Month: May 2019
Mother Tongue and Legalization Status in America
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Evaluation of Mother Tongue Based Multilingual Education
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Evaluation of Mother Tongue Based Multilingual Education. (2019, May 28).
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Censorship in Academia
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Censorship in Academia. (2019, May 28).
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Christian Philosophy of Education
Developing and maintaining a biblical worldview is an important step for Christians to take. As the world becomes a darker place to inhabit, it is evident that morality is no longer something that people strive for. Christians must shine the light of Christ on a lost world that has turned away from Him. The schoolhouse is no exception. As Christian educators, whether in a public, private, or Christian school, it is important that others are able to see and feel the love of God through our actions, motives, and temperaments.
Biblical Worldview
On the topic of a Christian worldview, Tackett (2006) states, A biblical worldview is based on the infallible Word of God. When you believe the Bible is entirely true, then you allow it to be the foundation of everything you say and do (p.1). Staring at the previous sentence, it might be quite daunting. As Christians, we should strive to portray good qualities and positive character traits, but having a biblical worldview is much more. We know as Christians, we are still sinners who make mistakes. Having a biblical worldview does not mean that one will not say or do the wrong thing sometimes. Having a biblical worldview means believing in God with our whole hearts, putting Him first, and allowing Him to guide our decisions. Having a biblical worldview also means showing others the love and light of Christ through our actions and speech.
Letting the scripture guide the choices and stances we take and make in life means consulting the Bible often. The Bible is chalked full of verses for Christians to ponder upon and apply to their daily lives. Romans 12:2 states, Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what Godr's will is”his good, pleasing and perfect will (NIV). On the topic of developing a Christian worldview, Pope (2000) states, Developing a worldview has a far greater impact than you might initially think. For if you have a biblical worldview you will know how to respond to issues in the world (p.1).
As a Christian, one must remember their Christian worldview when they respond to difficult situations. The fruits of the spirit-love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control-are character traits that Christians should strive to attain. The Bible also reminds Christians not to judge others. Matthew 7:3 is a wonderful verse discussing how detrimental it can be to only see the faults of others when we fail to examine ourselves first. All too many times, people are turned off by judgmental Christians who see others as less than. The scripture also instructs to forgive others even when it is difficult. Ephesians 4:32 says, Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other, just as in Christ God forgave you (NIV). Christians must allow Godr's word to shape their actions and allow others to see something different in them.
Christian Philosophy of Education
Bartlett (2007) believes that having a Christian philosophy of education is vital for Christians (p. 1). In a public, private, or Christian school, teachers are allowed to have whatever belief system they choose. How teachers are allowed to go about their beliefs in a school setting relies on which type of school a teacher instructs at. Teaching at a Christian school means that a Christian educatorr's belief system aligns with that of the school. An excerpt from Knight (2006) explains why many individuals send their children to Christian schools by stating, They are willing to live and die for these convictions, and they desire to create educational environments in which these most basic beliefs will be taught to their children (p. 19). The convictions that Knight is speaking of are metaphysical and axiological aspects of a personr's belief system (Knight, 2006). For Christians, God is the ultimate truth. He is the creator of the universe and we were put on this earth to serve Him. Acknowledging that we were all created in the image of God and spreading the love of Jesus are of value to the Christian (Knight, 2006).
When teaching at a public school, it can be harder for Christian educators to speak of their beliefs regarding God. This does not mean that a Christian educator cannot spread the love and light of Christ through actions, speech, and temperament in a public school. Proverbs 16:16 states, How much better to get wisdom than gold, to get insight rather than silver! (NIV). Scripture lets us know that education is important. What we hold in our minds can unlock things that money never can. Ethics and morality are elements of having a Christian philosophy of education. Knight (2006) describes how that God is at the center of Christian ethics (p. 186). Loving others as Christ loved us is another element of a Christian philosophy of education (Knight, 2006). Knight (2006) states, As God seeks out His lost sheep, as Jesus died for us while we were still His enemies, even so must we in unselfish love seek to relate to others (p. 187).
Implications for Educational Practice
In a Christian school, Christian educators are able to teach each subject from a biblical perspective. Students at Christian schools participate in Bible class and often are assigned coursework to be completed with a Christian worldview. For educators teaching in a public school, it can be more challenging to bring God into the classroom. This does not mean that Christian educators can simply throw their biblical worldview to the wind. Christian educators can still allow God to shine through actions, speech, and temperament in the public school.
Showing kindness and patience to students is one implication that Christian teachers can make. Embodying the fruits of the spirit and teaching those character traits to students is an excellent way to incorporate important attitudes into the curriculum. The fruits of the spirit are traits that every person should strive for-not simply Christians. Christian educators must always be aware that students are looking up to them as a role models. Christian educators must be God-honoring in their actions and speech in the classroom and interacting with students, faculty, and administrators. Knight (2006) states, It is imperative that Christians who teach in public schools consciously develop a perspective on what they can and cannot do in the classroom that honors God, meets the educational needs of their students, and stays within the bounds of governmental laws (p.274). Praying for God to open students minds and to have a productive learning day is another implication Christian educators can make in the public school.
Conclusion
Maintaining a biblical worldview is just as important for Christians in todayr's time as it has ever been. In a world where morals and ethics seem to have been lost, Christians must remain strong in their beliefs. For Christians, developing a worldview means trusting in God and allowing Him to guide in decision making. It is vital for Christians to strive to shine the love and light of Jesus Christ through them.
In the education system, Christian teachers can allow their biblical worldview to influence their behavior inside the classroom. Teachers are ultimately role models for students and should remember that students are always watching their actions and motives. It is important for Christian educators to remember that although it may be more challenging to incorporate their biblical worldview into a public school, they can still allow God to work through them.
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Death of a Salesman and Freud’s Analysis
Death of a Salesman in Relation to Freud's Analysis of Id, Ego, and Superego
The complexities of human nature and familial relationships drive Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman. Though perhaps not deliberately meant as a psychological drama in the Freudian sense, Miller nonetheless has provided decades of analysis of human relationships via this play. The playwright created perfect vehicles for analysing human traits through a dysfunctional family whose actions and interrelationships magnify the basic Freudian concept of the human psyche.
Throughout the play, Miller delineates intense drama that compares to what Freud labelled basic human components which govern an individual's entire behavioural pattern: the id, ego, and superego (Freud, Ego 10). These human elements are woven around a family whose central father figure, Willy Loman, an overly conflicted sixty-something salesman, drives and divides his family through psychological interplay, particularly between himself and his son Biff. Willy Loman's id, that part of Freud's most basic aspect of human development, refuses to accept the idea of failure. He possesses the innate idea that life is about taking what is wanted, what is needed in order to make a good impression. He passes this attitude to his sons, Biff and Happy (Harold), and their lives reflect this uncontrolled id. They appear to be guided by what Freud determined as the pleasure principle or the id which demands immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs (Cherry, 1). The real dilemma emerges when these needs are not instantaneously met. Anxiety, depression, and tension result.
In Arthur Miller's description of the sons, he draws the picture of two well-built, athletic young men who are lost. Biff's mother comments that Biff is just lost, has not found himself yet; that is the reason he came back from Texas, no steady job, nothing certain in his life (Miller 8). The reasons for this discomfort in Biff's life emerge throughout the play. On the other hand, Happy appears more content, a powerfully built, sexually attractive young man, but underneath his outward display of bravado, Happy too has no direction in life. This becomes more evident when the two brothers talk about life in their old shared bedroom. Happy insists that 500 women would like to know what was said in this room (Miller 11). The talk continues in this vein interspersed with comments from their father who is actually talking to himself about days gone by in another part of the house. However, all the conversation and sub-talk demonstrate that none of the three grasp the idea that every need and desire cannot be immediately satisfied.
To counter these three, Miller draws other characters into the action, Willy Loman's wife Linda attempts to drag her husband back to reality but with a gentleness borne of love. As Freud explained, the it's control mechanism comes in the form of the ego which develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world (Freud, Childhood 3). Miller puts Linda in as a surrogate ego for her husband. However, Linda is not the only character attempting to draw Willy and the boys into reality, his neighbour and the only friend I have helps Willy with money and offered friendship (Miller 71). Willy's id allows him to take weekly money from Charley, the immediate needs of paying bills and gratification must be met, but his ego refuses to accept the reality that he, Willy Loman, is not the greatest salesman ever and therefore cannot even bring himself to believe he failed as a salesman and accept a job offered by his only friend Charley.
Happy is drawn into the Willy world too. He cannot face the reality that he is not a top manager in his work, but merely as Biff reminds him late in the play, a lowly third level errand boy. Happy's sense of reality is underdeveloped, his ego suppresses itself in the id, the childlike man whose gratifications come from sexual exploits and he brags about these to his brother. His bragging rights extend to the fact that he knocks over women who are engaged to be married to his managers, this is the third executive Ive done it to (Miller 15).
While the boys reminisce and cover their own inadequacies with false bravado, their father and mother play out the drama of id and ego in other parts of the house. Linda placates her husband, she loves him although underneath she recognizes his weaknesses and faults, but she refuses to let Willy down. In this she is keeping the id, the child in Willy alive, rather than allowing him to grow up, to let his conscience develop and recognize that reality kicks in and must be faced. For example in an early bedroom scene, Willy is facing himself in the mirror and he does not like his reflection. Im fat, or I talk too much comments in this vein and Linda, out of a misplaced sense of love, says he is the handsomest man (Miller 24). Linda infantilizes her husband; she only wants to keep his dreams alive, afraid that if he faces reality, he will self-destruct.
Neither his sons nor Willy himself manage to adapt to reality. This becomes more evident throughout the drama as the tension between Willy and his beloved son Biff draw to a head. Biff admits to his brother that he drifts from job to job, held more than twenty or thirty jobs since he left home before the war (Miller 13). But every time Biff works himself to a point of facing reality, his brother or mother, his pal, will not let this happen (Miller 38-39). They fear Willy's reaction as he still envisions Biff as the high school athlete, the hero destined for great things (Miller 44-45). As Biff attempts to face reality, allow his conscience to come full circle, his attempts are thwarted by Linda and Biff.
What Miller leads up to in the drama is the tension between Biff and his father which revolves around an incident that destroyed Biff when he was only seventeen and was the underlying reason for calling Willy a fake. This conflict and tension exploded when Biff was turning a corner at age seventeen from an overdeveloped id to a fractional ego (Padel 270). Finding his father in a Boston hotel room with a woman cracked Biff's delicate sense of reality and from that moment he drifted, left home, left any prospects of college, or becoming a football star. Biff's budding ego deflated at the sight of his father's promiscuity, betrayal of Linda, from which he ran for over seventeen years (Brenner 400). Miller leaves his audience to determine if Biff returned home because as he himself admits Im no good and further announces his thievery, time in jail for this crime, and wishes finally to face reality, by begging Willy to let me go (Miller 99).
The next level in Freud's psychological profile is the superego. According to Brenner this superego is a functionally separable structure (Brenner 397). The superego rules standards for good behaviour (Cherry 3). Because the superego holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals and is the last component of Freud's behavioural model to develop, Biff's return to confront Willy after seventeen years away demonstrate perhaps that he finally recognized the path toward personal redemption (Cherry 4; Brenner 400). While Biff struggles with this newly discovered sense of right or moral behaviour, his father and brother debase him for facing this challenge (Miller 98-100).
Linda too refuses to allow anyone, even her beloved Biff, to present this reality challenge to Willy. Rather than accept that Biff is struggling to find a moral compass, Linda turns away from her son, demanding he leave and never return (Miller 91-92). Throughout the drama, Linda and Happy and Willy's friend Charley, brush away the fact that Willy failed all his life. His dreams were unattainable, as Charley says at the graveside Willy was a salesman and that a salesman's got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory (Miller 104).
In those salesman's dreams Willy's superego never had a chance. His dreams came in the form of his dead brother Ben who left home poor and three years later was a rich man, he had discovered diamonds in Africa. Though dead, Ben's image appears to Willy during the drama, he insists that Willy should join him. Come on kid, he beckons, it's a good life but not until the final scene on the cement stoop when Willy is fruitlessly planting seeds, does he listen to what his brother's image is telling him (Miller 101). This becomes Willy's direction, and the tension created by his overdeveloped id which needs instant gratification, oversteps the boundaries of reality, or the ego as Willy begins to contemplate his final act (Brenner, 402; Cherry 3; Miller 100-101).
Willy's suicide, the Death of a Salesman, exhibits the pathos of a confused and yet loveable character. He leaves behind a wife, alone and free of debt, and who says today I made the last payment on the house, were free, were free, and therell be nobody home (Miller 104). Charley emphasizes to Biff at the graveside, that no one dast blame the man (Miller 103). Willy had his dreams, but the final analysis draws itself from Willy's intent, his separation of id, ego, and superego. It becomes obvious from the play's very beginning that Willy's senses of right and wrong had no real boundaries or balance.
Freud made clear that he believed individuals acquire their sense of right and wrong from both parents and society (Freud, Ego 15). In the analysis of the conscious or the ego Freud maintains that even in sleep or dreams, the conscious the ego develops repressions including those which control our sense of right and wrong (Freud, Ego 17). The nature, origins, and timing of conflict and compromise formation in mental development occur at various stages of life, beginning at birth with the id, and according to Freud, the other levels of our behaviour come during an individual's earliest years. It is only the id which announces itself immediately. A baby automatically reaches for its mother for food, while parents, according to Freud, prepare the foundation of right and wrong, the ego and superego (Cherry 3-4). In Willy Loman's case, his father deserted the family when he was a young boy, his mother died and apparently Willy had little contact with her. Therefore according to Freud's theories, Willy's senses developed by supplementing in his own mind qualities of likeability, the smile brought rewards and success. Willy brought his own boys up to believe as a gospel truth. This gospel according to Willy became a destabilizer for both Happy and Biff, however, in different ways. At the graveside, Biff acknowledges that his father's dreams were all wrong but he, Biff, finally knows who he is. But Happy in an angry reaction to his brother's honesty rejects this reality and claims
Im gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream it's the only dream you can have to come out number one man. He fought it here and this is where Im gonna win it for him (Miller 104).
Freud's analysis of the delicate balance between the three components of the human psyche, the id, ego, and superego regenerate in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman to be studied, analyzed, and argued over and will continue to be interrogated through the brilliance of this stunningly crafted American drama.
Works Cited
- Brenner, Charles. Conflict, Compromise Formation, and Structural Theory. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 2002. 10. pp. 397-416. Web. Accessed June 5 2018.
- Cherry, Kendra. The Id, Ego and Superego. The Structural Model of Personality. 2018. Web. Accessed 5 June 2018.
Freud, Sigmund. Childhood and Concealing Memories. Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Trans. by A. A. Brill. 1901. Web. Accessed 4 June 2018. - Freud, Sigmund. The Ego and the Id. Trans by Joan Riviere. Hogarth Press: London, 1927. Web. Accessed 4 June 2018.
Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. 1949. Web. Accessed 5 June 2018. - Padel, John Hunter. Freudianism: Later Developments, in Richard Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind. Oxford, 1987. pp. 270-1. Web. Accessed 4 June 2018.
- Sandage, Scott A. Born Losers: A History of Failure in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print.
- St. Clair, Michael. Object Relations and Self Psychology: An Introduction. 2000. Brooks/Cole Counseling, an imprint of Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning. Print.
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Character of Willy Loman and his Behavior
Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, was a play written in the early 1900's. The play focuses on Willy Loman, a loving husband and father who cannot seem to catch his big break and is frustrated with the way his life ended up. He wants to pursue the American Dream but is having a hard time making his mark on the world. Willy is focused on being well liked in attempt to become a successful salesman. It is this mentality that he attempts to instill in his two sons Happy and Biff who are unsuccessful in their careers as well. A successful life is not solely based upon financial gain, how people are liked in the public, but it's based upon a whole complete life that is filled with many experiences. The purpose of this paper is to examine what motivates Willy Loman to do what he does as it pertains to willingness to become a successful salesman. The paper will analyze the analytical purpose of the character which gives the audience new insight on the play.
Loman is motivated to do what he does because he is in the pursuit of finding the American Dream. He is working tirelessly for a company that could care less about his wellbeing and the countless hours he puts in from driving around the country. If old man Wagner was alive Id a been in charge of New York now! That man was a prince, he was a masterful man. But that boy of his, that Howard, he dont appreciate (Miller, 6-7). He is motivated to keep on working even if that means killing himself. Willy Loman expects this same work ethic out of his sons especially Biff. Biff is the main reason Willy Loman lashes out the way he does and takes out most of his anger and frustration on his wife Linda. Linda is the peacemaker of the family, but it is becoming obvious that this role is becoming too much to handle.
His pursuit for greatness will soon be his ultimate demise. Instead of rolling over and dying Loman fakes his happiness for the sake of his wife for the pursuit of becoming the successful salesman he has always dreamt of being. It is when he is at lowest point that he realizes that he must keeping pushing before it is too late. Unknowingly to those around him (Loman) puts out the facade that he has it all together and his dreams are just around the corner. He is no longer motivated but a defeated man who refuses to give up on what he thinks a successful man should be. The unspooling protagonist who, after decades of hard work, realizes (and is destroyed by the realization) that he has built his life on sand; how much strain and disappointment (Harvey,3).
Loman was so busy chasing being a successful man that he forgot how to live. Everything was about work and why his sons did not have the same outlook as he did on life. Willy did not understand the definition of a successful person. In life you will encounter those who are deemed successful because they have money but, they are not successfully they are wealthy. Success comes from within. Success comes as the by-product of a life lived from the inside out. The key to living a successful life is grasping the awareness that you are enough. Once you understand you are enough, you create the space within your consciousness that allows you to realign harmoniously with your essential self or highest good (Herriott, 4). Success is having a loving and nurturing family, a roof over your head and food in your mouth. Success cannot always be measure by finances or by the number of people who like you. Money and fame are here one day and gone the next. It is all about the journey we take to become successful. Taking shortcuts may be good in the beginning but detrimental in the end. Anything worth having is worth waiting for.
Willy's issue was his stubbornness and his will to become successful. He failed to realize that his way of living and thinking is not the way of the world especially as it pertains to family. He expected too much from his sons and when they failed it only further angered him because of the potential he assumed they possessed. Individuals from individualistic cultures may put greater emphasis on their unique traits and personal attributes (King & Chi, 1). This is the main reason why he continued to work and not realizing that there was more to life than work. How can one expect others to want more in life when they do not realize their own self-worth?
It is because of Willy's narrow mindedness that he failed not only himself but his family. First, he failed his wife in so much as he was not receptive to her feelings on how she trying to manage relationship between he and his children. He failed his children by not being receptive to what their personal needs and goals were. And lastly, he failed himself and that he did not realize that it was time to take a different journey. He did not listen to that inner voice that we all have, that changing a goal does not delineate failure. Changing a course because your passion and abilities dont match does not mean you are not a successful person.
When this occurs, we must reevaluate what we want for ourselves and what we want for our family. Evaluating personal objectives and trying to reinvent ourselves that reflect our beliefs and ability that create a more accurate reflection of who we are. Unfortunately for Willy he did not have the endurance or sound mind to understand that practical changes were necessary to sustain his life. As a part of his demise and the hallucinations that he experienced reality was far from his reach and unfortunate self-destruction was his undoing. As a result of his death he left his family and they were unable to see his full potential.
Works Cited
- Du, Hongfei, et al. Self-Esteem and Subjective Well-Being Revisited: The Roles of Personal, Relational, and Collective Self-Esteem. Plos One, vol. 12, no. 8, 2017, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183958.
- Harvey, Giles. ?Death of a Salesman: A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Mediocrity. The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 14 May 2012, www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/death-of-a-salesman-a-heartbreaking-work-of-staggering-mediocrity.
- Herriott, Jessie. The True Meaning of Success. Unity, 10 Nov. 2014, www.unity.org/resources/articles/true-meaning-success.
- Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. 1948.
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The Value of Life and the Human Experience
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Sponge Bob Will Never Lose Popularity
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Sponge Bob Square Pants Effect on Children
Introduction
Have you ever thought about how much time our kids spend watching SpongeBob? When you think about it, the number is a tad bit scary. That being said, this paper outlines SpongeBobr's massive impact on kids in elementary schools, and the effects that this has on children. It is hoped that the results and the conclusions here will assist in finding the most appropriate solutions that are socially desirable. Since SpongeBob aired on the television screen, there has been a rapid growth in viewership among children below the age of 4 years instead of the realities in which the children live. Elementary school Kids seem to feel entertained by the SpongeBob program. Because of its fast pace, it can be assumed that the SpongeBob cartoon program does not entirely fit into the genre of such young children on the grounds of their capabilities, realities in which the children live.
Therefore this research considers that SpongeBob had a dissembled relationship with young kids as it constructs a different worldview as well as creating perceptions that are beyond their mental capabilities. II. Research Methods The research will utilize the casual observation and focus groups discussions on verifying the data collected. I. Casual Observation This is a tool that would be used to provide the actual behavior of every participant. Observation and group observation would require the experimenter to put into context the behavior and thus understand it much better (Anderson et al.,1986) Observations were made will be made on the actual patterns of behavior. This research will observe the behavior of the focus group while watching the cartoon and immediately after taking the tests (Blair,& Razza,2007).
Research Design
I will be carrying out critical research. The nature of the study will be quantitative. A total of 35 4-6-year-old kids were selected from a list of families that have agreed to take part in the study. Most of the kids that participated were from medium to upper-middle households. First, we will seek permission from the parents through telephone and explain to them about the objective of the study. Later we shall make an appointment with willing parents to come of the laboratory, where the study will be mentioned to them again. Finally, parents will have to sign a form approving the study to proceed. The primary objective of this investigation is to study whether fast-paced SpongeBob Square pants directly influence the executive functioning of preschool-aged children. Children will randomly be assigned the fast-paced SpongeBob Square Pants, educational program or drawing. The viewers of the cartoon will watch a truncated episode of the program. Free Drawing using markers will be the control condition.
Method
The entire study population of kids between the age of 4-6 years would be far too high to include in the study. Therefore, it would be essential to draw the most appropriate population to be sampled. This research will use a non-probability design. This method purposely targets a group of children that are believed to be reliable for the study. The study will also employ judgmental sampling by selecting kids between the ages of 4-6 years of from a database. This is because children attending a single school would enable the study to access both terrestrial programs. This implies that the selected children are constantly exposed to televisions and watch cartoons and can speak English fluently (Choma, 2005)
Data Collection Procedere and Analysis
The experiments will be carried out with every child in a small room within the laboratory. 10-minutes clips of SpongeBob Square pants and an education program will be played on a television. While these tests are being conducted, parents will be completing a media questionnaire on which they would indicate the period the child spent watching TV every week. Next children will be given HTKS test which the experiment tells the participants when I tell you to touch your ears, you will hold your fingers, but when I tell you to point your finger, I want you to hold your head. After a short orientation, ten trial pieces will be provided to every kid. Every kid gets 2 points for every correct response and one point for every wrong response. If a child received all the 10 points, a shoulder-knee test would be added and an addition of 10 points. If a child receives at least 14 additional points of the second part of the pasty m they went to the third stage. This is where the rules were switched. For instance when I tell you to touch your head, I want you to touch shoulders.
After completing the HTKS test, participants will complete a rate-of-gratification test. First, they will be showed a basket full of small snacks and another bag containing Goldfish snacks and requested to choose the one they would prefer as a snack. This experiment will put ten pieces of the selected goodies on one bowl and two pieces on another and place a buzzer between the two bowls. The participant will be instructed that they could eat the 10 bits if they waited for the analyst to get back, or they could hit the buzzer every moment they wanted the analyst to get back straightaway, in which they possibly will only get two pieces. The attention related items in this study will be: being restless, overactive, and fidgeting, being distracted easily, concentration wanders seeing the task through to the end, the good span of attention and thinking before taking any action (Levine,& Waite,2000).
We shall look up the relevant online sites for international secondary data. The sites used will be listed in the references. In analyzing the data collected, the first step will be coding. This would ensure proper preparation of a codebook, which would define the meaning of the various question provided to each variable. The codebook will be the guide during the analysis stage of the research in analyzing the data. The first step will be qualitative processing (Anderson, Craig, 2004). Therefore, it is essential to have the code book which defines the meaning of the assigned questions.
Findings
The study offers empirical evidence that watching 10 minute episode of the past pace cartoon would immediately damage the executive function of the children relative to watching the education programs of drawing. Children in the fast-paced television are expected to perform much worse than expected despite all of them being attentive at the outset (Gerbner et al.1996). The findings of this results are consistent with others that have shown negative implication of watching SpongeBob on the overall attention of the children. Given the popularity of the program among kids, it is vital for parents always to stay attentive to the likelihood of declining executive functionality on their children (Ahammer, & Murray1979). On matters concerning pacing, we expect that the offensive of fast-pacing events that were present in the cartoon program might further exacerbate executive functionality. While standard procedures are decoded by established neural circuitry, there is usually no space for new or uncertain events, in which fast-pacing events are part. Programming fantastical events can probably decline the cognitive processes are there is the constant engagement of the orienting responses to such a novel function.
Due to the depletion of cognitive capabilities, we can conclude that the fast pacing aspect of the cartoon is fully accountable for EF impacts (Bryant,1994). This will be further studies in other studies. Kids usually watch a lot of cartoon programs. This has long been associated with problems in maintaining attention for a long time ” however, the limited research on the impact of such fast-paced cartoons on EF. Furthermore, this study seeks to find out whether viewing Spongebob Squarepants would impair the Executive functionality of 4-6-year-old kids, an outcome about which close relative of young kids should better understand. It is understandable that parents are the busiest today than ever before and as a result children usually spend most of their time alone and spend most of their time watching television programs. However, this being busy does not mean limiting screen time including movies and video games. Therefore, parents should offer their kids with alternative ways of spending their free time as well as entertainment rather than just watching television.
References
- Anderson, Craig. Ph.D. (2004) Violent Programming and its Impact on Children. IOWA State University of Science and Technology
- Anderson, D. R., Lorch, E. P, Field, D. E., Collins, P, & Nathan, J. G. (1986) Television viewing at home: Age trends in visual attention and time with TV Child Development, 57,1024-1033.
- Ahammer, I. M., & Murray J. P. (1979) Kindness in the kindergarten: The relative influence of role-playing and prosocial television in facilitating altruism. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 2,133-157.
- Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child development, 78(2), 647-663. Bryant, Jennings, Dolf Zillman, ed. (1994}. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research.
- Choma. C.J. (2005) Effects of cartoons on children, quoted in Ward S. and Wackman D. advertising and infra family influence; purchase influence attempts and parental yielding. IV 516-25.
- Gerbner, et al. (1996) Invisible Crisis: What Conglomerate Control of Media Means for America and the World Boulder: Westview Press.
- Levine, L. E., & Waite, B. M. (2000). Television viewing and attentional abilities in fourth and fifth-grade children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 667-679.
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Sponge Bob Square Pants Effect on Children. (2019, May 27).
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The Main Themes of the Story of an Hour
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The Main Themes of The Story Of An Hour. (2019, May 27).
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The Story of an Hour Feminist Thesis
Knowing that Mrs.Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death. This, the opening sentence of the story, is the base and premise upon which the rest of the story is built on. In the ensuing course of events the tragic irony of this line is revealed. The Story of an Hour, Written by Kate Chopin - a woman and classical feminist author in every sense of the label - depicts a young housewife by the name of Mrs.Mallard who has just learned that her husband has died in a train accident. Much to the reader's likely surprise, Mrs.Mallard is not heartbroken, but is actually happy, stating But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely.. When analyzed through the various lenses of the Feminist perspective, specifically those that state that works of art created by women often have different perspectives, and that works authored by men frequently reinforce patriarchal views of women, the main theme of the story becomes clear: both women and men are both oppressed within the social constructs of marriage and similar heterosexual relationships.
Feminist analysis shows that Chopin used the idea that works written by women often have unique depictions of women in order to circumvent the readers expectations for the story and open them up to the main theme of the story.
When Mrs.Mallard is demonstrably happy at the news of her husband's death, it's not because she hates her husband, this is obvious when she says She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death , it's because she's overjoyed at the idea that she would be free from the repression of her marriage, as clear when she says There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself.. This reveals that Mrs.Mallard isn't happy within her marriage because she feels trapped, which falls out of the typical standards of romance in many works of media written by men - it's an idea at the time that only a woman would express. This helps to construct the main theme: that marriage is a curse on it's participants, particularly women.
Further analysis from the feminist perspective shows that the author used the idea that works created by men often (unconsciously or consciously) reinforce the standard patriarchal stereotypes of women to expand on the theme of marriages becoming stifling to the participants. This is done by contradicting what is often expected of women in media. Women are expected to be content in their relationships and to happily allow men to control their lives - Mrs.Mallard is not. This is evident in the text when she expresses her joy at having ...no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence , she is only content when she is finally free. This is also supported when Mrs.Mallard's sister thinks she is harming herself out of sadness, when ironically she's happily celebrating her newfound freedom, as obvious to the readers when she answers her sister by saying ? Go away. I am not making myself ill. This divergence from the standard patriarchal concepts of womanhood helps to convey the idea that when men create media, they reinforce patriarchal concepts, as well as implying that many men don't really know (or worse, care) about what women want and need in relationships. This supports the theme of the story, that relationships in the heterosexual sense are often bad for women.
Using the feminist perspective to analyze The Story of an Hour reveals that women are often oppressed when in relationships. The central character of the story, Mrs.Mallard, is both an example of how a female character can be written better and more believably when written by a female, and also a contradiction of how many female characters are often written by men. Mrs.Mallard is not content with her marriage and often feels trapped by it. Tragically, her heart trouble, which her sister thought might kill her once Mrs.Mallard found out about her husband's death, ironically killed her once it was revealed that he was alive.
This reveals that Chopin believes that marriages are traps for restraining women. She wants to send the message that if marriage as a concept is to be saved, it must be reformed to better benefit both participants.
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Critical Analysis of Mrs. Mallard
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The Ethics of Physician-Assisted Suicide
Abstract
Physician-assisted suicide is a highly controversial topic around the world and is only legal in seven countries as a whole and seven states in the US along with the District of Columbia. The controversy stems from the debate on whether the patient has a right to end their own life. Historically, suicide was seen as a sin since only God had the right to determine when a person was to die, and since many western countries practiced Christianity which said it was a crime, laws were put into place to punish those who attempted to take their own life or who helped others to do so. Nowadays in the US there is separation of church and state where religion isnt supposed to influence laws. Without considering the religious aspect, is assisted suicide ethical?
Keywords: Assisted suicide, physician-assisted suicide, ethics, utilitarianism, Kantianism, euthanasia, right to life, death with dignity, self-murder
The Ethics of Physician-Assisted Suicide
What constitutes as murder? According to Matthew Lu, there are three different criteria that need to be met in order for the action of taking another human beingr's life to be considered murder; (1) it must be an intentional act, (2) the victim must be a person, and (3) the victim be morally innocent (Lu, 2017). If all three of these points must be met for the death of a human to be considered murder then would suicide be considered murder as well? First, one can assume that it is an intentional act with no outside factors influencing or coercing the individual; second, the victim is a person; and third, he or she is morally innocent, as in they are not being punished for committing a crime or killed while causing harm to another individual. Suicide fits all three criteria and therefore can be considered a form of murder based on this definition along with all other types of assisted suicides as well. Since murder is never acceptable, then according to that logic, suicide and all other forms of it are technically ethically wrong as well.
Part 1) Arguments for euthanasia/PAS
Euthanasia is the practice of painlessly killing a patient with the intention of ending pain and suffering, usually from a terminal illness or when their quality of life has declined more than they can endure. The word comes from the Greek eu- good or well and Thanatos- death to mean a good or easy death (Euthanasia, n.d.) and it can be either a passive or an active deed. Passive euthanasia is where a patient is purposfully not given medication or treatment that could potentially prolong their life and they pass away when it is naturally their time to go, where as active euthanasia is the intentional act ending oner's life and is usually aided by a medical professional which gave rise to the term physician-assisted suicide or PAS. Although the terms are often used interchangeably, there is a slight difference between the two; euthanasia is where a second party is the one to administer the cause of death while in physician-assisted suicide the second party only gives the patient the means to end their life, but they dont actively do the killing themselves. The passive form of euthanasia is mostly accepted by the public and is even protected by American law when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1990 that competent adults have the right to refuse medical treatment while active euthanasia has no federal regulation and is left to each individual state to determine whether or not it should be allowed (Ardelt, n.d.).
In 1997, Oregon was the first U.S. state to permit active euthanasia with the Death with Dignity Act which allowed a physician to prescribe a lethal dose of medication to a patient who would self-administer it with the intention of ending their life. The proposal of the act was met with heavy pushback at the time but it prevailed with a majority vote and was enacted into state law
Real examples. (Oregon death with dignity)
Avoidance of pain. Utilitarian arguments. Doesnt the person who is actually suffering have the greatest say in whatr's best for their situation? Should competent terminal patients be given the right to assisted suicide in order to end their suffering, reduce the damaging financial effects of hospital care on their families, and preserve the individual right of people to determine their own fate.
Autonomy or my life. arguments.
Part 2) Arguments against euthanasia/PAS
Give real life examples.
Slippery-slope) Netherland now allows patients diagnosed with dementia to commit physician assisted suicide before they begin showing symptoms. Because of the nature of the disease the victims will lose cognitive capabilities before the physical pain sets in. Can we justify killing for the sake of future pain? In any given lifetime pain is to be expected. Would it not be allowed then for all lives to be cut short before they can experience pain?
What if the physician is against it? Would it be required of all doctors that they would be forced to participate if itr's the patientr's wish? Would there be a specialist whor's not against it who comes and performs it? Doctors take the Hippocratic Oath and vow But it may also be within my power to take a life, this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play God, Does this violate that?
Where is the line that separates relief from dying and killing?
Since suicide is done to one-self it seems like it must be intentional, but can a person with severe mental illness make that decision for themselves? Punishment for murder can be avoided by the plea not guilty for reason of insanity (NGRI). If a patient has a severe mental disability, can they be held accountable for taking their own life?
Although utilitarian arguments could be made for pro side. Murder is wrong from a Utilitarian view point. Could you justify someone elser's death to avoid pain?
Murder is wrong from a Kantianism view point. Autonomy gives us the right not to be coerced. It does not give you the right to life or the right to take life. Again, passive vs. active
Suicide is self-murder, murder is wrong, ergo suicide is wrong according to ethics
Conclusion
Reflect on thesis. And wrap-up the point.
Express understanding and sympathy.
Emotions do not determine ethics. Finish with Kantian reasoning.
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Attitudes Toward Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide
Introduction
Death is a sensitive topic for most people. The death of a person or of a loved one is an event that is ritualized across the globe. Death therefore is defined as the permanent cessation of all vital functions that sustains the life of an organism. Physician Assisted Suicide is defined as the suicide of a patient by drug prescription with the provided help of a physician. Through this way, terminally ill patients are able to end their life and leave earth in a dignified way. It is currently legalized in six out of fifty US states and in some other countries such as Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland. The option to go through the PAS is only limited to people who are currently terminally ill. Terminally ill patients are defined as people who have illnesses which are either incurable, or no treatment would be effective any more. Aside from the fact that these terminally ill patients would die in their own way and in their own desired time, they also claim that this would help in the reduction of treatment costs that is not only burden to the patient themselves but also to their families who they would leave behind whether they go through it or not. Some people disagree to PAS being legalized across the country because they claim that the terminally ill person may be mentally impaired as well; and that this practice also goes against the physicians Hippocratic Oath. Most people who are interested in the legalization and dismissal of this movement are politicians, physicians, families, and the terminally ill patients themselves.
Body Claim
Terminally ill patients are the only ones legally recognized that can be a candidate for the claim. 70% of people who opt to go through the PAS program are cancer patients. Mostly are people with old age, are white, and are well-educated. To be considered, the person should also be a resident of either one of the states where the statute is legalized. Aside from being terminally ill physically, the person should be of sound mind to be considered. This means that the person should not be going through mental health issues that can be a reason why they choosing to do the procedure. They should be able to communicate well on their own with their health care providers and be able to verbalize their full consent. In regards to their illness, they should be diagnosed to die within the next six months or less and their illness should be approved as a reasonable medical illness that is terminal. Aside from being verbally competent, the person should also be able to take the medicine on their own. The physicianr's job is only to prescribe and be there during the procedure to make sure the person is decided to do it and to make sure the drug worked afterwards. Basically to pronounce and confirm time of death. They cannot administer it themselves nor can other family members. The person themselves should be able to do it alone. The choice whether they should be alone when doing it or with family members is dependent on their choice. Also, there must be two physicians who had approved of the persons eligibility. Second opinions are required not optional. It must be proved that the person is really terminally ill to be a candidate for the program. (Emanuel, Onwuteaka-Philipsen, Urwin, and Cohen, 2016).
Only eight states out of fifty in the United States has Physician Assisted Suicide legalized. This includes California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Hawaii (takes effect on January 1, 2019), Montana, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington (Death with Dignity, 2018). This past several years, the legalization of this act across the country has been focused on. Especially the state of Michigan, where Dr. Jack Kevorkian is one of the most famous supporter who had prompted huge actions towards its legalization. This topic is very sensitive because of the ethics that it goes against. The issue on hand that makes it impossible for it to be legalized on all states is whether it is ethical that the entire country and its society should allow any form of suicide. But that issue goes against the main purpose for legalizing it which is to provide relief from further suffering of those who are terminally ill, individual autonomy which is basically freedom of choice. And if ever it is legalized and the issue about the society allowing its social values to be changed, is whether doctors should participate. As healers, this practice goes against what they believe in (Bachman, Alcser, Doukas, Lichtenstein, Richard, and Corning, 1996).
Although controversial and widely spread issue, only a few people go through the program. According to studies, only about 20% of the US population was reported to have requested for said procedure and only 5% of that actually went through with it. In Oregon and Washington combined, only 1% of physicians reported to have written prescription for the medication used in the procedure. (Emanuel, Onwuteaka-Philipsen, Urwin, and Cohen, 2016).
Relief from pain is not the main reason why terminally ill patients decide to go through this route they see it as dying with dignity and control rather than being controlled by their illness. According to studies, a big chunk of the people who request or go through with PAS, are on palliative care. This means that they are no longer going through extensive procures or surgeries and they are only being given comforting measures to help with their condition but not with the goal to cure them anymore. They do not report to be complaining of pain but instead, they are motivated by their situation and where they are at. Having to stay at a hospice or a nursing home or even at home with having nothing to do other than lay in bed all day can be terribly depressing and degrading. That is why people who decide on the PAS mostly wants to be free to decide to die with dignity. It is not the pain, it is the idea that they are losing grasp of their lives and the last resort to have the satisfaction of control again is to decide to commit to physician assisted suicide. (Emanuel, Onwuteaka-Philipsen, Urwin, and Cohen, 2016).
Conclusion
I, therefore, conclude that the legalization of the physician assisted suicide is an issue with a lot of pros and cons. But setting aside all the political and legal issues correlated to this topic, we should always consider why it is being moved to be legalized in the first place. It is to give comfort and dignity to those who are terminally ill and wants to die knowing that they are leaving with peace of mind and heart. This issue is not legalizing suicide in general, it is still regulated and is only applicable to people with terminally ill patients. It is not saying yes to death. It is saying yes to have a say about how you want your life to be when youre facing a terminal illness. Learning more about this issue only made me more knowledgeable about it and it made me agree with it more. Before I have researched thoroughly about this topic, I have had an idea about it and I completely agree with it. It makes me sad that they had no other choice other than death but I also consider their feelings and their situation. And if the only and last option to comfort them and give them peace is to let them o and allow them to go through physician assisted suicide, then so be it.
Reference
Bachman, J., Alcser, K., Doukas, D., Lichtenstein, R., & Corning, A. (1996). Attitudes of Michigan physicians and the public toward legalizing physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. The New England Journal of Medicine; Boston,334(5), 303- 309. Retrieved from https://searchproquestcom.westcoastuniversity.idm.oclc.org/ healthcomplete/docview/223980812/EC789ED72B084982PQ/13?accountid=162765.
Death with Dignity. (2018, April 5). How to Access and Use Death with Dignity Laws. Retrieved from https://www.deathwithdignity.org/learn/access/
Emanuel, E., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B., Urwin, J., & Cohen, J. (2016). Attitudes and Practices of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe. ProQuest,316(1).
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Attitudes Toward Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide. (2019, May 27).
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Associations between Assisted Suicide and Depression
Assisted Suicide Study Questions Its Use for Mentally Ill is a published article by The New York Times author, Benedict Carey. Carey references a 2016 study conducted by psychiatrist Scott Y. H. Kim, MD, PhD, in the JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry titled, Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide of Patients With Psychiatric Disorders in the Netherlands 2011 to 2014 (Carey, 2016). In the article, Benedict Carey assesses and summarizes the studyr's findings, claiming practices in the Netherlands for assisted suicide are questionable at best (Carey, 2016). According to Carey, the study gathered medical records and documentation from 2011-2014, where 66 patients had chosen doctor facilitated suicide, many who suffered from multiple psychiatric disorders and refused further treatment that may have benefited them (Carey, 2016). Patients requesting euthanasia reported loneliness and an inability to cope with untreatable illnesses (Carey, 2016). Women comprised a majority of the cases, and many of them were over 60 years old (Carey, 2016). Although depression was a factor, Carey cites that other problems such as personality disorders, autism, substance abuse, and eating disorders were combined with other physical diagnoses (Carey, 2016). The main problem with these cases were the way in which they were evaluated by medical doctors and psychiatrists. Several doctors disagreed with their patientr's desire for assisted suicide, which prompted severe cases to seek an alternative route via mobile end-of-life clinics, where patients would get assistance from doctors they had never seen before (Carey, 2016). Most, if not all, of these doctors were not trained psychiatrists and did not have the ability to fully assess their patientr's mental health before approving euthanasia (Carey, 2016). Benedict Carey concludes that although other countries allow assisted suicide for patients with mental illnesses and a variety of other disorders, the United States only allows this choice in five states (Carey, 2016). The main difference between the United States and countries like the Netherlands is criteria for assisted suicide is evaluated only with mentally competent, terminally ill adults (Carey, 2016).
The timeliness of this article is recent, as it was published in 2016. The information is relatively current, but the study the article references was updated and published under a different title. Since more people are seeking assisted suicide yearly, there have been several new studies published to evaluate the significance and associations between mental illness and assisted suicide requests. This topic is expanded in further research articles to evaluate the specifics of psychiatric disorders and terminal illnesses, and whether practitioners can make clear and ethical decisions when patients want to end their lives. This article is not sufficient to form an opinion based on the amount of research provided. A more current peer-reviewed journal in combination with other research would be a better option.
Although the article mentions depression, it is not fully relevant to determine associations between depression and assisted suicide. Due to the limited amount of information provided by the author, it is too basic even from a laymanr's perspective. Carey does reference the actual study once in his article and continues to pick random parts of the study without properly citing the material inserted. Upon a quick search, it appears there are several sources that would provide more detail to fully answer all questions in this segment of the assessment. Alone, this article does not pass the relevance part of the TRAAP assessment. In order to conduct research, one would need to find several other sources for relevancy purposes.
In terms of authority, the publisher is The New York Times, which is an opinion-based news source. They have multiple freelance writers who publish articles ranging anywhere from politics to healthcare to sports. The author for this article is Benedict Carey, who is a freelance writer. Although he has written other articles related to psychology, his academic background is in mathematics and journalism. A hyperlink is provided in the article by Carey, where his background and three published books are mentioned. After conducting a quick search, many of his articles are superficial and focus on attention grabbing titles with limited information. He is in no way an expert on this topic, which is evident, as he cherry-picks research methods and conclusions from the study to support his journalistic writing. Most news articles are reviewed by an editor, but no information was found in the article to suggested this. Based on authority alone, the author does not have enough credibility to assess the seriousness of this highly controversial topic. Further research would be necessary to find a non-biased report or article.
Benedict Careyr's article references the original study from which he attempts to summarize. However, there is some confusion as the study was updated at least once, and a similar study by the same researcher was published with a different title around the same time. It appears Carey may have used the original study to support his claims. In regard to the study, research was not conducted well, and there appears to be several gaps of missing information. For example, the study does not set up a comparison group or have a logical flow. Careyr's article is similar in flow, as it seems disorganized, with random quotes thrown in without proper citation. Although the article first appears to take a non-biased approach, the title itself is biased. Upon further investigation, Carey picks evidence to support the title making it a biased article. There is no way to replicate the research, as the article is an opinion-based piece. Without the link to the original study, there is no way to figure out whether the author wrote this piece based on previous research or personal opinion. Due to this information, the accuracy of this article is highly questionable, and one would be advised to search for other research articles.
The main purpose of this article is to persuade the targeted audience to form negative opinions about assisted suicide in any case. The intentions are clear, as Carey specifically highlights disagreements between doctors and psychiatrists on the subject (Carey, 2016). He even goes above and beyond by mentioning an outlier in the study: an elderly woman seeking euthanasia for loneliness without any physical or psychiatric diagnoses (Carey, 2016). The information provided is based on one single study, but Carey cherry-picks the evidence to support his claims. He seems to be very interested in suicide and mental illness, as further research provides a link to his articles, which many focus on these subjects. Although Carey is summarizing this specific study, his perceived bias keeps him from asking pertinent questions, such as: What have other studies regarding this topic produced? What are the factors in everyone seeking assisted suicide, and is there a possibility they are justified? Have people who suffer from depression or other forms of mental illness been used as a comparison group? From this point of view, Carey would have a less biased and more informed article to accurately present. The purpose of this article is not sufficient on its own as a reference for a research paper.
It was difficult assessing this article with the TRAAP test, as it is merely an article and provides little to no information that one would have access to from a peer-reviewed journal. Many of the questions involved in the TRAAP test ask specifics about research validity, but the article itself is not research. Due to the length and coverage of the article, it was challenging to answer all TRAAP questions thoroughly. Based on the criteria of the TRAAP test, this article fails in almost all aspects. Even though the study referenced is fairly recent, it does not provide enough research to fully convey the difficult decisions one faces when considering euthanasia. Benedict Carey is not a doctor or psychiatrist, nor is he affiliated with any scientific organizations, so his article fails authority with this specific subject. The relevance and accuracy of the article are questionable, as well, since the information provided is basic and leaves the reader with many unanswered questions that should have been addressed in the conclusion. Furthermore, the purpose fails the TRAAP test because the author is writing from a biased position.
When determining the efficacy of research regarding assisted suicide and depression, the author could have picked a different study that provided more information about patient demographics. Alternatively, Carey could have put more thought into the article and written a non-biased review. The article in itself is short and seems to be very disorganized. It seems the author rushed through the writing process as the study was published shortly before the written article. If this had anything to do with being the first to break a story, his intentions were less to inform and aimed more for the number of hits or clicks to a link. Taking the time to read through such a controversial topic and report on it without bias would make the article more reliable. If the author had consulted with other physicians and used multiple studies to compare the associations of assisted suicide and depression, there would possibly be more validity in his work. Overall, the article is not a reliable source to assess the association between assisted suicide and depression.
References
Carey, B. (2016, February 10). Assisted Suicide Study Questions Its Use for Mentally Ill. Retrieved September 27, 2018, from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/health/assisted-suicide-mental-disorders.html
Cite this page
Associations Between Assisted Suicide and Depression. (2019, May 27).
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Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in Terminal Illness
Who has known someone with a terminal illness? What if you were extremely ill and in an incredible amount of pain and there werent any medications to help you? Imagine this, you have a terminal illness and youre in the hospital knowing that youre getting closer to a slow and painful death. You cant do anything about it because of how severe it is and therer's no other way to treat it.
A. You know that soon your time is coming to where youll be suffering and cannot be cured from the painful disease that has taken over your body.
II. Thesis: Today I will inform you about one of the most controversial issues in the U.S. and why physician assisted suicide should be legal for people with terminal illnesses throughout the United States.
III. Connect: This topic is important to us because it talks about how we should be able to make these important decisions in our lives if we needed to.
IV. Preview:
A. First, we will go over why most people dont agree with legalizing Physician Assisted Suicide in every state.
B. Second, we will go over why it would be a good idea to legalize physician assisted suicide for the terminally ill.
C. Third, we will discuss why and how it would help some people who might need this option.
Body
I. Main Point: Letr's begin with what Physician Assisted Suicide is and the reasons why there are many people who are against it.
A. There are a lot of people who dont know much information about PAS and it can be easily misunderstood. When some people hear the term Physician Assisted Suicide they are usually against it and their reason could be because of their religion or just their personal beliefs.
1. For those of you wondering what exactly Physician Assisted Suicide is, it is for someone has a terminal illness and voluntarily chooses to end their lives under certain circumstances to avoid suffering.
a. The Euthanasia Society of America first began in New York in 1938. They wanted people who were terminally ill and incurable to have the right to die and have it be legal.
b. In 2003 Sage Journals article titled Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide, David Clark says that for the first time ever a law passed under to legalize assisted suicide under certain circumstances for people who were terminally ill (Clark, 2003).
c. There are different types of assisted suicide that gives you the option of taking a lethal medication, or passive euthanasia that is known as pulling the plug when the patient is on life support, and active euthanasia which is when the physician injects the lethal drug. Active euthanasia is mostly used in the Netherlands.
B. This is only legal in 4 states in the U.S. including Oregon, Washington, Vermont, and Montana. Chaplains Experiences with Patients Requesting Physician-Assisted Suicide, Bryant Carlson stated that in order for this to be done the patient would have to have 6 months or less until death, then it would have to be confirmed by a doctor, and a physician would prescribe a lethal medication for the patient to take (Carlson, 2005).
a. The patient would have to consent to doing this and the physician who is in charge would then proceed to giving them the medication.
1. In 2018 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops article titled The Wrong Approach to End of Life Care, Michael Gloth states that some Catholics believe physician assisted suicide is murder (Gloth, 2018). The people that are religious also believe that god should make the decision when someoner's life should come to an end.
a. I can see why people would disagree with assisted suicide because they believe that if god suffered then we should too.
b. Another negative outcome of this would be that some may try to take advantage of assisted death if they had a mental illness.
II. Main Point: Now that Ive gone over what PAS is, letr's move onto why people believe it wouldnt be a good idea to legalize it in the United States.
A. The opposing view, represented by Cheryl K. Smithr's article Issues in Law & Medicine in 1993 argues that a number of those reported cases involved people who didnt have a terminal illness and there would be people who would be influenced by their mental state (Smith, 1993).
1. However, they are wrong because patients would need to be evaluated to make sure they didnt have depression or any other mental illnesses.
a. The laws in Vermont to be approved of assisted suicide is that you must 18 years or older, you must be a resident of Vermont, you have to be capable of making your own decisions and not be influenced by others, and most importantly you have to be diagnosed with a terminal illness that will lead to death.
B. In 2012 Nursing Older Peopler's article titled Pros and Cons of Assisted Dying, Maura Buchanan stated that a con to assisted death is that it could be influenced by others (Buchanan, 2012).
1. If someone decided that they wanted to turn to assisted death then it should be because they truly wanted to, not because someone else is encouraging them to do it.
III. Main Point: Now that weve gone over why people are against it, letr's move on to why it should be considered a human right to make this important decision.
A. In 2018 The Hastings Center article titled Physician Assisted Death, Timothy E. Quill stated that PAS is best studied for terminally ill patients in Oregon. (Quill, 2018).
1. To become more informed about this topic The Hastings Center website has many articles about this.
B. This is a topic that should be talked about more by adults, itr's important to be informed and form your own opinion based off your own research.
1. Imagine if you or a family member was put in that position where the decision needed to be made if they wanted to have peaceful death in a safe environment without suffering.
a. Prolonging someoner's death is not financially the right move, especially if they want to die.
b. If any of you were in that position you would probably feel better knowing that it could be one of your last options.
Transition: Hopefully you now have a better understanding of
Conclusion
I. Review:
A. Some reasons why people disagree with Physician Assisted Suicide
B. Why it should be legalized
C. Why we should be able to make this important decision
II. Conclude with Impact: Ill leave you with this, imagine yourself in a situation where you would consider using this as a last resort. If you still dont think this is something you would do, then hopefully you can be more understanding to those who do.
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Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in Terminal Illness. (2019, May 27).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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The Challenge against Slavery
In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass, a former slave, expressed his hate towards slavery by the use of vivid imagery and horrific stories of his time as a slave. Douglass made it his goal to shut down all false assumptions that one may have about the life of a slave and gives us an insight into what these individuals had to go through because of the white man. Furthermore, Douglass states his opinion on things such as religion within the states, the assumption of blacks being happy because of the songs theyd sing, and the overall wellbeing of the slaves living conditions. His statement on these topics help such down the false assumptions that individuals. An example of these false assumptions can be seen in George Fitzhugh's The Blessing of Slavery, as Fitzhugh and many others believe that the slaves in the south are the happiest (Fitzhugh) and their rights of holding slaves is justified (Douglass, p.86) through their religious beliefs. They also believe that slaves have become moral (Fitzhugh) and intelligent (Fitzhugh) while in captivity and are protected by whites as if they were to be a laborer in any other part of the world their living conditions would be worse. Below will be the reasoning as to why these assumptions are false, and how Douglass will go to disprove such ideals by many of the whites during this time.
To say that the life of a slave was enjoyable and easy is far from the truth. Douglassr's early experiences as a slave during his childhood help support such a statement. When people hear allowance (Douglass, p.26), they often associate the word with an award of some sort for an individualr's hard work. Slaves were given an allowance and because of this many of the whites believed that the slaves were well taken care of and rewarded for the work they may have done. Frederick Douglassr's explanation of the allowance shows these slaves were given the bare minimum if not less. For example, Douglass states that children would receive clothing yearly. Since they were unable to work (Douglass, p.26) they were only given two linen shirts (Douglass, p.26), and when the shirts worn out the children were left to fend for themselves until the next allowance period. The lack of clothes forced these children to often run around naked despite weather conditions or time of the year. Such suffering and lack of assistant from the slave holders help depict such their sadistic ways and have had an early impact on Douglassr's opinion towards them early on.
Douglass can also be seen challenging the idea that slaves were happy because they would often sing. Those of such judgement assumed that the slaves were singing because they were content with what they were doing, but Douglass states that every tone was a testimony against slavery (Douglass, p.30). This statement alone goes to show that these slaves did sing, but the meaning behind what may seem to be a joyous is far from it. Douglass stated that slaves sing most when they are unhappy (Douglass, p.30). These tones would often depress the spirit (Douglass, p.30) of slaves as Douglass explains, and it is described that the songs would go to depict the dehumanizing character of slavery (Douglass, p.30), a character that would go on to haunt him forever and deepen his hatred towards slavery (Douglass, p.30).
In addition to the statements above, slave owners would often think high of themselves due to the flawed assumptions of slaves and their contentment with the position they were in. Slave owners believed that their slaves were happy with their master because they would often say so when as by other whites. Although they would often say yes, the reasoning behind this surprising answer is because a wrong answer may lead to cruel punishment and sometimes even death as explained by Douglass. Douglassr's gives an example of an unfortunate slave who once gave the wrong answer and received harsh punishment because of it. The example also depicts the connection that the owners lacked with their slaves, as many of them have never seen them (Douglass, p.34), but only know them by name.
This was often seen on larger plantations, but the punishments were just as severe if it were to be on a smaller one. Fredericks discontentment regarding the wellbeing of slaves is expressed through many of the gruesome punishments that he would witness from slave owners and overseerr's such as Mr. Gore, a more who lived up to his name and often took pride of his barbaric treatment of the slaves. Douglass noted that Austin Gore often found a dark pleasure in punishing the slaves and would sometimes do it for little to no reason at all, as it was easy to justify his actions when asked for reasoning by Colonel Lloyd. A horrific example is stated by Douglass when a slave who went by the name of Demby. After being punished and severely whipped, Demby ran to the middle of a lake (Douglass, p.39) and stood their refusing to come out (Douglass, p.39) despite Mr. Gores command. Frustrated and lacking patience, Mr. Gore went to go grab a musket, and aimed it directly at Dembyr's head, blowing his brains out (Douglass, p.39) without any hesitation. When asked by Colonel Lloyd why such action was taken, Mr. Gore simply stated that Demby was unmanageable (Douglass, p.39) and set a bad example to all slaves (Douglass, p.39). Colonel Lloyd approved of Mr. Gores actions and Mr. Gore was never punished nor testified for the murder of the slave. This was not the only case where the savagery of a slave holder was displayed. Two slaves were killed with a hatched, having their brains knocked out (Douglass, p.40) by Mr. Lanman of St. Michaels, who would go on to boast (Douglass, p.40) about their deaths. Such a scene would make any one sick to the stomach, as it did Douglassr's. How can anyone support those who kill his own kind without any mercy? Douglass did not.
Religion within the white community as compared to Douglassr's religious belief are beyond different. Slave owners often turned towards religion to justify their actions. In other words, this was the only thing making them no feel as guilty when carrying out harsh punishments and taking the lives of many slaves. He even goes onto to stating that religion in the south is a mere covering for the most horrid crimes (Douglass, p.86), support such ideals shown above, and deems it the greatest protection (Douglass, p.86) according to the slave holders. Douglass goes on to question god and his righteousness (Douglass, p.75), as can be seen when Douglass states Is there any God? Why am I a slave? (Douglass, p.75), depicting a loss of faith because of the cruel experience and livelihood that god has given in, and the power that has been left in the hand of inhumane individuals such as slave holders. Overall slave holders who were religious were the ones who were often seen as meaner (Douglass, p.87) and the most cruel (Douglass, p.87) as compared to others and they would often feel at ease after a dirty days worth of work through the power of their divine Christ. Douglass revolts against such standards and made it his goal to not fall under the religious beliefs of those who have control of him.
Finally, the assumption that slaves were moral (Fitzhugh) and intelligent (Fitzhugh) under captivity is not true at all. Douglass goes to disprove such a statement by telling his personal experiences when it came to learn and developing connections with others. Slaves holders would try their best to hinder the development of a childr's affection (Douglass, p.20). How can one be moral if they are not able to show affection or feel connected to those around them? This played a major role in Douglassr's life as he never felt connected to those related to him and lacked emotion. He stated that once his mother died, he had the same emotions as if she were just another stranger (Douglass, p.21).
Furthermore, this idea of slaves being intelligent (Fitzhugh) when kept under the power of slave owners is almost nonexistent. Douglass was prohibited from learning and the whites thought that once a slave would learn how to read, write, etc. there would be no stopping him. Douglass experienced such neglect when he went to Mr. and Mrs. Auldr's. Mrs.Auld would begin to teach Frederick Douglass the alphabet, but once her husband found out he would but this teaching to an end, and state that A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master (Douglass, p.48). Such an ideal help depict the true ignorance that the slaveowners would hold towards slaves and their opportunity to grow as individuals. Little did he know that a statement such as that only made Douglass want to learn even more, and he would go to great measures in order to do so. Douglass believed that all slaves should learn how to read, as it would impower them.
Overall, Douglass's hate towards slavery is made obvious throughout his narrative. How can one who is consistently tormented and put down by such ignorance love the life they have been given, nor the rules that come with it? Douglass did not. Douglass was an abolitionist. An individual who has lived through and experienced the true horrors of slavery. An individual whor's mission it was to overcome such gruesome control. It was his mission not only to become a freeman himself, but for his brothers and sisters to be given the same opportunities that he once had. He took great sacrifices to fight against the power of the white man. Whether it was fighting back physically or verbally, Frederick Douglass would not let slavery hold him back from reaching what he desired most, liberty, freedom, and the overall wellbeing of blacks.
Works Cited
- Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. 1945th ed., Millennium Publications, 2014.
Fitzhugh, George. The Blessings of Slavery, 1857
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Great Politics that Dealed with Slavery
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Great Politics That Dealed With Slavery. (2019, May 26).
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Depiction of Slavery by Frederick Douglass
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Slavery in Douglass and Northup’s Novels
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An American Slave by Fredrick Douglass
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How GMOs Can End World Hunger
Genetically modified foods can end world hunger
The first genetically modified organism was approved in 1982, it was approved by the FDA. Later, Flavr Savr tomatoes were approved to be sold at grocery store shelves. Humans have been using genetically modified foods for over 30,000 years. Even our ancestors used GMOs. In 1937, there was a huge breakthrough in GMO technology. The cause of the breakthrough was because of Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen worked together to engineer the first-ever genetically engineered organisms. Due to this breakthrough, there is still a debate going on till today, but the scientific community has concluded that Genetically engineered food is indeed safe. GMOs consist of soy, corn or other crops. Farmers have been selecting some of the best plants and seeds from their domesticated crops for up to 10,000 years.
According to studies, by 2050, 70% of humans will need to produce more food to feed the population. Scientists have stated that GMOs are and will be very useful. GMOs can help feed the growing population. Biotechnology is the only way to feed the population. Biotech food can be healthier, but it can also help prevent cancer or a heart attack because there is a natural production of antioxidants. In 2007, studies showed that 60% of the population preferred genetically modified tomatoes. The population preferred the GM tomatoes because they last longer on the shelves. By having tomatoes on longer shelves, that means that we could ship tomatoes. By reducing the need to spray, GMOs cut farmers fuel, which helps global warming. Some GM foods have been proven that the higher levels of specific nutrients such as protein, calcium, or folate.
Many people believe that GMOs are not good, but scientists prove that GMOs and genetically modified foods are indeed not bad. Believe it or not, you as well as everyone else, eat genetically modified foods. Yes, GMOs can harm the environment, but they also save millions of lives. We believe that they are good, for many reasons, one of these reasons being to end world hunger.
Much of the food that we eat is GM foods. World hunger has been going for about since 1990. My group and I believe that nobody should suffer from hunger. Studies show that by 2050 the world will be past 5 billion people. Where is the world going to get enough food? Due to the number of people, there will be no space to plant crops. GM foods dont have to be grown. Researchers have shown that thousands of children show up to school on an empty stomach due to not having food. Thousands of kids also die because they dont have enough of vitamin A.. Yes, GM foods affect the world, but they can save many lives.
Yes, we know that this can be bad for the environment, but GM foods can save lives, they are healthy, and dont cause any kind of diseases. Genetically modified foods have always been tested before the food is sent to grocery stores. The Golden Rice Project is a project that was made to help children all around the world that have a low supply of vitamin A. Ingo Potrykus first developed the GRP on Easter of 2000. The Golden Rice Project helps many people every day. Genetically modified foods can also help feed thousands of people.
Many children, go to school very hungry. Every second a person dies due to world hunger. More than 1 billion people suffer due to world hunger. Approximately 36 million people die each year due to world hunger. I believe that nobody should have to suffer due to hunger. We all have money to buy food, but we could help all of these people to prevent from dying each day to a year. Like the Golden Rice project, we could also help with feeding the population.
What would you feel like if you didnt have the money for food? Youd feel bad right? I know I would. Imagine all the children that are suffering because either, their parents dont have money for food, or there is no food to be given. Would you stand in the way of giving the world food, or would you help give the world food? According to the Earth Island Journal, Dr. Vandana Shiva, one of the worldr's most experts on world hunger, claims that the argument of biotechnology will help feed the world. In 2000, biotech companies began a $50 million media campaign, in which Monsanto, Dow Chemical, DuPont, Swiss-based Novartis, the British Zeneca, Germanyr's BASF and Aventis of France. These ads were based off smiling children, which the statement said, solutions that could improve our world tomorrow and could help end world hunger.
Scientists have widely agreed that GMOs are safe, and they are key to alleviating world hunger. Everywhere around the world, is running out of space for fields. We are running out of space every day. We will run out of space, according to farmers. According to farmers, this space will be needed to build homes, buildings, or stores. Farmers use GMO seeds that have higher crop yields, use less land to grow those crops, and use fewer chemicals on the land. Thatr's good for both the planet and humans. We now have a very easy, very fast and very efficient technique for rewriting the genome, said one of its inventors, Jennifer Doudna. This technique was the Innovative Genomics Initiative which was launched in 2014.
Time Former President Jimmy Carter said: Responsible biotechnology is not the enemy, starvation is. Biotech companies invested billions of dollars into technology because of the potential for profit and the means to gain control over the worldr's food supply. Some scientists believe that nobody will ever find a way to end hunger, but others do believe there is a way, but nobody has found it yet.
GMOs mean cheaper, and more food to fight world hunger. this is the Third world of hunger. GMOs mean cheaper, and more food to feed the world. This is the Third World of world hunger, genetically modified foods also cost less. Genetically modified foods have better taste, and texture, they also have more naturally grown alternatives.
The other group, which is against GMOs, will probably tell you that GMOs are really bad. In fact, they are not bad. Scientists have proven that they are not bad, not even eat. What many people don't know is that genetically modified foods can actually prevent cancer or a heart attack. Nobody wants to get a heart attack, or get cancer.
The hope that GMO foods might bring solutions to malnutrition and world hunger was never more dramatically illustrated than when Time magazine ran a cover story titled Grains of Hope. The article joyfully announced the development of a genetically engineered golden rice. This new strain of GM rice has genes from viruses and daffodils spliced into its genetic instructions. quoted John Robbins. I strongly believe that GMOs can end world hunger with the help of the government and world. GMOs are not unhealthy, indeed they are healthy. GMOs can actually help climate change. Studies have shown that GMOs protect the Earth. One was that they protect the Earth is, that they help increase yields on farm. GMOs even have less pesticides, as you may know pesticides are bad for our health. Bel it doesnt contain GMOs, but if it doesnt have the sticker, then most likely it does contain GMO believe it or not, GMOs can help prevent malfunction.
How are we going to be against GMOs, if our ancestors even used GMOs? Why stop now? Approximately, everything that we eat contains some sort of kind of GMOs. Some foods that we eat almost every day, are meats, eggs, corn, dairy products, sugar, and packaged foods. Four of things are grown here in the U.S.; soy, corn, cotton, and canola. If something has a label ?NON-GMO than people are probably going to think, ?Oh that must be good since it doesnt contain GMOs.
Are you going to stop eating the everyday foods just because they contain GMOs? I for sure wouldnt. Okay, know would you rather stop eating the foods you eat and throw them away, or give them to help feed the population struggling with hunger. I would help the help struggling with hunger.
Thank you for listening to me speak about GMOs and world hunger. I strongly hope that you will remember some facts about this speech, and share the information you learned with your peers. I also hope that you are not against GMOs. Be for GMOs, they can end world hunger! Thank you.
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World Hunger and GMOs
Science and technology advances astound us each day. In the arena of world hunger, big business is creating a spectacular photo of promise while hiding their ulterior motive, profits. John Robbins, author of Can GMOs HElp End World Hunger posted August 1, 2011 in The Blog on Huffington Post. Robbins poses the idea that big business is using world hunger, genetically modified foods and forms of media to convince us that we must use the products or people around the world will starve. Robbins provides a link to his history and current positions building his credibility with facts and statistics. He notes the use of emotional appeal blind and starving children, he appeals to the logical side of farming and readers emotion to support his argument.
Robbins post begins by describing a genetically engineered rice, and describes the reason for its development, followed by support from a former president and the description of the advertising campaign. He then provides the results of studies since the initial launch of the genetically modified rice, along with notes listing problems. For example growing this rice in water restricted areas is impossible, and the rice was created for these areas.
The blog goes further building and an ethical(ethos) case against Monsanto with its use of Technology Protection System through terminator technology by discontinuing the age old process of saving seeds. He used sourced Monsantos own documents as and campaign advertisements. Logically, we know that our food is produced by an unknown entity, but we understand the basic principles of seeds and their reproduction. How, can the cycle continue, without self producing seeds is question the author is conveying. This is the author's unwritten logos.
Robbins uses emotion or pathos throughout his Blog, he incites anger at the large corporations using one of our basic needs, food as a tool for profit. The golden rice with its genetic engineering, produces beta carotene, that the body needs to make Vitamin A. Death and blindness are possible side effects of those weakened by Vitamin A.
He quotes Michael Pollan of The New York Times Magazine, the aim of this audacious new advertising campaign is to impale people like me ” well-off first-worlders dubious about genetically engineered food ” on the horns of a moral dilemma ... If we dont get over our queasiness about eating genetically modified food, kids in the third world will go blind. Pushing the reader to see the extent of feeling invoked by the advertisement.
Later, he discusses the use of suicide seeds and quotes those disagreeing with use of the seeds. The person goes so far as comparing this new system to genetic serfdom due to the fact the 80% of crops in developing countries are grown using farm-saved seed.
Though Robbins, presents a viable argument about the use of GMOs and world hunger, it is easy to see that he has a narrowed view and although he does lead the reader very nicely though his thoughts and beliefs, the reader sees that there is a need for more research on a very pressing matter.
CAN GMOS HELP END WORLD HUNGER?
- In-text: (HuffPost, 2018)
- Your Bibliography: HuffPost. (2018). Can GMOs Help End World Hunger?. [online] Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-robbins/gmo-food_b_914968.html [Accessed 4 Sep. 2018].
- APPDMZ\jrwieb1. Our Commitments. Monsanto ~ Scholarship, Monsanto,
www.monsanto.ca/ourcommitments/Pages/SavingSeeds.aspx - This Rice Could Save a Million Kids a Year - Time
content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997586,00.html - The Seeds Of Destruction
MARIE LEAN - https://www.independent.co.uk/news/the-seeds-of-destruction-1070873.html
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American Dream Theme in their Eyes were Watching God
In Hurstonr's novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie, the main character, did not fit into the three communities of North Florida, Eatonville or the Muck. She always seemed to be an outsider in those communities. The quote I choose is Ships at a distance have every manr's wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men. Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly. (1.1-2)
She gained a sense of power, due to being alienated from those communities and it allowed her to grow. If she would have been an active member in either community, she would not have been able to grow and change into the person she was meant to be. It is assumed this novel takes place around the late 1920r's, due to the historical references in the book. This was a time when blacks and whites were still segregated but everyone still had dreams for their lives, despite color. The love that Janie saught after was jaded by the way Janie was treated by the men in her life. She yearned for respect and equality, while her nanny thought what was best for her was to get married to have financial stability. She at first aimed to please everyone, especially her nanny, but realized that it ultimately did not make her happy.
Her American dream was about finding herself and with that came along gaining personal freedom and finding true love. The freedom she found was not in a relationship but in lonesomenss and becoming a widow. This part of the quote, Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly; represents Janier's American Dream by the fact that women can mold themselves from their past into what they want to be. To learn and grow from your experiences make you into the person you are meant to be. Women, especially women of color were supposed to be subservient to men. Janie just wants to be an equal and a free woman that has her our thoughts and dreams. As the novel unfolds Janier's life experiences embodies who she becomes as she has a self-realization. She discovers things about herself she did not know before which shapes her into the woman she was truly meant to be. She realized she could only rely on herself for the love and care she was in so desperate need of and was searching for her whole life. The author shows that men and women have different dreams and goals and that is why many relationships dont work out.
The nature of relationships and culture of this time period was what the novel focused on. However, today, relationships should be based on mutual respect and support of each otherr's individual dreams and dreams they have together. To have a dream for happiness and success, and the hope of achieving it is what keeps the dream going for many Americans. Janie earns her freedom and happiness by the end of the novel. Her plight in life was one filled with struggles but she learned from the pain and learned about herself too. The American dream is your own, but you grow and learn things about yourself throughout your journey. Hurston, Zora Neale, et al. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Virago Press, 2018.
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Love, Marriage and Slavery in Hurston’s Novel
Inflam'd by love, and urg'd by deep despair, he leaves the realms of light, and upper air; daring to tread the dark Tenarian road, and tempt the shades in their obscure abode, wrote the poet Ovid of Orpheus love for Eurydice (10.17-20). His passion for his bride, whose life was cut short by a viper on their wedding day, was so strong he dared to face the perils of the netherworld and stand before Hades and Persephone to request Eurydicer's return to the living. Romantic love stories, similar to those of the Greek, have been told throughout Western history. The most famous being told by the Great Bard ” Romeo & Juliet ” in which the lovers cannot live without the other and offer their lives so that they might join each other in the afterlife. Supportive, equality, and mutuality are the ideal and as such are not always consuetudinary. The lure of eros-philia-agape is inextricably bound to suffering, and yet the human condition causes us to search for the fairytale endings: the ?they lived happily ever after. In some cases, when the ideal is neglected to an extreme degree, marriage can turn into servitude. The protagonist of Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie Crawford, seeks the perfect lover, but each time falls short; being engulfed with bondage.
It is not surprising then that an early target of the feminist movement was marriage. Sheila Cronan provided an iteration of the prevailing sentiment when she wrote: The institution of marriage ?protects women in the same way that the institution of slavery was said to ?protect blacks; that is, that the word protection in this case is simply a euphemism for oppression marriage is a form of slavery. (214) Given the history of African-Americans and the institution of slavery, the reference is not one to be passed over quickly. Slavery included corporal punishment, compulsory labor, ownership by another, and for African-American women it often involved forced exogamous relationships. To some degree, examples of each are found in the marriages of Janie Crawford.
The choice Janie makes as to where to begin her autobiography allows the reader to understand her motivation. She sits relaxed under a pear tree, watching bees move from flower to flower, a symbiotic relationship essential to pollination. The imagery Hurston employs is orgasmic (sink into the sanctum of a bloom; arch to the love embrace; ecstatic shiver; and frothing with delight) and Janie exclaims, So this was a marriage (Hurston 10-11). Donald Marks equates this imagery with an organicist ideology, which characterizes her romantic relationships with Johnny Taylor and Tea Cake. Through this Marks understands it as a pursuit of passion and one free from social constructs, pure love (152,154). It is carefree love that Janie desires. She sees harmony within it and finds it to be part of the natural order. Her marriage with Logan Killicks appears to change Janier's perspective; She knew now that marriage did not make love (Hurston 25). Yet the allure of natural love, even within marriage, never leaves her. Love is her desire for freedom that remains enkindled in the depth of her soul. It is evidenced in Janier's meetings with each of her lovers (Hurston 28,101-102).
The ember that sustains Janie also contributes to her disillusionment as she never finds the ?happily ever after in her lovers. Her marriages are then transformed into slavery, oppressive and murderous. The specter of slavery is introduced early in the text as Janie recounts the story told to her by her grandmother, the slave of a white man who used her for his sexual gratification and impregnated her (Hurston 16-17). Nanny tells her own story in an effort to persuade Janie to make choices based on reason, i.e. prosperity and social mobility. Judie Newman believes that Nanny attempts to show Janie the path out of slavery slaves were denied choices and stability (820).
The irony is that the ?choice is taken away from Janie because Nanny arranges the marriage with Logan Killicks over the objections of Janie. Janier's first marriage begins loveless, but she believes that love will eventually enter the relationship. Elements of their life together briefly satisfy the love needs of Janie but when Logan had stopped talking in rhymes to her [and] ceased to wonder at her long black hair and finger it (Hurston 25), a change comes over Janie. A simple move from honeymoon to reality arrives when Logan asks Janie to help him with the chores, which is symbolized with the purchase of a mule. The mule is a prominent symbol in Their Eyes Were Watching God, appearing on two different occasions. The first referenced by Nanny when she tells Janie that [d]e n***er woman is de mule uh de world (Hurston 14). The second was the hapless creature that is the laughing stock of Eatonville. There is a direct connection between the idea of a mule and slavery in Their Eyes Were Watching God, even slavery within slavery. It was sexual exploitation and political oppression that hampered the female slaver's ability to dream higher (Sadoff 8). The mule then implies more than physical labor. It is an animal that is yoked and driven by its owner to do someone elser's bidding. Derek Collins equates this revelation in Janie with a movement toward self-determination (146). Though moving in the right direction, Collins does not capture the totality of the movement. It must be centered within the framework of her desire for natural love, of which self-determination is only a part. She realizes that she will never attain her ideal with Logan. It cannot be mere coincidence that Jody Starks enters the story the very afternoon Logan decides to purchase a second mule (the beginning of Logan and Janier's life together).
Jody comes along and offers her an escape from Logan she takes it: You aint got no mo business wid uh plow [or] cuttin up no seed ptaters neither (Hurston 28). A path to freedom has been offered to her. The proverbial last straw on the camel (or mule)r's back is when Logan threatens to kill her with an axe if she does not follow his order to stay with him. This is enough to push Janie to choose a life of potential happiness with Jody rather than a life of slavery with Logan: From now on until death she was going to have flower dust and springtime sprinkled over everything. A bee for her bloom. Her old thoughts were going to come in handy now, but new words would have to be made and said to fit them. (Hurston 31) The words used by Hurston immediately recall the reader to Janier's revelation under the old pear tree. She, unlike Orpheus, has persuaded Charon to allow her to cross the River Styx in search of her beloved again. Though the seed for her enslavement has been planted at the same time. Janie recognizes in Jody what she thinks of as a natural-like love, only to later come to the realization that his love is another form of ownership.
It does not take long for Janie to realize the differences between her own view of marriage and Jodyr's,Janie soon discovers that she is merely one of his possessions, a beautiful status symbol (Smith 29). Her personhood is denied when she is treated as an object. Then along comes the mule, symbolic of a critical shift in their relationship. Janier's role in the marriage is further devalued with the constant degradation of her property value in the eyes of Jody.
Jody purchases a worn out old and mistreated in order to set it free and impress Janie with his magnanimity (Hurston 53-54). It is certainly an act of kindness to the animal. Perhaps in the mind of Jody he saw this as a symbolic act of Janier's freedom, but Janie herself interprets it as a symbol of her own slavery. Jody owns the mule as he owns Janie and is capable of disposing of either as he sees fit; the mule to retirement and Janie to silent shop work. Starks tyranny, his unwillingness to permit Janie to blossom, shatters her dream of the pear tree (Lupton 46). Hurston later describes Janie in the terms of a broken mule, saying her soul was affected (72). Hurstonr's use of soul can been seen as analogous to that quest for natural love. The ember was not snuffed out, merely buried deep within her.
A fateful day in the store provides Janie the opportunity to enliven her passion. She miscuts a plug of tobacco and Jody berates her yo rump hangin nearly to yo knees (Hurston 74). Janie becomes livid and finally finds her voice once again. The judging of Janie by her appearance, particularly her muscle tone, cannot be seen as only an uncouth insult. Instead, it must be judged within the context of livestock; of which slaves were considered a part. The pity of the mule is based on its lack of functionality as a work animal and now Jody is making a similar claim toward Janie. The reminder of bondage awakens within her the possibility of achieving and dreaming beyond her present state.
Only with the the death of Jody is Janie freed from his servitude. Tea Cake, an unlikely drifter, finds himself the preferred suitor of the widowed Janie. Janie quickly warms to him and the reader begins to see the flickers of natural love. When Janie asks his name, her response to Tea Cake is flirtatious, So you sweet as all dat (Hurston 93). Janie has been away from natural love for a long time and in the intervening period created her new vocabulary. Here she is reclaiming the old words, but in a broken way. Sweet is a remembrance of the honey, which is the nectar produced from the love-dance between the bee and the flowers of the pear tree. It is time to charm Charon once again.
Romeo and Juliet, the story of Orpheus, and other cultural epics of love, end tragically; perfect love is always beyond the grasp of mortals. A natural assumption then would be that Tea Caker's contraction of rabies is another example of this. The manifestation of Tea Caker's obsession with jealousy in his delusional state may offer another view. As the disease progresses, he slowly loses his humanity. While Tea Cake may be willing to attack anyone in his condition, he keeps returning his focus on Janie and questions of her faithfulness to him. The final and remaining element of his personality is jealousy, a form of possession.
The presence of jealousy prior to Tea Caker's infection is significant. When Janier's friend Mrs. Turner comes by the house and talks up her brother, Janie refuses to even consider him, Ah is married now, so ?taint no use in considerin (Hurston 137). Tea Cake hears the entire conversation: Tea Cake had a brain storm before the week was over he had whipped Janie. Not because her behavior justified his jealousy, but it relieved that awful fear inside him. Being able to whip her reassured him in possession. (Hurston 140) It was not rabidity that brought forth the jealousy. It was already present and not in a tangential way; it was at the core of Tea Caker's being.
Hurston is deliberate in placing the symbolism of the mule in each of the relationships Janie Crawford had with her lovers. They are the markers of her slavery. Subtly, Hurston shifts the mule from being an external character to being personified in Janie herself. Even with Tea Cake, janie is not given a true choice, After dis, you betta come git uh job uh work out dere (Hurston 126). No longer is the mule doing the work, as with Logan, nor the mule acting as surrogate, as with Jody. Janie has become the passive mule doing the will of her master. Tea Caker's death needed to occur to allow Janie the possibility to continue to seek that which her heart desired: the flight of bees in search of sweet nectar. From the apian revelation of her youth to the struggles on the muck of Florida, Janie Crawford refuses to accept anything less than perfect love. Her marriages lacked support, equality, and mutuality; and instead became prisons. She was not one to sit idle; the fire was too strong in her. And so when Janie returns to Eatonville Tea Cake lives only through memory and they make pictures of love and life against the wall (Hurston 184). Through memory alone can love be perfect, and Janie is able to effectuate her control for the first time.
Works Cited
- Collins, Derek. The Myth and Ritual of Ezili Freda in Hurstonr's Their Eyes Were Watching God. Western Folklore 55.2 (Spring 1996): 137-154
- Cronan, Sheila. Marriage. Radical Feminism. eds. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, Anita Rapone. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1973. 213-221.
- Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper-Perennial, 1990.
- Lupton, Mary Jane. Zora Neale Hurston and the Survival of the Female. The Southern Literary Journal 15.1 (Fall 1982): 45-54.
- Marks, Donald. Sex, Violence, and Organic Consciousness in Zora Neale Hurstonr's Their Eyes Were Watching God. African American Review 19.4 (Winter 1985): 152-157.
- Ovid. Metamorphoses by Ovid. The Internet Classics Archive. 30 November 2010 .
- Newman, Judi. Dis aint Gimme, Florida: Zora Neale Hurstonr's Their Eyes Were Watching God. The Modern Language Review 98.4 (October 2003): 817-826.
- Sadoff, Dianne. Black Matrilineage: The Case of Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston. Signs 11.1 (Autumn 1985): 4-26.
- Smith, Barbara. Sexual Politics and the Fiction of Zora Neale Hurston. The Radical Teacher 8 (May 1978): 26-30.
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Book Review on the First American
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Book Review On The First American. (2019, May 25).
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John Proctor in Arthur Millerr’s Classic Novel
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We Can Keep Animals Safe
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We Can Keep Animals Safe. (2019, May 23).
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Stop Animal Cruelty
Animal cruelty must be stopped. Each year tens and thousands of animals show signs of being abused. Furthermore, some of these helpless creatures are even brutely killed. Each living being whether animal or human is capable of feeling pain. In fact, research suggests that those who tend to abuse animals show signs of psychopathic behavior. Hence, assailants must be punished by the law with harsher sentences and not just mere fines. Therefore, as humans, can we really say that killing animals is the same as running over a red light?
According to modern-day research, there are approximately close to seventy million pet dogs that are assaulted per minute. As for other animals such as cats, the approximate is seventy-four million being abused per minute. However, if we compare the following to how many humans are being assaulted per minute in the U.S it would be an average of only fifty. Several of these animals are usually domestic animals such as dogs, cats, goats, horses and other such. Animals are capable of feeling pain just as much as humans or possibly even more. If one thinks about it, humans at the least are capable of voicing out for help but when it comes to animals they are helpless to abuse. Furthermore, several of these friendly creatures are even being killed. Accounts of dog abuse roam the internet for the amusement of other people. In fact, the age demographic of the those who abuse animals range from children to even grown-up adults. Therefore, a lot of such cases of domestic animals being slaughtered is slowly being considered the norm and this must change.
Several animals rights activists, as well as psychologists, have conducted studies on the behavior of those that abuse animals. It has been widely confirmed that those who intentionally torture or abuse their pets are most likely men under the age of thirty. On the other hand, women over the age of sixty have been guilty of hoarding pets. In fact, seventy-one percent of assailants charged for domestic violence in a household is said to have abused their pets or targeted animals. Furthermore, in cases of child abuse, it has been observed that eighty-eight percent of the families have taken to abuse their pet and then the children. Present day research suggests that those who tend to abuse animals show signs of psychopathic behavior. Studies have revealed that most serial killers took to abuse and kill pets before committing their first manslaughter. Hence, animal cruelty is a subject that must be taken seriously in order to avoid abuse of pets as well as humans.
The laws for manslaughter and animal slaughter are extremely varied. Manslaughter could potentially get the assailant a death sentence or a sentence that forever excludes them from society. However, the laws for animal slaughter often start with a warning leading to a mere fine and in worst cases a year of jail time. As humans, can we really say that killing animals is the same as running over a red light? In fact, studies have suggested that nine out of ten people that commit pet abuse also abuse their family or could potentially harm strangers. Although a sentence such as death might not be given to the assailant, there must be a harsher sentence in order to protect the animals as well as the people. Assailants being made to pay a mere fine of a thousand dollars for killing an animal is not something society must condone. It is extremely dangerous in our present day to allow such people roam about free. People who commit such horrifying acts must be punished and reformed in prison to avoid such acts to be eventually done to other people. Hence, assailants must be punished by the law with harsher sentences and not just mere fines for abusing or slaughtering animals.
Humans and animals are not different from one another. If anything, humans are only considered superior because of our ability to think and differentiate rights from wrongs. However, on the other hand, animals are quite helpless. Although they have the ability to think to a certain extent, they cannot talk. Animals are not capable enough to scream for help or defend themselves especially ones that are domesticated. Millions of animals get abused by humans, which must not be seen as the norm in our present day and time. Punishing those that hurt these helpless creatures would not only help the animals but society as well. Studies have proved that animal abuse eventually leads to the abuse of humans or in worst cases manslaughter. Hence, punishing assailants with harsher sentences allows us to protect animals as well as people. Therefore, animal cruelty must be stopped as running over a red light and killing helpless creatures is not the same.
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Solutions for Cruelty to Animals
Chapter 1: Activism And Activists
What is Activism and what are Activists? Activism is when a person, or a group of people is to campaign to bring a change in the society or in the government, usually to do what one believes is right. Activists are the most important component of activism as they are the ones who speak out to bring the change for what they believe in. In the case of animal cruelty, a few activists are Faye Carey, Genesis Butler, and Thomas Ponce.
Faye Carey is a teen activist who, aside from her other jobs, and her school work, still makes time every Friday to work at the pound. Faye started at age 16 after working at a pound for a year to still see a puppy still there from the first day she entered the pound. She then got on a website called trade me and advertised the puppy there. Instantly the post got a lot of likes and after a while the puppy found a new home with a loving family. Faye still works, but instead works at her own animal shelter where she is still doing what she has been doing for 5 years. (Newshub, 2013)
Genesis Butler is a Activist at only age 10! She spoke to give a speech about animal rights at age 10 and even earlier at age 8 started her own organization to raise money and to justify that animals are not being mistreated, and prior to that at age 4 became a vegetarian, and at age 6 became a vegan and also persuaded her family to do the same. She also won the first ever Carlee and Laurie McGrath Young Hero for Animals Award and the title of PETAr's cutest vegan kid in a contest in 2015 according to peta.org. (Kretzer, 2018)
Thomas Ponce is a 12 year old activist who created a website called Lobby for animals which helps activists become more active on the topic of animal rights by making persuasive phone calls, putting up posters, and writing letters all to get the attention of people to focus some of their attention to the problem of animal cruelty and animal misuse. Thomasr's other reason to why he wants to do this is because he speaks up for those who cant speak for themselves which led him to say, We have to remember, we are speaking up for those who cant speak up for themselves; we are the voice of the voiceless and we need to be heard! (The Pollination Project, 2018)
Activism can happen anywhere at any age from when you learn to speak to the day before you die, and thatr's a good thing because that means that you can act on anything. Activists are everywhere and are continuously trying to stand up for what they believe in and you can do the same. Stand up for what you believe is right and make a difference for the better and also for what is right.
Chapter 2: Animal Abandonment
Animal Abandonment is a form of animal cruelty. It hurts animals, and it causes a problem. Animal Abandonment can come from anyone owning any sort of pet. It occurs for many reasons but the outcome is always a pet ending up being returned to a pound that is overcrowded or is discarded in a cruel way.
Animal Cruelty happens when a owner passes away, cannot maintain to keep a pet anymore, or realizes that keeping a pet is too much responsibility. To solve these problems the owner has multiple choices, to drop the pet off (anonymously or known) to a pet shelter/pound, to release the pet into the wild, and ways that are plain cruel. Examples of cruel abandonment would be selling their pet to companies that only care of profit or dumping their pet in a trash can. (Anders, 2016)
Summer is often when animals or pets are abandoned. This is true mainly because during the Summer, the real responsibility of cleaning, walking, and other reasons start to become hard to do thus leaning pet owners to abandon their pet, also during the summer many families go on vacation and decide not to hire a pet sitter therefore another reason to abandon their pet. Because of this about 1.5 animals/pets are being abandoned per hour in the Summer. (Anders, 2016)
Animal Abandonment is also one of the biggest problems in Animal Cruelty because many pounds are overcrowded so there will be no place for abandoned animals when their owners abandon them. This happens because owners are constantly abandoning animals more than there is room for them in shelters, and while doing so the animals are having puppies or kittens in the wild increasing the animal population. The AVMA recommends that when you adopt a pet you should spay the pet so that the pet, if you were to abandon it or if it attempts to have a puppy or kitten then it wouldnt and that would help the to the cause of animal overpopulation which would greatly help animal abandonment. Abandonment could also happen if a pet owner owns too many pets forcing the owner to abandon some of his/her pets. (AVMA, 2018)
Abandonment is a topic worth fighting for, the animals were here before us and they did nothing to us that could greatly affect us in a bigger way than we affected them. Stand up for Animal abandonment and stand up for animal cruelty so that there will be laws against them that will be mandatory everywhere. To stop this, a pet owner should spay their pet, make a lifelong commitment to their pet, and never treat it like anything less than what it is.
Chapter 3: Animal Testing & Overpopulation
Animal Testing is a very cruel way to torture animals as it allows testers to tie up an animal, do tests on the animal regardless of how the animal feels, and the result will be a animal that will no longer be cared for or a dead animal. Testing also allows testers to do anything to the animal before and after the test weather it is discarding it, giving it drugs, or even killing it if the test fails. (PETA, 2018)
Animals In the US that are commonly used in experiments are rats, mice, fish, amphibians, and birds which are not classified as animals in the US allowing companies to test on them legally. Most animals that will eventually be tested on are usually raised for that one experiment when that fully functional animal could have been living a good life in a warm home. Cruelty Free International says,A dog bred for research is still a dog who could otherwise live a happy life in a loving home. (Cruelty Free International, 2018)
There is also surprising news from the FDA that drugs or medications that work on animals mostly do not work on humans. There is about a 8% chance that what does work on animals works on humans, which means that what could work on an animal, by coincidence can work on a human, and by using only this information, we can justify that tests on animals are unnecessary and will not make much of a test if it the test is actioned. Also, a essay from new scientist: How human biology can prevent drug deaths states that about 100,000 people in the US die due to medications or drugs that were tested by animals that worked. (Bekoff, 2018)
The tests that are often performed in laboratories that involved animals often required the animal to suffer or be tortured. There is no law banning this as the society thinks that it is the only way to make sure that humans are not being poisoned, but as mentioned previously, the success rate of a test on an animal versus a human is only 8%, and because of this, animals are not required to suffer for tests that will most likely not have a effect on us. A test on an animal has also caused many deaths in people who tested the product right after the product passed the animal testing, and when they did try the product, they resulted in a negative effect where the human test subjects were either poisoned to death or the test caused a failure of body parts. (Bekoff, 2018)
Overall, when you hear the words: animal testing, you think of a bad thing, and that is exactly what it is. Animal testing does not work and does not prove anything because animal bodies are much different than human bodies, therefore the effect could be anything. Stand up and stop the testing of animals, it has caused many deaths already, weather in humans or in animals. Either way, the testing of animals is bad and overall cruel. This doesnt have to happen and definitely should not happen so stop it, it hurts animals and does not affect us in any kind of major way.
Chapter 4: Dogfighting And Slaughter
Dogfighting is a sport that requires dogs to shed blood even if it is illegal in all 50 states, but it still takes place weather in a closely guarded arena or in a abandoned warehouse. Dogs are commonly bred for dogfights and are often raised in isolation with their tails and ears cut off so that during the fight the dog has lessened senses and so that the opponent cannot rip the parts off to cause a unfair advantage. The dogs are also fed drugs so the fight will be more exciting. A loser in the fight might not be dead in the end but will be when the owner kills the dog and feeds it to the winner, or simply discards it. (ASPCA, 2018)
Dogfighting is a way of showing how much someone could hate dogs and also shows how heartless someone could be. Dogs are often forced to fight for multiple reasons, to gain money, for entertainment, or to make bets or to gamble on the winner. During dogfights, dogs are put into a slightly small arena so that the opponent has nowhere to run. The only breeds of dogs that are used in dogfights are more vicious and more muscular dogs like pitbulls. (ASPCA, 2018)
Dogfighting and slaughter have their differences but also have many similarities like the cruel killing of an animal, the mistreatment of an disabled or perfectly functional animal, and the slaughter of an animal while it is still alive and can still feel pain. Slaughtering can happen to any animal, especially marine animals. Marine animals are killed by the billions each month and most animals in the oceans are becoming endangered from the great whales to the orcas to the bluefin tuna. (10 Animals Killed For Food, 2018) & (Most endangered fish species, 2018)
Slaughter involves a animal that is alive and can still live for time to come. The result of slaughter is a dead body of an animal. Slaughter means to kill an animal for food, mainly in a cruel way where the animal is still alive and can still feel pain. A cruel slaughter subject is the horse who (if the horse is considered useless, or disabled) is shipped to the US to be killed by slaughter. The transfer of these horses are in cramped trucks when the horses are provided with no food or water. The steps of this slaughter is to cut off the horser's hooves, then legs, and finally, to cut off all the hair. The horse is usually still awake or alive when this happens and still will survive until the head is cut off. After this process, the shipment of horses are shipped across seas to another country to be consumed by humans. (ASPCA, 2018)
The slaughter of animals is a cruel way to end a life and can result in extinction, Yet there is no law banning the slaughter of horses in the US, so we have to stand up for slaughter and try to make the law pass. What we could do instead is to have the animal peacefully fall asleep forever and never wake up. This method could potentially stop any species from being tortured, killed slowly or extinct. There are also many other animal species out there that are already endangered and are set for the course of extinction because of slaughter, so if the bill that is to ban the cruel slaughter of animals passes then maybe the next generations will still be seeing animals that we are just barely seeing today.
Chapter 5: Solutions For Cruelty To Animals
There are many solutions out there for animal cruelty but we simply choose to ignore them. There are bills that can be passed, and more conservative thoughts to think about rather that thinking about the fact that you are hungry or bored and need animals just for those reasons. Animals are living things too and deserve rights. We have driven more than a simple million animals to extinction and have overpopulated the earth with domesticated animals. We can stop all of this by simply thinking about what could happen to the future and do things like going meatless once a week, or voting yes for bills that protect animals and stop the torture of animals. There are many problems in our society, especially for the future and for mother earth.
The problem the article is to address is the problem of animal cruelty and animals in general, and here are some simple solutions. When adopting a pet, make a lifelong commitment to it and never give the pet up for re-adoption or abandon it. While adopting your pet you should also try to spay the pet, therefore the population will stay in control and no pets will have to suffer. You can also vote yes on bills or laws that can possibly protect endangered animals and control the amount of overpopulated species so that there will once again be balance in the food chain like there used to be. (Dog and Cat Population Control, 2018)
Many might also think that there is nothing you can do about illegal actions that are still taking place like dogfighting, but you can. In the case of dogfighting, you should call the police to stop the fight and also to stop the breeding of any more dogs for dogfights. If anyone you know is also mistreating their pet then you should tell them why their action is wrong and try to also help the pet that they were mistreating. Any form of animals cruelty should be illegal and should not be committed either way, so help to fight it, and maybe you could become a activist, anything might, and probably will help.
Spread the news of Animal Cruelty and stop any form of it, weather it be helping any animal in need by providing it with food, water, and shelter, or by donating, spreading the word, or, if you can, then try acting upon it by creating a statement, giving a speech about it, or by talking through congress and allowing everybody worldwide to hear your thoughts and think to consider making a change or difference. Change is what we need and we need to start thinking about the future, the earth we live on, and others which includes the animals which were on this planet way before us.
We can do anything if we are devoted to do it, just look how far we got in our society, If we are devoted, then we can stop any problem, if we are devoted, then we can do anything.
So stop the Cruelty to Animals, It is a problem waiting to be solved.
Resources:
- Anders, C. J. (2016) A Pet Is Abandoned Every Single Hour In The Summer. Retrieved From: https://www.thedodo.com/abandoned-pets-summer-1917692034.html
ASPCA (2018) Cruelty Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.aspca.org/animal-cruelty - AVMA (2018). Dog and Cat Population Control. Retrieved From: https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Dog-And-Cat-Population-Control.aspx
- Bekoff (2018). Fact! Testing Drugs On Animals Does Not Work to Help Humans. Retrieved From: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal- emotions/201212/f a ct-testing-drugs-animals-does-not-work-help-humans
- Cruelty Free International (2018). What is animal testing? Retrieved From: https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/why-we-do-it/what-animal-testing
- HowStuffWorks (2018). Top 10 Most Endangered Fish Species. Retrieved From: https://animals.howstuffworks.com/endangered-species/top-10-most-endangered-fish.htm
- Kretzer, M. (2018). Get Ready to Be Inspired by This 11-Year-Old Activist and TEDx Speaker. Retrieved From: https://www.peta.org/blog/genesis-butler-young-hero-for-animals-award/
- Newshub (2018). Teenage girl is dogs' best friend. Retrieved From: https://www.newshub.co.nz/nznews/teenage-girl-is-dogs-best-friend-2013080912
- PETA (2018). Cruelty to Animals in Laboratories. Retrieved From: https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-laboratories/
- The Pollination Project (2018). Meet our 100th Grantee: Thomas Ponce, Founder of Lobby for Animals. Retrieved From: https://thepollinationproject.org /2013/04/15/meet- our-10 0t h-grantee-thomas-ponce-founder-of-lobby-for-animals/
- Vegan Souls (2018). Top 10 Animals Killed for Food Worldwide Each Year. Retrieved From: https://www.vegansouls.com/animals-killed-for-food
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