Month: May 2019
Prevent Animal Abuse
There are a wide range of reasons why people misuse creatures. Creature cold-bloodedness covers a wide scope of activities, so one cover answer essentially is beyond the realm of imagination. The issues regarding animal abuse as being unethical is not regarded as a huge problem in society when in fact it is much more common than you think. Animal cruelty leads to more violent crimes, organizations can profit off of maltreatment, and animals experiencing depression.
People keep on going to zoos and carnivals, wearing calfskin, and eating meat; exercises all of which include either confining or executing of creatures. Creatures are likewise kept as pets by people and this includes the moving of creatures and developing confines for them, so they may not get away. Every one of these activities have to do with the encroachment of every living creature's common-sense entitlement somehow. It is anyway fascinating that people never consider the effects that these activities have on creatures apparently since creatures, to them, have no rights. This negligence of every living creature's common-sense entitlement has even pulled in court cases some of which looked to have creatures seen as people similarly as people. Individuals ought to consider giving creatures indistinguishable rights from people since they merit it.
Creatures ought to be conceded indistinguishable rights from people first on the grounds that simply like people, they have the ability to endure. They feel protective love, dejection, disappointment, dread, and joy contingent upon the circumstance they wind up in. In that capacity, it ought to be the ethical commitment of people to consider this reality at whatever point they consider undertaking activities that would meddle with the necessities of creatures.
It is well meriting for creatures to lead their lives free from being misused or being exposed to sufferings. This information is relevant as to where the others stated facts this one was more informative on the process itself. Also, it was split into 4 steps.
Step 1: Evaluate the situation.
Step 2: Report animal abuse.
Step 3: Understanding the law.
Step 4: Help prevent animal abuse
Actually, when settling on the privileges of any being, the inquiry ought to be whether they can endure and not whether they can talk or reason.
Individuals ought to likewise think about that creatures have an intrinsic worth which in itself is totally isolated from the value of creatures to people. Being living creatures fit for moving, all creatures have the privilege to life and hence have each privilege not to be exposed to any sorts of torment. In such manner, it isn't right with respect to people to assume that the sole purpose behind the presence of nonhuman creatures is for them to be utilized by people. Creatures connect monstrous incentive to their lives just like people do, and as it should be. This is the reason they will dependably endeavor to sidestep peril either by guarding themselves or fleeing from wellsprings of threat. It is likewise why they approach searching for nourishment to battle for themselves and their young ones, much like people.
Another thought that people should make is that their encroachment of every living creature's common-sense entitlement depends on preference that they can undoubtedly put a conclusion to. All things considered, just partiality pushes an individual into denying someone else the rights that they hope to have for themselves.
Further, creatures have a culture to protect and along these lines murdering or confining them adds up to a disintegration of this culture. Their destiny looks like that of vagrants of war who in the wake of losing their families and seeing the annihilation of their towns, stay to flounder in hopelessness. As it were, all species experience the ill effects of post-horrible pressure issue. Why subject another species to an affair you would not want for yourself?
It is the conviction of a few people that since creatures are not people, they ought not have indistinguishable rights from people. In any case, it ought to be noticed that grown-up warm-blooded creatures and human creatures have no ethically applicable contrast between them. They are the two creatures and they have the right to be dealt with the equivalent. Regardless of how accommodatingly creatures might be dealt with, murdering, restricting, rearing, purchasing, and moving them attack into their rights. It is low to expose one animal types to sufferance while battling for the privileges of another species yet ethically; they both merit regard and opportunity. It is along these lines exploitative to accept that people can do whatever they like with creatures.
Each kind of maltreatment has shown certain examples of conduct that we can use to help see progressively concerning why individuals carry out the wrongdoings we experience today.
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Prevent Animal Abuse. (2019, May 23).
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Catcher in the Rye and Children
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Catcher in the Rye And Children. (2019, May 23).
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Problems in the Catcher in the Rye
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Symbolism in the Catcher in the Rye
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Symbolism in The Catcher In The Rye. (2019, May 23).
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Suppression and Suffocation Ambiguity in Identity in Jane Eyre
The most notable thing in Jane Eyre is the dichotomy of the society she is surrounded in. Unlike Jane herself, the world she is surrounded in is--according to Amanda Vickery-- dialectical polarity. The separation of social spheres in the novel is a direct reflection of the society in which it was written in-- Victorian England. Victorian England like Jane was a period of ambiguity of womens roles in society; women were both restrained by expectations and given freedom through work.
The 'cult of true womanhood (Welter, 1966) that surrounded women in the early nineteenth century formed a rhetoric of what women were expected to be the 'ideal Victorian woman. Jane doesnt fit the 'pious and submissive role that was explicitly defined in the cult of true womanhood her lack of definitive identity in the novel is a reflection of the crippling ideology of traditional femininity that during this time period was being rebuilt due to the Industrial Era. The Industrial Era during the beginning to mid nineteenth century created a narrative of economic change and broke the social spheres of female domesticity and male work (Vickery, 1993). No longer were men seen as the only group of laborers in Englands economy-- factories served as a stepping stone of women gaining financial independence (Vickery). The Victorian era took down as many walls as it built up with defining femininity. What it meant to be a woman in a time of nonpolar social and economic spheres was unwritten. And Jane Eyre is Brontes try at creating a definition. For centuries, scholars have been debating the merits of Jane Eyres feminism. Whether of not it qualifies as a truly feminist novel remains the focus of many scholars. This essay will argue that the debate is largely anachronistic. Jane Eyre is neither feminist nor anti-feminist because it is a reflection of the changing role of the female during the Victorian era. In this essay, I will argue that Bronte rewrites what it means to be a woman in such a chaotic time period using speech and gender as agents of power in the novel. Janes ambiguity--specifically in terms of her relationship to speech and to her gender-- causes her to struggle to gain personal identity and power in a world with two extreme polarities, suppression and suffocation.
Janes struggle to obtain power through her speech is symbolic to her struggle of creating a personal identity (Freeman,1984). When looking at speech in the novel from a lense of polyphony and dialogism, words don't have innate connotations or power, humans enable their power through response to these words. In literature, symbolism occurs through the actions of characters. Speech becomes an agent of power in the first chapter of the book:
I dont very well know what I did with my hands, but he called me 'Rat! Rat! And bellowed out aloud[...] We were parted I heard the words-
'Dear! Dear! What a fury to fly at Master John!
'Did every anybody see such a picture of passion!
Then Mrs Reed subjoined-
'Take her away to the red-room, and lock her in there. (Bronte, 7).
Indeed, although Jane and John attack each other which causes physical pain, the speech in this scene is more damaging. By painting Jane a 'picture of passion for her defending herself against her bully cousin, only she (the girl) is reprimanded for being emotional. Her being shut down and sent to the red room is a physical and emotional repression of her emotions Jane is forced to be separated from people because of her passion. This sets the precedent for the remainder of the novel. The reactions of others solidifies in the eyes of the reader for the rest of the novel that in this world, women expressing their emotions is a taboo subject. Bahkin argues that Jane being sent to the red room also defines Jane to the reader as a passionate person and the other characters reactions defines passion for women in a negative matter. (The Dialogic Imagination, Bakhtin) This moment, taking place in the first chapter draws two polarities for Jane; she can either allow her passion to suffocate her, resulting in ostracization, or she can suppress her emotions to be accepted by society. Speech in the novel, though, serves as a loophole. Only after seeing a doctor in the red room, and being encouraged to express her feelings through words, is she freed from Gateshead (Freeman). Although she was still expressing her emotions, they are controlled. For the remainder of the novel, Jane struggles to obtain this medium of controlled passion. Situations where she is without power is when her voice is being imposed on her, or where she can not express her voice.
Janes struggle for 'controlled passion is a huge element of ambiguity in the novel. As Jane struggles to find this medium of controlled passion she is in a world of polarities- women who suppress their emotions (Helen Burns) and suffocate in their own passion (Bertha Mason):
This ominous tool she presented to Miss Scatcherd with a respectful curtesy[...] the teacher instantly and sharply inflicted on her neck a dozen strokes with the bunch of twigs. Not a tear rose to Burns' eye[ ] I looked at her [...] and the trace of a tear glistened on her thin cheek)(Bronte, 53).
The readers first impression of Helen Burns is a picture of pious servitude. Burns always is horribly punished, and takes it--in the words of Jane-- doctrined endurance (Bronte, 55) . She is the epitome of Brocklehursts teachings, being so humble-- yet, suffers largely. This is Janes first experience seeing another person being punished, and what surprised her the most is how Helen does not put up a fight.To survive in Lowood, Helen squashes her own emotions to be what she thinks is accepting [her] fate (Bronte, 55). Her death of consumption, is symbolic to her being consumed in her repressed emotions. Bertha suffers a similar fate in the novel by committing suicide by lighting Thornfield on fire. Her death was a symbol of a woman suffocating herself in her own emotion to avoid being repressed by others around her. Janes only conscious meeting with Bertha is short-lived but clearly shows the power struggle between her and Rochester:
"She was a big woman, in stature almost equalling her husband, and corpulent besides: she showed virile force in the contest--more than once she almost throttled him, athletic as he was[...]At last he mastered her arms; Grace Poole gave him a cord, and he pinioned them behind her: with more rope, which was at hand, he bound her to a chair (Bronte, 311).
Berthas character serves as a warning to Jane of what can happen when a woman allows herself to be dictated by her emotions. Her height is a symbol of her power, and being that she equals Rochester in height, she is seen as a threat to his masculinity. Berthas physical strength is another component that makes her threatening to his masculinity. While Bertha doesnt suppress herself and allows her emotions to be expressed, the people around her do it for her. Berthas tying to the chair represents this external suppression of womens emotions. The deaths of Bertha and Helen are symbolic to the polarities Bronte claims women are forced with-- suppression or suffocation. In reality, suffocation and suppression are two sides of the same coin; in the novel if there is one the other soon follows. By doing this, Bronte claims that there is no way to survive in this oppressive society.
Using speech as an agent of power is an interesting critique on womens roles in Victorian England. Janes silence in the novel is a reflection of the 'patriarchal oppression (Demir, 2015) of Victorian aged women. Women at this time were taught to submit themselves to men, confining them to exclusively the domestic sphere of work. In that sphere, women were marginalized to tasks such as language, art and music to be 'angels of the house (Demir, 2015). Giving women a voice at a time that womens education is culturally defined as a 'hobby legitimizes their intellect and voice. By enabling Jane to tell her narrative, Bronte gives authority to a woman for the entire novel. She uses elements of Victorian ideals in Janes character by using elements of the angels in the house such as language and art to make her seem intelligent, but then uses these things to give her independence throughout the novel(Vickery). By going on a more traditional route by basing her intelligence in these 'angels in the house to foster an untraditional life filled with self-independence and freedom of movement, Bronte builds this ambiguity of Janes character using her speech to show that women do not necessarily have to be extremely opposed to traditional femininity or dissociate themselves from that rhetoric completely to be a powerful woman. Janes power comes from her directing her story and her independence, which she obtains from traditionally feminine hobbies such as learning language and art.
The theme of ambiguity in the novel carries on to the physical, economic and social embodiment of Janes character. Bronte writes Jane is plain-- physically she is not beautiful, though nor is she ugly;she is "no beauty" but she does "look like a lady" (Bronte, 94). Her appearance is a metaphor for the complete ambiguity that surrounds Jane- both economically and socially. Janes whole childhood is hard to define-- she is raised in the home of her wealthy family members, yet is seen as less than to the servants who lived there because of her orphanage. 'For shame! for shame!cried the lady's-maid. 'What shocking conduct, Miss Eyre, to strike a young gentleman, your benefactress's son! Your young master. 'Master! How is he my master? Am I a servant? 'No; you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep(Bronte, 8). In fact, Janes lack of parents is yet another symbol of ambiguity. In literature, orphanage is used as a metaphor to represent a characters detachment from society and lack of identity (Auerbach, 1975). In Jane Eyre, Jane not being born into an identity or home allows her to freely move from place to place in the novel. On the other hand, her not having a definitive identity predestines her to flee each community she assimilates herself to: from Gateshead , to her leaving Lowood to Thornfield. Jane doesnt find a long term home in the novel, until she creates one for herself when she goes into the woods and builds a home with Rochester: We entered the wood, and wended homeward (Bronte, 478). All of the five parts in the novel follow the same pattern; Eric Solomon said Jane comes into conflict with authority, defeats it by her inner strength and departs into exile. Peter Brooks theory on narrative analysis defines repetition in a novel as a metaphor of the binding obsessions humans have of creating a definite end to everything in their lives. Repetition is explained by Freuds death instinct, which is that people with traumatic experiences, relive these experiences.
Viewing this pattern in the novel using Brooks lense on narrative analysis, the common theme of Janes exhalation represents how despite the development she makes throughout each 'act in the novel, she still finds herself alone, similarly to her being ostracized in the red room at the beginning of the novel. Lack of understanding who she is and her place in society, wasnt explained by her parents during her easily influenced, developmental state (Freud). This confusion turns into frustration in her that she expresses through repression of her emotions or outward aggression. Both choices wield her the same results- being alone. Jane not having parents explain to her her status and position in society results in her embracing an androgyny; both traditionally male and female phenotypes. This is supported using Judith Butlers critical theory on gender, being that gender is a learned construct. Jane not having parents, had no one to teach her gender resulting in her not feeling the pressure of complying to the traditional role of a Victorian woman.
While Janes orphanage is a component to her embracing both traditionally male and female things, her education is also another social element that gifts her her unclear identity in the novel. Janes teachings at Lowood raised her in a religious, sensible setting-- a reflection to the 'unsexting of the working class woman in this time period due to no polarization in the workplace (Godfrey, 2005). Miss Scatcherd continued to make her an object of constant notice: she was continually addressing to her such phrases as the following:--"Burns" (such it seems was her name: the girls here were all called by their surnames, as boys are elsewhere) (Bronte, 52). This detail of the last names is extremely important, because it serves as proof on the unsexting that occurs of the Lowood girls. The girls at Lowood represent the working-class and the womens androgynous identity in this class at this time. What is notable about this, is that instead of their feminity being thrown away willingly, instead it was ripped from them:
'Julia Severn, maam! And why has she, or any other, curled hair? Why, in defiance of every precept and principle of this house, does she conform to the world so openly here in an evangelical, charitable establishment as to wear her hair one mass of curls?'
Julias hair curls naturally, returned Miss Temple, still more quietly.'
'Naturally! Yes, but we are not to conform to nature: I wish these girls to be the children of Grace: and why that abundance? I have again and again intimated that I desire the hair to be arranged closely, modestly, plainly. Miss Temple, that girls hair must be cut off entirely' [ ] (Bronte, 64).
Brocklehurst ripping all sources of femininity show that the androgyny that took place in this time period was forced. The unsexting of the women that takes place in Lowood is not a innovative feminist subplot because the women do not willingly submit. Instead, this unsexting is controlled by this middle class man, who unsexes them in order to legitimize the terrible treatment of these women.
On the other hand of the social sphere, Brocklehursts daughters were always dressed lavishly, and treated well: Mr. Brocklehurst was here interrupted: three other visitors, ladies, now entered the room. They ought to have come a little sooner to have heard his lecture on dress, for they were splendidly attired in velvet, silk, and furs (Bronte, 65). Brontes purpose in including Brocklehursts daughters was to highlight the contrast from the aristocratic middle class woman to the modern working woman.In this part of Janes life, she is forced to suppress her femininity due to gender polarity [being] a luxury only for the middle class (Godfrey).
Even as Janes position in society improves when she leaves Lowood to become a private governess, she still remains an outsider: I sit in the shade--if any shade there be in this brilliantly-lit apartment; the window-curtain half hides me(Bronte, 182).When Jane is surrounded by the wealthy, she hides. After living so long suppressing her femininity, Jane is now moved to a world where she is drowned in the expectations of an aristocratic woman, not only to be accepted to the women around her, but to appear desirable to Rochester. Poovey writes Janes position as a governess as a position of androgyny; her position is traditionally feminine because she takes care of a child, but also masculine due to her financial independence. Janes androgyny makes her completely stand out compared to the polarized women around her:
This I quickly was: my best dress (the silver-grey one, purchased for Miss Temple's wedding, and never worn since) was soon put on [...] Some of them were very tall; many[the women] were dressed in white.The collective appearance of the gentlemen, like that of the ladies, is very imposing: they are all costumed in black(Bronte, 178-182).
Bronte completely plays with colors to show Janes androgyny. At the dinner, Jane is the only one wearing grey; the women wear white and the men wear black. Jane, in her grey dress falls into an ambiguous territory, literally containing both black in white in her dress. Janes grey dress is a symbol of her androgynous role due to her role as governess.
Bronte, playing with Janes physical appearance, enabling her financial independence, and socially making her adopt an androgyny builds an undefined identity in the novel.Jane embodies both male and female characteristics, socially and financially. The purpose of making this ambiguity was not to have the book lean towards the polarities of feminism, or anti feminism but instead to embrace both of these polarities of current womanhood in this time. Janes androgyny is a direct reflection of the changing role in womens identity during the nineteenth century. Various Revolutions going on during the time this novel was written--notably the Industrial Revolution-- helped gain way towards dismantling the 'separate spheres that have plagued the social spheres in Victorian England at the time. Speech in the novel serves a metaphor for power and Janes relationship with it is a reflection to womens relationship with speech during this time period. While on one hand, suppression of emotion and not speaking up for oneself, can resulted in the women suffocating in their emotions-- seen in Helen Burns. On the other hand, allowing yourself to be guided completely on emotion can result in social isolation and repression being forced onto them seen in Bertha Mason. Janes character in the novel is multilayered and faceted, a reflection to the complex changing role and identity of women in the western world. Bronte established this metaphor in all aspects of Janes character: in her physical appearance, and in her social interactions. Janes plainness serves as an umbrella for her lack of identity since at this time, a womans worth came from her beauty (Vickery). Socially, Janes ambiguous status--both the one she was raised in and her status as a governess-- reflects the literal social development of women at this time. In Janes youth, her schooling forces her to suppress her femininity in the sake of religion, and in her job at Thornfield, she had no choice but to be suffocated in femininity, by taking a job where she was to care of a child, and to assimilate to the aristocratic society she was surrounded in. The story ends with Jane and Rochester living in a house in the wood, which is a metaphor for the social exclusion that, for Jane, was necessary to survive in the world of polarities. Her moving into the woods was her creating a new identity-- and was ultimately Bronte creating a new woman. Brontes new woman is fluid she doesnt embrace the infamous femininity the Victorian Era is known for, but also is not the picture of feminism, that was created in the Industrial Revolution. This new woman is undefined, reflected in the ambiguity in Janes identity.
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Suppression and Suffocation Ambiguity in Identity in Jane Eyre. (2019, May 23).
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Post Civil War Life of African Americans
Slavery is a tough time in history for Americans to look back on, but it doesn't mean we get to erase it from history. Beginning in the mid-1600s the enslavement of African Americans began. Slave owners were brutal and stripped their slaves of their humanity. As the Northern part of the country began to thrive industrially, the South continued to stick with their old ways. As time persisted, the tension between the North and South grew stronger due to thoughts on slaves. In 1861 the Civil War began and lasted four long years. The war was between the North and South and went down in history as the war with the most casualties. Six-hundred and twenty thousand American Soldiers died due to starvation, disease, and combat. As the end result, the North was victorious, resulting in freedom for African Americans. As slaves walked free, they soon were confronted with many issues such as their rights, jobs, segregation, and economic struggles.
President Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln deemed it official that slaves within any state, or designated part of a state in rebellion, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. (Civil War and Emancipation,1861) Thus slaves were free to walk, except a handful of slaveowners continued to work their slaves. Apart from those few, three billion black slaves walked free, causing the south to lose the bulk of its labor forces, also putting a delt in the souths stability during the war. (Civil War and Emancipation,1861) About 186,000 black soldiers joined the Union Army in combat. The war ended in a victory for the union, guaranteeing freedom for some four million slaves. (Civil War and Emancipation,1861)
The 13th Amendment was adopted in late 1865. It abolished slavery but the questionable status of freed blacks remained. (Civil War and Emancipation,1861) As the south began to reestablish civil authority in 1865 and 1866, they created a series of laws better known as the black codes. The codes were designed to restrict the freedom of blacks and ensure their availability as a labor force. (Civil War and Emancipation,1861) (History.com) Contrary to the Black Codes, the Federal Government created the Freedman's Bureau. The Bureau was established in 1865 by Congress. It was designed to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South who were stuck in the aftermath of the Civil War. The Bureau provided food, shelter, and medical aid. It established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to help ex-slaves live on land which had been abandoned or confiscated during the war.
However, the Freedman's Bureau was unable to carry out its programs due to reconstruction, racial politics and a lack of funds. The parish of Lafayette was the double murder of Daniel Lanet and Alexander Snaer who were business partners. The two were murdered by four black in their store during a robbery. (Vandal, Gilles, 1997) The four men set fire to the store and later on, the murdered men were discovered. Three of the men were caught and executed by a lynch mob of over a thousand people, but the fourth man escaped being hung, through telling the truth. (Vandal, Gilles, 1997) Murders during robberies were a new phenomenon and were seen as a major characteristic of the post-Civil War era. These crimes were seen as the direct consequence of emancipation. Many blacks refused to work on plantations again and they struggled to find work for making a living. The alternative was being petty thefts, grand larceny, and robbery. (Vandal, Gilles, 1997)
All of these crimes became part of their everyday lives. On the other hand, whites struggled to adjust to the new social and economic conditions. Whites felt increasingly insecure before what they thought as the inability of the civil authorities to cope with the wave of property crimes. Hundreds of whites periodically joined lynching parties. (Vandal, Gilles, 1997) They saw mob violence as their only resort to correct an intolerable situation. The civil war brought the emancipation of slaves along with a new land of economic ruin and social disruption.(Vandal, Gilles, 1997)
Post Civil War, violence became popular, especially among one group who was refered to as the KKK or the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan was initially a large rural organization made up of people from lower social classes. The second klan is recognized as having a social and political movement which attracted the support of white Protestants across the social spectrum. African Americans were the main targets but the klan was also after Catholics, Jews, Immigrants, and alleged moral offenders. The KKK was not merely a hate group. (Lay, Shawn, 2001) Alabama Klansmen were advocates of better public schools, effective prohibition enforcement, expanded road construction, and other initiatives. By the mid-1920s the klan evolved into a powerful political force in Alabama. (Lay, Shawn, 2001) Big political figures like J. Thomas Heflin, David Bibb Graves, and Hugo Black had joined the Klan and successfully wielded the votes against industrialists and Black Belt planters which dominated state politics. (Lay, Shawn, 2001) KKK members were confident that they had governmental protection and that they launched an unprecedented wave of physical terror across Alabama, targeting both blacks and whites. (Lay, Shawn, 2001) Traditional business and political leaders struck back against the Klan and officials began to crack down on Klan violence. The Alabama Klan was defeated in the Hoovercrat revolt of 1928. Despite the defeat, a significant Klan continued throughout the 1930s and 1940. (Lay, Shawn, 2001)
Segregation continued throughout the country but in the 60s, there was an end to discrimination and segregation. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the passage that ended racial segregation and it came into act in the year of 1964. The most obvious impact of the act was the elimination of racial discrimination in public places. Five months later, Lyndon Johnson, the successor of John F. Kennedy, signed the 1963-1964 civil rights bill. The bill came into law and the supreme court ruled that the commerce clause of the Constitution allowed Congress to obtain all the legal power to integrate hotels, restaurants and other public places, into the bill. (Hubert H. Humphrey; Joseph L. Rauh Jr. et al., 1997) Along with new accommodations for African Americans and other minorities in the public, the Civil Rights Act instituted the cut of of U.S Government funds to governmental programs.
These programs were programs which practiced discrimination. The people behind this provision has hoped that the need/desire for money would inspire the state and local government in all states but specifically the southern states. (Hubert H. Humphrey; Joseph L. Rauh Jr. et al., 1997) Congress used the cutoff as a way to get state governments to agree with the congressional law. When Congress passed legislation guaranteeing equal access to public facilities for women and the physically handicapped.
Although the most obvious impact was the destruction of discrimination, some people would argue that the increase in equal employment opportunity. (Hubert H. Humphrey; Joseph L. Rauh Jr. et al., 1997) After the act, there was an immediate increase in jobs in factories and offices, many women and other minorities worked these jobs. The U.S. professional workforce went from being a mostly white male to having increased proportions of women and minorities. (Hubert H. Humphrey; Joseph L. Rauh Jr. et al., 1997)
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Post Civil War Life Of African Americans. (2019, May 23).
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Empowering the Civil War through Telegraphy
The American Civil War is the bloodiest and deadliest war the United States ever encountered. It is said that there were more American casualties in the Civil War than all other wars that the United States have fought in combined. Although deadly, the Civil War was also one of the most significant wars that brought about change and sparked the forthcoming of a new age of technology. The desire to produce more advanced systems and weaponry lead to the beginnings of modern technology and war tactics. However, this advancing age was not fully supported on both fronts of the war, which ultimately became the downfall for either side in major battles. Yet, the most influential forms of technology that transformed the United States was the advent of improved communication systems across the country. The Civil War exemplifies the impact that these communication networks had on military strategy, general politics and human rights, and regulations on communications.
One of the main communications networks that revolutionized the American Civil War was telegraphy. Due to the development of the battery by Italian physicist, Alessandro Volta in 1800 and the connection between electricity and magnetism by Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted in 1820, long-distance communication via telegraphy was first developed during the 1840s and 1850s by Samuel Morse, Leonard Gale, and Alfred Vail. Morses single-circuit telegraph functioned by pushing the operator key down to complete the electric circuit of the battery, allowing for an electric signal to be transmitted across a wire to a receiver at the other end. However, these are just signals that are being transmitted, not words or letters.
Therefore, Samuel Morse developed the Morse code that translates letters in the alphabet with a number of dots and dashes. Originally, the first telegraph rendered the signals as marks on a paper, where short marks are dots and long marks are dashes, but operators soon became in tune with the code that the telegraph was innovated to produce beeping sounds to correlate with the dots and dashes. In turn, these messages can reach hundreds of miles and still be received within a matter of seconds. From Samuel Morses first telegraph message in 1844 from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland, the telegraph lines were able to stretch across the Atlantic Ocean to communicate between the United States and Europe in 1866.
Although telegraph lines were strewn across the nation to communicate over long distances, the incorporation of the telegraph lines was not entirely utilized to its full potential until a year after the war started. The scope that telegraphy can have on military strategy was discovered and both sides of the war began setting up their own telegraph lines in order to provide secure networks to communicate between generals and Washington. These lines became a valuable resource for commanders as it allowed the spread of supplies, manpower, and information at speeds unimaginable prior to the war. If these lines were damaged or cut off, then other means of communication were required such as mail.
However, there were only a few modes of transportation to deliver these messages. The quickest form of transportation would have been by railroad, but what a message that could be sent in a matter of minutes by telegraph would take hours if delivered by train. Yet, these networks of transportation became unreliable later in the war when rail networks became damaged and derailed, leading to deliver by carriage or on foot, which took exponentially more time to send information. However, this form of targeting communication outlets was a strategic move in launching a siege on communication networks that helped put a lid on isolated enemy encampments from calling out for support. Therefore, it was overall essential to protect the telegraph lines to ensure that these delays did not bring about major implications for battle plans and resourcing commanders and their troops.
Moreover, who were those that manned these telegraphy stations? One would be surprised that it was civilians who manned and operated the telegraphs for the Union Army. These civilians made up the United States Military Telegraph Corps. The Telegraph Corps was initiated during the first couple days of the Civil War by Secretary of War Simon Cameron who sought the help of Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad to gather men who will begin to establish an official network of telegraph lines for military purposes. Scott appointed Andrew Carnegie to extend rail networks to allow for the construction of telegraph lines to the Virginia territory. Additionally, Scott sought out telegraph operators David Strouse, D.H. Bates, Samuel M. Brown, and Richard OBrien to manage the telegraph networks at the War Department, Navy Yard, and Baltimore & Ohio Railroad depot, all locations of critical army headquarters. With these men lead to the incorporation of over 1500 men into the U.S. Military Telegraph Corps, which became a crucial force for the Union army. Many stories account the heroic and valiant efforts that these operators went through in order to ensure that messages were sent. Some operators were still sending one final order by telegraph while there were fighting and gunfire exploding just outside the telegraph office. Some of these operators understood the impact that their job had on the outcome of the war and was courageous enough to risk their lives to get the job done. These civilians are the sole resource that the Union Army can attribute its success in the war as the importance of information was a critical point in battles yet to come.
Conversely, there were many issues that hindered the Union army due to the U.S. Military Telegraph Corps. Since the Telegraph Corps was solely run by civilians, the military commanders had no authority to discipline these civilians if they became cowardly, which occurred quite often. Many great generals, like General Ulysses S. Grant, had to deal with their operators abandoning their proximity to the main army encampment to remain safe a couple of miles away, where they are practically useless. This poses a great disadvantage if these generals needed to send a vital message immediately in order to receive supplies or manpower during a decisive battle. Instead, messengers had to be sent on horseback to these operator stations, wasting precious minutes for the general. This caused many of the generals to distrust many of the operators that they were assigned with.
Additionally, since there was no government organization for telegraphs prior to the Civil War, there were no funds to cover the costs of constructing telegraph poles or the salaries of operators. Therefore, Edward S. Sanford of the American Telegraph Company had to pay for all these expenses for the first six months of the war. However, many of the telegraph operators were not receiving high enough salaries and would not receive a pension for their services since they were not members of the military, so they used their position as telegraph operators to run separate operations of transmitting private messages for people that were willing to pay for a certain price. This lead to many of the operators prioritizing the private messages instead of sending commands and intel for the military. This became a major threat to military generals as sometimes their messages were later sent out of order or sent a couple a days after they were initially inscribed, deepening the distrust generals had for telegraph operators throughout the war. Overall, telegraph operators played a crucial role in the development of the war but were not always trusted as a functional branch of the war due to the lack of discipline that existed within the United States Military Telegraph Corps. Additionally, telegraphy sparked the beginnings of the modern era of cryptography.
During the Civil War, the telegraph lines were a vital instrument of communication that needed to be constantly extended further or retreated depending on the advances of each front. Due to the constant back and forth, both sides went through throughout the war, many of these lines were out in plain sight for the opposing side to hijack. After hijacking these communication networks, the enemy may intercept important intel on the opponents resources, encampment locations, and possibly battle plans. This access to information becomes a major threat for the other side, so to combat this vulnerability, both the Union and Confederacy developed their own ciphers for telegraphic communication. With these cipher patterns, both sides can mask their messages with unintelligible text. However, if one is able to come up with a cipher, another can easily decipher the message as well. Therefore, both sides consistently updated and complicated various texts to prevent the opposing side from having a chance at deciphering the messages.
For example, the Union Army encoded their telegrams by laying out the message on a grid of a ledger book and scrambling the words in a particular order. The encryption was separated into three parts: arbitraries, null words, and routing instructions. Arbitraries were words or punctuations that were commonly replaced with other words in a message, where there were hundreds of different arbitraries, making the code practically undecipherable. Then null words are random words added to the ends of lines of the message just to confuse anyone that may try to intercept the telegram. Finally, routing instructions explained how to rewrite the message in the correct order for the telegraph operator. These three parts combined helped protect the secrecy of Union information from the hands of the Confederate Army.
Furthermore, the military was not the only source that utilized telegraphs, but the public also caught on to the advantages that telegraphs had in contacting people or spreading information. This lead to the spread of telegraph stations popping all over the United States, preferably near public newspaper publications to update citizens on important news during the war. These stations became an essential source of informing the public, causing large crowds to congregate these places in order to be informed of these important events. Therefore, a wave of people began moving closer to these major cities, causing an influx in urban population. Furthermore, the Civil War became to be a hot topic in many communities where previously people had nothing to really discuss other than business and politics.
With the war, now societies had a chance to voice their opinions on the cruelty of war, the death count that begins to pile up as the war continue, and various morbid topics regarding the war. Personally, I believe that American society on both sides of the war enjoyed discussing these cynical topics in order to mask the dark nature when themselves. In turn, that is why rumors began to spring up across the nation about certain battles or leaders during the war. Once full of to brim of all sorts of rumors about the war, people felt inclined to report them to newspaper companies or people across the nation, leading to the use of telegraphs to spread such information.
Consequently, both sides of the war now have different sources of true and false information coming from military commanders and from public news stations, causing conflicting views of major events that occurred. Both Lincoln and Davis were infuriated over such implications and developed methods of controlling the public to prevent such information from escaping out to the opposing side. Lincoln begins a war on telegraphy and sets up rules and regulations to monitor the network in the North to bring an end to misinformation or the spreading of information that the public is not ready to witness. Lincoln firsts initialize a censorship on any mention of military movements from public outlets, such as newspapers and telegraphy offices, unless otherwise permitted. This attempt to censor the public is effective by ensuring that the opposing side does not discover battle plans of northern generals, which may cause a major defeat for the North. The Confederacy had a strict censorship program throughout the beginning of the war, consequently allowing them to be quite successful in many of the early battles of the Civil War.
However, as the war came close to an end, the Confederate government began to lose control of its censorship program and lead to its ultimate demise in 1865. Moreover, the censor deters panic and chaos to occur depending on what material is presented for the public. However, the censorship also poses a question on whether the government should put limitations on speech and the press. The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution protects all of its citizens to the freedom of speech and freedom of the press, but during times of war, the president can limit these freedoms to protect its country from certain threats. Yet, there was no strict enforcer in ensuring newspaper and telegraph companies abide by these censorship laws and guidelines in the Union, so many companies continued to issue reports that went against the censorship. Therefore, Lincoln enacted the Military Telegraphy Department in order to tap into telegraph lines and prevent any messages that may threaten the United States military in some shape or fashion.
Accordingly, many telegraph stations and news companies opposed the new department as they struggled to publish material that would gather the publics attention. Every attempt these companies took to send out these stories via telegraphy would immediately be stopped by those in the department and were forced to give up the material. This lead to two options for the news organizations, either produce more objective and factual reports about the war or send reports via railroads and carriage. Railroads option could be ideal, but delivering could take from a couple hours to a couple days, which becomes an obstacle when various news companies compete to publish up to date news stories to gather more of the publics attention.
Therefore, the term of reporters and reporting news becomes relevant for the first time where news companies disregarded highly opinionated pieces and focused on the objective takes of certain stories. With this new objective perspective in reporting brought about the denial of revealing a reporters source to their material. This allows for some privacy and protection to the source and guarantees some freedom to their right of free speech. As a result, we see the coming of a new age in news reporting and the beginning of discussions regarding freedom of speech and the press.
Overall, the development of telegraph systems and telegraphy during the American Civil War performed a major role as a syndicate for technological and social change throughout American society. The desire for fast and reliable communication networks revolutionized military strategy and the governments role in warfare. The reach that telegraphs are able to extend to allows for the widespread of news and information across the nation, keeping citizens informed and updated on important events around the United States. The beginnings of regulatory practices on national systems lead to future endeavors for the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission and the limitations of free speech and freedom of the press. And most importantly, telegraphy exemplifies the impact that electricity can have on the American society and the unique and vast possibilities that electricity can provide to light up the globe.
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Post Civil War Realism in Literature
Realism is recognized as the first modern movement in art, literature, and social organization (Realism Movement, Artists). Realism began as early as the 1830s, but the realism movement did not become important until the end of the Civil War until around the end of the nineteenth century. It began as a reaction to the rejection of romanticism, attempted to show the actuality of real life (American Realism).
Realism is usually drawn from a real-life experience and the setting is usually one that is familiar to the author. According to Jesse Hwa, Samuel Langhorne Clements was born in 1835. After being hired as a journalist for a newspaper, he began going by the name of Mark Twain. He was known for his books The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Carew-Miller, Anna, and Andrea Di Gennaro).
In Twain workers, he used long sentences, but he formed his sentences in a simple, conversational manner. Twain was known as a realist writer. Most of his works came from his previous experiences. According to Dr. James McPherson, The American Civil War started in 1861 and ended in 1865 because of the differences between the free states and the slave states fighting for the power of the national government to end slavery all over. The end of the American Civil War brought out writers like Mark Twain to express the reality of real life and how the world should be viewed, instead of focusing on the fancies, feeling, and emotions that romanticism tried to portray.
According to Michael Lind, after the civil war, the north and the south are separated by cultures. During this time, writers had a chance to write about the differences between the Southerners and the Northerners. In Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, he displayed realism in serval ways one way is Regionalism. Regionalism is a section of realism it focuses on a specific region that put emphasis on the dialect and characters. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Twain largely captures the southern region. Throughout the story, a great deal of dialect is used such as The Missouri Negro, backwoods Southwestern, and the ordinary Pike County (Twain 1). In Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn, Jim, a poorly educated runaway slave, uses a mixture of chopped words that is difficult to understand. Well you wouldnt ?a ben here ?f it hadnt ?a ben for Jim. Youd ?a ben down dah in de woods widout any dinner (Twain 44).
The way he speaks shows he is southern and uneducated, a representation of the Missouri Negro Speech. Also, the way he refers to himself in the first person shows his lack of education. Although he is poorly educated, he is very intelligent and wise because he managed to escape from Miss Watson without her noticing it. Also, in Chapter eight of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jim explains his escape to Huck using broken words like doan les nuffin and po that shows his inability to use correct grammar. By the word choice it is very clear he has a heavy southern accent and it is likely he got all his education from another slave.
However, Huck, an educated free thirteen years ago white southern, throughout Huckleberry Finn the reader was able to tell he had some type of education, but he did not have the best education. He is a representation of the backwoods southwestern. Throughout the story, Huck uses words such as aint warnt tother and ?stead. Although these words are improper, they are recognizable and understandable, and it shows his heavy southern accent. I haint ever come back Well I well, that ought to settle it and No. I warnt ever murdered (Twain 196).
The way Huck speaks shows the reader is aware that Huck has some education, but his southern heredity is overpowering the little education he has. Tom Sawyer, a middle-class white southerner and Hucks best friend, throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn the reader was able to tell he came from a well-educated family. He uses words like haint aint and mustnt although these words are easy to understand and are normally used among the southern people, they are still improper words. Tom is very similar to Huck because both grow up in the same region, but Tom has a better education than Huck because of the way they speak. He is a representation of the ordinary Pike County. Now, well start this band of robbers and call it Tom Sawyers gang (Twain 8). Tom makes complete sentences and does not use the southern slang all the time. In Conclusion, Twain had a major impact on literature overall.
After the civil war, Twain was one of the writers to highly enforce realism to show to reality to the world. In his story The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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Whay did the Civil War Begin?
The best way to think about the Civil War in general terms is as the Second Act of Americas Democratic revolution. The first act was freeing itself from the control of the British empire in the 1770s and the second act was removing the massive contradiction between the rhetoric of American freedom and the reality that 20 percent of Americas population were forcibly enslaved.
There were multiple causes to the civil war.
Cause #1 was different Economic Paths in North and South. By the beginning of the 1800s, the United States is technically one country, but its really two distinct economic systems. In the North, you have the growth and evolution of a powerful industrial and financial economies (similar to the Federalist partys economic and political path) like factories and manufacturing, small independent farmers who provide food and raw materials for manufacturing, banks, merchants, etc. This is an economy that is ADVANCING, investing in and constantly coming up with new technologies, figuring out how to offer up new products with ever greater efficiency Northern industrialists want the ability to hire and fire workers depending on the needs of their business (running factories efficiently requires adjusting the size of your workforce week to week, month to month, etc.). In the South, you have plantation agriculture BIG farms powered by the labor of enslaved African-Americans (by the 1800s the most important crop in the US is cotton)
This is similar to the Anti-Federalist desires for the nation with the major contradiction being the size and scope of plantation farming. Southern planters cling to this system because they can work slaves harder, longer, and under worse conditions, and at much lower cost than legally free, white workers. Rather than ADVANCING like the North, this is an economy that is simply EXPANDING, investing in more and more slaves working more and more land in the form of traditional agriculture. By the 1820s these two competing economic models are resulting in divisions in Congress, with most Northern Industrialists, workers, and farmers opposed to the expansion of slavery and Southern plantation owners in support of slaverys expansion
Cause #2 is Abolitionism, Slave Revolts, and the Southern Backlash. While the majority of Northerners oppose the expansion of slavery on the grounds of personal economic self-interest and a general belief in free labor by the 1830s a vocal minority starts to aggressively attack slavery on moral grounds. Another related development that caused Southerners to continue aggressive expansion rhetoric was a series of slave revolts (and revolt plans) in the first half of the 1800s. At the end of the 1700s, many Southern slave-owners, including Thomas Jefferson, believed that slavery would eventually die out on its own, and that this was a good thing. Admitted discomfort with the contradiction between a democracy and slaveholding (recognized it was inhumane).
Cause #3 dealt with the Politics of Westward Expansion. Causes #1 and #2 played out against the backdrop of westward expansion of Americans into new territories and the creation of new states, which generated the question: WHICH ECONOMIC SYSTEM WILL DOMINATE THESE NEW TERRITORIES AND STATES? FREE LABOR OR SLAVERY? The first serious political crisis that erupts over this issue happens in 1820 over that status of Missouri, which is still a territory but in the process of becoming a state (territories governed more by federal government). The second major crisis over the westward expansion issue begins in the mid-1830s and concerns the annexation of Texas and war with Mexico.
When Lincoln is elected Southern Democrats feel entirely under siege (immediate threat to slaveholding republic), and secessionist fervor escalates like South Carolina officially secedes in 1860, lower South (e.g. Mississippi) soon follows, and after the attack by Southern forces on Fort Sumter (SC) in 1861, the Upper South (e.g. Virginia) follows (much less committed to the fire-eating position, especially among lower-class whites).
Issues the Emancipation Proclamation first on September 22, 1862 because it DOES NOT free all slaves only says that slaves in any states still out of the Union at the beginning of 1863 will be freed. South remains intransigent, and Thirteenth amendment passed in January 1865 by Republican Congress. War ends in April 1865, due mostly to African-American soldiers and growing disillusionment among non-slaveholding draftees in the south. Over 600K deaths! (More than Revolution, WWI, WWII, Korea, and Vietnam combined). 13th Amendment passed by Congress early 1865 and ratified shortly after Lincolns assassination.
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Witch-Hunts in America
Salem Witch trials
The Puritans believed their religion made them responsible to cleanse their community of evil and witch craft; this responsibility was carried out by falsely accusing and executing individuals, whose rights were violated during this process.
Salem was in political and religious turmoil. Two families, the Putnams and the Porters were trying to be leaders of the village, few people were accepting leadership roles in the town, and the topic of independence for Salem was undergoing consideration. The people of Salem were members of the Puritan religion. This religion consisted of the belief that the Devil was real and was present in their daily lives. These conditions and beliefs provided the type environment where fear and hysteria could develop and thrive. This was a defining factor for the Salem Witch Trials.
Samuel Parris and his family arrived in 1688 after being invited by an influential person of the name Thomas Putnam. Betty Parris, the daughter of Samuel, unexpectedly became ill in the winter of 1692. The only reasonable explanation the community could create was witchcraft. This idea began to grow and spread when Anne Putnam, Mercy Lewis, and Mary Warren coincidentally began to show the same symptoms as Betty. When the doctor's treatments failed, he resorted to blaming supernatural elements. This fit the common belief that witches targeted children and thus, witchcraft became the feasible reasoning for the children's' illness.
Throughout the process of the trials, the amount of citizens imprisoned outnumbered the amount of those still present in the community. Livestock and orphans were unattended; the economy of Salem was in a downward spiral. The trials claimed the lives of seventeen men and woman and two dogs.
The members of Salem were also Puritans that followed a strict religion that overflowed into their government. Their religion required them to cleanse their town of evil when it was discovered. This was another responsibility the citizens believed they had. Not all people involved had pure intentions. Those tried for witchcraft were deprived of their unalienable rights. Though these rights were not established yet, humans possessed an understanding of everyone's right to life and property. Both rights were taken away from those accused. The supposed responsibilities of the citizens of Salem consequentially desecrated the rights of their fellow society members.
The economy of Salem suffered greatly, but the embarrassment of the town for unnecessary murders exceeded all other results. Salem had few citizens left after they executed and imprisoned the vast majority of their town. Land and livestock were left without owners. Shop owners that were accused found it difficult to re-assimilate into the society and their businesses, in turn, suffered. Salem felt heavy remorse for their actions and public confessions of guilt and shame were published and spread throughout the nation. Salem was left to compensate for their mistakes but the dead could not be brought back to life. Though the Salem Witch Trials came to a close, witch-hunts in America did not. Salem was just one case of a superfluous tragedy.
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World Famous Witch Trails in Massachusetts
Salem Witch Trials
Were the Salem witch trials really caused from Satanic callings and curses or was it health problems being exaggerated? Many scientist and historians today are starting to believe that the Salem Witch trials were not really witches at all just health issues or food poisoning. In May of 1692 until October 1692, girls in the Salem Massachusetts area started to claim that they had been possessed by the devil and accused older women as the ones who put the curse on them.Almost everyone in Salem became extremely hysteric and constant terror was already in their thoughts because of exposure of hypothermia and other diseases and the Indians. Bridget Bishop was the first woman accused of witchcraft she was lynched on June tenth, 1692. After Bridget's death, eighteen other cases of witchcraft broke out in the small town.The town only had around 2000 people this was a huge predicament in their community.The belief of the devil quickly spread,Witchcraft itself was not considered a formal religion it was more considered as a sin against God. During this period there is no evidence to prove there was magic being used no spell books, flying broomsticks, evil black cats or any of the stereotypical witch symbols.The procedure of finding out who the witches were was mostly lead by rumors.Salem was not the first town where witches were accused many places in Europe in the 1300s had been exposed to some form of witchcraft. The witchcraft in Europe ended around the 1600s.
Many people today still believe in witches but scientist and historians think differently after taking a closer look into diet, family lifestyle and health of the women in Salem. Many of the bodily reactions of the so called curses could have been from asthma, inflammation of the brain, Lyme disease from ticks (which are very common in the Massachusetts area), epileptic seizures,child abuse and the biggest one is ergot poisoning. Ergot poisoning is a fungal disease found in rye and other oats, The symptoms are extremely close to what the people used to say witches started feeling back in 1692. The symptoms include:vomiting uncontrollably,choking, muscle spasms,hallucinations,one of the most common symptoms was feeling like bugs are crawling around underneath your skin. Today a type of Ergot is commonly used in LSD a synthetic drug that produces hallucinations from the first 30 minutes after the initial ingestion upto 12 hours after taking it.
One the most famous accounts of witchcraft is Reverend Samuel Parris daughter and niece. Parris was Salemr's first ordained minister so this was a huge controversy for him and his family. Daughter Betty age 9 and niece Abigail Williams age 11 started having terrible fits throwing things, screeching,muscle spasms that resulted in contorted poses and murmured strange words and sounds.The doctor in salem told the reverend and his family this was definitely a work of something supernatural.Similar signs started showing in other young girls in the town like Ann Putnam she was in the same age range as Betty and Abigail.These girls started blaming older women for these strange episodes happening to them .
The first one to be blamed was Parris house slave from the caribbean islands Tituba,Sarah Good a homeless women who stood on the streets day in and day out and begged for money or even just a bite of food she also had a young daughter, and Sarah Osborne a very old and weak woman.The three women were brought before a local judge and were questioned for days straight with no breaks,Both of the Sarah's claimed they were completely innocent and they had never put a curse on anyone and they also said they were terrified of Satan.But Tituba claimed something strange and quite alarming she described and encounter with Satan or the devil and he had an array of animals a three headed dog,bright red cats and yellow birds. Tituba said the devil was a black man and he asked her to sign a book this book was signing over her soul to him and to do everything he wants. She later admitted that she did sign the book. She also said that there were multiple other women witches wanting to destroy the puritan way of life.But sadly even though the Sarahs pled innocent they were put in jail along with Tituba. The town broke into hysterics for a long period of time rumors continued of other women being witches and Sarah Goodr's 4 year old little girl got brought in for questioning against her mother .
Another strange event before Betty and Abigail was Phoebe Chandler, a 12 year old girl who lived with her mother. One day her mother asked her to go out and grab some drinks for the men that were over at their home, Phoebe told her mother she heard a voice coming from the bushes as she walking. Later that same day she heard that same exact voice in the same bushes telling her within days she would be poisoned, Phoebe started to recognize this voice as Martha Carrier a towns woman. After Martha told Phoebe she would be poisoned her arm swole up and she was in a lot of pain. Martha also cursed another person her neighbor a man, He had asked Martha if they could split up some land on the property lines. They argued multiple different times,days later he suffered several sores on his feet and it also swole up just like young Phoebe. After these two occurrences Martha was arrested and the pain and sores went away on both Phoebe and the man.
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A Hysteria in Salem Village
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Dr. Martin Luther King’s Best Piece of Literature
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Use of Pathos in Letter from Birmingham Jail
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Antigone is a Tragic Story
Antigone is a tragic story that shows when a human makes laws that do not emulate Divine ones, there will be suffering. Antigone is the protagonist who believes that it is better to disobey a law from the king than to disobey a principle. Antigoner's sister, Ismene, feels that even though the kingr's regulation is bad, there is nothing anyone can do about it because it is the law. Creon, the antagonist, is the king who made that law and thinks that, though Antigone is his niece, he cannot go back on his word. He fears it would make him look weak to others. Haimon, the kingr's son and Antigoner's fiance, respects and supports his father the king but bluntly tells him that many people, himself included, believe that Antigone was right to bury her brother.
He explains that most citizens feel the king made a mistake when he decreed the law forbidding anyone to do so. Sophocles shows through his writing that, because people make mistakes, there are some corrupt laws. These corrupt laws that are not in accordance with Divine laws should not be made paramount over family. Even though the law forbids it, and knowing if she is caught she will be killed, Antigone feels she must bury her brother. She asks Ismene if she will help her, but Ismene believes that they should not break the law. Ismene also refuses to help Antigone because she knows that they will probably be caught, and she does not want either of them to die. Since Antigone believes that her brother should be buried, she proceeds to do so without Ismener's help.
When Antigone is caught and brought before Creon, he does not want to kill her but feels that if he does not, people will think that he is a hypocritical king who values family above law. This is exactly opposite of what he had stated earlier: No one values friendship more highly than I; but we must remember that friends made at the risk of destroying the State are not real friends at all. (Sophocles 3) He also feels that not following through will make him look like a weak ruler: Who is the man here, she or I, if this crime goes unpunished? (Sophocles 6) In this case, Sophocles shows that humans can be easily affected by outside opinions and pride; the Bible warns that both, being swayed by outside opinions and being proud, can lead to sin.
Creon has taken over after a rebellion and vows that he will not tolerate anyone who opposes his laws: You will give no support to whoever breaks this law. (Sophocles 3) But he is a little lenient when he realizes that Antigone is the one who broke the law. He decides not to have her stoned, as the law stated, but instead seal her in a tomb with some food so that nobody would be responsible for her death. When Haimon pleads in Antigoner's favor, She should have all the honor that we can give her! (Sophocles 9) Creon becomes upset that his son opposes him and decides to kill Antigone. When Antigone is summoned for, they find out that she hung herself, Haimon is so upset that he kills himself. After hearing the news of her sonr's death, the queen also commits suicide. Sophocles demonstrates that people can go to extreme measures as a result of a sinful law made by wanting to please the crowds. Sophocles shows that humans are flawed and therefore only Godr's laws remain true through the ages.
Humanity is naturally sinful and it is impossible for human nature to not cause pain and suffering apart from Jesus. Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haimon all had their lives ruined because of a law Creon decreed that opposed Antigoner's family principles. When Creon enforced his law against Antigone, everyone became distressed. But if he had swallowed his pride and let Antigone proceed to bury her brother, people would have been much better off. Through the tragedy of Antigone, Sophocles shares his belief that family is more important than laws.
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The Classical Greek Literature Relationship
The Classical Greek Literature Relationship to Tragedy in Antigone
What is the relationship between Antigone and Classical Greek literature related to tragedy? The relationship between Antigone in Classical Greek literature is evident through the story line in which two characters disagreement and personal choices lead to an notable twist of unexpected tragic events. Tragedy is defined as the an event causing great suffering, destruction, and distress, such as a serious accident, crime, or natural catastrophes (Merriam dictionary). The Antigone tragedy introduced new ideas which questioned the Gods, philosophy, morals, values, fate and destiny, mystical powers and laws.
Classical Greek literatures earliest interpretation of Tragedy, as Aristotle pointed out, was the representation of an action worthy of attention, and once there was an actor, there could be an imitation of the action, though the chorus still sang the story line. (Greek tragedy ). Sophocles is important in classic Greek literature because he introduced tragedy early in his career, in which he is credited for adding a third actor, scenery and imaginative portraits of the characters. Sophocles introduced the convention of a third actor in tragedy productions early in his career (previous tragedies had only two actors with a chorus), and Aeschylus soon followed his lead by including three actors in his Oresteia. Sophocles also introduced scenery of some imaginative portrait of Sophocles. () Antigone is important in Classic Greek literature because it was based on doing the what she believed was the right thing to do by the gods.
Not by the new laws the king had just created which were unjust. Sophocles writings include philosophical questions of self, mortality fate, destiny, etc.. () Antigone is a tragedy due to the amount of unfortunate events that took place in the story line. The tragedies that occurred of Antigoner's family include the deaths of her entire family. She choose to burry her brother. In order to protect her family name and allow him to join the gods in the after life. Her love and devotion for her family caused her to disobey the new kings orders. The recurring theme of his tragedies is the suffering of men and women”sometimes suffering they bring on themselves by flaws in their characters, or suffering that results from being in the wrong place at the wrong time.( Edward I. Bleiberg, et al.
In every tragedy there is a power struggle between two characters the antagonist and the protagonist. The protagonist is the main character that is heroic. Antigone is the protagonist because she is a woman good person doing the right thing for the brother she loves. Therefore she choose to disregard Creonr's ruthless orders. Creon is the antagonist because he is against the protagonist. The characters dilemma Both Antigone and Creon represent immoderate, inflexible viewpoints, and their immoderation leads to the destruction of Antigone; Creon's son, Haemon, who was betrothed to Antigone; and Creon's wife, who commits suicide. The play ends with Creon bowed down with grief. ( )
Antigone is one of the most famous tragic plays in Classic Greek literature written by Sophocles around 442 B.C. Sophocles wrote a three act play named Oedipus Rex. Antigoner's tragic family history is due to a curse placed by the gods on Oedipus? According to Greek mythology Oedipus represented the king of Thebes.
According to the myth Oedipus killed his father and married his mother Jocasta. Oedipus and Jocasta were the parents of Antigone and her siblings. Oedipus found out Jocasta was his long lost mother and he had committed incest, causing him to rip his own eyes out of shame and despair. After Jocasta discovers Oedipus was her son she could not bear with her guilt and shame. Leaving Eteocles and Polyneices as the new rulers to share the throne. After Eteocles decided he wanted to be the only ruler; Polyneices chose to go to war against his own brother resulting in a civil war. During the civil war both brothers fought to the death leading to the 3rd and last act Antigone.
The first tragedy occurs in the beginning due to the death of Polyneices and Eteocles. Leaving Creon to become the new King after the civil war naming Polyneices the enemy of the state. Creon ruled that Polyneices would not have a proper burial and decided to threaten the citizens to there deaths if they disobey his order.
Antigone found this unjust and decided to defy Creon by burring her brother; causing a ripple effect of death due to Creonr's ruthless behavior. Ancient Greek society was male dominate; therefore Antigone a woman disobeyed the new Kings orders being a shocking occurrence. Since it was not an equal society Antigoner's actions were seen as a rebellious act against the King. Creonr's pride was so big he decided to kill her. After her death her future husband Haemon committed suicide. The queen decided to hang herself because her son had died due to the husbands rules. Leaving Greon to live a lonely miserable life he deserved. Preventing him from joining the mythological gods. The fate of Antigone was due to her pride for her family and to allow her brother to bury her brother without the consent of the King. Antigone is a story based on several tragic events which spiral down to the worst imaginable disagreement between two characters. This caused a ripple effect of fatalities due to Creonr's ruthless actions.
Antigoner's character was a prideful, rebellious, determined woman who was not fearless while following her heart. Antigone, humorless and domineering is a female copy of Oedipus (Knox, Bernard, Nassaar, Christopher 187-189) Thought Antigoner's life she encountered many tragedies which lead her to become a pessimistic individual. Antigone expressed realization of the gods powers were stronger than any human on earth because humans are mortals. My sister Ismene, do you know of any suffering from our father sprung that Zeus does not achieve for us survivors ? therer's nothing free from doom, not shameful, not dishonored, Ive not seen.( Sophocles , 495-406 B.C.) The importance of a proper burial determined whether Polyneices was able to join the gods.
The list of tragedies that occurred in the first two acts of Oedipus rex are summarized by Ismene Alas. Remember , sister, how our father perished abhorred, ill famed. Himself with his own hands, through his own curse destroying both eyes. Remember next his mother and his wife finished life in shame of the twisted strings. And third two brothers on a single day, poor creatures, murdering , a common doom each with his arm accomplished on the other . and now look at the two of us alone. Well perish terribly if we force the law and try to cross the royal vote and power. We must remember we are two woman so not fight with men. (Antigone)
In 442 B.C.E the Dionysius celebrations began in Athens as the cultural center in Ancient Greece. During Spring the citizens would honor the God of Dionysus. Dionysus is the Greek God of wine. The symbolic statues of the God Dionysus were placed outside to watch over the festivities over the course of three days. The festivities included endless supply of wine, animal sacrifices, and people dressed in colorful attire, played games, sung songs and theater. The festivities took on Acropolis south slope rocky amphitheater . One of the favorite parts of the festival was the completion for the best plays writers. The winner got to wear a crown during the Dionysus festival. The elite members of society and the judges would choose the winner that wears the crown . At the age of 27 Sophocles competed for the first time and succeeded over his predecessors. According to historians Sophocles won the Dionysian crown eighteen times through his lifetime. Sophocles lived from 497-406 BCE. Over his life he wrote over 123 plays which made him a legend in classical Greek literature. (Wins the festival of Dionysus 22)
Antigone as a tragedy is famous because the story has stood the test of time in history and it can still be relevant in our current society. As woman we have been portrayed as weak docile individualr's. In this story for the first time a woman stood up to the king with out fear. Which was a great introduction to woman seen as doing heroic acts of good. Antigone is though to be the earliest of these enduring popularity highlights the importance of the work as an example of classical Greek theater that is sophisticated enough in its staging and character development to appeal to modern audiences (wins festival)
Sophocles writings influenced the many cultures around the world and it has shaped the way theater has developed into an artistic form of expression. The innovations of Sophocles and other early Greek playwrights were instrumental in shaping the development of western European and north American theatrical entertainment for centuries( wins the festival). The relationship between Antigone in Classical Greek literature related to tragedy is evident through out the story by the characters actions and moral dilemma against the rules placed by the new king. Sophocles addiction of a third actor , scenery and imagetry of the characters transformed the world of entertainment that is still relevant in our present modern society.
Work Cited
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Knox, Bernard. Introduction to Sophocles: the three Theban plays. New York , penguin, 1984. Nassaar, Christopher S. Sophocles Oedipus the king explicator 55(1997): 187-89. Sophocles. Antigone. World masterpieces. New York : Norton, 1992.
(Knox, Bernard and Nassaar, Christopher S. 187-189)
Gardner, Janet E., Beverly Lawn, Jack Ridl, and peter Schakle, eds. Literature: a portable anthology, 4th ed. Bedford/ St. Martinr's, 2016.
"Greek Tragedy." Arts and Humanities Through the Eras, edited by Edward I. Bleiberg, et al., vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome 1200 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Gale, 2005, pp. 144-154. Gale Virtual, Reference Library, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3427400251/GVRL?u=cuny_york&sid=GVRL&xid=09d3be45.
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Hemmingway, Colette and Sean Hemmingway. Greek gods and religious practices. In timeline of art history. NY: Heillbrunn the metropolitan museum of art 200. http:www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grlg/hd_grlg.htm (October 2003)
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Sophocles tragedy , Antigone, wins the festival of Dionysus. Global events: milestone events throughout history, edited by Jennifer Stock, vol. 4: Europe, Gale, 2014, pp. 22- 24. context, https://link.galegroup.com/app/doc/cx3728000509/GIC?u=cuny_york&sid=GIC&xid=113b13e1.
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Augst, Therese. Tragic Effects: Ethics and Tragedy in the Age of Translation. Ohio State UP, 2012. Classical Memories/Modern Identities. MLA International Bibliography, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/N2812664936/GLS?u=cuny_york&sid=GLS&xid=525d8919. Accessed 20 November. 2018.
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Sophocles Antigone was a Book
Sophocles Antigone was a book that had a unique plot. One of the ideas presented in this specific play was feminism and Antigoner's determination to go against their ruler. Along with this idea occurred a number of tragedies, which means therer's also a tragic hero. There are numerous debates in determining the tragic hero in this play, between the protagonist Antigone and Creon, Antigoner's cruel uncle. Tragic heroes, in any work, is a character not necessarily the protagonist- with a tragic flaw who brings upon their own downfall and misfortune. This makes it obvious that Creon is more fit to be considered as the tragic hero. Although Antigone faced many conflicts and flaws, Creon is more suitable to this title because of the conflicts he faces, his acknowledgement of his wrongdoings, and how he takes punishment at the end.
At the beginning, Creon is seen as a leader with fine morals and definite laws that come along with punishments. However, the conflict in the play starts when Creon doesnt allow for a proper burial of Antigoner's brother. Creon, who was allied with Eteocles, has proclaimed that the rebel Polyneices should not be allowed burial, under strict penalty of death to anyone who would disobey his order, (Explanation of: ?Antigone)This portrays Creon with his excessive amount of pride he has towards his leadership role, which characterizes his tragic flaw. Another thing he does a lot is believing that everything he does, such as all his cruel actions, is the right thing to do and does not want to acknowledge that what her's doing is wrong.
For example, in the text, the author states O dearest Haimon, how your father wrong you! (Ismene) // Ive had enough of your childish talk of marriage! (Creon) This determines how Creon also wants to control his sonr's marriage/ life, by saying that his decision of not wanting Antigone for him is correct, which is why he wants death to put them apart. He felt superiority when it came to his family. And even though Antigoner's brothers were in the throne, he felt as if he had higher authority than the gods. This can be seen when he says, The State is the king! He believes that none other than him can make all decisions for them. At this point, Creon is portrayed as arrogant. But Haemon replies with, Yes, if the State is a desert. This can consider that even his own son is not fond of his father and doesnt like the way he rules. Yet making another point on the qualities of a tragic hero.
After a few turn of events, Creon soon realizes that all of his selfishness and pride he had gets in the way of his fate. It wasnt until a prophet, Teiresias, reveals that Creon has a doomed future. ....deserted by Haemon, condemned by Teiresias, he is ultimately punished through his family (Winnington). The writer states that as Creon knows of his fate, there is more doom to come from his family but it is not known to him until afterwards. Although Creon may be full of his own pride, he cared for his family which is why his punishment for his actions refer to his family. Think: all men make mistakes,// But a good man yields when he knows his curse is wrong,// And repairs the evil (Play). When Teiresias says this to Creon, he expects him to have a change of heart in letting Antigone free, but since Creon thought he was right about everything, he chose not to. He gave up this chance and by not doing so, he couldve compensated for his wrong-doings. This all goes back to the characteristics of being a tragic hero. His tragic flaw being his pride because he wants to seem like he is a strong and flawless leader. He doesnt want to be able to show his flaws to others and he also doesnt want to accept them to himself. Therefore, after not being able to compensate for his actions, he actually falls for Teiresias prophecy of bringing calamity to his life.
At last, when Creon learns of the deaths, he starts to acknowledge all the conflicts he brought to himself and others. His wife died. His son died. These were the cause of the actions of Creon, the way his pride took over his doings/ sayings all contributed to these tragedies. Creon, whose tragedy is brought to its completion (Winnington). What this quote means is that after those deaths, Creonr's doom has come to be. When this happens, he started to realize that it all goes back to what he did, and he knows that he was the cause of it.
He says, I have been rash and foolish (Play ) Creon recognizes that he has been nothing but relying on his own instincts and focusing everything on his own decisions, and not knowing that doing that was hurting others, even if he didnt do the things directly at them. His pride was what let him to his downfall and he acknowledges it far too late, not listening to what others had to say about his ruling. He wouldnt take any ruling advice from anyone, not even from his own family. He also says, Fate has brought all my pride to a thought of dust (Play). This determined how he acknowledged that it was his own pride that brought upon his own downfall. The realization of his mistakes and actions is another determination of a tragic hero.
Creon carries all the characteristics there is to a tragic hero. First, his tragic flaw was that he was full of pride. His pride led to all the other conflicts and he was involved in every problem, whether it was family wise or ruling wise. At the end, he was able to realize all his mistakes and acknowledged what it was that contributed to his downfall. On the other hand, Antigone mightve had a tragic flaw and several conflicts, but she wasnt able to acknowledge anything and it isnt known that she learned from whatever mistakes she made. Itr's also not shown where she knows about where she went wrong and such. Creon, though, does realize where he goes wrong even if it is far too late. Therefore, making Creon the true tragic hero of Antigone.
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Antigone is from Ancient Times
Though the play "Antigone," is from ancient times, it possess many modern elements. The struggles displayed in the play have survived time and are still relevant today. A popular conflict we see in both "Antigone" and modern day life is the issue of civil disobedience. In the play, we are first introduced to Antigone and the other dominating characters. The Chorus explains that Antigone's brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, killed each other in battle. When their father died, they were supposed to share the throne, alternating annually. When Eteocles refused to step down for Polynices' turn to rule, Polynices marched against him and Thebes in hopes for his rightful place. Because of his turn on the kingdom, Polynices was seen as a traitor and ordered by Creon, the next in line to rule, to be left unburried to rot in the open, while Eteocles was to be given a proper burrial.
As any good sister would be, Antigone was torn to pieces about the order given by Creon. She set her mind on giving her brother a proper burial, no matter the consequences. Her sister, Ismene, tried her best to convince her to leave things as Creon said they should be. Afterall, Creon's word was the law and it was their job, as citizens on Thebes to follow the law. Antigone, unknowingly setting the stage for many to see and follow, went against the law and followed what she saw as morally correct.
Antigone was well aware of the law. She heard the order, understood the order, and even knew the consequences of going against the order. On the other hand, she knew what was morally right, and to her, moral laws were greater than the governing law. She wanted to make a statement, so she suck out to cover her brother's body. Antigoner's act of going against the precept that Creon set in place to protest him and make a point is exactly like the protesters in North Carolina who removed the statue of Robert. E. Lee.
In Durham county, North Carolina, there once stood a statue of Robert. E. Lee. A group of activists petitioned to have it removed because they did not agree with what it stood for. When their request wasn't met, they decided to take it down themselves. Lawfully, and technically speaking, removing that statute was unlawful and considered vandalism. Their morals and beliefs motivated them to exhibit civil disobedience, just like Antigone.
Antigone's actions were not the first, nor the last example of civil disobedience. Her determination to do what was right over following what was the law is an attitude that still reigns in society today. The play as a whole can be seen as a green light to stand up for what you believe in, even if it means breaking the law. Some people might see that as a negative influence, and for others, it could be exactly the opposite. Either way one takes it, Antigone never leaves out the reality that there will be consequences for civil disobedience.
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Antigone Vs. Kreon
Upon currently taking a college course based upon what the good life consists of, Sophocles Antigone offers a new perspective that helps students gain a much better understanding of how others share a different view of what the good life may be. The play offers a multitude of situations, which allows for perfect opportunities to relate the playr's content to the class itself. In the first act, the audience is introduced to the characters Antigone and Kreon, who share separate moral and ethical views. Once analyzing the play, between Antigone and Kreon, Antigone is the most sympathetic character. Antigone is the most sympathetic character because she knew her original ambition and stayed on her own path, despite warnings and other characters attempts to steer her in another direction. It is also revealed later in the play that Kreonr's actions are the reason that many lives (including Antigone) had ended in misfortune, which is yet another reason that it is easier to sympathize more with Antigone rather than Kreon. Kreonr's ambitions are also shown throughout the play, and although Kreon had shown good morals towards the conclusion of the play, it was much too late.
The morals of a character is one of the main factors the audience uses to determine the type of person they are, whether it may be leaning towards good or bad. In the beginning of Antigone, Antigoner's ambition is shown clearly in which she wants to help her brothers. Although it is not known who these brothers are yet, it is given that they are in imminent danger and Antigone wants to help. Actions like the one shown in the very beginning with Anitgone explaining to Ismene You must decide whether you will help me or not (Sophocles 29) is a strong example of good morals, which gives Antigone more sympathy.
To the audience, this line is a person asking another person for help to do something that they believe is good. It is true that just because that person believes so does not mean it is necessarily true, however, it is a quality of a sympathetic person. Another quality of a sympathetic person is doing what one believes is right, even whether others believe it is wrong. Antigone faced this situation with Ismene, who spends a reasonable amount of time convincing Antigone how much of a bad idea it is to go through with Antigoner's ambition (16-51), due to the consequences being faced if Kreon were to find out.
However, with Antigoner's mind already made up, she decides to go through with her task. Kreon also does this later in the play, but what makes Kreonr's situation different is that Kreonr's decisions were made with negative intentions. Kreonr's belief is that the person Antigone was aiming to bury, Polyneices, is not a good person. This results in a declaration that Polyneices is not allowed to be buried, something that Antigone does not agree with. The audience can sympathize more with Antigone in comparison to Kreon, since the person in question is Antigoner's brother.
One crucial piece of information personally gained while taking this course is that doing something that others may not encourage may have justified reasoning as long as it is done with good intentions. This does not apply to all situations, but it is shown in countless examples throughout many reading pieces. For example, in Hermann Hesser's Siddhartha, Siddhartha chooses to take the journey seeking enlightenment, despite not receiving support from his father and best friend. Siddharthar's intentions were clear, and did not mean to cause harm to others. It is up to the audience to determine if a character deserves sympathy, whether it may be Siddhartha or Antigone, however Antigoner's intentions were not harmful as well. Both of these characters perspective of the good life and what it consists of can be used towards oner's own version of the good life, along with morals and ethics. Antigoner's sympathy is drawn from her morals, which have shown to be positive in the play thus far.
Although Antigone is easier to sympathize with, that is not to say that Kreon does not deserve any amount of sympathy. Both Kreon and Antigone held positive and negative attributes. As shown in Line 351, Antigone admits to the burial even though Antigone knew it was against the law. This gives Antigone less credibility, since there could have been better possible options. From Kreonr's perspective, he is a ruler, and believes that he must do what is best to protect Thebes. Although this is shows good ethic from Kreon, this does not justify any of Kreonr's actions or validate that he is morally a good person. Despite the positive and negatives from both Kreon and Antigone, what makes Antigone receive more sympathy is the permanent decision that Kreon makes based upon temporary feelings.
This one action by Kreon led to a series of misfortunate events, which also causes the audience to take away any sort of sympathy they may have towards Kreon thus far in the play. Although Antigoner's action is nonviolent, Kreonr's anger leads him to lock away Antigone in Line 710. Kreonr's anger towards Polyneices is translated through that one action, ultimately leading to three deaths. Antigone defends herself when confronted by Kreon, but Kreon does not listen despite Ismene and the Chorus pleads.
Having an open mind is a characteristic of a person who not only has good morals, but is worth sympathizing. In the very beginning, when Ismene pleaded for Antigone not to go through with the burial, Antigone had listened to what Ismene had to say. The difference between Antigoner's and Kreonr's reaction to those who are opposed to either one of their actions, is that Antigone took into consideration to what the opposing side (Ismene) had to say; which is shown through Antigone responding to Ismene with That must be your excuse, I suppose. But as for me (62).
Kreonr's decision to lock Antigone away also lead to not only the death of Antigone, but also the death of his son and the fiance of Antigone (920-930). Kreon made a decision without realizing the impact that it may have on people, while in contrast, Antigone knew the impact that her decision would have of the burial. It is arguable that if Antigone had never went through with her original ambitions that the deaths would not have happened in the first place. However, Kreonr's decision was changed at a moment that was much too late. This is a major turning point for Kreon in the play, and Kreon gains back sympathy from the audience once he begins to realize the consequences of his actions.
Antigone ends with Kreon realizing the misfortune he must endure due to one single action that he made. Kreon did not take other perspectives into consideration, and used the temporary anger he had towards Polyneices to make a permanent decision towards Antigone. This leaves the audience with gained perspective, as well as a look on how both Kreon and Antigone tried to achieve their own version of the good life. The audience can then apply the sympathy they gained towards these two characters to their personal versions of a good life.
Both Antigone and Kreon have experienced plenty of misfortune, however, Antigone is the most sympathetic character of the two. Antigone and Kreon had different versions of what they though was right and wrong, however, their ambitions show their true character. Kreonr's ambition was to get avenge the mistakes Polyneices, while Antigone had merely intended to save Polyneices from death.
When taken into account that not only did Kreonr's one action result in a series of misfortune, but Antigoner's good ethics and ambition overpower Kreonr's as well. If Kreon had chosen a different course of action such as sympathizing with Antigone, the misfortunes could have been avoided. However, that was not the case, but fortunately that allows the audience to learn from both Antigone and Kreonr's flaws and weaknesses and apply that to their own lives. It is still just as important that the audience recognizes the sympathy Antigone deserved instead of the sympathy that Kreon could have received.
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Antigone is a Drama Based
Antigone
Antigone is a drama based on a fictional work written by Sophocles, that recounts the tragic plight of Antigone, after she defied the order of King Creon. However, the civil disobedience exemplified by the main character seeks to awaken the moral courage of every citizen who lives under a harsh rule. It is submitted that every person has a moral obligation to stand against oppression and injustice, even if it means offending the existing laws.
The story of Antigone revolves around the courageous story of the main female character. Her brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles fought a battle leading to their untimely death. The king of Thebes, Creon, ordered not to bury the body of Polyneices for being a rebel. The start of the play showed how Antigone convinced her sister Ismene to bury their brotherr's body. Ismene refused as it was a clear defiance of the kingr's order, but Antigone still pursued. Upon learning this, Creon confronted Antigone, who did not deny her civil disobedience. Despite the plea of Haemon, Creonr's son and Antigoner's fiance, to forgive her, the king still ordered her to be sent to the cave. Antigone, who was then sorrowful, took away her life by hanging herself inside the cave. Upon learning of Antigoner's death, Haemon stabbed himself. When Haemonr's mother, Eurydice, learned of his death, she also took away her life. Creon, devastated of his son and wifer's death, condemned himself for his unfortunate fate.
The philosophical essay that is relevant to the discussion is the Day of Affirmation, delivered by Robert Kennedy in 1966 at the University of Cape Town (Kennedy 379). This essay is relevant to the thesis, because it resonates the aim of Antigone in defying the order of the king. When Kennedy delivered the speech, racial discrimination was rampant because Apartheid was still in place.
Kennedy addressed the speech to the students of Africa, with the aim of challenging them to stand against oppression and injustice, and bring social change in their society. In the same vein, Antigoner's civil disobedience was an expression of her desire to challenge the existing status quo, under pain of punishment. The oppressive act came after Creon ordered that Eteocles (Antigoner's brother) be given military honors and soldierr's funeral, while Polyneices should not. This was deemed unfair on the part of Antigone, because both deceased were her brothers whom, she believed, have fought bravely. She gave no distinction, but gave equal regard to their contribution.
Kennedy said, so too in life of the honorable and good it is they who act rightly who win the prize. I believe that in this generation those with the courage to enter the moral conflict will find themselves with companions in every corner of the world (Kennedy 382). These lines highlight the importance of doing morally good, a deed that Antigone showed. Antigone acknowledged the importance of unwritten laws, which she perceived as divine. She invoked the unwritten code in the society to justify her act of defying the written law. It was clear that Antigone was guided by the principle of the gods, which justified her act of disobedience to the order of the king.
One of the scenes that illustrate the moral courage of Antigone was the confrontation between the main character and King Creon. This scene was effective in portraying the courage of the main character, and her gender being a female bolstered this. She did not only resist incorporation or domination, but also explanation or categorization. As opposed to the character of her sister Ismene, who has been depicted as an assailable and disempowered woman, Antigone was a sharp contrast. In other words, the protagonist displayed an unorthodox character of an ancient Greek woman. During their confrontation, she was not assisted by any single person, while Creon was surrounded by many guards.
Yet, Antigone spoke without regrets and fear. When Creon asked her if she was the one who buried the body of Polyneices, Antigone bravely answered Yes I am guilty Because it is your law, not the law of god You are merely a man like me, and laws you enact cannot overturn ancient moral laws (Antigone BBC). She also acknowledged that she was not afraid of death as punishment.
This scene explained why the law was oppressive and unfair. Aside from the fact that she valued her blood relationship with Polyneices, the kingr's order was also not in consonance with the law of god. Her fierce conviction resonated what Kennedy had said that it was dangerous to be timid - the state of being afraid of disapproval from fellows, censure from colleagues, and wrath of the society (Kennedy 382). He encouraged every person to have a moral courage, the same value that Antigone showed in the play. She was prepared for any punishment that Creon might give, even if it was her death.
Antigone is the epitome of courage, worthy to emulate. The heart and soul of civil disobedience is the defiance of the written laws, to stop oppression and injustice. Antigone was right in the play, because her acts were aligned with the higher law the divine law. Although she died in the story, Creon received a harsher punishment, when his son and wife died. In the end, the audience could feel how Creon regretted his act of following his order and defying the law of the gods.
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Community Service Experience
Introduction
During my OB term I attended an infant/toddler safety class at PIH Hospital in the city of Whitter, CA. This class was an interesting and interactive class where expecting parents, family members, friends, and students can come to learn about the importance of infant/toddler safety. It was a crash course to inform expecting parents about their role in prevention and rescue in an infant/toddlerr's life. Address of Organization: PIH Health Hospital Whitter: 12401 Washington Blvd, Whitter, CA. 90602 Purpose of Organization Mission Statement & Core Values. PIH ensures high-quality healthcare, without discrimination, and plays a huge part in the health and wellbeing of the communities in an ethical, safe and fiscally prudent manner. PIH values their patients first, patientr's safety, well-being and medical condition as their primary concern. Second, PIH values respect and compassion for the beliefs and needs of both patients and co-workers. Third, responsiveness because PIH strives to respond and meet the needs of its patients in a timely manner. Fourth, integrity which reflect high ethical and moral values.
Fifth collaboration and innovation where teamwork plays a vital role in solving problems, and Sixth stewardship where they serve the community in a wise and financially efficient manner (PIH,2018). Infant/Toddler Safety Class. The purpose of this class is to teach important lifesaving techniques that can be crucial to saving a childr's life, for expecting parents, grandparents, friends, family and those responsible for watching the baby. It is recommended to attend this class during the 7th-9th month of pregnancy. The topics included: how to get help in an emergency, how to tell if the child is in need of immediate response, childproofing the home for safety, and how to perform CPR in a choking situation of an unconscious/conscious child. Population Served Whitter, CA. PIH Health Hospital is a nonprofit, regional hospital that serves more than two million people in Los Angeles and Orange County, even extending throughout San Gabriel Valley. This hospital serves individuals who cannot afford healthcare as well as the people in its county.
Based on the 2017 census Whitter, CA. has a population of 86,838 which makes it the 94th largest city in California. More than half the population (68.2%) are either Hispanic/Latinos and about 80% of the population have graduated high school or completed a higher education. In addition, about 12% of the population under the age of 65 do not have health insurance making it difficult for them to receive the care that they need due to financial issues. These 12% may also fall into the category of being the 11.8% in poverty. The average family has about 3 people per household and a median household income of about $67,431 (Census Bureau, 2018). Demographics of The Infant/Toddler Safety Class. The class consisted of first time parents in their 30r's who were mainly Hispanic/Latinos and few African Americans and Asians. This also corresponds with the data from the Census Bureau (2018), that Hispanics make up 65.1% which is the largest population in the service area.
According to the Census Bureau (2018), females make up more than 50% of the population of Whitter, CA. and the demographics in this class match that data. Most of these women had their partners accompany them as well as parents of both individuals. Health Concerns for This Population. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2015), Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority population in the US, which is about 1 in every 6 people in the US. This ethnic group has two leading causes of death, heart disease and cancer accounting for about 2 out of 5 deaths in the US (CDC,2015). In addition, Hispanics are 24% more likely to have poorly controlled high blood pressure, 23% more likely to be obese and have 50% higher death rate from diabetes compared to white ethnic groups. Another research article states that Hispanics in the US have other health disparities such as homicide among younger men, injuries in the workforce, HIV, liver disease and some gastrointestinal diseases (Vega,A., Rodriguez, A., and Gruskin, E., 2009).
There are many reasons these numbers are so high but health care professionals and individuals in the community can work together to decrease death rates due to health issues. Hispanics are also at a higher risk for heart disease and cancer because they are 3 times less likely to be uninsured like whites (CDC,2018). Doctors and other healthcare professionals can work together to eliminate language barriers for Spanish speaking people by providing interpreters to those who need it. Education and awareness can be spread throughout these communities to help Hispanic people make better health choices. Health care professionals provide them free or low-cost health services. Professional Services Services. PIH Health Hospital in Whitter, CA. has a multispecialty medical group that provides numerous outpatient medical services, home health services/ hospice care, as well as heart, cancer, stroke, womenr's health and emergency services. PIH Health Hospital has been recognized multiple times as the nationr's top hospital for providing quality care of its treatment and advanced technology (PIH,2018). PIH Hospital offers almost all services for every age group from acute care, urgent care, emergency care, cancer, telemetry, to newborn and pediatrics care.
PIH Health also contracts with most HMO and PPO insurance plans to meet the needs of its patients. This Hospital also provides services in the community to help promote wellness and increase access to medical services. They focus on major health issues within the community such as diabetes, heart disease and obesity by providing the people with evidence-based programs and classes (PIH, 2018). Geographical and Environmental Layout Facility. PIH Health Hospital is a regional nonprofit healthcare network that serves more than 2.1 million individuals in the Los Angeles County, Orange County, as well as the San Gabriel Valley. Californiar's post-World War II population is what triggered the shortages of hospital beds because many residents in the community were in need of medical help. Due to federal funding, the community came together to help build this hospital, known as Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital (PIH) of 188 beds which first opened on January 11, 1959. The tremendous support and funding came from the Hill-Burton act as well as the continuous efforts of the members in the community raising funds for healthcare. Since then PIH has worked to expand its top-quality medical services and facilities to provide quality patient care. This would not have been possible without the constant efforts and dedication from staff and leadership to putting patients first and providing quality health care to all individuals.
Today, PIH serves more than two million residents in three different counties (PIH, 2018). Physical Layout. PIH Health Hospital is a very large hospital with multiple parking lots and many entrances. However, I parked in the parking lot right across the main entrance and walked across to the two sliding doors. There was a well lite sign above the entrance that said Main Entrance and guided me to the right place. Once I walked in I went to the receptionist that were sitting on the left-hand side and asked them where the infant/toddler safety classes are being held. They were extremely nice and after greeting me with a smile they gave me directions on how to get to the class. I was told to make a right at the first hallway, walk past the restrooms and elevator 3 will be on my left-hand side. I will have to take that elevator 3 down to the lower level and look for the sign that says auditorium which was on the right-hand side. This is where the class was held and the two doors leading into the auditorium were open as soon as I got out of the elevator and made a right. The signs are clearly labeled at this hospital, so guest do not get lost and the staff is extremely helpful in making sure everyone finds their way around the hospital. PIH also has free Wi-Fi which is easily connectable, has staff all around the hospital that is extremely helpful, and several places where individuals can get food and drinks. Accessibility.
\PIH is an easily accessible hospital whether it be transportation, calling their phone line or finding their website. Before going to the class, I had looked up directions in traffic and without traffic to get an idea where the hospital was located. During this time, I found that there are many routes available via freeway or via side streets. I also noticed that there is public transportation available, but timing depends on where the individual is coming from. After reaching the hospital I saw big block signs that said PIH and I knew I had arrived. This hospital also had many different parking lots free of charge that is open to everyone. They also provide valet service and shuttles to those who require it. Apart from transportation I also found that accessing the hospital by phone was extremely easy. I had called to get information about the class I was interested in attending and my phone call was answered right away.
The lady on the phone was extremely kind and answered all my questions. She made sure I understood everything clearly and also asked me if I needed any additional help before hanging up. It can be stressful when phone lines are busy, or a person has to be on hold forever to get their question answered so I thought this was a great asset to the hospital company. Lastly, the hospital website is amazing, and it is accessible from anywhere. This website is very detailed from its history to the services it provides and the efforts they continue to strive for to near excellence in providing quality patient care. The layout is simple and easily readable. In addition, there are no glitches or ads that pop up while accessing the website which makes it easy to stay focused. Many times, websites are vague and do not provide details which leaves a person with no other choice but to call the hospital directly. However, PIH hospital is accessible through online, by telephone or in person at any time, any day. Transportation Issues. PIH Hospital is fairly accessible to the public but can be hard to access during rush hour traffic because it is right next to the 605 freeway.
This hospital is also in the middle of two major intersections, so commute would have to be planned accordingly. There are a couple of bus stops on Washington Blvd which may be beneficial to individuals who do not have a car to travel. I also noticed that PIH Hospital had many different entrances, so cars can go in and out without there being congestion. In addition, the parking at PIH is free and there are many spaces. There are also many different lots where people can park and if needed there is also a shuttle service that will provide rides to the front entrance. The parking lots are also well lit at night time, so it is easy for people to make their way around the hospital, park and go to the department they need to. Social Issues of The Population Hispanic women. According to a new report from the March of Dimes organization, Hispanic women have a higher chances of giving birth to a baby with neural tube birth defects and nearly a quarter of all Hispanic births are preterm babies (March of Dimes, 2018).
These women need to be educated on steps they can take to ensure their baby can start a healthy lifestyle and that is the goal of this March of Dimes organization. Being the fastest-growing ethnic group in the country, Hispanic women have a lower intake of folic acid which is causing brain and spinal cord defects in their babies. In addition, Hispanic women also report not taking the necessary multivitamins or supplemental nutrition for the growth of a healthy baby. This organization is established to empower moms to be and the family on healthy habits that will benefit themselves as well as their baby (March of Dimes, 2018). After reading articles on planned parenthood website, I also found out that Hispanic women lack the access to quality health care which really makes an impact on them as well as the future generation. Teen pregnancy is 1 ?? times more likely in Hispanic women and cervical cancer than any other ethnic group. In addition, a high percentage of Hispanic women are uninsured which means they do have a regular physician to get yearly checkups (Planned Parenthood Action Fund, 2018). Organizations Communication Internal. PIH hospital has many forms of communication within the hospital network. They have phones throughout the hospital and each department has its own extension.
Health care professionals can communicate through emails, work phones, intercom systems, as well as through meetings and announcements in each unit. PIH also has patient profiles and data that can be accessed from all departments involved in that patients care, for example, a patient chart can be accessed within a patients room, at the nurses station, in the labs, in the operating room, etc. This multi-communication system allows health care professionals to perform better team work and provide the quality care to all its patients. External. PIH health hospital communicates with the residents through public announcements, an informational hospital website, as well as a patient service phone number. Patient service representatives are the individuals who help patients and family members find the information they need and help them solve their problems. They connect individuals with PIH doctors and/or other departments within the hospital. PIH also works with home health services and hospice care in case an individual needed rehabilitation services after their hospital stay (PIH,2018). There are also classes that patients can attend which take place within the hospital to better familiarize themselves with a certain topic/problem they are unaware of.
All patients of PIH health have access to the PIH health portal where all medical records can be found. PIH holds great pride in ensuring quality care to all of its patients and patient satisfaction is their goal. Activities During Community Experience Activities. This infant/toddler safety class was a 2.5-hour class that started at 7:00pm and ended at 9:30pm. Our total time ended up being 3.5 hours because we helped set up the handouts at the beginning of class and helped pack up the safety gear and mannequin dolls after class. Naomi the instructor was very informative and a great presenter. She was extremely energetic and kept everyone engaged throughout the entire presentation. She also brought props and mannequins to practice stuff that she had taught in her presentation which was awesome. This allowed parents to be and family/friends of those expecting to get a hands-on experience on safety equipment. Time flew by in this infant/toddler safety class because there were many different activities that kept the audience engaged.
First, there were numerous handouts laid out by the door where people enter from. These handouts contained visuals, detailed information about a certain topic, statistics for that particular topic and a copy of the entire power point presentation was also given. The power point slides were short and concise with visuals to help the parents visualize what is being taught. These power point slides also had videos with step-by-step of how to perform CPR on a conscious vs. unconscious patient (newborn or toddler). The videos looked outdated due to its quality and color, but the content was up to date with the research shown on screen. The volume was loud clear which projected to the back of the room so those sitting in the back were able to hear it clearly. The instructor also demonstrated in person some of the major topics that were being explained in the video such as car seat safety and CPR for conscious/unconscious infants or toddlers. The great thing about this class and its activities is that there is no registration or fees required, making it a wonderful place for anybody to learn. Program or Changes To Better Serve The Community Possible changes. The infant/toddler safety class was a very informative and interactive class to attend to help better prepare for the birth of a child.
However, I feel that offering classes during the day would be a great way to spread the knowledge to expecting parents because many people may not be able to make it in the evening. There may be many underlying issues, but transportation may play a vital role in this. Public transportation is very difficult in the evening and due to the heavy traffic in Southern California, expecting parents would really be disturbed throughout the whole travel process. Another option could be providing online classes or links to videos that patients can watch to help educate themselves in case they are unable to attend these informational classes. This may also help in spreading the knowledge and education to more expecting parents because these videos and links would be accessible from any electronic device with internet. Convenience and cost are usually the two factors that play a huge role when it comes to the number of people that attend these informational sessions.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Hispanic Health: Vital signs. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-health/index.html March of Dimes. (2014). Health of Hispanic Moms and Babies A Growing Concern, New Report Says. Retrieved from https://www.marchofdimes.org/news/health-of-hispanic-moms-and-babies-a-growing-concern-new-report-says.aspx PIH Health. (2018). Our History. Retrieved from https://www.pihhealth.org/about/our-history/ Planned Parenthood Action Fund, Inc. (2018). Health Equity Issues for the Latino Community. Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/communities/latinos-planned-parenthood/health-equity-issues-for-the-latino-community United States Census Bureau. (2018). Quick Facts Whitter City, California. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/whittiercitycalifornia/PST045217 Vega, W. A., Rodriguez, M. A., & Gruskin, E. (2009). Health Disparities in the Latino Population. Epidemiologic Reviews, 31, 99“112. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxp008
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Samaritanr’s Purse is a Christian
Samaritanr's Purse is a Christian based international relief organization that uses an evangelical platform to provide relief to people in need. Offering medical care, food, physical labor or logistical support, the faith-based organization provides humanitarian aid to afflicted regions around the globe. One of the many ongoing ministries of Samaritans Purse is Operation Christmas Child.
Operation Christmas Child was created in 1990 by Dave Cooke and his wife Gill for children in Romania. The story goes, in October of 1990 Cooke was having a meal with a good friend John Roberts when the news broke of deuterating orphanages and the images of the children were appearing on television. Dave suggested they take a truck to Romania with aid for the orphans there. [1] He and his brother Paul rounded up some friends there to help. Operation Christmas Child hit the headlines and snowballed in a matter of months. [2] In December 1990, a convoy of 9 trucks departed Wexham heading for Romania with almost $700,000 of aid.
From 1990 to 1995 Operation Christmas Child grew exponentially, delivering shoeboxes to Belarus, Bosnia and Romania. In 1995 negotiations started with the American International charity Samaritan's Purse who had the means of taking Operation Christmas Child global [3] and the charities were merged. As of April 2015, over 124 million boxes have been delivered globally.
Operation Christmas Child is the world's largest Christmas project of its kind, directed to children between the ages 2-14, it uses gift-filled shoeboxes, to demonstrate God's love in a tangible way to children in need around the world. Every year in November, thousands of churches, schools, groups and individual donors prepare and collect shoeboxes filled with toys, school supplies, personal items, and other small gifts. A booklet of bible stories is often distributed alongside the shoebox gifts which are given to children based on need alone, regardless of their faith. These boxes are then distributed overseas by volunteers. [4] Participants can follow their box online to discover where in the world their gift is delivered from the website samaritanspurse.org/occ.
The internet is full of positive and negative forums and comments on Sarmatians Purse and its ministry Operation Christmas Child. The bottom line is, no matter where we go or what we do, this program offers more than help, it offers hope to suffering people in a broken world. If offering small gifts as a token to present Christianity and its teachings, through stories about Jesus Christ, in places where religion may take on a skewed form and it changes just one childr's outlook on life of well-being than then it is mission accomplished.
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Jacaranda Workshop
BACKGROUND HISTORY.
Jacaranda workshop kileleshwa is a non-profit community organisation . It was set up to help children and adults who are mentally challenged through training and employment. Jacaranda workshop is a self supporting enterprise that where mentally handicapped peopleare helps to gain knowledge ans experience ro relate with the outside society. It has been operational for over 32 years.
The centre has been in existence and is of major help to many children and adults training them with social skills and educational knowledge to aid them with their day to day life. The main order of business is the assembly of materials in making of beaded necklaces ,earings, bracelets, keyholders , glass beads, semi precious stones and clay sourced locally.
INDIVIUAL FEELINGS.
When i Registered for the Community service class i really did not see the essence of it (lay man is that it's individuals permission to volunteer your time at an organization). Later on when i started doing my Community service at jacaranda workshop i was filled with mixed reactions on one hand this is a new enviroment that i have never been But on the other hand it was exicting . Community service proved to be a challenge one being that it is so far away from where i stay and waking up in the Morning early so as to be at institution early , working with people whom you do not know having made to be creative of people.
The intial thing that come in mind before i started Community service is that i would be hectic and tiresome.During my first day in class we were told be go to our various institutions with an open mind which was kind of hard but all on all i Managered to pull it through by doing the level best. my open mindedness was blown away by the beautifil , Amazing and extra odinary work that was been done by the people at the workshop.
Some children attend school while others are home schooled while others do not to to school at all (those who are mentally challenged) hence lack of equal education opportunities since to raise some fees for all of them is a challenge and to many parents not knowing how to explain their childrens condition hide them from the society and by the time they are taken to the institutions that handle mentally challenged individuals its too late for them to form a grounded foundation.
There biggest challenge is that of getting the finances and manpower to help in the day to day running if the workshop, the money they get from the sell of their products is what they depend on to keep the place running and sometimes money from well wishers.
The people there that i was intresting with in a day to day basis, they were a very social lot and fum to be around.Mr joseph is our instructor wasone of the most accomodating person having to deal with people from all walks of life: what is to be done and how to do it, he is always there to give us directions.
Impact of The organization to myself.
Due to much thought , the experience that i have learnt from the workshop is very heart-warming by just what i have been able gather and learn and apply to my day to day life. Remenecsing back at the abilities and nurtured potential of those individuals have is refreshing. They are talented; some of them good at art work, beading and some good at weving mats from unthinkable materials which helps them to build themselves ans make them different in the society. If there is one occasion that gives me a lot of happiness and joy that is I looking forward to most. This experience gave me deeper love and understanding for every individual , just do not see a person and be ready to pass a comment or judgment and that one should tret every individual differently with love, care and understanding particularly those who are not given the needed help from either their pqrents and the society. Through sharing this experience, you would love them too and to see that as much as they have the workshop you would love to help them to in any way you can since the money they get from the sell of the work is what is used to mainatain and pay them.
When i reported to my first day at jacaranda their was this lady called sarah, what a woman she is ( wedding plans started commencing people were given roles and i thought she was serious but later on learned that it was not, she was very jealous of every girl George her supposed husband talked to) so one time she dound me talking to George she become so violent that i thought she was going to beat me. I was ao sacred that i used to stay away from her path ro avoid having confrontations with her. At times one forget that you are dealing with special people and you let anger get the better of you only to realise that the two of you are different. But all in all it's all about patience and self control. In regards to the United Nations vision 2020 sustainable development goals number 4. Quality education that each and every person have access to good quality education for everyone regardless of where you come from. Kenya came up with free primary and secondary education but i feel its not accessible to everyone everywhere is looking to be a challenge to those not accessible. If more mobilization and projects and policies in regards to education are given priorities and followed to the ladder then will break barriers of having accessible education everywhere.
Looking at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the workshop can help improve the management of the organization. Jacaranda workshop has its strengths, being suited in the surbad sera of Nairobi it is all about bring awareness to mental health and that its meaning Narrowed that people from all social standings do differ from it and this brings all people together. Childern from the special school when they graduate already have people who can lead them through their transition to their new life to the outside world, the workforce is ready and able. When we look at finances of running the organization then alot of saying is done most of their products are made from scratch at the workshop with the manpower they have apart from wood and fishing lines which they out source.
Just like any other organization they also have their weaknesses some being the jewellery they make are of good and high quality and Sadly they do not have constant market for their products. Other people in the same industry move from place to place and they have established a market for their products unloke Jacaranda who relly on people to Visit their website or Facebook so as to get clients.
But their is room for improvement and we Living in a digitalk world they could use the social world to market their products, using fairs and workshops that at times the government organize could also help put their name in the market of they attend such they could learn and improve more on what they are doing, improvin their sales and also giving awareness to people in what they are about and that mentally challenged people are just like any other person.
The only threat i see is Jacaranda workshop is just one of its kind and it's just in nairobi what about the rest of the people who are not Living in nairobi how will the get help. When people get to be aware of its existence then they will havw alot on their plate and they will not be able to function as properlly if the place becomes congested. If they by chance want to open branches else where in the country thwy will be faced with finicial issues of setting up new places which is quite expensive, lack of finicial support leads to closure of projects that would have helped alot of people and dissapointments soon follow.
Conclusion.
How we treat others is really important and that the first impression anyone has on you will alway stand out amongest the rest. Having diversity really broadens one view of things and the world in general. Before i went to Community service i never heard of jacaranda workshop and now that i know of it i also what other people to know of its existence and that instead of shunning individuals who are mentally challenged from the society they can bring them to jacaranda and be equipped with necesarry skills both social and employment skills that will help them better their lives and give them a face in the society that they might be different fron the rest but they are the same as rhe rest and they to shoukd be given opportunities just like the rest.
I would recommend students from USIU -A to do their Community service in such institution and get to have awareness on what is happening in the society which does not get as much credit as it should. Knowledge is power and having awareness on issues that affect our society keep us on the map that we have a problem and people to care to find a solutions to the problem. We africans thought that mental problems are white people problems so we didnt give much thought ro it until it started affecting us that it we become aware. Awareness is key and people become informed.
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Their Society are all the same
This Book is made aware that not only are choices limited, but also that the people have not experienced true feelings, enjoyed individual differences and cannot even see color!. Jonas seems to be just any ordinary young boy, Jonas who lives in a futuristic society which has tried to relieve its citizens of choices to ensure sameness, fairness, and equality. This shows the darker side of living in a perfect world, and shows how little choices you have, restricting life, and making it bland. Living in the perfect world of The Giver would become monotonous. Lacking choices, one would not be able to utilize their creativity and would become dependent on the community to provide. In the current world, people must work to get the necessities, and many people today find their ideal position and earn the necessities while still enjoying themselves.
Their society are all the same. Jonas is chosen for a very rare occupation called Receiver, who is unfortunate enough to learn and bare all of the difficult truths of his society and itr's a completely controlled environment. When Jonas is chosen to take the role, he starts to learn how life that good cannot exist without evil, and evil cannot exist without good, thus making reaching a perfect society impossible. It does not matter how amazing an experience is, unless you have something bad to compare it with you can never taste the true meaning of that moment. The members of Jonasr's community cannot appreciate the joys in their lives because they have never felt sadness, They also do not feel grief because they have never appreciated the true wonders of life.
The setting of the controlled community in The Giver explains the conflict between the desire to solve societyr's problems and the need for individual freedoms. In the beginning the rules, such as being assigned a specific job for life or using correct language, makes sense and seems for the good of the community. The Giver is heavily burdened with all of the memories of the past world from physically and emotionally going through the motions of his regulation and boundary heavy, futuristic society. Belonging to a family unit with a little sister, a mother in law enforcement, and a father who is a nurturer for new born, he has come to the point in his life where the council must choose a lifelong occupation for him and his peers based on their interests and talents. Jonas and the Giver both know that their society needs to change. They have no real choices, so they don't experience true feelings, such as love. They come up with a plan to help the community and to free Jonas. Jonas will escape and as he leaves, his memories will be set free into society.
The Giver will then help the community work through those feelings and show them the value of things that they have taken away, such as marriage and extended families. if you do not remember your errors, you may repeat them so it designates a Receiver to remember history for the community. But as Jonas undergoes his training, he learns that just as there is no pain without memory, there is also no true happiness & no feelings. Being happy are needed to help us as human beings develop. We need to make choices on our own to learn from your mistake. Feelings are the one of the most important things in our life. Respect for human life, shows us that we need to value other opinions.
As for my own conclusion for this book, The Giver Society is not a perfect place but in fact an unpleasant place. The citizens in the society have no choice, they have their feelings ripped away without them even knowing and their respect for human life is gone.
This book says a lot about my personality and rebellious tendencies executed in the most polite of ways in fear of seriously offending those around me. and it always shows up to them in the most convenient times throughout my life, when there is doubt about who I am as well as the decisions I need to make or have already made. Deciding that all must learn to see color, to feel pain and to show and receive love.
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Choices to Ensure Sameness
This community is perfectly planned out, a place in what seems to be perfect community, In this community from the age of one your life is already planned out. Your childhood will last until the age of 12, this when you receive your job assignments. You will work with no worries about difficult, no choices, or overwhelming emotions or when your time is through.This society, its citizen of choices to ensure sameness, equality and fairness. This is shows the bad side of living in a perfect world, and shows how the little choices you have, and living in the perfect world lacking of choices.
The citizen in this society have no choices about anything except where volunteer, this citizen are also stripped of many powerful and irreplaceable emotions and lastly the respect for human life has been completed demolished. Having your life planed out for you is normal but the point where you are have very little freedom to choose, they dont decide what they want to eat or wear, much less what they want to the rest of their life. It is almost as if choosing the wrong shirt could possibly endanger the entire community,This suggest Jonas or the rest of community dont get to decide what they wear.
I believe making choices is a significant part of our life. Making choices help develop the sense of responsibility and independence without choices, feelings, happiness, The giver are not truly discover themselves as an individuals. The citizen dont know how to appreciate the joys in their lives because they have never felt loneliness, They also do not feel lonely because they have never appreciated the true happiness of life. In this society everyone controlled the community for those have power. It explains the conflict between the desire to solve the problems of the society and the need for individual freedom.The Giver society being assigned a specific task for life, makes sense and seems for the good of the community. Everyone knows where they fit in, everyone pleased for what they do, what is told of them without hesitation. The giver know that their society needs to change.
They have no real choices, so they don't experience true feelings, such as love. They come up with a plan to help the community. The Giver will help the community work through those feelings and show them the value of things that they have taken away, Citizen in this society cant feel emotion like we can. Feeling is very important it help us determine right from wrong and help us truly understand the consequences of our actions.If you do not remember your mistakes, you may repeat them. Jonas undergoes of training and he learns that just that if you feel no pain without memory, there is also no true happiness in your life. Being happy are needed to help us as human beings develop. We need to make choices on our own to learn from your mistake. Feelings are the one of the most important things in our life. Respect for human life, shows us that we need to value other opinions .As for my own conclusion for this book, The Giver Society is not a perfect place but in fact an unpleasant place.
The citizens in the society have no choice, they have their feelings ripped away without them even knowing and their respect for human life is gone. It always shows up to them in the most convenient times throughout their life, For me, when there is doubt about who I am as well as the decisions I need to make or have already made. Deciding that all must learn to see colour to feel pain and to show and receive love. We all have regrets. We all smile. We all frown. Sometimes all we need is an encouraging word from others or seeing that someone else is also going through pain to understand one's self. In this book which consist thoughts there are stones in which no one would consider to glance at but also sees a new way to treasure.
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Pros and Cons of the Electoral College
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Pros And Cons Of The Electoral College. (2019, May 23).
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Analysis of the Cask of Amontillado
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The Electoral Colleger’s Structure
The Electoral College is a medium established by the founding fathers between the United States Congress and the people in order to agree on a new president. It replaced direct ballots in order to prevent a tyrant. The process involves five hundred thirty eight electors, which consist of two senators for each state and one person for each member in the House of Representatives. Together, these people decide the next American president by majority vote.
This essay will examine the Electoral Colleger's structure as well as itr's rationale and impact on the government and its citizens throughout the development of the nation.
The foundations of the Electoral College lie within the idea of preventing tyranny-- a concept that America has strived to keep out of the government, as seen through its history with Britain. Another concern of the founding fathers is that the citizens wouldnt be involved or informed enough to make the appropriate decision. Although only qualified citizens are allowed to vote, the average American does not have the same experience as a senator or representative of the House would have. For these reasons, the Founding Fathers made the executive decision to give the States the authority to appoint educated and experienced electors to vote on behalf of citizens that share their views. The concept of an Electoral College was opposed by an anonymous source in Federalist Paper No. 72, and was famously argued for by Alexander Hamilton in the Federalist Paper No. 68.
The founding fathers were afraid, not only of tyranny, but of the extremes of democracy. James Madison was worried about what he coined factions, which are populations of people with common interests which might potentially harm others, or even the nation. As a solution, Madison proposed a republic and integrated representation within the government. The function of the Electoral College is to preserve the essence of the American citizens, while ensuring that a president is chosen by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. (Miller) Although this was the original intention in creating the Electoral College, today, this process is a formality at most due to the loyalties of most electors and those bound to vote according to the popular vote, decided by the people. President Trump, a modern day figure, says that the Electoral College is different and that he prefers the popular vote because itr's much easier to win the popular vote.
Purpose
A concern in utilizing the process of the Electoral College is the fear of losing the essence of the popular vote. This has happened four times throughout American history, and most recently in the Election of 2000 when Al Gore lost despite having 48.4% of the popular vote, opposed to 47.9% for George W. Bush. Statistics show that this was about a 500,00 vote margin. There was also a struggle over the count in Florida that reached the Supreme Court. Ultimately, Bush was declared the winner with 271 votes through the Electoral College-- one more than the minimum to declare a majority vote.
The Electoral College process begins with the people, who vote for presidential electors by popular vote. These electors are then sent by each state to the United States capital to directly vote for the presidential candidates themselves on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of December. In general, the winner of the each stater's popular vote receives all of the votes in the Electoral College and each state is assigned two Senate seats in addition to its reserved seats in the House of Representatives.
Due to the popularity and distribution of support required to become elected as president, the Electoral College does contribute to the unity of the country.Some believe that this distribution should carry more weight than just the popular vote due to saturation in any one state or area. The process also enhances the interests of minorities and special interest groups in the government since it allows them to make an impact on decisions being made. Minorities have more potential to impact they state they reside in, in comparison with the entire country. This in turn protects these groups and creates a leverage effect, forcing the presidency to give more consideration to these populations due to their impact. Aside from that, the Electoral College supports the political stability of the United States through its preservation of a two-part system, and thus defending a federal system of government and representation for the people.
Despite the advantages, the fault in the Electoral College arose from its foundation, which demonstrated a distrust in the people, and is therefore essentially against the democracy. Because of this lack of trust, even qualified American citizens are kept from having a direct say in their nationr's leader, and will potentially lead to a president that the majority doesnt support. Aside from this issue, presidential candidates have always been encouraged to concentrate their campaigns and keep their time and resources saturated in a handful of battleground states. Generally, all of these states are more heavily populated states where neither party has an overwhelming advantage. This means that some mega-states, such as California, Texas, and New York, are largely neglected due to their predetermined support for a certain party. States such as Florida, Pennsylvania, and Ohio are typically more exposed to running candidates and their surrogates compared to the rest of the country combined. Due to political insight, smaller states that have electoral votes in the single digits are often left off campaign itineraries altogether, despite the fact that each citizenr's vote is supposed to have the same worth. Some candidates feel as if these states barely have any impact and are a waste of time and resources.
The Presidential Election of 1860 is a good representation of the difference between the Electoral College and the popular vote. During this election, John C. Breckinridge was the candidate representing the Southern Democratic party and Stephen A. Douglas was the Democratic representative. With votes concerning just these two, the popular vote favored Douglas with 1,380,202 votes against Breckinridge, who only had 847,953. Despite public opinion, Breckinridge ultimately had the upper hand because of his domination through the Electoral College. Breckinridge received 72 electoral votes, which trumps over the 12 electoral votes Douglas received. Aside from that, Abraham Lincoln was able to win against both of them, due to the controversy and split opinions on the topic of slavery. The Electoral College was split into those that supported slavery and those that didnt and Lincoln ultimately acquired more votes than both of the Democratic candidates.
Cite this page
The Electoral Colleger's Structure. (2019, May 23).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/05/page/10/
