom the phenomenon was named after. In her poem Apprehensions, she describes a room she is in. As she moves from each wall in four stanzas, she exposes four sides of herself, her different and alternating moods and eyes with which she sees reality. The first wall is white: clean, pure, angelic. She describes a white wall as green, a color symbolizing life and growth. On this white wall, she also finds her medium, which is poetry. Poetry on the white wall is her solace amongst the other three. The next wall is grey, where there is no life, and where Plath feels she needs to escape by describing claw marks, perhaps of her own accord. This sadness wall is when she questions Is there no way out of the mind? The third wall is red and filled with pain. The red wall, fittingly the color of blood, is a pulsating fist that makes up herself, along with a terror / of being wheeled off under crosses... expressing her fear of life to be comparable to the reign of a church. The final wall is black, which classicly symbolizes death. Here are described birds, much like Poer's raven, ominous and crying out. Plath's tone alternates with each new stanza, ranging from a muted calm to agony and despair. Although her style varies from the well known Plath, therer's something very distinctly feminine about Sextonr's work. One of Anne Sextonr's most famous poems Wanting to Die is deeply rooted in her lifelong battle with mental illness and depression. In Wanting to Die, Sexton explains her rotating feelings about death, having possessed the enemy, eaten the enemy, / have Lopez, 3 taken on his craft, his magic. forming a deep understanding of what itr's like to be death itself, entranced by its attraction, and even admitting spell-binding herself into a romance with death. She describes her relationship with death becoming as a lover or a friend that waits for her to so delicately undo an old wound, relieving her from the dazed and purposeless state of her life. In this way, Sexton is convinced that the certainty of death is far more inviting than being constantly betrayed by a life that year after year keeps her waiting for its end. Personifying death as both a man and a woman in this poem suggests a duality in Sextonr's sexuality, but more generally, that death is an alluring temptress to any person. While traditionally portrayed as a terrifying figure such as the grim reaper, many literates describe death as an ally, often a romantic partner. Sexton cannot remember most days of her life before her lust for death. Death gave her something to search for, in the same way one longs for a lover, and promises for certainty than life does. Perhaps handing the reins of her existence to death is a much more appealing alternative of struggling to control it herself. So why is the poet drawn to madness? A common thread that runs through each of these poems is the braid of beauty with tragedy, or beauty and despair at least. This method along with the grey area between a poets work and a poetr's life has seduced readers of vulnerable and malleable minds to think that mimicking the lifestyles and outlook, no matter how alien to oneself, will result in more successful work. Some believe that expressing toxic emotions through writing can relieve their anxieties. But for others, such as writers who make a practice of reliving pain, it leaves a strive to maintain the joy of being successful with the long-term effects that come with producing it. For young writers experimenting with identity through the art of Lopez, 4 poetry, assimilating to the morbid voices of fallen artists creates the ideal that depression and other mental illnesses will solicit the same legacy. Spoken word artist Laura Dockrill says I think you've always got to be interested in a slightly different aspect of the universe to even want to pick up a pen and analyze the world through poetry, Perhaps by observing reality through a slightly different aspect poets revel in the things that make life different from that of an uncreative person, who might find satisfaction in accepting the world as it is as opposed to interpreting what it might mean. Although science hasnt given an answer as to what makes a person creative, poets have already discovered that itr's in the way one navigates the social rules and the conflict thereafter. Poet Luke Write says, I don't think you have to be 'mad' to be a poet but if your mind is alive, then it can produce both positive and negative responses. It can mean wonderful things but it can mean that fitting into 'normal' life is difficult. A healthier and perhaps ore accurate perspective on these morose voices is not to credit their demons for the work, but to credit the writer for the work in spite of the demons.

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Poetry Of Romanticism. (2019, Jun 24). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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Examples of Hysteria in the Crucible

Whenever hysteria occurs, it appears to tolerate the misinterpretation of reality, unspeakable actions, and baseless allegations causing societies to break. In the novel The Crucible, Arthur Miller the author of the book depicts this throughout the story. The Crucible takes place in the Puritan town of Salem, Massachusetts, in the year 1692. There are several key settings throughout the story. The entire book is about how an insignificant group of girls creates mass hysteria in a small town, and how it impacts hundreds of people. The story begins when a group of girls dances in the woods with a black slave named Tituba. While they dance, they are discovered by Reverend Parris, the local minister of Salem. Betty, Parris's daughter, falls unconscious on the ground when she sees him. Soon people gather up in Parris's home while rumors about witchcraft go around the town.

Everything and everyone in Salem simply belongs to God or to the devil; the argument is not merely illegal, it is linked with satanic activity. This contrast functions as the underlying logic of why the witch trials take place. Hysteria plays an important role in the town of Salem through power of manipulation and fear which is evident in the decisions of those who accuse, those who are accused and those who judge them.

Back in history, women usually stayed at home, cleaned the house and cooked and sewed. They didnt go out to work as often and many girls didnt even get to go to school. Men were considered to be much more important than women, white people were considered of high status than any other race and the wealthy had more position and power than the poor. The Crucible portrays these divisions, and privileges that certain characters have over the other and how they accuse and manipulate people to their own advantage.

Firstly, when Parris says, Such a Christian that will not come to church but once in a month!(Miller 84) or Her's come to overthrow this court, Your Honour(Miller 85). He is unhesitant to blame people that didn't like him, and tries to win favor in the town by being a kiss-up to the judges. Also, in his desperate attempt to protect his reputation, he conveniently hid the fact that Abigail Williams had been caught casting spells in the forest. As Miller says,the paranoid, real or pretended, always secretes its pearl around a grain of fact. Blinded by keeping their public reputation, the people of Salem fear that the sins of their friends, family and their close ones will taint their names.

Furthermore, Mrs. Putnams believes, If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property...killing neighbors for their land(Miller 89). She was too obsessed on blaming other people for the death of her children. She had already turned to witchcraft to find out who murdered her children and without a thought she jumped on the accusation bandwagon. As Miller says, Not everybody was accused, after all, so there must be some reason why you were. Thomas caused his daughter to cry out against people whose land he wanted to acquire when they were imprisoned. This shows that hysteria only thrives because people benefit from it.

Likewise, there is Abigail Williams who accuses Mary Warren,But God made my face; you cannot want to tear my face. Envy is a deadly sin, Mary(Miller 106). When people are inclined to die for a justification, unfortunately, they're often willing to kill for that same justification. In The Crucible, the belief that witchcraft was a manifestation of Satan's presence in their town caused them, in their religious vehemence, to eradicate or kill any indications of witchcraft that was thought to be against god. As Weales says, A mood of mass hysteria in which guilt and confession become public virtues. Abby realizes the power of hysteria and uses the situation to accuse Mary Warren of witchcraft and have her sent to jail. This was significant because if someone was accused and denied the accusations, they were immediately hung, but if one confessed, all they did was muddy their names and not stay true to their faith.

Consequently, the people of Salem accept and become active in the hysterical climate not only out of sincere religious holiness or devotion but also because it gives them an opportunity to express repressed sentiments and resentments.

Hysteria also plays out in destroying several innocent peopler's lives, mainly because the people of Salem committed ridiculously irrational acts guided by their suppressed emotions, for instance rage and greed or out of utter oafishness. This shows how easy it is for people to accuse one another without any hard evidence due to the fickle nature of the court in town.

This is best illustrated through Giles Corey when he said, It discomfits me! Last night - mark this - I tried and tried and could not say my prayers. And then she close her book and walks out of the house, and suddenly - mark this - I could pray again!(Miller 38). Later in the story his wife is being accused of cursing the pigs and reading fortunes and when asked the name of the accuser, they say it was Giles who accused her own wife. When she is arrested, he regrets talking about the books and tells the court that he only said she read them, not that she was into witchcraft. But it was already too late. In the same way, Elizabeth, John Proctorr's wife was accused by Abigail Williams who wanted to get rid of his wife so they can be together. But John realizes his sins and confesses to the court of Adultery and the only reason why Abigail is accusing his wife is that she wants to replace her, as John announces, But it is a whorer's vengeance(102).

As Ditsky observes, The case of Abigail involves moral choice in spite of enlightenment of sorts of the side of wrong by this partner in John Proctorr's love affair. When Elizabeth finds out that Abigail is the one who accused her, she immediately tells John that Abigail is taking a big chance in accusing her, since Elizabeth is a farmerr's wife with some status. But little did she know that Abigail is gambling it all to go after John. Consequently, John tries to convince Mary Warren to testify against her, but Abigail, through her manipulative ability shifts the accusation back onto Mary. In a foolish attempt to save herself, Mary charges John that he forced her to do by saying,He come at me by night and every day to sign, to sign, to-(Miller 121).

In brief, the unrelenting desire to want more and own more generated an environment that vitalized falsehood, deception and manipulation among neighbours. This draws the extreme lengths the characters are willing to go to and the innocent lives they are ready to destroy just to have the thing they desire leads to the witch trials.

Many characters struggle with judgement before and after the events in the story, trying to figure out if the outcomes of their actions are just or not. Making a judgement on somebody may seem harmless and inconspicuous, but it can be catastrophic. The Crucible outlines this through peopler's poor judgement that led to mass hysteria and calamity in the town of Salem.

Take for example Danforth who said, Do you know Mr. Proctor, that the entire contention of the state in these trials is that the voice of Haven is speaking through the children?(82). Danforth has already decided that the girls are innocent and are speaking truthfully, that God is speaking through them, and so anyone they accuse must automatically be guilty. This is clearly the kind of bias that prevents people from getting fair trials and assigns an absurd amount of power to the undeserving. As Miller says, the plot justified the crushing of all nuance, all the shading that a realistic judgement of reality requires. Danforthr's Judgement, which he is always very single-minded and strict about, is obviously wrong: Elizabeth, Martha Corey, Rebecca Nurse are not witches at all. Danforth cant change his mind, even after all the evidence, reasoning and rationale points him towards being wrong. Danforth mindlessly believes that a reliable judge must never reconsider his stance.

In contrast, there is Hale who confronts, Excellency, I have signed seventy-two death warrants; I am a minister of the Lord, and I dare not take a life without there be a proof so immaculate no slightest qualm of conscience may doubt it(Miller 92). As the story goes on, his motive starts to change. When faced with the truth, he is unsure about accepting his mistake, probably because he never imagined the idea of the accusers being wrong. If this was the case, then all the death warrants he has signed where a mistake, resulting in the innocent deaths being placed on his shoulders. Also, confessing his sins would automatically destroy his reputation as well as publicr's trust. Lastly, Hathorne with a mystical tone, says: God be praised! It is a providence!'' He rushes out the door, and his voice is heard calling down the corridor, ''He will confess! Proctor will confess!''(127). As time, the executions go by, Danforth and Hathorne stay convicted of the authority and truth of the court. Hathorne becomes extremely joyful when John Proctor is ready to falsely confess to witchcraft. Hathorne regrets nothing.

As a result, hysteria overrides logic and allows people to believe that their neighbours, whom they have always considered honest and upright people, are committing ridiculous and far-fetched crimes namely interacting with the devil, killing babies, and so on.

In conclusion, hysteria plays a major role in bringing unreasonable acts to the people of Salem. There is no room for deviation from social norms, as anyone whose private life is not in accordance with established moral laws poses a threat not only to the public good but also to God and his religion. This creates an environment in which people act on their grievance and resentments, which is illustrated by many characters throughout the story, as they eventually destroy each other in the process. Hysteria is displayed by societies all over the world. It is a crucial aspect in establishing and, in particular, breaking relationships.

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Examples of Hysteria In The Crucible. (2019, Jun 24). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/06/page/11/

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