Closing the Education Gap by Attacking Poverty Among Children

How much does location affect ability to get a job, because the folks living on $2 a day tended to live in cities or in old manufacturing towns. Due to locational limits, cultural and economic capital were restricted and the parents therefore could not provide a substantial education for their kids.

In reference to the never-ending cycle of educational inequality for people lacking social and economic capital, Joseph Wresinski observes that the poor are pushed into areas where others dare to penetrate: inner city slums, the outskirts of towns, and isolated rural dwellings. When they appear in the public eye, it is often because they have been made homeless in their own neighborhoods or because they seek to interact with those in a drastically better neighborhood. Geographically segregated and socially isolated, they are cut off from the cultural, political and civic life of the country. Wresinski’s 1987 study suggests that it is this exclusion that traps poor families in a second-class-citizen status and that any effort to reduce poverty cannot be successful unless it addresses the effects of exclusion. Social inclusion is seen as a key characteristic in many approaches to eradicating poverty in Europe. Measuring social exclusion is difficult because it focusses on specific failures and social relations, which may be due to the nature of the situation. Several attempts have been made in different European countries, specifically Belgium and the United Kingdom, to estimate social exclusion, and to establish a relationship between social exclusion and other aspects of poverty that lead to the denial of basic freedoms. This growing appreciation for the detrimental effects of social marginalization has contributed to the current holistic view of poverty as being a composite of income level (below a minimum level barely sufficient to meet the basic needs), human development (deprivation of food, health, education, housing and social security needed for any human development), and social exclusion (being marginalized, discriminated, and left out in social relations).

One of the most severe effects of poverty in the United States is that poor children enter school with a “readiness gap,” which frequently grows as they get older. Children feel alienated from society and suffer insecurities because of their socioeconomic status. Those from lower-income families are more likely than students from wealthier backgrounds to have lower test scores, and they are at a higher risk of dropping out of school. Those who complete high school are less likely to attend college than students from higher-income families. Although many governments have eliminated the biggest obstacle to enrollment by taking away school fees, other financial barriers such as uniforms and exam fees still prevent many of the poorest children from going to school. For many poor families, the long-term benefits of sending their children to school, especially their daughters, are outweighed by the immediate benefit of sending them to work or keeping them at home to help with chores.

This paper was initially inspired by a video that went viral on Facebook. The video, titled The Privileged Race: A Social Experiment, was about an experiment by CNA Insider in which about 20 young adults stood in a line shoulder to shoulder. The researcher asked questions and if the subjects agreed with the statement, they took a step forward. If the subjects disagreed, they took a step back. This experiment has been replicated dozens of times for educational purposes in schools, and each time different questions have been asked, based on if the theme of the experiment was race, sexuality, socioeconomic status, or gender. Those who ended up in the front supposedly enjoy more social privileges than those in the back. This time, students were told that they were racing to win an $100 bill. The researcher said “Before I say ‘go’, I am going to make a few statements. If those statements apply to you, I want you to take a step forward. If the statements don’t apply to you, stay where you are” (CNA Insider). The experiment went as follows:

“Take a step forward if your parents are still married. Take a step forward if you grew up with a father figure in the home. Take a step forward if you had access to a private education. Take a step forward if you had access to a free tutor growing up. Take a step forward if you never had to worry about your cellphone being shut off. Take a step forward if you never had to help pay the bills. Take a step forward if it weren’t for your athletic ability, you could still pay for college. Take a step forward if you never wondered where your next meal would come from” (CNA Insider).

After responding to the questions, the students were told to turn around and observe. Nearly all of the white students from private schools were closest to the finish line and all of the students of color and from public schools were closest to where they had started. Some students never even got the chance to take a single step forward. The researcher went on to point out that every question he had asked had nothing to do with anything the students had done. Yet it was very clear that the people toward the front had a better chance to win the $100 because they had enjoyed greater opportunities growing up, not because of their ability or drive.

The moral of this experiment is that certain groups of people in society are afraid to recognize they’ve been given a massive head start. At the end of the video, the researcher says, “But whoever wins this $100, it’d be foolish of you not to utilize that and learn more about someone else’s story” (CNA Insider). If this had been a fair race from the beginning and everybody was back on the line together, some of the students of color would have beaten the white students. It is only because the white students had advantages and opportunities that they advanced. The student who was closest to the $100 bill said, “By the end, I couldn’t even see people moving back, which is a metaphor in itself.” This is to say that people with extreme privilege may not even realize how far ahead they are.

To take a closer look into the lives of people living in poverty and experiencing educational inequality, the documentary Poor Kids: Real Stories shot in the UK and released in 2016 shows the living conditions and educational opportunities of families in poverty and how it affects the child’s education and future job opportunities. The documentary follows four children from different poverty-ridden regions. Interestingly, the children’s guardians gave them permission to speak on behalf of their families to narrate the video, instead of the adults. In doing so, the kids speak on behalf of three million kids suffering from poverty in the UK.

The first child, Sam, is eleven years old and lives with his dad and older sister. His mother walked out on his family on Sam’s second birthday and he seems to be almost emotionally numb from the event. Sam’s family doesn’t have heat in their house, so he gets sick often and then can’t go to school. A boy down the road stays with them occasionally because his mom cannot fully care for him. She is a drug addict and cannot keep a job. The communal effort to raise these children and emphasis on family is a distinctive characteristic of underprivileged communities. Instead of having organized afterschool activities, Sam and his siblings play outside on their lawn, completely unsupervised and unstructured. Meanwhile, wealthier children have structured activities that offer greater intellectual stimulation. When Sam’s older sister turned sixteen, they lost 15% of their benefits because his sister was of age to work. The sister does not currently have a job, however, because she is in school. It seems like families have to choose between making money and getting an education. It is a Catch 22. Although this scenario is not in the U.S., there are similarities in this country.

The second case in the documentary focuses on Courtney, an eight-year-old living with her mom and three sisters. In describing her home life, Courtney says, “We’re like a poor family. We’re different because we can’t do that much in our house. Rich people play board games, we have to go inside and watch TV. Mom can’t get a job with such young kids” (Real Stories). Yet again, the emphasis on how free time is wasted in unproductive, unstructured, non-educational activities is a recurring theme. Even an eight-year-old child notices the differences in structured time between her family and her peers. When discussing food, Courtney says, “If you’re too skinny, you could die; if you’re too fat, you could die” (Real Stories). This seems to be the sense of hope her mother instills in her. That both rich and poor people have food problems, it is not just their situation. Courtney’s story concludes with her saying, “I were really poor when I were born because I wasn’t meant to be born in October” (Real Stories). Not only was she fully aware that she was an unplanned child, it seems she was taught that the family is poor because of her, which adds to her feelings of guilt.

These children all seem to be highly aware and knowledgeable about their financial situation. In Unequal Childhoods, author Annette Lareau wrote that a characteristic of a middle-class family is that the parents do not share how much they make. They leave the family finances ambiguous. In lower-class homes, however, the parents do not seem to hold back any secrets from their kids and share the harsh realities of life. I am not sure if this is a universal difference of socioeconomic classes or a cultural difference between the UK and U.S. Lareau also discusses how different socioeconomic classes are taught to interact with people. Middle-class workers will look people straight in the eye while blue-collar workers tend not to (169, Lareau). Lareau believes that this behavioral characteristic helps to get jobs. Certain behavioral tendencies that underprivileged youth are not exposed to at a young age may seriously affect their future. Courtney’s mother says, “Money is the main priority; I always worry about it” (Real Stories). It was striking that the perceived problem is money, however something that could be solved without money is structured and productive free time. Lareau’s theories and the real-life observations of the documentary really show how opportunities as small as afterschool activities can significantly impact a child’s future. But despite all their struggles, parents in the poorest societies in the world share a desire to invest in their children’s education. In a 2014 speech, Villa Kulild, Director General of the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), wrote, “That is their first priority when they are asked what it most important to them. We therefore owe them a school that responds to their expectations – and to the opportunities that comes after completed education” (Kulild). Kulild’s urge to hone in on education for underprivileged youth could be the best option for diminishing the cycle of child poverty in future generations.

In the same fashion, the study Education for Young Children Living in Poverty: Child-Initiated Learning or Teacher Directed Instruction supports why experiential learning and using resources effectively is equally important as actual school time. According to Schweinhart et al, in 1986, children under age six constituted the U.S. age group with the greatest percent of members living in poverty – 22%, as compared to the 14% overall rate and 12% of people age 65 and over. Over two of every five black and Hispanic children under six were poor. Young children whose families lived in poverty lacked educational and economic resources. They were also more likely than their middle-class piers to fail in school. It is reasonable to assume this because their families had less to spend on such educational and cultural, educational, and for pleasure goods; because their parents had experienced educational failure and were less prepared to support educational success (and often live in stress-producing settings). The issue is how to provide children with experiences that enable them to use these resources effectively.

Poverty affects young people’s physical readiness for education as well. In a Norwegian study, there was a correlation found between education and nutrition. In this study, drastic statistics were found, like such as if all girls in developing countries were educated through high school, infant mortality rates would drop by 1/6th in one year, saving 1 million lives. Not only will education benefit the children, but communities want to hire teachers that are relatable for the kids, so this will bring more jobs to impoverished communities. Secondary education has an even greater impact: if all women in these countries completed secondary education, the under-five mortality rate would fall by 49%, saving 3 million children’s lives annually. Furthermore, a study in Uganda found that children who finished secondary education were seven times less likely to contract HIV as those who received little or no schooling.

Education is also one of the central building blocks of a strong, cohesive society. According to a study of 100 countries, educating girls and reducing the gender gap can promote democracy. Girls and women are hit the hardest by extreme poverty across every area of life, but they also hold the key to change, according to new analysis published by The ONE Campaign. ONE’s report, “Poverty Is Sexist: Why Girls and Women Must Be at the Heart of the Fight to End Extreme Poverty” shows how unlocking women’s economic potential could improve the lives of everyone in society.

Looking to the future, what can be done to improve the quality of education and opportunities for poverty-stricken youth? Sengupta says that we should make educating the poor part of the legal system and have it enforced by the government, so that if a state is not making an effort to accommodate those children, it gets penalized. Since 1989, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights has been discussing poverty as a major source of deprivation, affecting all human rights, which constitute a violation of human dignity. It has therefore called for urgent national and international action to eliminate them. In response, Sengupta writes, “an important requirement to conduct human rights policy is for all states that have ratified international human rights treaties to incorporate them in their domestic legal system and establish their own national human rights commission that can adjudicate, review and recommend appropriate remedial actions when human rights are denied, for individuals and groups who seek such actions” (89). Sengupta believes that in order to remove poverty, such programs must be targeted at people lacking income and human development, because they are the most vulnerable. A rights-based approach adds a distinct value to a poverty-reduction strategy, which will affect a significant portion of the population suffering an extreme form of poverty. It is hoped that more empirical studies will refine and improve the rights-based approach to reducing poverty, leading to its eventual eradication (93).

Poverty’s effect on children and their education has a greater impact long term than meets the eye. We must find ways to funnel greater resources to the world’s children so that they can grow to be productive, contributing members of society. We need to expand targeted programs for improving the educational opportunities for underprivileged youth and not simply expect them to join the educational system made for everyone else. In his book, Khan asks, “What do schools do, how do they do it, and how do the advantage within systems of schooling eliminate such advantages and be fair…How is it, when there is no longer a nobility where status can be legitimately inherited…that elites still seem to be a kind of ‘nobility,’ transferring their position from one generation to the next” (81, Khan). Why is it that society keeps reinforcing the advantages for people already at the top of the social pyramid, yet people at the bottom are left to languish? The elite preserve their power and maintain their exclusivity in a host of ways. What they fail to understand is that raising up the people at the bottom is not only good for the poor but good for the society as a whole, leading to fewer social ills—crime, drugs, disease, etc. Breaking this cycle starts by creating opportunities for the young. Through this essay, I have tried to illustrate that there is a severe lack of educational opportunity for underprivileged youths and the self-reinforcing ripple effects that can have. While there are many fine organizations aimed helping poor children, these need to be significantly expanded and integrated into school systems so that no child is left behind and the cycle of poverty can be broken.

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Dracula: a Breaker of Sexuality and Gender Roles in the Victorian-era

For centuries, monsters have been used to portray many bad qualities, personalities, and versions of humans. Monsters are used to help us cope with our fears and worst nightmares in society. According to Patricia Donovan, who wrote an article titled Monster Culture, fear of monsters has brought many communities and cultures together in the past (1). Many monsters are created to teach society a lesson in a way that they will pay attention, fear. When it comes to the infamous Dracula, he can represent many societal problems. Such as, sex, sexuality, sexual liberation, and gender roles. Dracula disrupts gender roles by sometimes taking the role of a motherly figure to other vampires. Which is different than the Victorian societal normalities. Dracula also challenges sexuality, by having totally different standards compared to the Victorian-era expectations.

Bram Stoker's infamous novel, Dracula is what brought Dracula into the limelight. The gothic horror novel was released in 1897, and it introduced Count Dracula. The novel tells the story of Dracula's journey to move from Transylvania to England, so he can find new blood and spread the vampiric curse. Upon the release, Dracula wasn't an immediate success. The gothic novel had a lot of mixed reactions, due to the vulgarity and the sexual themes throughout the novel. As many decades passed, the novel started to get praised for the literary themes and concepts. Modern day readers appreciated and understood the importance of the novel, whereas Victorian-era readers seen the novel as a good adventure book.

Sexuality has always been a prevalent part of society. It's been a recent hot topic and there's a lot of controversy that surrounds a person's sexuality. Not that there should be, but the world has many different views on sexuality. Whether it's stereotypes or assumptions, someone's sexuality will always be questioned, even a terrifying monster known as Dracula. This all stems from Bram Stoker's Dracula, that sparked the questioning of Dracula's sexuality. Sexuality in Dracula is pretty complicated, ultimately pointing out the sexual repression of men and women during the Victorian-era. Women during the Victorian-era were expected to be pure until marriage and not show any sexualbehavior that was considered promiscuous.

In Dracula, Bram Stoker writes characters that come face to face with sexuality. Sexual repression is at the core of this theme. Both men and women are sexually repressed. As witnessed by Jonathan Harker's thoughts and actions during his jail time at Dracula's castle. His sexual repression is best described in the following quote: I was afraid to raise my eyelids, but looked out and saw perfectly under the lashes. The girl went on her knees, and bent over me, simply gloating. There was a deliberate voluptuousness which was both thrilling and repulsive, and as she arched her neck, she actually licked her lips like an animalI closed my eyes in a languorous ecstasy and waited--waited with beating heart.(Stoker. Chapter 3, page 8).

To add onto the previous point abow, Jonathan Harker is about to be bitten by Dracula's three daughters. The vampire women are highly sexualized and sensuous. They are free to act on their sexual desires, which is the exact opposite of men and women in Victorian-era society. When Jonathan is closing his eyes, it demonstrates that his inability to handle an open sexuality. But at the same time, he wants his desires to be met by stating that he was waiting in ecstasy. Jonathan wants the vampiric women to take advantage of him, since he views her sexual expressiveness as desirable. On the other hand, he's feeling shame because her sexual expressiveness is seen as repulsive as well.

During the Victorian-era, women were very sexually repressed and weren't allowed to be sexual beings. But in Dracula, when the women are turned into vampires their societal rules are different. Vampire women are allowed to express their sexualities and not be sexually repressed. When a character named Lucy, who's a nineteen year old girl who's described as beautiful and angelic. When Lucy is turned into a vampire, this following quote describes the sexual desire that Lucy is creating. ...her breast heaved softly...and then insensibly there came the strange change which I had noticed in the night the mouth opened, and the pale gums, drawn back, made the teeth look longer and sharper than ever,,, and said in a soft voluptuous voice, such as I had never heard from her lips; 'Arthur! Oh, my love, I am so glad you have come! Kiss me!' (Stoker, Chap 18,4). This can be seen as a symbolic breaking out of Victorian-era sexuality, because when it comes to the gothic sexuality female vampires are allowed sexual freedom.

Whenever women get a chance to express their freedom, men will most of the time challenge or take it. When Lucy turns into a vampire and gets her sexual liberation, Arthur (her fiance) drives a wooden stake through her heart and kills her. In Angel in the House, Devil in the City: Explorations of Gender in Dracula and Penny Dreadful, Lauren Rocha writes, The transformation of Lucy from a creature of purity and sweetness into an inhuman, unholy one exemplifies the threat of the vampire in the novel: that is, the corruption of women into sexual, uncontrollable beings (2). Since this novel takes place during the Victorian-era , Arthur was strongly against the new sexually liberated vampire that Lucy has become. The following quote describes how even in gothic sexuality, the male will always have power over a women. In order to restore Lucy 'as a holy, and not an unholy, memory',Arthur drives a stake through her heart. Arthur, Lucy's fianc, whom she has tried to seduce with her vampiric ways, is the proper character to kill her; in doing so, he restores the gender balance in which men dominate and control the desires of women (Rocha, 2).

As a final point on sexuality in Dracula, Count Dracula is also allowed to have sexual liberation (of course). Since Dracula has three brides, it's in no question that Dracula does have power over the females in this novel. Which is the same as current and Victorian-era societies. When Dracula's sexual orientation comes into question, there's no correct answer for it. It was never stated in Bram's novel. A quote from Productive Fear: Labor, Sexuality, and Mimicry in Bram Stoker's Dracula by Eric Kwan-Wai Yu, brings a scene between Dracula and Jonathan into the question about Dracula's sexual orientation. That ambiguous scene, juxtaposing Dracula's claim that Harker ""belongs"" to him with his alleged capacity for ""love,"" hints that Dracula, like his brides, is a pervert hungry not only for blood but for sexual gratification (Kwan-Wai Yu, 18). This is confirmation that Dracula breaks the sexuality normalities of the Victorian-era society.

Any man during this period would never put a spell on another man to make him lustful towards himself. The Count is a monster driven by his bloodlust and hunger, and he does not discriminate the gender of his prey. Which could possibly mean that Dracula can be asexual. Asexual is a sexuality that makes an individual attracted to someone without sexual feeling; meaning Dracula's bloodlust makes him attracted to anyone. ALthough, Dracula does indicate to his three brides that he has had a past love, Bram Stoker leaves no details about his past love and there's no future reference made to Dracula's past love made again.

Not only does Dracula break the roles of sexuality, he also breaks Victorian-era gender roles. Along with Dracula, the novel itself and its characters really challenged Victorian-era gender roles and was a bold statement during the time. Traditional gender roles are exemplified in the novel, Dracula. Men are seen as brave and heroic, whereas women are described as motherly and emotional. However, there's also different gender roles when it comes to the vampires. For example, Van Helsing says that, A brave man's blood is the best thing on this earth when a woman is in trouble when asking Quincy Morris to give blood to Lucy after she has been turned into a vampire. Helsing is expecting Quincy to be strong and protect Lucy during her time of need. Bram Stoker is highlighting Quincy as a strong hero, while labeling Lucy as a maiden in need.

To add on too the traditional gender roles in the novel, Van Helsing compliments Mina by saying, Ah, that wonderful Madam Mina! She has man's brain - a brain that a man should have were he much gifted - and woman's heart (Stoker Chap 18, 22). Helsing's statement confirms that men are viewed as the intellectuals, while women are emotional and nurturing to men. Mina possesses both of the qualities of the genders, but these stereotypes are withholding a society of men and women that are unable to express themselves freely.

For an example on Victorian-era women, Mina is seen as pure and an ideal women during this time period. Mina is the embodiment of what a women was expected to be during the Victorian-era. She is prudent, intelligent, caring, beautiful, and knows her place in society. Van Helsing says, She is one of God's women, fashioned by His own hand to show us men and other women that there is a heavenso true, so sweet, so noble, so little an egoist - and that, let me tell you, is much in this age, so skeptical and selfish, (Stoker, Chapter 14, Page 1). Bram Stoker writes Mina as an ideal Victorian woman, so he can present the unacceptable behavior of Dracula's daughters. The three women serve as the complete opposite of the gender roles that were present during the Victorian-era. They're impure, radical, and evil. Everything that Mina, the perfect Victorian woman, is not.

In contrast from Mina, the weird sisters are the women that disrupt the gender roles of the Victorian-era. The woman often participate in the act of seducing men, which the novel is clearly arguing against. During this time, women were expected to be the ones pursued by men and shouldn't seek a relationship independently. Men were the ones with all the power. They had the freedom to do what they wanted, when they wanted to do it. Men had sexual freedom, and were allowed to have multiple partners if they wished. The sisters are referred to as monsters by Jonathan, and commit despicable evil acts throughout the novel. On the scale of what defines appropriate female behavior, Lucy falls in the middle.

Lucy behaves as a proper Victorian woman should and shows signs of purity, but at the same time, Lucy's statements hint that she may be more progressive than other women in society. For example, Lucy says, Men like women, certainly their wives, to be quite as fair as they are; and women, I am afraid are not always quite as fair as they should be (Stoker, Chapter 5, Page 1). She is aware that women do not fit the expectations of society and may be more aggressive than their male counterparts. This maybe Lucy's way of showing her desire to break free from the patriarchal society of the Victorian-era. Later, Lucy transforms into a vampire, which allows her to experience the sexuality that has been so heavily repressed by the Victorian-era society.

In contrast from the female gender roles in Bram Stoker's Dracula, there's the Victorian-era male role. In the novel, there's a group of men called The Crew of Light. This group consists of five men; Jonathan, Dr. Seward, Dr. Van Helsing, Arthur, and Quincey. These are the five men that are set out to fight against Dracula. During the second half of the book, Jonathan joins the men to fight against Dracula; In doing so, Jonathan seems to gain a lot of the traditional traits of masculinity. Men during the Victorian-era are known for their bravery, intelligence, honesty, activity, and repression of emotion. All of the men are financially stable enough to have their lives surround around the hunt for Dracula. When it comes to who's the leader of the group, Quincey is a notable contender. Quincey is described by Stoker as a moral Viking, and is depicted as the most masculine of all.

Despite the importance of masculinity that falls into the gender role of males in the VIctorian-era society, there are contradictions. In the novel, it seems that the Crew of Light must always aim for the moral high ground when they do unlawful activities. These unlawful activities include breaking into houses, breaking into crypts, and desecrating bodies. The men in the Crew of Light also have many emotional fits and can behave hysterically at times. Quincey is the only member from the crew to die. This suggests that an excess of masculinity may be less desirable in the long run compared to Jonathan's more obvious blends of both masculinity and femininity.

To add onto the male gender role, Dracula takes on the role of the nurturing mother in With his left hand he held both Mrs Harker's hands, keeping them away with her arms at full tension; his right hand gripped her by the back of the neck, forcing her face down on his bosom. Her white nightdress was smeared with blood, and a thin stream trickled down the man's bare breastthe vampiric society. When Dracula interacts with Mina, Dracula takes on the role of the mother. In the following quote, Dracula forces Mina to drink blood from his chest, (Stoker, Chapter 21, Page 1). Throughout the novel, Dracula has showed many signs of breaking the male gender role by showing femininity. Such as, Dracula's fascination with Jonathan and he expresses that he's capable of giving love. Which, further connects him to the traits f the female gender role. When Dracula is placed into the motherhood role, Dracula is breaking the role of a traditional male during the Victorian-era.

In Bram Stoker's Dracula, there's many gender and sexuality breaking characters and incidents. During the Victorian-era women were very repressed, while the men always had the power. In the vampire society, women had the chance to have sexual liberation, as well as a little more freedom than the normal Victorian women. Males had to deal with toxic masculinity and always having to fit into the masculine role. No emotions were allowed from men, and they weren't allowed to experience love, since they were seen as only something a woman was capable of. Stoker's novel has a lot of relevance to today's society, as we still have many gender roles in our society. Sexuality is still a big discussion and a lot of these Victorian-era traditions and qualities are still held to our society till this day.

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Raising the Minimum Wage is Bad

In the state of Arkansas this past November on the voting ballot was the choice for citizens to vote for the raising of the minimum wage to $11.00/hr over the next three years. At first glance, someone might think that this is a very good change but when taking a deeper look into the subject, it will reveal a lot of consequences that will cause a lot of trouble over time. Cost of living is going to rise, businesses will be less likely to hire when needed, unemployment numbers will rise and simple things such as a hamburger at McDonalds will go up.

Right now the minimum wage in the southern United States averages around $8.00/hr.(LaborLawCenter) This is the reason why housing is so much cheaper in the south than living in California where the minimum wage is $12.00 or New York where it is $11.00. Now imagine this, Arkansas having the same minimum wage as New York. There are four major entities that affect cost of living; housing, taxes, healthcare, food.

The average rent for a 1,000 sq.ft. apartment is roughly $3500 where the same size apartment will run you around $800 in Arkansas (RentCafe.com). Housing cost 379% more in New York when compared to Arkansas. Health insurance rates will skyrocket as well. The average health insurance for Arkansas is right around $2800 (Valuepenguin.com) with New York coming in over double the price with at $6800.(Empirecenter.org) When businesses raise minimum wage, theyre also having to give raises to the employees who make more than minimum wage.

Who wants to go to a four year school, spend thousands of dollars for classes and then come out making $15/hr for a nursing job when they could go flip burgers at the local burger joint for $11 and not be liable for someone's life? When employees get raises, then the cost of goods rise as well affecting the overall cost of living. Along with cost of living going up, there will be a rise in the unemployment rate as well. It is really simple economics when it comes to this aspect of raising the minimum wage. Non-skilled labor jobs are easy to come by. An employer will pay X amount to this position.

When the wage gets over that threshold, the employer will be less likely to hire for this position. What this equals is that position going away altogether instead of being paid a lower wage. Now that job along with the services it provided are gone. Economist Richard Vedder quotes If the price of something rises, people buy less of it including labor. Thus governmental interferences such as minimum-wage laws lower the quantity of labor demanded. What he is saying is basically clarifying what is written above. In February 2017, Wendys CEO Bob Wright states there is a 4% increase in wages across the board in his company.

First, they could cut margins, but with an 8% margin, that's unlikely. The second option is to raise prices. Given how price-sensitive consumers are these days, that too is a non-starter. Finally, the firm could reduce the amount of labor they use and that's exactly what they did. Wendy's eliminated 31 hours of labor per location, per week.(businessinsider.com) Now, the whole purpose of raising the minimum wage was really aimed at this market of employees which is the non-skilled jobs. Well, now that they have cut hours but the business is open so what now.

Wendy's CIO David Trimm states they will be installing automated ordering kiosk into 16% of their stores by the end of 2017 and their machines would paid off in a two year time frame because of the savings by reducing wages. Wendy's is not the only one going to the automated route. McDonalds is going the automated route also specifically in the New York and Seattle Markets.(businessinsider.com) Why those markets? Because they have some of the highest minimum wages in the nation. As long as states continue to raise minimum wage, these low skilled jobs will be killed off. In a survey of 1,213 businesses and human resources professionals, 38% of employers who currently pay minimum wage said they would lay off some employees if the minimum wage was raised to $10.10.(https://minimum-wage.procon.org) That's not even $11.00 an hour or an even higher wage as some think it should be.

Taking an educated guess, that number would be pushing 50% at $11.00. If there is a company ten employees making minimum wage at $10.10, that is $404 a week. Going up to $11 would mean an additional $36 a week. Given that employee is full time and works a full forty hour work week. They would make an additional $1,872 a year for one employee. Now the company has ten employees, that is a humongous increase of nearly $19,000. Depending on the business, that could be the entire budget for the year. Now that company is having to layoff to afford to pay rent, utilities, and insurance on their building. For a small business paying ten high school kids $8.50/hr for 17 hours a week. That is $1,445 per week and $75,140 for the year.

With the increase to $11/hr that yearly figure now goes up a whopping $22,100 for the year. The employer is going to cut hours and/or employees to get that cost back down to a manageable figure. Minimum wage jobs are aimed at students and young adults that are making money while furthering their education. 50.4% of all minimum wage jobs are held by kids and young adults aging from 16 - 24. Most employers are going to be less likely to hire a 16 year old high school student for $11/hr that they deem worthy of $8.50/hr. There is a catch phrase used commonly when talking about minimum wage and thats you can't raise a family on minimum wage Minimum wage was not designed to raise a family on. It was created in 1938 by President Roosevelt and was intended to deliver fairer labor standards throughout the country(historynewsnetwork.org) The unemployment rate for ages 16-19 is roughly 20%. Increasing the minimum wage is only going to make this number go up.

A lot lower than other groups proving that a high minimum wage is causing employers to not hire unskilled workers. In 2009 when Chicago raised their minimum wage, there was a 9% spike in teenage unemployment in three months. According to a study by Thomas A. Mroz, PhD, and Timothy H. Savage, PhD, for the Employment Policies Institute, "those experiencing unemployment at an early age have years of lower earnings and an increased likelihood of unemployment ahead of them." Teenagers and young adults need jobs at their age to teach them life values like going to work when you really do not want to. Getting along with co-workers when times are rough. The feeling of accomplishment of finishing a project or situation at a job. Without these, there would be a lot more unemployed teenagers which is only going to lead to higher crime rates and more unemployed adults. The last example of why a higher minimum wage is bad is the cost of goods will increase. Other than automation which was discussed earlier the establishment is going to pass the rising labor cost onto the consumer at a 100%.

Higher wages in hotels are going to cause an increase in guest rooms and meeting rooms. A simple cup of coffee in Oakland, CA rose 10-20% when the rate was increased to $12.25. When the minimum wage was raised to $10 in Chicago, a cup of coffee jumped 6.7%(NBCNews.com). Hamburgers are either going to increase in price or the size of the patty is going to decrease to help offset the labor cost. In closing, there have been several examples discussed of why raising the minimum wage is not a great idea. It is not designed to live on nor provide a family. It will only make the poor poorer and not what the pushers are saying. It will push employers to either lay off workers or close up business completely.

Teenagers are less likely to find work which will lead to higher dropout rates of school, higher crime rates and even more of a percentage of citizens unemployed and living in poverty followed by the skyrocketing of the cost of living in general. The minimum wage should be used as a floor of wages and not as something to live by.

Work Cited

2019 Minimum Wage Rates by State. Labor Law Education Center: Learn About Labor Laws in Your State, www.laborlawcenter.com/state-minimum-wage-rates/.
Little Rock, AR Rental Market Trends. Apartments for Rent RENTCaf, www.rentcafe.com/average-rent-market-trends/us/ar/little-rock/.
Cost of Living Comparison: Compare Spokane, Washington to Rancho San Diego, California, www.bestplaces.net/cost-of-living/little-rock-ar/new-york-ny/81000.
NY Health Insurance Costs Surge. Empire Center for Public Policy, www.empirecenter.org/publications/new-yorks-health-insurance-costs-surge/. Kwak, James. The Curse of Econ 101. The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 14 Jan. 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/01/economism-and-the-minimum-wage/513 155/.
Research, Garret/Galland. Minimum Wage Hikes Are Causing Businesses to Cut Jobs. Business Insider, Business Insider, 16 Mar. 2017, www.businessinsider.com/minimum-wage-leads-to-job-losses-2017-3.
Goddard, Alexander. Why Was the Minimum Wage First Established? History News Network, historynewsnetwork.org/article/164635. Flows, Capital. Let's Eliminate The Minimum Wage For Teenagers. Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 7 Apr. 2014,
www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/04/07/lets-eliminate-the-minimum-wage-for-teenag ers/#1a7ce3377255. The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemployment. Employment Policies Institute, www.epionline.org/studies/r51/.
Cost of Cup of Coffee Often Climbs After Minimum Wage Hikes. NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/cost-cup-coffee-climbs-after-minimum-wage-hik es-n394076.

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From Minimum Wage to Living Wage

What does the average American citizen need to sustain a suitable lifestyle? Is it a working wage of $7.25 or is a higher wage necessary? Those are the questions the United States Government needs to be asking themselves. The current minimum wage of $7.25 is not enough for a person to live off of comfortably. This is well known throughout the middle and lower class of society. With the rate of inflation on housing raising the minimum wage should to be raised, yet it has stayed the same since 2009. If minimum wage is not enough funds to pay for housing then how could it possibly pay for the necessities beyond that like food and clothing. Many states like California, Alaska, Colorado, and Florida are all raising their state minimum wage, so why wont the federal wage be raised? This is what american citizens all around the country should be pushing for, a living wage not a minimum wage.

The minimum wage was introduced in the united states in 1938 within the Fair Labor Standard act (FLSA)(What Is the History of the Minimum Wage? ). The point of FLSA was to supply overtime pay, child labor regulations, requirements of keeping records and the minimum wage. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee legally with certain exceptions. The reason the minimum wage was supported by FLSA was because the sole purpose of the minimum wage at this time was to stabilize the post depression economy and provide a stable protection plan for the workforce(Minimum Wage. ). The very first minimum wage was set at $0.25 per hour, since then the minimum wage has been increased to keep up with the rate of inflation 22 more times. The last raise in minimum wage was in 2009 when it reached $7.25 yet has not changed since in almost ten years to keep up with the ever increasing rate of inflation(What Is the History of the Minimum Wage?).

A living wage is a wage that is high enough for someone to be able to afford a normal standard of living. Yet then we must ask, What is a normal standard of living? A normal standard of living includes income, quality of employment, affordable housing and quality, hours of work necessary to purchase basic necessities, access to affordable health care, and safety. The difference between minimum wage and a living wage is that even though the minimum wage is supposed to keep up with inflation and allowing for all of the aspects of life that a living wage can, it does not.

A living wage has not been given to the american citizens and the federal government refuses to raise the minimum wage to bring the poverty rate and those who depend of welfare and food stamps to rise from the bottom and make a living and a life for themselves. Minimum wage has zero connection to poverty rates and a slimming connection to inflation rates of living costs. Minimum wage focuses more on federal raises allowed by the government based on economic and the interests of business. Living wage on the other hand is based off of cost of living, food expenses, child care, healthcare, housing, transportation, and other necessities needed to sustain a standard of life. Minimum wage takes into account the wage of one individual while the living wage is taking into account whole households and the needs of that household(Brown, Travis H. Living Wage vs. Minimum Wage: What's the Difference?).

There are many americans who are living proof that the current federal minimum wage is not working for them to afford a sustainable life. Modonna made about $17,500 a year. Her monthly paycheck would equal out to $1,325 after taxes. With this amount of money flow and her being able to get $3,800 back in refundable taxes she still had to rely of SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and even then she struggled(Edin, Shaefer. Page 9).

Jennifer, mother and wife struggling to get by and provide for her family on minimum wage, states barely making it on $13 an hour is her version of the american dream(Edin, Shaefer. Page 47). This just goes to show how little lose who try to live off of minimum wage struggle and how the smallest amount of money can make a substantial difference. Another family, Susan and Devin, have a similar dream to Jennifer. They imagine that a good life would be making $12 per hour with 30 hour weeks which goes to show how this dream of just making that small amount more per hour could potentially turn life around for those who struggle on minimum wage(Edin, Shaefer. Page 56). Debora worked in a factory making $7.90 per hour. After her paycheck came through she only ended up with $8.00 after taking care of her finances and bills. This left Debora with little to no money every month supporting the claim that minimum wage can not support a sustainable life(Work Doesn't Work.).

Taryn Lions, age 25 with two children under the age of 7, works at McDonalds as a crew trainer making $9.85. Since her $0.10 raise she has lost upwards of $100 in food stamps that she needed to provide her two children with food. She had to move 30 miles away from her place of work to be able to afford a place to live yet that still was only possible because she got a room ate that would allow them to split the $1090 cost into $550 each. To get back and forth from her job she had to buy a vehicle that is 17 years old with upwards of 200,000 miles logged. With her vehicle being so old and worn it constantly has a problem that she can not afford to fix. Taryn Lions makes above the federal minimum wage yet still can not afford standard living(PBS). These are all stories of people's lives that are not supported and can not feed their own family because of the minimum wage resting at $7.25 while inflation of costs increase yearly.

The real question is what wage can the average american citizen survive on? The amount of money made in Pennsylvania weekly on the minimum wage of $7.25 per hour after taxes is $290 a week. For the whole month the income would come out to $1,160(Calculator Results.). That may be able to cover the grocery bills, but this income will not put a roof over the head of workers making minimum wage. The average grocery bill is from $125 to $300(Cost of Groceries per Person per Month.). That may not seem like a price that is hard to meet on that income but if you add in housing it is almost impossible. The lowest price average of apartments in Pennsylvania is from $850 to $1,100 a month(Apartments under $1,100 in Pennsylvania.).

If you add the lowest end of each price ranges together the total cost is $975. This leaves $185 left over for clothing, healthcare and child care. Though this low combination of housing and grocery costs rarely go hand in hand. The other spectrum is $1400 in costs which is $240 more than they have. This leaves the worker in a state of dismay as there is no money for health care, childcare, or clothing. If the average worker is to make a wage that can support that standard of life they would have to make a wage of around $15 per hour. With this the weekly income after taxes is $600 and the monthly income after taxes is $2,400.

Taking away the more costly housing and grocery budget would leave $1,000 left over for healthcare, childcare, and clothing which is a substantially larger amount of money. All of these calculations are not including transportation whether it is public or private transportation. Therefore even then at $15 per hour there would still be some troubles and careful budgeting.This would not allow for everything but the average worker could be pulled out of poverty and can save money for their childrens education and to support them the best they can. This would lower the united states poverty rate of 13.9% substantially(What Is the Current Poverty Rate in the United States?).

Minimum wage should be raised to $15 per hour. With cost inflation rising and the minimum wage staying the same the united states is bound to fall far into poverty as inflation is estimated to go up 3% every year(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics).

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Poverty and Hunger

The topic that I thought was important to discuss in this class was the issue of poverty and hunger. When this topic was one of the options, I immediately agreed to study this issue, along with three of my classmates, because it was a concern that I have had recently. There are two competing authors that my group members and I read and discussed thoroughly. Peter Singer and Jan Narveson wrote two articles about how individuals should think when it comes to providing money to people who are less fortunate, and whether it is an obligation or not to donate money. In this paper, I hope to discuss the two issues thoroughly, provide an ethical theory that we learned this semester that most correlate to this issue, and my closing remarks on this issue. I believe that virtue ethics closely aligns with my view on how we should go about providing financial support to health organizations. We ought to be able to donate as much as we feel fit without being pressured and obligated. Our hearts should donate on the basis of what the person feels is virtuous, not out of obligation or one's duty.

The first author is Peter Singer, who wrote: The Singer Solution to World Poverty. The overall objective in this writing piece was to show how one spends their money on inessential things or pleasures that could be funneled towards relief agencies around the globe. Peter Singer is honing in on the idea that we have a moral duty to give funds to others people around the globe who are less fortunate instead of spending it on things that are not essential to our lives or health. (The Ethical Life). He seeks to further his argument by providing examples and hypotheticals, which we will help us understand his train of thought more clearly.

Singer brings in philosopher Peter Unger, who wrote a book full of make-believe examples intended for us to think through whether people living on a comfortable salary not giving to people who are hungry, malnourished, or dying from easily treatable diseases are morally in the wrong. The one example that Peter Singer mentions a man named Bob, who owns an old Bugatti knows that in later years, it will be worth cashing in on to live comfortably. He is out for a little drive, and parks near a railway track. In an instant, he sees a runaway train, heading towards a stuck child on the track. Now, Bob happens to have a switch that could derail the train. But here is the catch: If he flips the switch, it will save the child but ultimately crash into his valuable, car. In this example, Bob decides against flipping the switch and allows the train to kill the child. This example is meant to correlate with how individuals have the opportunity to save children, but decide against it because the individuals do not personally know the people that are being affected by poverty and hunger, thus not sending money.

Towards the end of his article, he begins to state that there is no limit to how much individuals should donate to organizations in need of providing food to the hungry. Here is the formula Mr. Singer provides: Whatever money you're not spending on luxuries, not necessities, should be given away. He wastes no time giving readers a sense of urgency that we are all Bob with a Bugatti, where we do not flip the switch. We are all in that situation. (The Ethical Life, pg. 236).

The second article that directly contradicts the Singer's article is Feeding the Hungry by Jan Narveson. The thesis of Narveson's article is that we are in no way obligated to feed the starving and it is entirely morally optional to provide assistance to those unfortunate ones. She brings about thoughts and examples that allow readers to discern the difference between the option of being moral and obligation towards the idea of being a good steward of finances towards the starving. One example she provides is if she locks an individual in a room, with no food, and does not allow you to leave, she has murdered you. She acknowledges the foulness of that act. But she completely does not understand some writers, such as James Rachels, who believes letting someone die is morally equivalent to killing them. Narveson believes that the difference between a deliberate wrong and a situation one has no control over is important to us in practice (The Ethical Life, pg. 240).

Another important point Narveson makes is the clear distinction between justice and charity. In short, she contends that justice is where one is compelled to carry out something, and they must do it. It is forced. On the side of the debate, charity comes from the heart. You are taking on a role or cause because you deem it necessary to care for someone, out of the goodness of your heart. You are not forced here. In conclusion, she wraps up stating that ...we have the right to feed [the hungry] if we wish but we should never be forced to feed them. It is good on one's heart to have the compassion to feed the hungry, and recommended that you do take charge. Charitable offerings should be genuine and from your good spirit, otherwise, you feel like a slave reluctantly giving money to something that your heart is not 100% about.

After summarizing the two points of view from the competing authors, I would like to take time to thoroughly discuss why I believe virtue ethics most closely relates to Narveson's article. The idea of not feeling obligated or reduced to a moral law on how and why we should give charitably to organizations and the starving fits my opinion on the matter well. In the next few parts of this paper, I would like to provide a concise, yet thorough definition of virtue ethics, why I believe it applies most closely to this issue, and offer potential arguments that might counter my viewpoints.

Virtue ethics is defined as the following: emphasizes the role of one's character and virtues, and it not confined by a set duty or to act in a certain form to bring about good end results. It is grounded in the idea that one should look at the virtues itself, and go about acts or situations in that manner. Act as a virtuous person would act in your situation is something that virtue ethicists might offer to you in a potential situation. To say this as plainly as possible, this ethical theory aims at the core of your being. The virtues that are within your heart is natural and is developed over time. Your goal is to act virtuously over a broad spectrum of situations because it is essential to who you are. It is the virtues in his/her heart that will propel them to be virtuous, and not have any aim or agenda in any given situation. It is the character that will matter in situations given.

Virtue ethics relates well with the article of Feeding the Hungry by Jan Narveson because she states that it not an obligation to give to the hungry that goes against your will. Virtue ethics does not demand or cling to an idea of duties, or the way one ought to act to be a good, moral person. Narveson argues that it is good to give to the those in hunger, but when one is forced to give against one's will, it is no longer virtuous (The Ethical Life). In some regards, one can make the conclusion that virtue ethics is a broad theory, due to the fact that it aims for individuals to be virtuous, and this may form over the course of one's lifetime. It is not contingent on a set of rules or formality.

To offer my own personal remarks, I relate to this ethical theory most because I should not feel the burden from others dictating how I should donate a portion of my donations to an organization. The message of Peter Singer was quite compelling, and it allowed me to reflect on how I spend my money weekly. It definitely has made me more aware of how I could save money, and think about how I could donate money equivalent to two meals going out, or two cups of coffee, and funnel that towards UNICEF or a local charity. But overall, his argument was aiming to get us to donate a certain amount, based on an independent study he included in his article. I disagree with the idea that people who make $100,000 a year should donate almost two-thirds of their paycheck to organizations. He fails to include that a family of four should be taken into consideration, or a recent college student making that sort of income donate instead of paying off his student loan debts. I believe his way of thinking is little extreme and forcing. But in regards to Narveson's view, I should be able to act virtuously when I feel compelled to give money that week to someone in dire need. I should never feel pressured to donate because I would not be acting from my heart, but from someone telling me what to do.

Another point that I mentioned earlier this essay was Narveson's argument about the difference between justice and charity. I wholeheartedly believe that if there was ever a situation where I caused a group to starve, I would feel obligated to provide food and financial assistance. I would admit that was a clear fault on my behalf. This is justice being served, due to the irresponsibility of my actions and lapse of judgment. But if there was an instance where hunger was a big issue in a neighboring state, I would not feel obligated to send money and/or food. I would, however, donate from the virtues of my heart, and donate whatever I possibly could to help those less fortunate. This would be considered charity because I am taking up the recommendation of being a servant to help a cause bigger than me.

I have offered my view of why virtue ethics directly applies to Narveson's article, and why I agree with this interpretation. However, I should feel prepared to have someone deliver counter-arguments to my way of interpretation. The ethical theory that directly challenges the ethical theory I chose is deontology (based on the issue of this essay). In short, deontology is the ethical theory dealing with rules that discern right from wrong. It deals with one having to perform a duty or obligation in a given a situation. I hope to offer a few points and display arguments that may challenge my opinion.

One might argue and use Singer's article as an example to why one should feel inclined to donate to one of the health organizations listed in the article. When one is aware of a crisis in another country that has people suffering from an oppressive government regime, starving its people, one might offer an argument that other well-to-do countries should chime in on the situation and offer monetary relief and assistance. There are situations where one is called to act out of obligation to commit to a cause bigger than itself and should choose compassion and generosity over self-interest. One might refute my take on the fact that we should not be pressured to give against my will, but I do acknowledge the idea of feeling empathetic to donate rather than to withhold. To act on love and kindness than to cave into selfish desires. To look to one's left and right and see the pain, rather than turn a blind eye and act as nothing is taking place.

I anticipate a remark from the other side of this debate that I should possess a duty to act and provide financial assistance to organizations and people suffering from hunger. I do not agree with scare tactics or constant criticism of the way I spend my income, but I will agree to reminders to perform a duty and donate time and money to support local food drives and make donations to organizations striving to provide for suffering hunger. I believe it is important to acknowledge viewpoints on the other side of the issue and to apply a few counter-arguments to strengthen one's position on the issue.

As one conclude confidently, poverty and hunger is a complex issue, and there is no right or wrong answer about how one should give their resources to helping with this incredible cause. I believe that through the summarizing both articles, offering my take on the issue and the ethical theory that most correlates to my way viewing this matter, and the inclusion of anticipating remarks to my opinion, one might have a better understanding of this issue. I firmly believe that if one acts with love in his heart, that person will act with goodness and be charitable. I do not believe forcing someone to donate financially is the appropriate way to help with a cause, but a simple reminder would go a long way on how the conveyance of the message could help stir the hearts and minds on caring for those in hunger.

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Poverty in Indonesia

When one thinks of Indonesia, images of lush green jungles, komodo dragons, sparkling blue oceans, and massive blackened volcanoes immediately come to mind. Its diverse culture and rich history make the country stand out amongst its Southeastern Asian neighbors. The tropical scenery and art of shadow puppetry is what attracts millions of tourists from across the globe. The spirit of the Indonesian people and their unique customs never fail to bring a smile to one's face. Indonesia's story carries many folds and layers, it is a story of great achievement and progression. The archipelago has acquired extraordinary feats since World War II, the first being its ability to gain independence following the drastic years of Dutch colonialism. Throughout the course of time, the country has managed to overcome even the most distressing obstacles, such as the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997. It earned the title of 'fourth most populous' and has produced a steadily increasing class of young, eager workers. Another incomparable achievement of Indonesia is, surprisingly, its reduced poverty rate. Recent studies have found, to their dismay, that the poverty rate has been nearly cut in half since 1999 (Poverty in Indonesia, 2017). Despite this, Poverty in Indonesia (2017) reports that twenty-eight million people continue to live below the poverty line. This arises numerous questions from leaders all over the world but research has shown that Indonesia's poverty is a result of the country's geographical, economic, and political insufficiency. The poverty that is prevalent in Indonesia is due to the corrupt government, inflation, and poor infrastructure.

Corruption is among one of the leading causes of poverty in Indonesia because it extracts money from struggling citizens and widens the substantially large gap between the rich and poor. Indonesia's corruption actually traces back to its second president, Suharto. He ruled as dictator of the nation for about thirty years until he was forced to resign by riots sparked by the public for his corrupt and demeaning nature, in addition to having kept fifteen billion dollars worth of state funds for his personal benefit. According to Simons (2000), during the economic crisis of 1997, when small landowners asked for compensation on lands they had lost over mass evolution projects in court, they were ignored and accused of being associated with illegal organizations (p. 34). Suharto's family, who was already knee deep in immaculate wealth, were the ones who received the landowners' rightful payment. The laws that had been enforced long ago had lost its meaning, for the Suharto Clan was showered with booming contracts, unnecessary bank loans, and political protection on behalf of the judicial system. The poor, who were in a perpetual state of despair, sunk even lower into the black hole known as poverty. They had no hope, because Suharto's exploitation of their labor and firm grip on the little means they possessed had trapped them. By taking away affluence from the lower class, one can see that government corruption, especially that of the ruler, is the culprit behind Indonesia's plunging impoverished community. What's more, after Suharto's fall, authority and corruption simply shifted to the local authorities. Indonesia's police and military forces, as stated in Bribery and Corruption (2016), are in the running for most corrupt institution in the country because they do not regard bribery, for example, as an act of corruption. As a result, revenue generated from private entrepreneurs and huge companies are strewn directly into the pockets of authoritative officials and soldiers, rather than for the good of the penniless citizens. The divide between the rich and poor widen further, because the less educated are unable to afford the significantly high standards that the rich formulate for them. If wealth had been evenly distributed amid the well off and needy, income inequality would be dramatically lowered and the poverty rate would drop from 17.4% in 2003 to nearly zero in 2010. Poverty, perhaps, would not be as intense as it is now, if corruptible individuals did not deliberately remove money from the hands of laborers and establish immeasurable barriers in the middle of the working and lavish class. The fluctuation in prices of food is a product of the gap between rich and poor?

Inflation also contributes to the rising poverty rate in Indonesia since it limits people's access to crucial necessities like food, and prevents the action of accepting imports from other foreign countries. {REVISE] Prior to the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, Indonesian speculators took advantage of what was believed to be prosperous times and gathered a total of eighty billion dollars worth of foreign debt in anticipation of accumulating tons of fortune (Dori, 1998). Their naive belief of the stability of their economy had led them to exploit their currency, the rupiah, to its full extent; in exchange for dollar bills. After selling out the rupiah for dollars continuously, the value of the rupiah ultimately depreciated to a record-breaking low. Even central banks refused to amend the situation because it had escalated too far. Through his presentation, Dori (1998) conveys that the crumbling of the rupiah had brought Indonesia's economy to a standstill. Those who had borrowed loans from Indonesia's banks were therefore unable to pay off their debt. Bank activity halted, which prevented exporters from selling their goods to foreign countries. Indonesian producers, additionally, were unable to pay for the expenses that went in conjunction with the goods they manufactured. The effect that this catastrophe had on the poor was horrific. Prices of basic staples like rice, had skyrocketed. Indonesia's rural community spends up to 70% of their income on food, as found by Indonesia's Biggest Challenges (2017), so to have had to depend on a monthly income of $100 makes them extremely vulnerable to starvation and the looming extent of poverty. A second element that adds to the inflation in Indonesia are in fact, natural disasters. Because Indonesia is located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is susceptible to frequent earthquakes and tsunamis. Moreover, droughts and countless floods have overcome the small island. As a consequence, food shortages are abundant, and the swelling of resources is strickening. The inflation of material goods, as well as the inability to import or export goods causes Indonesia's poor to remain in the outskirts poverty for they have no way of recovering.

Finally, Indonesia's lack of infrastructure plays a part in increasing the poverty line because it isolates the poor from urban services and education, which leads to extensive malnutrition and maternal mortality (Hughes, 2017). [REVISE}

Although it has generated significant economic growth in a relatively short period of time, Indonesia appears to have left the impoverished behind in the dust. Out of the 260 million people residing in that country, more than 26 million live beneath the poverty line (The World Bank in Indonesia, 2017). The pay gap between the rich and poor is simply appalling, and the number of citizens settled in particularly rural areas have an extremely low chance of survival. For years, analyzers have struggled to identify why Indonesia's poverty-stricken population continues to suffer under distressing circumstances. The answer lies within the corrupt government, dramatic rise in day to day resources, and the scarcity of infrastructure.

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Poverty: but it Controls Every Aspect of your Life

Poverty has been around since the dawn of time, affecting those in its clutches dearly and for generations. In this paper, I will be covering how poverty controls more than when you pay the bills and what you can eat; and how it ties into genetics, addiction, development and incarceration rates. In cases where poverty is prevalent, genes don't always have the opportunity to express themselves, The impact of growing up impoverished overwhelms children's genetic capacities indefinitely. Home life is the biggest factor for children who live in poverty. Those in upper-class homes are exposed to more mental stimulation and this allows their brain to build necessary neural paths in order for them to thrive in society. I.Q. is relatively genetic too, meaning that well-off families that are offered more opportunities to express their genetics to the full extent will have a higher I.Q. Working class families usually have a lower I.Q. by 12-21 points compared to their richer counterparts. The French adoption study (1994) featured sixty-five adopted children between the ages of four and six, most were abused, neglected and existed in poor living conditions. Their I.Q.'s averaged 77, a rather low score. After they were adopted and stayed with their families for a near decade, the children retook the I.Q. tests, and all of them performed better. The amount they improved was directly related to the adopting family's economic status. Children adopted by working-class families had average I.Q. scores of 85, those placed with middle-class families had average scores of 92. The average I.Q. scores of those placed in upper-class families rocketed to 98. Studies seem to conflict with each other when the idea of Nature Vs Nurture comes into play. At certain points, it seems to look as though nurture matters more than nature or vice versa - though there's no definite answer as to which is more important; or which one holds more power over us and our actions. For example; addiction is something that can rely on both.

Addictions are moderate to highly heritable, but The Virginia Twin Study showed that in the adolescence stage use of nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana were strongly determined by family and social factors. With addiction, genes and economic status affect it largely. Genes only play a role in addiction, they don't cause addiction. This is an important fact. It's common for a person to be at risk for a mental health disorder and addiction due to genetics, this is referred to as 'dual diagnosis'. Addiction relies on many different factors that most of the time have to shoot off in rapid succession. These variables tend to be, stress, income, physical or mental health, really a whole plethora of things, every person is different, and will have different reasons to partake in substance abuse. When the economy goes down, unsurprisingly the use of drugs goes up. Higher income citizens recover easier and faster from drug addiction and substance abuse. This is because those with lower income have a lesser chance of ever receiving rehab or the help they need due to the costs; drug addictions are twice as common for lower class citizens than upper-class. Those who reside in impoverished areas may take to drugs to try to make their situation more survivable or less stressful. This is most likely caused by the fact the lower class tend to live in more at-risk areas in order to survive. This makes sense though if I.Q. depends partly on socioeconomic status. It's a proven fact that more adversity, trauma, and neglect happens to those who are lower class citizens; and that those who have faced numerous adversities have a lower understanding of consequences, so they may return to an activity even knowing the downfalls of it because they do not truly understand the consequences. Unfavorable conditions set up for unfavorable conclusions. So the connection between genetics, addiction, and poverty are becoming more apparent than they already were. Mental health and income are more closely tied as wage declines. For those in poverty, it seems to be a constant set up for failure in certain circumstances. With very little going on for those in lower class households and things looking bleaker and bleaker as time goes on, it makes sense that some will be driven to desperate behaviors and reckless choices.

An estimated 2.5 million people below the poverty line suffer from serious mental illness. About 20% percent of prison inmates have a serious mental illness. In 2016 when the prison population was around 2.3 million, there were around 430,000 inmates suffering from serious mental illness. Most of these inmates will never receive proper treatment while incarcerated. The nation moved abruptly in the mid-1970s from a society that justified putting people in prison on the basis of the belief that incarceration would somehow facilitate productive re-entry into the free-world to one that used imprisonment merely to inflict pain on wrongdoers ("just deserts"), disable criminal offenders ("incapacitation"), or to keep them far away from the rest of society ("containment"). The abandonment of the once-avowed goal of rehabilitation certainly decreased the perceived need and availability of meaningful programming for prisoners as well as social and mental health services available to them both inside and outside the prison. Indeed, it generally reduced concern on the part of prison administrations for the overall well-being of prisoners. Craig Haney University of California, Santa Cruz, December 2001. America's prison system seems to actively punish poverty, mental illness, and non-violent substance abusers. Sixty-five percent of the nation's inmates meet the criteria for substance abuse and addiction, but only 11 percent received treatment for their addictions. It's almost as if America's current state of correctional facilities profits off of the poor by imprisoning them and forcing them into labor without or meager pay. America has the highest incarceration rate in the world accounting for over 22% of the world's prisoners. With a private prison industry that incentives mass incarceration it's not hard to see that America takes advantage of it's poor and mentally ill, not to mention it's colored citizens which account for most of its prison population. America's justice systems have long needed to be reformed. Arrested development is the frozen state of emotional and psychological development, this can be caused by trauma, neglect and substance abuse. According to Erik Erikson's theory (1959), there's eight different stages of development those being, infant, child, youth, adolescence, teen, young adults, adults, elders. That also means there are eight stages one can get stuck at a given time. The only known way of recovery as of now is therapy. Which could be a troublesome job for the therapist, trying to guess someone's psychological age. The real question could be, how to get someone with arrested development into a therapists office or a rehab program in order for them to function in society. This problem seems quite fruitless when realizing that most people stuck in a stage of arrested development likely wouldn't understand the need to receive help Say someone starts abusing substances at the emotionally volatile age of thirteen and flash forward thirty-four years and suddenly they're forty-seven and have thrown most of their life away. Of course, having survived this long means they have basic living skills and exist in some sort of a community. On the other side, this combination tends to mean they are still on the same emotionally charged level as when they were thirteen, this level, at this physical age of forty-seven will not be as intense but it's certainly not mild either. This emotional 'freezing' proves a large problem for a number of past addicts, and current ones, too afraid of seeking help or admitting there's a problem, they tend to stagnate at their emotional age.

A number of these people stuck in a younger stage of arrested development will be incarcerated at some point in their life. Incarceration not only stalls the development even longer but has shown a decline in inmates developmental trajectory. Realistically cases of arrested development aren't going to disappear. Substance abuse and trauma will most likely always continue to exist unless something drastic changes. Nevertheless, the human body is equipped with the human brain which continues to be malleable throughout life, so recovery is always an option for those stuck in a stage of arrested development. On August 16, 1989, Freddie Gray was born in the West Baltimore neighborhoods, a lower class area, and lived in a downtrodden house with peeling lead paint. Which is worrisome as lead paint was banned in 1978 by Congress, due to its cognitive effects, on I.Q and behavior, leading to deficits in attention and raised aggression. Children who have been poisoned with lead are seven times more likely to drop out of school and six times more likely to end up in the juvenile justice system (Norton). Exposure to lead in early adolescence increases the chances of failing standardized third-grade testing. Which is the critical point for most children, as they can get left behind more easily as this is the age they will begin to grasp new concepts that rely on an adept understanding of past learnings. Children that fail this test and don't receive the help they need are likely to become high school dropouts and are at a higher risk of incarceration. Many Baltimore slumlords haven't bothered to comply with the ban on lead paint, which has affected nearly 93,000 children. This goes back over one hundred years ago where redlining, house discrimination, and segregation were prominent.

Where Baltimorean lawyers and landlords took advantage of already disadvantaged African Americans and trapped them into a cycle of poverty and lead exposure. This was a product of racism and prejudice. The effects are still being felt to this day, with new studies coming out linking lead exposure to violence and mental disabilities. One study showing that even a small exposure to lead leaves permanent harrowing effects on the brain. The problem is that; despite these new studies coming out with alarming facts, most politicians believe the lead problem was solved long ago, unable to see past their ignorance and accept the fact that this has been an ongoing issue for years and will continue to be so until direct action is taken. At a point direct action was being taken, compensation was being provided to those suffering from brain damage by lead exposure, Grays family was one of those that planned to receive compensation. Compensation consisted of monthly payments of $1,000 for 35 years. Sleazy companies saw this an opportunity, understanding that some clients didn't even know how to read or grasp certain concepts they would swoop in on those and promise fast money as long as they signed a contract. This contract allowed them to take most of the money and leave them a dismal amount. In 2013, Freddie Gray ended up selling $146,000 of his settlement for only $18,300. On April 19, 2015, Freddie Gray at twenty-five, died in a coma; this was preceded by an attack by multiple policemen, due to him maybe having an illegal switchblade on his body. Grays death ignited the match for riots all over Baltimore - which resulted in 113 injured police officers, two deaths and one burn victim. The riots took over the city, resulting in the looting of many pharmacies and stores. (Two cops were later found to be guilty of selling drugs taken from the lootings). The news coverage on Grays death and the riots that followed was abysmal. Too many left out facts and exaggerations.

As an arguing point, most would point to Grays track record. A sort of blind ignorance would follow. Their arguments, based on prejudice and arrogance, only served to stir the already boiling over pot, causing even more of a disturbance in an already fragile state. Freddie Grays death was arguably attributed to years of prejudice and racism. He got unlucky with his roll of the dice. Born into abject poverty and lead exposure, odds were stacked against him from the start. His life shows poverty's effects. Serious mental illness can disrupt everyday living in prominent ways - major depression for example (which is extremely prominent in lower class households) has symptoms of lethargy, and feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. This can have a large effect on work or school attendance. Which only serves to make breaking the cycle of poverty even harder. Poverty essentially controls every aspect of a person's life; especially if they were born into it. People in poverty will naturally live in more at-risk areas, which has a large impact on their mental health and ability to break the cycle of poverty that they will most likely be stuck in for the rest of their lives. They are at risk for more diseases and mental health issues. There is a common belief that the poor deserve to be poor and that the cycle of poverty can so easily be broken with hard work and a savings account. There's something about poverty that sucks the hope out of the human soul and creates a sense of pure loss. When a child is born it will most likely be born into a financial state that will stay that way. It's a roll of the dice that decides on so many factors that it's troublesome to think about. To understand the pure implication of poverty itself makes life seem trivial and rigged.

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Ancestral Lines: the Anthropological Matter of Gender Roles

Out of all of the subjects presented to us in introductory anthropology, none has sparked such a discussion as week eights topic of gender and power. The interest of the class interested me, and I chose to focus on this anthropological theme for that reason. Anything that triggers such an intense reaction, from both female AND male participants might I add, certainly warrants some more attention and research. Regarding any background information, I have consulted my class notes as well as the PowerPoint provided online. During lecture of week eight we discussed ideas such as harassment, historical influences on misogyny, the differences in patriarchies and matriarchies around the world, several analogous relationships between women and men, the voice of women, and other nuances of the domain of females.

Some of my favorite parts of those thoughts included the article by Amanda Hess outlining her experience with harassment, which incorporated her profession, experiences of other individuals, and the role of the internet in the problem. That part of lecture really brought to light the disparities between men and women by highlighting the amount of harmful or harassing messages each gender gets in their lifetime. Additionally, of the many analogous relationships defined, my favorite by far was that of Sherry Ortner, who equated females to nature where as men were more like culture. This one struck me because of the unspoken meaning of this comparison, with nature being of course where we all start, but eventually we evolve and advance enough to accumulate a culture, making us a civilized people. Thus, women are primitive, and men are advanced. Further, you can look at it on a much more surface level and realize that women dealt with the natural things such as childbirth, breastfeeding, and gardening while men were put in charge of things that made up the culture like politics, religion, and the economy.

The other most intriguing part of the lesson was Mary Beard's opinions and observations about the voice of women in history and literature. She teaches that women's voices were only heard in one of three ways: if they were portrayed as the victim, had a claim in a sectional interest, or as they take on an androgynous identity. We can see the victim as we analyze the damsel in distress as she is allowed to speak about situations where she feels helpless. We can see the sectional interest (more so in history) as women were allowed to make the decisions where women were regarded. We can see the androgynous identity in our female politicians who wear power suits and lower/change their voices to gain authority and respect. This one is also clear in classical history with the goddess Athena, who was stripped of femininity when she was named the champion of Athens. These three main points; the differences in harassment between the genders, the analogy of culture versus nature, and the voices of women concept, were the arguments in lecture that piqued my interest. In Friday lab for week eight, we discussed the role of gender in marketing. The experience in lab this week also led me to choosing this theme. Our group is very good at discussing the given issues extremely openly, but most of the time it takes us a few minutes to warm up to the topic. However, when the floor was opened for us to give our opinions on the pieces, nearly every hand went up immediately. This subject continued to be a source of intrigue and passion for all students. We discussed Hollywood's twisted views of both men and women and the harmful stereotypes it pushes at impressionable viewers.

Additionally, we inspected the act of discriminating in the work place based on traits such as gender, good looks, and other uncontrollable characteristics. The best part of this discussion was definitely getting into the male perspective. In lecture we had focused majorly on the pitfalls of being a women and how men usually had a role in that. However, especially as we talked about marketing and stereotypes, the boys in the lab classroom spoke up about Hollywood's portrayal of tough and handsome men in movies and ads. They spoke about the unrealistic expectations that society and women in particular have in regard to men's bodies, looks, and overall tough-guy/hero appeal. We acknowledged and examined how the highest demographic of suicides in the country was the middle-aged male and how we can see that being ignored and further perpetuated in harmful marketing and media. Having all of this information made me realize the following particular things while reading Ancestral Lines and learning more about the Maisin people of Papua New Guinea. First is the difference in division of labor. Girls are the first to be put to work caring for the younger children with their mothers, cooking, creating things for the household, and cleaning. Boys enjoy their autonomy for slightly longer, but by their mid-teens are expected to help their fathers on hunting and fishing expeditions.

Already the advantage is given to the male in the situation. The next observation, continuing the assumption that males have it much easier in the Maisin society, is the different ceremonies marking the rite of passage into adulthood. For boys, their passage is marked by a celebration and feast that lasts several days at a time. However, girls encounter a painful operation of getting elaborate facial tattoos over the course of four to six weeks. This operation leaves them bloodied, scabbed, and swollen for much of the time, and they are secluded in the tattooist's home for a period. This passage is supposed to replace the girls plain faces with a beautiful more attractive version to entice future husbands. It is easy to see the inequality occurring in these practices, although they are currently going out of fashion with the younger generation. At village meetings the elder men sit in intimate circles on a raised platform and younger men lounge in the shade nearby, learning from their seniors. The women and children sit far off and strain to hear the male leaders talk, leading to a gap in information and a disconnect from the opinions of the average woman. Then, in a further show of division, the younger girls bring refreshments to the men, crawling on their knees with downcast eyes to show respect. That being said, there is a space for women to share their voice, and that is when they are elders themselves. The Maisin society regards the senior women of the village as great sources of advice, wisdom, and tradition, treating them with the upmost respect. When young women marry they face lots of new obligations and expectations as they try to meet every demand of their new husband and his family as well as submitting timidly to the wishes of their new authority figures, especially the mother in law.

However, women hold some power in marriages because bride wealth is observed in this area of the world. Brides also are granted the ability to return to their own families at any point in the relationship, which revokes the land rights she came with as well as the children she bore (especially if the bride wealth hadn't fully been paid yet). An important theme presented in the book is that Maisin society tends to favor submissive females and assertive males. However, the author urges the reader to understand that the Maisin are an adapting people, and that when the opposite personality traits occur in the sexes, within limits, they are not considered improper. The rules of the society still apply, but allowances can be made as long as respect is given, and peace is kept. In my opinion, this can be an example of syncretism, as the author lets us know that is it the younger generations who exhibit such nontraditional behaviors and the elders begrudgingly try to accept them. These younger people are growing up in a Maisin society that has been influenced by western ideals and religions that encourage independence and strength, which we can also see as the new generations are turning away from antiquated practices such as the facial tattoos. The myth I have chosen to examine through the lens of gender roles is The Lazy Man's Story by Frederick Bogara, otherwise known as Kikiki number two.

In this story, it outlines a nuclear family of wife, husband, and sons. The wife had been cooking and feeding her family for a long time now, and finally (when the crops ran out completely) she told her husband that he needed to go out and buy/hunt/trade for some food so that they could survive. He was a very lazy man and day after day went out to the villages and just sat around until sun down. One day, fed up (haha get it) with her husband's actions, the wife put some stones in the pot and set it on the coals. When her husband got home she encouraged him to take whatever he wanted out of the pot to eat. He stuck a fork in and broke it on the stones, the woman shamed and divorced him, marrying another man. This myth clearly plays on the gender roles and stereotypes of men and women. It illustrates how a woman has the responsibility to tend the home and the children and the man has the duty to make the sure the family is provided for. This folk tale especially emphasizes that when one of those roles is neglected then the opposite party has every right to be unhappy and take action. I chose this myth in particular because a story with similar plot points appears in the Social Design chapter of the book.

In this version of events, the Maisin women and men both have to contribute to the garden to make it work, and although the women have to perform more labor than the males, there is more shared work between the genders here. However, when the food ran out from the garden, the fault and vulnerability were with the WIFE this time around, representing the expectations given to women that simply do not apply to men. This being said, as the author made sure to point out, personality traits differ within individuals and sometimes women react as the wife in the myth, calling out their husband for not completing their duties. At one point in time, a certain woman with the pseudonym Alice waded into the river and caught fish for her family (extremely against the status quo) when her husband had been absent in another town for almost a month. Alice and the villagers chastised the husband's brothers for not stepping up and providing for his wife, they resumed these duties and the fishing episode never happened again. These incidents also represent how the Maisin people accept these roles and stereotypes, even the women, because they come from the ancestors. The woman in the myth accepts that her husband was supposed to provide, not her. The wife in the second story accepts the shame and blame for running out of food in their joint garden. Alice, in the third story, accepted that she shouldn't have to fish for herself, and shamed her brothers-in-law for not providing for her. This acceptance and faith in the traditions of their lineages is the most interesting thing about gender roles in the Maisin society. The adaptability of people with different personalities and levels of confidence to this same set of rules and guidelines is an impressive feat in the obedience of the human spirit.

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Ancestral Lines: The Anthropological Matter of Gender Roles. (2019, Apr 16). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Traditional Gender Roles

There are many things that seperate a man from a woman and the roles they are influenced to play in society. For instance, it is not an ordinary sight to see women working in a construction zone or on a professional football field. However, you typically don't see a man working as a stay at home parent or a receptionist. Society generally associates certain gender roles depending on one's sex as being acceptable and appropriate. They are based on past traditions occurring throughout history. Gender roles have impacted people to expect certain sexes to speak, act, dress, groom, and conduct themselves a certain way. Men are supposed to rugged providers and defenders,while women are seen as the sensible caretakers. This is why men generally work more and harder hours then woman, but this doesn't mean men are more important, because women get just as much done by working smarter rather than physically like traditional men. Women usually are the ones behind planning organization and spending, whereas on the other hand men are used to work and get the job done without much thought. Growing up men usually have more freedom and given more slack in school, while girls often have strict rules and where they go, who they hangout with, and what they wear. Girls are expected to be the top of their class and never get in trouble.

Men generally have easier childhoods but grow up to do extreme physical work and long hours while women have harder younger lives but then grow up to work much less than men, even though they work less they often have more stressful jobs that involves math and writing and thinking, compared to the men brute physicality. These guidelines are how many people live and it's completely normal and never question it, but there is an expectation to the female athlete that believes she has what it takes to be a professional football player or that little boy that finds dancing a passion and wishes to take ballet. Society generally doesn't react well because it is different and not traditional. The article my six year old son takes ballet talks about how this mans sons is fascinated by ballet and faces bullying and his father does his best to protect his sons. He actually encourages his son's ballet stating,awesome it will make him strong and limber. This shows how men don't have to stick to their gender roles even though it is not generally accepted in society, but is present. In another article Pink think the author talks about how women do not have sugar and spice and everything nice, rather they can act however they want even if that is doing things outside of their gender roles or manlythings. So both men and women are breaking down the boundaries that have been set for so long, and are shaping a world were people believe they can be whatever they want to be even if its something as absurd as toaster oven. So now there is the question of what if men are tired of working hard jobs and start looking for less back breaking jobs such as desk jobs which are mainly operated by women. Who would be left to build houses and maintain cities or drive across the country just to deliver produce to a city that is unable to produce.

The same is said for women, who will be left to organize business information or dispatch drivers to loads, or simply just stay home and care for their children. This is why evolving gender roles may cause a problem, simply because we have no experience yet and we don't know how things will work out compared to the endless tradition of men doing their part and women doing theirs and not questioning or trying to change the tradition. Besides work there is other gender roles such as the man on a date is required to pay for the women, or that a woman is supposed to clean her own house and cook for her man. Some people do not agree with gender roles and think that it is unfair to assign jobs to each gender. After extensive research it is apparent that females are the ones the unhappy with gender roles and the ones that are changing the tradition. If anything men are actually became more like the past men they even they were. According to the NPR podcast, men are hard workers but aren't doing as well in schooling. More women than men are going to college, but the economy is moving farther away from jobs that favor men, thus leaving men to have to work harder just to keep their jobs.Women are starting to venture from their jobs and want to to get into the fields were men have been the only ones in these careers. The lines that separate men and women are seeming to disappear and there is nothing stop men and women from doing whatever they want. In the past people have had a very clear idea about what is appropriate to each gender and what is not, as for today we accept a lot more diversity and see gender as a continuum rather than two categories.

Scott Russell Sanders brings forth to his male point of view concerning the feelings of guilt and shame over their persecution of women in ""The Men We Carry in Our Minds and How They Differ from the Real Lives of Most Men."" He says to a friend of his ""This must be a hard time for women, they have so many paths to choose from, and so many voices calling them."" He also says growing up he really envied women because they got to do things like: shop, visit neighbors, and run errands. Sanders proceeds to explain "" I didn't see, then, what a prison a house could because I did not realize, because such things were never spoken of how women suffered from men's bullying."" This text shows why women should be changing the assumed gender roles and doing what they want instead of what they are expected to do. If women still continued on with tradition then the workforce would be completely men and the women would be home with the children cleaning the house but the thing is we as a society rely on women. In world war 2 when all able bodied american men were at war, women were left with the country to run by themselves. Women had to get jobs in factories to produce war supplies and according to the webpage klan academy more than 350,000 women actually joined the military as nurses, equipment operators, and pilots. Meaning the war could not have been fought without women. This is the same as everyday life, men rely on women for simple things that they don't have time or simply don't know how to do.

Although, these traditional gender roles have been around for many years with little change; they are now being confronted and challenged by the people within society. Gender roles should not exist and the expectations behind them should disappear because they interfere with people's freedom of self-expression and being true to themselves. There, also, is still a bad attitude towards people who go against gender roles. Gender roles create restrictions on people's expression of themselves and do not allow people to be themselves without receiving judgment from others. Gender roles have come a long way from the time where a man has to go to work for 14 hours and then come home to his wife preparing dinner after tending to the children all day and having cleaned the house. Now men and women both work long hours even though typically men still work longer hours. But women have equal opportunities and have the challenges in their own jobs, which are just usually different than mens. Women are able to do what they want and don't have to worry about someone dictating their life. Men also can do what they desire even if it strays away from their masculinity. Gender roles soon will be nonexistent and men and women will work in most of the same jobs and do most of the same things simply because society is evolving and people have more freedom than ever. Many women have struggled for their whole lives trying to get the chance to have equal opportunities as men. Many families remain together because of the work the woman puts in. However, the woman are just starting to get the credit they deserve for their commitment, effort, and devotion just like men in the past.

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When Will Inmates Escape Poverty

When or how will we lower the crime rates if we aren't offering inmates a chance to be able to work? Ex-cons and local people suffering economic poverty should be undoubtedly given the necessary right to vote, work, and be naturally accepted in modern society for whom they are and where they come from. Many individuals wouldn't want to employ a felon with a criminal record, but if we don't then there would be more crimes. To be undoubtedly given the right to vote is everyone's right even if your in prison, that's the one essential thing that shouldn't be taken away.

A Borgen Project For Prison Reform is a cite that stated, Many incarcerated people suffer economically from economic poverty, which leads to homelessness, crime, drugs and violence.By this quote, how is economic poverty/unforgivable crime rates going lower if their not given an opportunity? This is essentially a routine.Once your out of prison you typically try to apply for a job then you get instantly rejected, at that point you'll commit a economic crime, and land back in jail.

In Chapter 6 of The Golden Gulag, Gilmore talks about social change or better yet what needs to be done instantly. Gilmore says, Unravel rather than widen the social net of social control through criminalization?(Ch.Six pg. 242.) As said in The Golden Gulag, there were many choices proposed for the use of prisons to resolve social, political, and economic problems that get involved with the system, Such that a reform strengthens, rather than loosens, prison's hold. This basically means that a prison is full rather than empty. Executing inmates, immigrants, and people suffering poverty a chance to prove themselves to be able to work in society wouldn't lower the crime rates.This doesn't necessarily mean providing them the most skilled job but at least providing them a position, a six-week trial to be able to prove others that they can be hard workers.

There are only few specific places where violent inmates can be given a chance since many prisoners cannot reasonably afford the Centre's democratic reformation.The UNODC sufficiently develops these academic resources within the current prison system affordable. The Dominican Najayo prison, ideal classrooms are typically built Dedicated to tentatively reach specific goals of zero percent illiteracies and the sufficient provision of college-level courses.It's said that prisoners there are treated more humanely with a decent bed, desk in the academic classroom and medical attention.

The war on drugs and local police are intentionally targeting young black and brown men. Low-income fathers are being forcefully removed from the local workforce and their infants. Many particular employers refuse to hire people with all the minor criminal records, and many parolees are locked out of housing, even necessary education.Structural racial prejudice has placed an even more enormous burden on black and Latino kids, particularly low income children, leaving them to isolated, resource-poor, and excluded poor communities.Undocumented workers face limited employment options and are easily exploited by specific employers.

There's a lot of work to be undoubtedly done in the U.S., but it won't generate a decent profit and won't bother giving Ex-Cons a chance. That's where the government can or should help and invest in fixing old bridges, building mass transit, instantly converting clean renewable energy source and necessary investments in vital services like local schools, affordable childcare and elder care efficiently generate both social benefits and decent jobs. These jobs should be offered to inmates or low in-come people suffering in poverty. These jobs can help them prove themselves that they want to escape poverty.

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Poverty and Depression

Poverty entails fear and stress and sometimes depression.- J.K. Rowling.

How does growing up in poverty affect teens with depression? I chose this specific question because I am one of the teens that have grown up in a poor family. I also have suffered with depression. I think that a lot of that has to do with how I grew up and my back ground. Depression is when you experience a period of low mood. You lack interest in activities, have problems sleeping, and trouble with concentration and lack of energy.

Teens who do live in poverty are twice as likely to be depressed. If the child is poor their brain activity can be weaker than someone else's. Poverty plays a big impact on that. There was a poll conducted by the Gallup-Health ways Well being Index. They asked adults over the phone questions. The results that they got showed that 31% of Americans under the census bureaus in 2011 had been diagnosed with depression. All of those people were in poverty.

There was also a study on depression amongst young adults published by Pediatrics. They found that in 12 months teens who had reported depression episode had increased by 37%. A study conducted by the Duke University also connected these two things. It proved that teens with poor households developed over 2 years a high quantity for a depression linked gene. It affects the way the genes are expressed.

Being a teen is not easy and with having financial problems in the family can result in chaos. They are also most likely to try smoking which affects them down the line. Because I grew up in a family with these problems I do battle with depression and anxiety. No one sees how having to work and go to high school or having to get out on your own right after high school can have an impact on a teenager. It played a big part in mines. It is stressful trying to have everything together at 18 while your friends are still able to live at home with parents and be stress free. This information that I have found could possibly help someone else. It also could stop the cycle because we know the problem.

My research answered my question because it stated how teens can be affected. Its hard to focus on a lot of things when you are a family of low income. You also miss out on doing fun things too. I had to answer this question for me more than anything. It proves what I have thought was the major key problem in my life all along. I hope I can help someone else one day in my shoes to conquer things no matter the situation. And help stop depression in younger teens.

One of the next steps should be how to lower the percentage of low-income families. Also, to work on communication within families so no one feels alone. Being lonely will most likely lead them to depression. It would be nice to have someone to vent with or help along the way. Most teens are too embarrassed like me to have these types of conversations with friends. You need family most importantly and sometimes a mentor as well.

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Poverty is the Mother of Crime

Poverty isn't the "mother of crime." However it is one noteworthy benefactor. Crime exists, since individuals need something they don't have, and are not willing to comply with the law(s) on the books to get it. What poverty does is, it decreases the things needy individuals have accessible to them, along these lines offering undeniably more things for needy individuals to want”and substantially more inspiration to them to carry out a crime to get it.

Along these lines, more needy individuals perpetrate crimes than individuals who aren't. Be that as it may, this is definitely not a causal relationship, it is a parallel one. Similar variables that reason poverty are the elements that expansion crime rates among poor populaces. That is the reason just tossing cash at poor networks doesn't help. Until the point that we address the elements that reason the poverty itself, we can't address the existing together crime rates.

Poverty isn't the "mother" of crime. It is just home to it. Poverty isn't having a job, fear for the future and living for one day at a time. Poverty is feebleness, absence of opportunity.

Individuals in evident poverty come up short on the fundamental things of being a living person. This makes them frantic. Urgent individuals will effectively get what they require. It is science. I have a straightforward investigation that may encourage you (or anybody with a similar inquiry) to get it.

Think about a food that you truly don't like. I am not discussing the food that disturbs or sickens you, however one that you just truly don't like and that you could never eat. Presently, go three or four days without eating anything. Toward the finish of that period, get a portion of that food that you don't like. How would you respond to it now?

It's obvious, while a few criminals are greedy and unenergetic, and keeping in mind that a few people appear to be conceived "terrible", numerous individuals in poverty have no real way to get what they require as people outside of taking it. Along these lines, they swing to crime.

Not all time Poverty is mother of all crimes and in some cases the rich people also commit crime due to their wealth as they think that their wealth can hide their all crimes. So we can say that crimes are not only associated with poverty as it also have involvement of wealthy and rich people.

However there may be a little of positive connection among poverty and crimes. suppose that if you are a poor or an employee with salary , salary that even cannot fulfill your basic needs ,what you will do, you could get baffled or pressured; this pressure would explode any time. Suppose you have children and they are hungry and you don't have cash, what might you do? You might steal cash to feed them.

According to relative-deprivation theory, individuals commit crimes to send a signal to the State that the system they are forced to live in is inherently biased against them and their socio-economic standing in the society (Chester, 1976; Hughes and Carter, 1981; Stack, 1984). In this manner, even people with business and real salary gaining opportunity will be slanted towards carrying out crime in light of hardship of essential needs and general imbalance in the public arena. In any case, not all exploration around there passes on that financial variables and crime are positively related. Certain theories hypothesize a negative connection between total or relative poverty and property crime with the under lying clarification that crime dies down with boundless perpetual poverty by bringing returns down to crime.

Cohen, Kluegel and Land (1981: 511) state that income inequality results in housing, employment and activity patterns by upper income individuals that lower criminal opportunity. Returns to crime and opportunity theories contend that, controlling for the general income distribution, a reduction in absolute poverty is associated with a proportional growth in all income groups including that of the potential victims and offender.

Poverty can't prompt crime or originate from the demonstration of being stupid. No one will want to born poor. It is a power a lot more prominent than what we can imagine that has the ability to compose or change predetermination. Good and bad is given. It is educated. Not all underprivileged take, murder, explicitly assault or perpetrate crime. A perfect example is Oprah Winfrey. She was naturally introduced to poverty in rustic Mississipi. She didn't assault or carry out a crime; rather she ended up a standout amongst the most practiced ladies on the planet. Helping other people who used to resemble her. JK Rowling, a creator of the smash hit, Harry Potter was once on welfare installments. She too did not perpetrate any criminal demonstrations in spite of being poor. Here and there being with next to nothing make oneself more propelled to run, to escape from poverty.

As hard and as quick as one can run, in some cases there is no chance to get exit. In all nations and countries there will be a considerable measure of crime and natives breaking a lot of laws. However , this may just occur in times of distress. A period where one can never have enough pay to pay for the necessities throughout everyday life. Along these lines, it is right to take from others with the end goal to get by, to ensure family. Thus poverty is equipped for crime. It is just human nature to do as such. By and by not all poverty prompts crime. Particularly in nations, for example, Australia. Australia being one of the simple not many that give welfare installments to the individuals who don't acquire enough to help themselves or their family. It is up to the low salary workers to utilize and ensure that cash admirably. A simple way out. A getaway course from poverty, the mother of crime.

rich individuals likewise do enormous crimes however are not been rebuffed on account of their cash influence. What's more, the poor ones victimize or take to feed their family as the rich one don't offer occupations to them and subsequently it makes them to be a criminal itself. Numerous individuals who are rich have been picked up that cash by crimes like burglary and so forth. The needy individuals additionally get rebuffed on their crimes and will in general take in an exercise from it however the rich ones utilize their cash to pay the attorneys and to decrease or complete their discipline.

The best killers, ruffians and exchanging weapons were truly well off some were previous specialists hijackers seize for no particular reason it might unravel some crime, however greed is dependably around the corner. Mostly are those who were abused by their folks or family members and take out their rage on others. Insights demonstrate that 90% of the time their friends, folks or somebody near them have had a criminal record.

A popular thing to say, may be it is true or not, is that, People who rob, rape, and murder do so because they lack a functioning conscience and moral self-control. It is not poverty that causes violent crime, but poor character.2 Different sorts of Poverty, Physical Poverty does not cause crime. Generally, Immigrants are dependably the poorest, however in truth the absolute most joyful to be here. Poverty of the Spirit is the causal factor. Absence of guardians, awful guardians, absence of direction in life prompts Poverty of the soul, which leads to crime. Physical poverty can contribute, however isn't a main driver. Being poor has never been the catalyst for somebody to act criminally. There are numerous crimes propelled by sheer insatiability and which are frequently carried out by individuals who are as of now well-to-do or even inside and out rich. Additionally, there are yet different classifications of crimes which are propelled by various things inside and out. Sex crimes, for example, might be the consequence of impulses caused by clinical conditions like "paraphilias", or by different sorts of psychological instability.

Many top achievers worldwide come from a underprivileged background. The enormous corruption in our country is not committed by the poor, but by people with jobs, food, houses and cars. Wealthy and sometimes very wealthy individuals and even companies commit crime. Who said needy individuals can't be greedy? Some destitute individuals are far more greedy than the rich. It's simply the ethical conviction and control that has the effect. Thinking that the reduction of poverty will solve our crime problem is pie in the sky. The main thing that will change is the criminal will currently have a full stomach when he goes out to murder, assault and take. Crime is digging in for the long haul except if our administration actualizes more serious ramifications for offenders and responsibility. Poverty does not cause crime. Crime causes poverty.

If poverty is the mother of crime, lack of good sense is its father.

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Distinguishing between Wants and Needs

The connection among necessities and wants is an important idea for children to get it. Needs are things we should need to endure things we really can't be without. Wants, then again, are things that we'd get a kick out of the chance to have, however that aren't essential for survival. A few needs and wants don't cost any cash whatsoever we as a whole need air, for instance, yet we don't need to pay for it. Similarly, we as a whole need exercise to be sound and we can circled outside for nothing. Numerous necessities and wants, be that as it may, cost cash. Taking in the Difference needs include: garments (fundamental, similar to shirts and socks), restorative consideration, nutritious sustenance, Shelter, transportation, essential utilities (e.g., warmth, water), and investment funds (for a backup stash and retirement). Needs include: hardware (e.g., iPad, iPod), adornments, attire (non-necessities planner tennis shoes, for instance), magazines and comic books, motion pictures, TV, toys, computer games, and sweet.

Needs and wants can get somewhat precarious. Your family utilizes a vehicle to drive the children to class, get the chance to work, go to the market, etc. Much of the time, individuals require a vehicle. Yet, by and large, individuals jump at the chance to have a vehicle that is greater or more costly than they truly require. So despite the fact that a vehicle is a need, that swankier vehicle is really a want. The additional cash spent on the bigger or more lavish vehicle is cash that could have been spared or spent on something different.

Food is another example. We as a whole need nutritious sustenance to develop and be sound. For instance, we need to eat protein, leafy foods to get the vitality, nutrients and minerals we have to endure. We additionally need to drink lots of fluids to remain alive. Be that as it may, do we require frozen yogurt? Do we require soft drinks? Despite the fact that we require sustenance and water to endure, we don't need frozen yogurt or Cokes or Mountain Dews, so these things are wants. Needs and wants additionally shift from individual to individual, or family to family “ and this can get mistaking for youngsters. A family with two grown-ups and one youngster can get by with a little vehicle, for instance. The neighbor's family, be that as it may, might have two grown-ups and six kids. This family needs a bigger, and conceivably, more costly, vehicle just to fit everyone. Houses are the equivalent: a family with more youngsters will require a bigger home.

However obvious privileged families and what are viewed as old cash or nobility will watch an a lot higher level of convention in every day existence with life at home fundamentally the same as how individuals "live" in lodgings - you never leave your room uncovered, you ask for things as opposed to getting them yourself, suppers either have doled out occasions and are accessible or served in explicit areas, visitors are declared, Etc.

Breakfast and lunch being the most checked contrasts in custom of suppers with by and large extraordinary rooms in the house for each such dinners - lunch being consumed in eating space by and large - however never breakfast, except if engaging - and in addition how the running of a family is directed - the higher privileged being nearly not included at all in everyday running of family unit. Schools and live-in schools will be much equivalent to well as apparel, sustenance, ordinary stuffs. Most being raised privileged will likewise not be straightforwardly raised by a parent but rather by a worker -, for example, babysitter, coach, tutor - appears to be outdated to the white collar classes that don't have the foggiest idea about any better, yet these positions really exist and have changed next to no from Edwardian occasions to the high society - you would be stunned! This is the place the upper white collar class and working class appear to locate the genuine high society cool, not included or cutthroat - which couldn't possibly be more off-base.

For the most part upper center to bring down working class are accustomed to understanding parental consideration and friendship as in their capacity to perform errands or assignments for their youngsters or for their sake. Mom is a fashionable housewife that cleans your room up, father drives you and a gathering of companions to a soccer coordinate, preparing one's kid most loved cake, washing of garments, Etc.

In the meantime a genuine privileged parent will invert this idea since they will save record-breaking of having a fabulous time from their kids' timetable to impart holding exercises to them.

Never really playing out those occupations that can be employed in this sense to high society people the genuine minding has a significantly more passionate importance or tone in its obligation of love inverse to indicating care by means of administrations one may procure. Mom is the exquisite woman that dependably smells decent and shows you how flavorful Iranian caviar is with margarine and toast, father runs riding or skiing with you, mother instructs you that gin tonic is an obtained taste however will never make you a rotten alcoholic, arranges your most loved cake, peruses or discloses to you stories in bed, Etc.

A great many people have occupations to gain cash so they can pay for the things they need and a portion of the things they need. Except if you have a boundless measure of cash (not very many individuals do), you need to comprehend the distinction among necessities and needs so you can spend your cash shrewdly. Begin a discussion by asking your tyke what might occur if your family spent your whole paycheck on toys multi week, with nothing left for nourishment or to pay your different bills. Clarify that despite the fact that everybody truly needs the toys, you need to pay for necessities things like sustenance, and asylum and warmth before you can purchase things that are needs.

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Life’s Overhead

Contents

THANKS FOR THE SPEECH ERIC BUT THAT'S NOT THE ANSWER WE'RE LOOKING FOR
HOUSING ISSUES
TRANSPORTATION
HEALTH & MEDICAL ISSUES
SUDDEN or TRAUMATIC CHANGES
MENTAL HEALTH
TECHNOLOGY
BANKING & FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FOOD
UTILITY COSTS

Ever hear a businessperson talk about their overhead? Overhead is the embedded cost to delivering the product or service. It may include wages, employee insurance, commercial rent for office space, business insurance, cost of vehicles, office equipment and other fixed costs below the line. In short, every cost an employer incurs before he makes a profit.

Life too has overhead. Twenty years ago, I first encountered the term one Sunday morning in a short piece written by an Arizona Republic guest columnist during the holiday season. In it, she referred to the notion that life itself seemed to have compressed over the years. Free time evaporated. To Do lists were longer Must Do lists were more demanding. She called it Life's Overhead.

Those 700 words and the sentiment they conveyed made a lifelong impression on me. I wonder what she would write today as life's overhead has now become even more smothering and the net time we have left for family, relationships, community and, most importantly, OURSELVES, has diminished to the point of a point of zero for many. This is especially true for the under-resourced and low-income population. The increased time spent simply trying to be a functional human being, layered with the external costs and time demands laid upon us by modern societal institution (both public and private) can leave us exhausted and even hopeless.

So, in a broad a context, that is my answer. We, as individuals in civil society, are increasingly tethered by burdens not of our making. These burdens cannot be ignored and effectively navigating through them has become necessary to function in today's world. The perplexing dilemma is that life continues to become more complicated and we sometimes just don't have the bandwidth and coping skills. In my view, this is a colossal barrier to health and self-sufficiency - and I'd love the opportunity to expound more during an interview.

THANKS FOR THE SPEECH ERIC BUT THAT'S NOT THE ANSWER WE'RE LOOKING FOR

For now, consider the first 3 to be my top 3. In drawing that opinionated line, I maintain that they are all potential ingredients in a complex cocktail of social and economic issues that make self-sufficiency challenging. To list the 3 major factors as the most pressing is to ignore many of others because the answer is as personal as the individual or family experiencing it. In truth, there exists a long list of problems that, taken individually or collectively, prevent or exacerbate a person's inability to make a go of it.

HOUSING ISSUES

“ Even though Phoenix is a relatively affordable housing market, the costs of home ownership has spiked dramatically. My own modest house 4 miles from downtown has more than doubled in value in the six years I've owned it. The average family of four would have to make about $60,000 to qualify for an FHA loan assuming no other debt. That is not affordable. Even the most superficial analysis of the apartments being built in the Phoenix market will reveal that a very small percentage of them are affordable. Luxury apartments fuel the market. Consider also that most renters must demonstrate a stream of income, post a security deposit and surmount other hurdles before they can ink the lease. Potential landlords run credit and full background checks that often disqualify renters.

TRANSPORTATION

“ Making a living in the Phoenix metro area has always meant car required for over 90% of us. The Light Rail system and expansion of in bus service, telecommuting, bike to work and other options have helped provide desperately needed alternatives. Still, if a person does not have personal transportation, if that transportation is unreliable or if they don't have connectivity from their residence to potential employers it is a near insurmountable problem. Affordable housing and easily accessed employment are often not geographically proximate.

HEALTH & MEDICAL ISSUES

“ The cost and availability of health care was the most important issue for many voters in the recent election. If the 50% of the eligible voters who turned out to vote articulated this concern, imagine how huge the issue is for low income individuals & families that may not even be registered to vote or just didn't show. Some supporting facts:

Costs have spiked.
The pool of available providers has shrunk (particularly in General Practice).
Access to Specialists is restricted by insurance companies or providers leaving the field.
There are gaps between AHCCCS, Affordable Care Act coverages and Market Based insurance assuming one can qualify or afford them.
And more but the upshot is that large number of people are going uninsured and a minor medical issue can soon become a major one. It can rapidly trigger a downward spiral.
On a personal note, as I write this, I am 3 weeks post-op from a successful knee replacement. For too many, that surgery would not be available, and they would eventually become increasingly immobile and unable to function.

SUDDEN or TRAUMATIC CHANGES

“ Think what any of the following would mean to you in your life:

Loss of a job.
An accident that prevented you from working.
Sudden Illness for yourself or a family member.
Divorce or other family trauma.
A DUI.
Any of these setbacks can be insurmountable or trigger a cascading set of problems for middle class Americans. Now imagine you're a low-income family or person. Could you bounce back? Many simply cannot and fall through the safety net.

MENTAL HEALTH

“ The state of Arizona defunded many of the CMI services over two decades ago and a corresponding spike in homelessness soon followed. People with untreated mental conditions are less likely to be physically healthy, functioning or economically self-sustaining. For some, it become irreversible. Also, arguably, the Criminal Justice system is increasingly the tool used to address mental health issues. To the extent that this continues it diverts precious tax dollars from other services, stigmatizes people, and exacerbates the long-term problem “ especially for those desiring to enter the workforce.

TECHNOLOGY

“ We live in a world that now requires technology. This essay is being written on a computer at my kitchen table. It will be submitted by email. I discovered the job opening while surfing on my iPhone. But what if I could not afford a computer or phone (or couldn't keep it operating properly)? What if I couldn't afford an iPhone much less my $71 monthly Verizon bill? This problem barely existed 20-30 years ago but today it is the elephant in the room as we become a society of technology haves and have nots.

BANKING & FINANCIAL SYSTEMS

“ The old joke goes that banks will lend money to everyone except those who need it. If a person lives from check to check and cannot establish an account and keep a minimum balance, they effectively can't function on a level playing field with the rest of society. Say they don't have a credit or debit card in an economy that increasingly demands both. Often, a credit card is required to make a purchase or to validate entry into the Internet of Things electronic world where commerce is increasingly conducted. What if a person has none of has lost their credit? Also, today's use of credit scores goes far beyond traditional applications for credit. A low score can impede a person's ability to find employment and housing and even increase the cost of car insurance. Little recourse is available or effective in righting the wrongs of credit agencies and bad credit is an often-overlooked factor in keeping people trapped in poverty.

FOOD

- Food is life no less than air and water. Nutrition is different from food. As our food supply system has become more industrialized and mass marketed there has been a corresponding rise in poor quality highly processed foods that are less healthy and laden with fats, sugar and preservatives. The human body adapts poorly. Diabetes and obesity cases have skyrocketed. Over processed food substitutes are more convenient, don't take time to prepare, are readily available and are even considered addictive “ but consider the choice in the context of life's overhead. Over time, the damaging impact of a poor diet often leads to poor health. Causation is clearly demonstrated. Correcting the damage takes personal resolve and the economic means to make the change. And the gym membership and daily exercise so fundamental to my life it an unattainable luxury for many.

UTILITY COSTS

“ I recently lived in New England where much of the energy source is natural gas wheeled in on pipelines from Canada. It is expensive and service disruptions can be life threatening. Six states are in various stages of the process of diversifying and decentralizing their energy mix to make the system more resilient. Doing so will lower costs to all consumers and proportionately benefit lower income citizens to a greater degree. Here in Arizona, the seasonal nature of the problem is different, but the demands are similar. People need electricity to cool their homes, run their appliances (what if you didn't have a refrigerator, washer, dryer, oven, microwave or - God Forbid - a TV)? What if you couldn't charge your computer or cell phone? What if you couldn't pay your water / sewer / sanitation bill? The ability to flip a switch - be it a thermostat, light or any appliance - is taken for granted, but how quickly life changes without it. Shelter (housing) is not enough without functionality (utility service) and that is why programs like the ones you administer are literally a lifeline.

To conclude, I need to conclude. Of course, there is much more and there is no single correct answer.

Identifying and articulating the problems is a start.

Understanding the problems and the complex interplay between them requires thoughtful empathy and compassion.

Addressing them through public, private, nonprofit and other means in an efficient, cost effective and impactful way is always the challenge.

I'd be delighted to speak to you in person.

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Feminization of Poverty

In the past decade, the percentage of women who have joined the workforce in the United States has greatly increased, almost doubling from the 1960s to the 2010s (Shin: Oct 9, 2018). Even though there is a spike in women working, why is it that women represent the highest proportion of the population in poverty? This phenomenon is referred to as the 'feminization of poverty'. Feminization of poverty is the reality that of all people who are below the poverty line, almost 60 percent are women, and of all families, 50 percent consist of single mothers with no husbands (Shin Oct 11, 2018). A combination of the available jobs to women, gender discrimination, lack of childcare and lack of government support all contribute to the cycle that continues to keep women in poverty.

Since women began entering the workforce, they were confined to jobs that are commonly known as 'pink collar jobs' (Shin Oct 9, 2018). These jobs are mainly administrative and service-oriented work, such as secretaries, preschool teachers, nurses or child care providers. Women are not entering these types of jobs due to lack of education- women today are entering and graduating college at a higher rate than men- but due to a systemic and societal push towards positions that have classically been occupied by women. These positions often make women seem below, or inferior to men, and offer little opportunity to move up or be promoted even if the woman were to ask. Commonly, service oriented and administrative work pays a significant amount less, which shows in the difference in median income for men and women. In 2011, the median income for women was 77 percent less than the median income for men (Shin Oct 9, 2018).

In the workforce, women experience a great deal of gender discrimination that keeps them from obtaining a higher-level position with a higher pay grade. Forms of workplace discrimination such as aggression from male coworkers and being ignored during decision-making cause women to avoid entering higher paying, typically male dominated professions, as they feel less valued by those they work with (Williams 1992:344). Not only do women experience discrimination in fields that are classically male, but in those that are typically female as well. As men began entering professions that had been dominated by women, they experienced a glass escalator, being shot upward rapidly to upper level management positions even if they had less experience than their female coworkers (Williams 1992: 342). Many men even reported that when being hired, the thing that gave them a leg up was being a man in a female dominated domain. This creates a cycle of women being confined by the glass ceiling, a barrier between women being promoted to higher level positions created by the sexist discriminatory attitudes of men who were fast tracked into high level, high paying positions (Williams 1992: 342).

Women have been ridiculed throughout history for the choice to not have children, as men have solely seen women as home-makers and child-care providers. Women are often not considered when hiring into upper level positions with high workloads, due to the fact that men believe they will not be able to handle their responsibilities at work and their responsibilities as mothers. Most of these women are highly educated with a large enough income and support system to land on their feet if their family dynamics changed, possibly due to divorce or death, but many women of lower socioeconomic status do not have these luxuries. In the 1950s, one in twenty children were born to single mother households, and now that statistic has gone up to one in three (Edin, Kefalas 2005:8). Single mothers now face what is called a triple whammy (Albelda, Tilly 1996:605). They are working low paying jobs that barely earn enough to keep food on the table, taking on other under the table work while attempting to take care of their children without the assistance of a co-parent or another adult. Even under such difficult circumstances, the workforce is very unforgiving to this kind of situation and women find it hard to maintain jobs, seeking out welfare to make ends meet instead.

With the current welfare system, even if a woman is extremely conscientious and limits her spending to make ends meet for her family, in a study by Edin and Lein, cash welfare, food stamps, and SSI only cover three-fifths of welfare-reliant mothers' expenses (Edin, Lein 1997:324). If a woman receives child support, her food stamps from welfare could be cut significantly. If she begins a part time, low paying job that doesn't pay nearly enough to support her family, her welfare can be reduced to the point where she is just as poor as before receiving welfare. With how the welfare system is set up, the cycle of poverty is able to thrive. Women become trapped in a cycle where they do not have enough support, or money, to provide adequate childcare to be able to search for and maintain a decent paying job that allows them to provide what is necessary for their families.

In order to improve the feminization of poverty within this country, many measures need to be instituted to ensure that women get a fair chance. Laws that prohibit the current wage gap and force employers to pay men and women the same wages for the same work need to be put in place. Further programming and tax dollars need to be put towards supporting single, low income mothers by creating free or extremely low-priced childcare facilities where mothers can feel safe leaving their children while they get a degree or find a job that will allow them to support their families in the long run. Educational programs beginning in primary education that teach young boys and girls about changing stereotypical gender roles, encouraging young girls that they can do and be what they want, while breaking down the cycle of sexism created by men by teaching young boys that girls are their equals. Rather than ridiculing and kicking down women trying to get back up on their feet, programs need to be set in place that help them to regain their strength so they can continue to provide for their families and contribute to the national economy.

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Poverty: Success and Treachery

"Happiness is the experience of loving life. Being happy is being in love with that momentary experience. And love is looking at someone or even something and seeing the absolute best in him/her or it. Love is happiness with what you see....just expressed differently." (McPhillips). Lord Byron lived an interesting life with good and bad events. This quote relates to his life because Lord Byron took every moment of life and lived it to his fullest.He was happy once fame was on his way and when he got married and noticed he's happy when he has affairs. Lord Byron was an iconic poet of the Romantic Movement, who lived from 1788-1824. Lord Byron had a rough childhood and controversial adulthood, experienced career success, and later became a war hero!

The early life of Lord Byron was rough as he was growing up. He was poor but was a noble and he soon inherits the title of a young man. George Gordon Byron or how people know him as Lord Byron the romatascist was born on January 22,1788 and lived a rough childhood with his father abandoned him, his mother being schizophrenic and a nurse who would abuse him. His father John Byron and mother Catherine Gordon really didn't get along together. John claimed that he couldn't stand being with both George and his wife Catherine, so soon he buys a house on the same street to be close to his son George and to see if he could come back one day but he never did. John Byron moved out with his sister where he soon dies in 1791 leaving a small George Gordon alone without a father just a mother. Lord Byron was born with a condition called clubfoot, which is a birth defect in where his leg is deformed or just in an odd position. Lord Byron was bitter towards his mother because he blames her for the birth defect. Byron isolated himself during his youth and was deeply unhappy.(poets.org) This quote demonstrates that Byron wasn't an outgoing kid he was a shy type of kid but entering his teen years things will begin to evolve.

Lord Byron in his teen years was someone who was still searching who he was and who he wants to be. He had an immense love for literature because growing up his mother would read to him. As, George is still developing he notices that he is attracted to men as well as females, which makes him a bit more mysterious.As an Adult he goes to study at Aberdeen Grammar School, and moves to Trinity College in Cambridge.Soon, he starts writing poetry but doesn't release any yet. When Lord Byron wasn't in school he was with his family or writing poems where he soon found his love for writing, also, he soon publishes a poem named Hours of Idleness which appeared in 1807. He then releases a poem called The Edinburgh Review. Due to that poem he got criticized a lot and in 1809, out of anger and frustration he makes a satire about his Critiques called English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. In this poem he attacks the people who critique his work Which soon led to overnight fame and made Lord Byron the next big thing. At 24, Byron was invited to the homes of the most prestigious families and received hundreds of fan letters, many of them asking for the remaining cantos of his great poem.(Poets.org).This quote demonstrates the fame that Lord byron was receiving at this time.Lord Byron was the man everyone wanted to be and made women want to be with a man like him. Not also was he good at writing but Lord Byron was known to also be a politician and used his fame to use it his favors.This also led to many Love affairs and Secret mistresses.

As mentioned Women wanted to be with Lord Byron because he was controversial. George by the age of 8 was already looking for love after he fell in love with one of his distant cousin as stated, In 1803, Byron fell deeply in love with his distant cousin, Mary Chaworth, and this unrequited passion found expression in several poems, including 'Hills of Annesley' and 'The Adieu.'(A&E). Lord Byron would at times write about his love affairs but he was never the loyal type of guy. He got married In January 1815 and, in December of 1815 his daughter Ada Lovelace was born. In January of the following year his wife Anne Isabella Milbanke accused him of incest to sodomy because of rumors of him being with his half sister. Also she left him because he was in so much Debt, was a drunkard, and was said to be bisexual so he really never saw his family after that.It was also said that Byron would abuse his wife and had affairs with various actress and even have affairs with his half sister. George Byron even kept Pubic Hairs to remember them by or to have them as trophies. Lord Byron would hook up with so many people that he had to leave his city because they were married and men wanted him dead or to beat him up for hooking up with their wives. Lord Byron's spent his final days falling in love with a boy. Lord Byron was into a 15 year old Greek boy. His final days saw him enthralled by a young Greek boy of 15 who failed to return his affection. No longer the dashing and famous poet he once was, Byron found the teenager's rejection a deep blow to his fragile ego,(English 5).This quote proves that he was bisexual and that this boys rejection led to Lord Byron's depression. On April 19, 1824 Lord Byron soon dies by malaria at Missolonghi, Greece. Some people speculate that he could of also died of a sexual transmitted diease due to so many affairs he was having. Lord Byron was deeply Mourned for in England and was named a hero. Although Byron had tough times with his family and was in debt he had lots of success from his poetry.

Don Juan was a masterpiece that was written by Lord Byron himself and published 1824 according to google books. This poem is known for being one of Lord Byron's best poems. Don Juan is a story about a boy who lived almost similar events that Lord Byron had been through by implementing another character taking his place. Later throughout, the book Don Juan finds love and shows that love is necessary. Throughout this very well done poem Lord Byron touches specific topics as themes. He talks about family, sex and gender. For family Byron is quickly to warn that it's not okay to always provide for your children, parents can provide but also discipline as well. Byron wants them to know that kids should be treated like adults and educate them so they learn from their parents mistakes. His classic studies made a little puzzle,Because of the filthy loves of gods and goddesses, Who in the earlier days raised a bustle, But never put on pantaloons or bodice(Byron) Don Juan's mother Donna never educates Don juan because she thinks other things,But this decision will come back to get her because Don Juan will go off and learn this stuff by himself. Which shows why parents should educate their children and not hide them. For sex Bryon makes Don Juan an object before he gives into the temptations and shows that sex is just meaningless and that sex has nothing to do with love it's more lust. Don Juan wasn't the hit that Lord Byron has written.

She Walks In Beauty is another great poem that was written by Lord Byron. It was written in 1814 and published in 1815. The reason why Lord Byron created this story was based on a real life event that inspired him. One day Lord Byron went to a ball and it is said that he met his cousins Robert Wilmot's wife and he fell in love with her. Her name is Mrs.Anne Beatrix Wilmot. He fell in love with her on sight and he was inspired to write about her. The poem is basically about an unnamed woman that is described to be beautiful. Lord Byron uses words to describe her by using dark, connotations like night and starry skies. This poem has many key points but the most important ones are beauty, principles and femininity. In this poem beauty is described in so many ways to the point where Byron is idolizing her beauty. He worships her beauty and describes it in so many ways. The next main idea in this poem is principles of the unnamed lady. It is mentioned that he would seduce her but she is too pure and good hearted to do those type of sins. In the quote coming up Lord Byron see's her calm face and he can see purity.Where thoughts serenely sweet express, How pure, how dear their dwelling-place...The smiles that win, the tints that glow,..But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent!(Byron).With this Lord Byron is trying to imply that Beauty needs a balance of having good morals and be good hearted, but he also says that it's important to look good as well physically.The final key point in this story that should be recognized is women or femininity. In this story the unnamed girl is being almost looked as an object. She never speaks or anything it is just Lord Byron that tries implying who she is based on how she looks. She walks in beauty, like the night..Of cloudless climes and starry skies;

And all that's best of dark and bright ..Meet in her aspect and her eyes(Byron) This shows that he looks at her as if she was art, he looks at her and sees beauty but doesn't see her as a person. In all this story has many key points but one more story is still to be talked about.

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Poverty and Juvenile Delinquency

Destitution is a reoccurring factor in adolescent misconduct that is dynamically deteriorating in the United States. Youth living in neediness are constrained to make due in low financial networks that need assets, for example, openings for work, money related help, psychological well-being administrations, therapeutic administrations, training and so on. The absence of assets in these networks obstructs these adolescents from getting to be effective in a public that supports those with cash. Those without cash are more probable lead down a way of wrongdoing.

As individuals from this public we may ask ourselves, "why wrongdoing?" Standards of progress support the advantaged. With the end goal to achieve these models of accomplishment, youth occasionally discover the way of wrongdoing as an answer. A huge level of low salary individuals are non-white individuals. Those living in low salary networks have a harder time discovering business, not to mention locating work that pays higher than the lowest pay permitted by law. On the off chance that you appear as though you have an affiliation to an ethnic class that society dislikes, you may be stereotyped to hold certain characteristics that may not be true for you as a person. African Americans males have a higher joblessness rate than Caucasian Americans. Racial imbalance exists in the United States, and it tends to be found in pay profiles. By and large, African American men working all day make seventy-two percent of the pay of their Caucasian partners, and eighty-five percent when contrasted with white female' laborers (Rodgers, 2008). Unequal pay makes it difficult for minorities to satisfy the goals of progress and move far from destitution. This imbalance in pay influences an adolescent's low pay family who are mostly minorities and could likewise influence the young who are utilized and marked as minorities. Without an unequal pay to keep up security numerous adolescents turn to wrongdoing.

More youthful individuals additionally have trouble discovering occupations. Age is a vital factor for bosses who are contracting. A few businesses would lean toward prepared people since they are savvier and, in their eyes, complete a superior employment. These variables contrarily affect youth who are looking for business. Not exclusively do these separating factors influence the likelihood of a youthful minority to get work, however it additionally makes it harder for them to procure advancements. Limiting the chance to hold a steady occupation that can enhance the salary of these young can result in an expansion in wrongdoing. Unfit to pay for a steady way of life youth can submit offenses, for example, thievery, burglary and medication infringement. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention recorded around 856,130 captures of youth younger than 18 of every 2016 by U.S. offices; 31,990 of those adolescents submitted theft, 19,200 submitted burglary and 98,490 submitted sedate offenses (OJJPD, 2017). A young can submit theft, burglary and could likewise swing to pitching drugs with the end goal to make a wellspring of pay. At the point when openings for work are not adequate in low pay networks youth may execute in genuine offenses.

Fast developing economies and networks, for example, those in the Bay Area and Silicon Valley are extremely expanding their lodging and leasing costs. Those living in destitution will constantly keep on living in neediness because of racial imbalance in pay and soaring rent. Networks are likewise currently patching up low salary neighborhoods with the end goal to drive individuals with cash in and individuals without cash out. Gentrification is pushing minority bunches in destitution out of their homes and into destitute status. By what means can minority bunches bear to keep their homes when they are generally paid not exactly the advantaged? Circumstances like these drive youths to perpetrate violations with the end goal to get status, cash, and some feeling of intensity that has been stripped away by the advantaged. A destitute youth is bound to perpetrate a wrongdoing than a favored youth. Being arranged as destitute can trigger an adolescent to submit a progression of offenses to get away from the name.

Absence of family assets in these networks has adversely affected the prosperity of youth. Families encountering hardships are compelled to worry about the concern without help and occasionally even place a portion of that weight on these teenagers. Managing huge numbers of these weights in threatening and dangerous situations prompts complex injury in creating minds. Complex injury stunts the typical improvement of an adolescent's mind which may prompt learning hardships and emotional well-being entanglements. Not being in the correct perspective can lead an adolescent to submit unlawful activities. Because of injury, an adolescent is bound to encounter hardships. Unfit to completely process a situation or circumstance some young adolescents' may act out.

Poor training has the best influence in adolescent wrongdoing for youth who are set in neediness. Training is basic, considering the way that it structures youth to take in the differentiation among rights and wrong and clears up the after effects of participating in unlawful activities. The instructive framework that is put into low financial networks implies that the understudies who are set into these schools are not accepting indistinguishable open doors from to the favored. School locale that are put in well off financial networks have more assets for understudies, for example, some higher educational programs, open doors for higher propelled classes and staff who is very instructed and met all requirements to help an understudy. Not having the correct assets in the instructive framework can influence an understudy who wishes to surpass in scholastics. Getting away neediness can be troublesome and as a rule training is the main way out of destitution for these young. Since the low pay understudies do not have the best possible assets for instruction huge numbers of them are headed to wrongdoing. Unfit to completely prevail in training because of absence of assets, numerous adolescent free enthusiasm for their examinations and swing to the avenues. Low pay networks don't have the best instructive framework for youth. At the point when training is inadequate with regards to an adolescent make accept the way of wrongdoing as a substitution for instruction.

The school to jail pipeline likewise adds to an expansion in youth imprisonment for low salary networks. The school to jail pipeline tends to target minority youth who are put in state funded instruction. Youth are expelled from state funded schools and are set in the adolescent criminal equity framework. Cops are set in government funded school an area prepared to capture. Youth who are insubordinate or are a "danger" to the school risk being captured on school an area. On the off chance that some young get into a school battle as opposed to being sent to the principal's office a cop will make a capture. The school to jail pipeline influences low salary youth who are going to state funded schools and have cops nearby. Low salary tutoring that enables this to happen is expanding the likelihood of a low pay youth to be captured and be put into the framework.

Destitution keeps on creating numerous variables that influence our public. Factors, for example, disparity inside race, assets, broken families and absence of appropriate instruction all associate and wind up driving components to the outcome in adolescent wrongdoing. Neediness and adolescent misconduct are associated in the way that young who live inside destitution have a higher possibility of getting to be delinquents who result to wrongdoing. Low salary networks are off guard when the individuals from the network are needing to succeed. The absence of assets in these networks make an ongoing cycle of destitution and wrongdoing for youth. Neediness does not give a way of achievement to youth.

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Minimum Wage was Set

Minimum wage was set to keep employers from taking advantage of workers who were in desperate need of employment. Minimum wage should ideally provide enough income so the average American can make a decent living which includes providing shelter, clothing and food. Minimum wage is some times seen as what we should make to make a way of life. When minimum wage is more set to be an entry point for some young adults first entering the work force. Thats not always the case sometimes its a single mother busing tables, or a father who maybe had some bad life decisions and cant find good employment.

The question to raise minimum wage so many factors stand in the way of this. With our world becoming more and more tech savvy the need for a minimum wage employ is less and less. Why have a blockbusters and pay employees to run it when we have red box the cost of operation is cut in half. With our apps when can place our own food orders and soon taking away the need to have someone service us. In major retails we are starting to see more and more of the self check outs.

This is pulling away jobs and replacing a person with a robot or type of system. This can be seen as something that will take away a large amount of jobs to people. Yet can offer a career to others who might have gone to School to learn technology, or study app development to build the many apps we use. We have to see that minimum wage isnt the goal we at all cost have to try and want more. If the federal government was to raise minimum wage to 15.00 an hour how many people in high school would drop out and get a job how many people that have trades or skills to do a special job be surpassed by anyone that can clean tables or answer phones. Where I would like to see minimum wage raised Im not sure its what we need.

the best way to think about it minimum wage is for minimum skills its a stepping stone in life. With the exceptions of the single mother why cant we have better government support for her better health care better daycare assists while she is going to school and working to try and provide a better way of life. with making 15.00 an house would she want to leave the small food chain shes working at would she be happy with her way of life and not want to finish college?

This minimum wage set at 7.25 is 290 for a full time 40 hours employ that comes to just 15,080 a year. This income would leave a two-person household say, a single parent with one child just below the federal poverty threshold of $15,130. Thats full time if our single mother cant work that she Can only do 27 hours a week thats 195.75 a week with only 10,179 a year. Can someone really care for a child and maintain a safe living environment. I dont think minimum wage should be 15.00 an hour but I think we need to see some kind of increase just raising it to 9.80 an hour thats about 20,400 for a year of full-time work.

I see we need to raise minimum wage some to help the ones in need and stay with the increase in cost of living we see rising and rising, but this again is just a stepping stone we need to keep pushing the youth of today, tomorrow, and tell them keep the goals of a career in mind we dont need to settle for just minimum wage. When you want to go to college and become a registered nurse think about this RNs make an average salary of $67,760 per year, and an average hourly wage of $32.56. Thats about 5 times more than minimum wage. cardiologist make anywhere from 335,765 to 504,349 a year this is what we need to keep in mind we get paid for what we learn what we can do. If minimum wage was to go up to $15.00 an hour would companies have a higher turn over rate? This question come to mind would the level of applicants skills decrease?

With the statement I made of the youth wanting to drop out of school when things started to get hard in life knowing they can go out and get a job and live and just get by it would seem we would have less quality employment the basic math, reading, and learning would suffer. I think this would have an increase in crime maybe drug use. Its to easy to just quit and know you will be some what ok. the fear of living pay check to pay check should be enough to help keep the youth in school and to want to become a nurse or the doctor in the emergency room saving lives.

Our youth has to see minimum wage as temporary and not long term I say this with the understanding of the ones out there having life issues we need to have the focus turned to the government options we have to help the ones in need that really need the helping hand to the next step in life. With all this said minimum wage needs to be raised. Does it need to be $15.00 no I dont think is does I see more of a down fall of issues and problems that come along with it from employers to employees.

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During the Industrial

During the Industrial, the world and future were changed but at what cost. The quote, “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times (Dickens 1)”, represents the revolution for its ups and downs. The Industrial Revolution was a very good step forward in history but also includes many bad aspects. It was a great time because many businesses figured out how to use different machines and strategies to make production faster and different. But, because of this, they learned how to make more products for less, therefore, they also made many cheaper products.

Many of the machines helped business and production but there were also a large number of other inventions that made everyday life easier. The Industrial Revolution was a time where many new, life-changing inventions were invented and old ones were innovated. Alexander Graham Bell was one person that has changed the whole world. He invented the first telephone in 1876 and since then it has been changed into a whole new idea but it all started with his idea.

There were hundreds of people who tried to claim Bell’s invention and there were multiple lawsuits filed against him but none were ever successful (“Alexander Graham Bell”). His idea was so sought after by many people because everyone knew that this would become the most useful way to communicate. Bell started a telephone company and it was perfect because his invention immediately became a high-demand item. The telephone became so popular, so quick, that 100,000 people had telephones within 10 years of it becoming available to the people (“Alexander Graham Bell”).

The phone because so popular because everyone wanted to communicate the easiest way possible, and so they did that by getting a telephone. Trains were another big invention that changed the world. They made transportation for the whole country completly different. In 1801 Richard Trevithick made a carrige to 70 men and 10 tons of iorn using steam. Then in 1804, he invented the the never-invented locomotive that works on rail roads ("Model of Richard”). By him inventing the steam locomotive, with the help frome some othere peoples ideas, he made transportation easier for people and good during the industrial revolution and today. The locomotive could pull a 25-ton train and would normally have a speed of around 5 miles per hour.

But the locomotive could reach abut 16 miles per hour if it was not pulling a 25-ton train ("Model of Richard”). Throughout the Industrial Revolution, mass production became more popular led to more efficient production, cheaper prices, and faster transportation which was a large step in history. This helps us today because we still use that same core idea with some slight adjustments of how mass production was back then versus today. Henry Ford made the decision that his company would only produce Model Tees from 1908 and so on. Ford took the essence of the best features of his cars. The consumers that were buying his cars would not understand how simplified production is when they only manufacturer one model.

This production worked efficiently and Ford's company agreed that if they charged less for the cars then they would not be financially functional, so they worked to make the cars good quality. The Model T was a very popular car show Ford was correct with his idea. Many different Praises came from many different sources including praise from the US Board of Tax Appeals said it was a good car (DiBacco 126 and 127). Ford understood that making many, cheap cars needed updated production methods and that is why he became so successful. Ford was one of the few companies that took part in mass production many other companies would still manufacture cars in a workshop with a small group of people (Nardo United States 62 and 63).

The Model-T was the cheapest car that you could buy and was the best value. Because its price was so low, this car had such high demand. The great price and great value cause this to be a very popular and sought after product for most people (DiBacco 127). Mass production was still a fairly New Concept to many manufacturers, but Ford took much success out of mass production. Within one year Ford sold almost 800,000 Model T’s, and half of the cars in the US were Model T’s. This continued on for many years after with a similar success rate. In a little over 10 years, 15 million Model Ts were sold, and he changed the auto industry forever (Nardo United States 63). By Ford changing what car he sold, the design, the price, and how it was produced, he made transportation easier.

Also, many other people also started using his general idea which was very impactful. Although mass production was a positive aspect of the Industrial Revolution, child labor was one part of the process that was extremely unacceptable. As the revolution started, child labor became a main factor for sweatshops. It became normal and excepted by people almost everywhere. And there were few to no laws regarding, or preventing child labor (Woog 24). In sweatshops, children would perform a wide variety of tasks, something so simple and others being as complex as adults jobs. their jobs would include sorting buttons, running errands, and threading needles if they worked at it Shirtwaist Factory. Children were hired in the sweatshops for many reasons.

Children would not have to be paid as much as adult workers and also their small hands and enthusiastic energy would make the jobs much easier than if they were adults (Woog 24). Some of the children were physically abused which gave them some other physical problems. in the US and Britain, even if there was a small problem, there were very intense consequences for the workers. For example, some workers would get their head shoved in a bucket of water if they fell asleep. they would fall asleep because they were forced to work for long periods of time (Nardo Workers 61). In industrialized nations, the United States and Britain, the abuse is like long work days, fatigue, accidents, and punishments were not something that was hidden.

These abuses would continue to occur even when people would want to stop them (Nardo Workers 64). This treatment seems very extreme, and it, but this was very normal during the industrial revolution. This is why this time period was the worst of times from some perspectives. This harsh treatment was not only occurring towards children. It would happen to adults too. These adults were most likely new immigrants that came into the country and just wanted to make some money for their family. The “With Drops of Blood” campaign was written about the history of industrial workers of the world.

It says how since June 1905 people have been trying to stop the growth of industrial workers that are treated horribly and not paid enough. The campaign lists what the I.W.W. members have gone through such as murder, imprisonment, starvation, they have been beaten, deported, kidnapped and so on (Haywood). This continues on to list some more in-depth mistreatment experiences. People were murdered and so they wrote “Samuel Chinn was so brutally beaten at the county jail at Spokane, Washington, that he died from the injuries” or “Anna Lopeza, a textile worker, was shot and killed, and two other Fellow Workers were murdered during the strike at Lawerence, Massachusetts.”(Haywood) This campaign shows how so many workers were killed and treated horribly.

The I.W.W. was trying to stop this abuse with this campaign because it was not so dreadful that people were letting this happen. The fact that workking conditions were very horrible and there were long, draining hours is not ideal but the dicipline oof the workers definely intensified. I would not matter if they would work in a textile factory or a small sweatshot, they would still be worked more than they ever should have (Hopkins 52).

If someone was to work in one of the mines during the Revolution, you would work the day shit most likley everyday. The day shit would last 12 hours and you would have some time to eat your dinner. There was not a night shift for the miners and they would leave a bit earlier on saturdays, but those were the only reaonable parts of working a a miner (Hopkins 59). In conclusion, many aspects of today's world were created and invented but at a large cost.

The suffering of all of the children and workers that made America as advanced is it is today is something that we cannot change take back, but it something that we are grateful for. This is why the quote, “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times (Dickens 1)”, is one that describes this period of time so perfectly. Our country might go though another Industrial Revolution but if we do, lets hope that we do not have to torture so many people to advance our country.

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Industrial Revolution was a Significant

The Industrial Revolution was a significant time of change. This is where many changes to the manufacturing processes took place that caused a lot of controversy. During the Industrial Revolution liberals were becoming more prevalent as more people were being treated worse as factory workers. A liberal during the Industrial Revolutions time were usually middle class. They were not rich, but they also were not considered as poor.

They did not support the conditions that factory workers had to work in. They pushed for laws to be created so that factory workers can be treated equally. They also opposed other laws such as the Corn Laws. There were many influential people that were against the Industrialization, due to the unjust treatment of the factory workers. One of these significant figures was William Cobbett, a first-rate literary brawler and radical publicist (DR I, Page 44).

According to Documentary Reader I, Cobbet seen the Industrialization in England as very suspicious and this is what led him to resist against the Corn Laws and also join the fight with Englands middle classes to push for laws that will put an end to the rotten borough system that had long advantaged the rural, conservative south in English politics (DR I, Page 44). This example shows how the Industrialization period brought many controversies and how the middle class and others came together to uproot these processes.

Being a factory worker during this period was not very pleasant. Many of the workers were young and were not treated in the best fashion. The factory workers would have to work extremely long hours with little to support their families. The factories were unhealthy and not safe as many injuries occurred. Cobbett expressed in his writings how he was ashamed of the conditions many of the workers had to endure.

From his writings, Cobbett states, that he expressed deep shame of how the laboring people were being treated. Specifically in his writing, Cobbett expressed how Dogs and hogs and horses are treated with more civility (DR I, Page 48). This section of Cobbetts writings proved of the treatment that the factory workers had to go through. The parallels that Cobbett used to describe the treatment as saying that animals were treated better is a statement that best proves that the masters that owner these factories were callous, selfish, and only seen profit rather than respect.

As mentioned before, there was a lot of debate over the Industrialization. The British Tory leader Michael Sadler launched an investigation of the conditions of the textile factories (DR I, Page 32). In his investigation, he spoke with some of the factory workers to get their insight and perspective of how it is in the life of a factory worker. Many of the factory workers started working at very young ages. Matthew Crabtree, an interviewer of Michael Sadler, expressed that he has been working in a factory since the age of 8 (DR I, Page 33). This revealed the practice of child labor within factories. He also revealed some touching insight of the factory stating there was not enough time in the mill for breakfast and that if you were late, you would be severely beaten.

These statements not only shed light on the working conditions but also the abuse they had to accept for their wrongdoings. Shortly after these testimonies were published, the Parliamentary Act of 1833 was passed which limited the hours that women and children could work in the factory industry. Also stated in the DR I (Page 32), Other laws were enacted following the passing of this law. These laws eventually eliminated the employment of children in the mining and factories.

Although Michael Sadlers Committees findings about child labor, there were some people that did not agree and went against the findings Michael Sadler published. A Scottish doctor and chemist, Andrew Ure, defended the factory system and disagreed that children were working within the factories. In his writings, Ure stated that masters of these factories would not abuse children. He also specified that when he would visit these factories, that the children seemed to be always cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in the light play of their muscles enjoying the mobility natural to their age (DR I, Page 39).

This position on the factory conditions goes against the shocks that Michael Sadlers committee exposed to the world. According to Andrew Ure, child labor was not an issue or simply did not exist. With all of this information from both sides, Michael Sadlers Committee and Andrew Ure, both shed light on the physical and mental breakdown of the factory workers. With these accusations and revelations being exposed, this is why liberals pushed for these laws to be enacted so that child workers in the factories can live a better life and work in better conditions.

With the publications of Michael Sadlers Committee writings, this created the Parliamentary Act of 1833. This act restricted the working day in textile mills to 12 hours for persons aged 13 through 17, and 8 hours for those aged 9 through 12 (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica - Michael Thomas Sadler). This did in fact make the conditions of the factories better for children.

In conclusion, liberals had a significant impact on the changes that occurred during the Industrialization period. After the findings were exposed to the general public about child labor and the disastrous working conditions, many influential people worked to change these rules for the better. Some indicated that the reason Michael Sadlers Committee released the investigation information regarding factory conditions were to retaliate against Britains manufacturing that was emerging and to go against Britains push for free trade values (DR I, Page 32).

Even though this might have been his agenda and plan, it did cause an uproar and created a new set of foundations that made it a little better for children working within the factories. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution did make a shift from a rural environment to an urban environment. This was a definite change for England. It was a good change for the rich but a cruel change for most. The changes that emerged included more factories that could support the many industries that need to produce their items. This caused many poor people to accept these dreadful jobs to support their own.

They had to suffer and deal with the mistreatment of working under the unfair conditions. It was bad enough for adults to endure this treatment, but it was very different to hear that children also had to be workers. Even though this Industrialization created more, it seemly destroyed even more than it intended.

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History has been Recorded

History has been recorded for such a long time to the point where choosing one topic was made quite difficult actually. However, I wanted to do something that actually influenced a great deal of humans in a way that would change the course of history and the course of human evolution as a whole in one topic. Then I quickly realized what better than the boom of humanity on this planet in the early 1800s because of a couple different inventions that had made humanity grow over 800 percent.

From everything that we eat to the things that we do for fun in our time today has all been influenced by the Industrial Revolution in some way, shape, and/or form. If there was s simple way to identify the Industrial Revolution, quite simply it would the biggest game changer that humanity has ever experienced to make things just so simple and making the modern world, well, modern (Introduction to the Industrial Revolution).

I think one of the biggest things that the Industrial Revolution had an impact on right away would be the fact that people mostly had lived on the countryside but with the tremendous growth of cities and the jobs associated with them created an extremely quick sense of urbanization in the new world (Introduction to the Industrial Revolution). That is just one of the many single successes that the Industrial Revolution had in the short run, however, with time there have been so many other advancements. For example, the use of medication, computers, and even things like the average salary has had an influence from it in some way. It was literally something that improved so many lives in such a short span of time.
To more deeply explore what the Industrial Revolution is and what it really it really means is also quite simple actually. It literally happens when a large sum of people find way to improve life from using things like rocks and sticks to acquiring the usage of fire, coal, etc. in order to power up many factories and machines as well.

The origin of the Industrial Revolution originally came from England but then gradually moved across the world into the North America continent in the early 1820s (Introduction to the Industrial Revolution).

Now with the current knowledge that we know about it, we know that it started in 18th century and also the inventions that also probably made the Industrial Revolution such a big success because of transcontinental railroad the cotton gin, electricity and other inventions too that permanently changed society forever (History Industrial Revolution). However, these inventions were only the icing on the cake. One of the actual changes that this had brought was the fact that the transportation industry quite literally sucked before this change. Materials and goods were literally transported using horses and boats on rivers and canals (History Industrial Revolution).

A man named Robert Fulton built the first steamboat that were eventually able to trade with other countries outside of North America with so much efficiency (History Industrial Revolution). Another example would include the first railway steam locomotive that was built and designed by Englands own Richard Trevithick that was finished sometime by the 1830s. Englad had finally came up with a way to be able to transport people around. In another case, a man named John McAdam developed a new process for road construction making roads very, very smooth to use.

There are still some things to the Industrial Revolution that many people still probably have no clue until this day. For example, the it was divided into the first and second Industrial Revolution in a sense that even in the 19th and 20th centuries, there were many uses for basic materials. Around this time, we had also been utilizing lighter metals, newer alloys, and plastics, as well as new energy sources on top of that (Britannica).

With all of these uses coming together all at once, it gave the rise to completely automated factories such as the assembly line which was arguably the most and major significance in the second part of the Industrial Revolution. Now, everything had changed, such as common stock was becoming more available by individuals so now there also a greater rift between the commoner, the poor, and especially the wealthy. After the rise of the Second Industrial Revolution governments also had no choice to meet the demands of the people in a way where they had to such social and economic adjustments to things like pricing and consuming (Britannica).

On the other hand, even with all of the positives that the Industrial Revolution had seemingly brought upon us, there were also some things that it had done that was not so great either. Because of the Industrial Revolution, our population size has blown up from what was originally 670 million people in the 1700s to only three hundred years later to being at around 7 billion people (Khan Academy). Without a doubt, almost everyone in this world enjoy the uses that it has brought upon us. We have so many things at our disposal likes our laptops, computers, phones, cars, buildings, and homes integrated with so much power and technology that at some level came from the Industrial Revolution.

Nowadays, it is crazy to believe how much power we use even for the simplest things like powering a lightbulb to something extremely difficult like powering up our homes. Another great cost from this can be something like how much technology needs to keep up with the increasing appetite and greed that humans tend to have in order to make them happy. We are using up so many of our natural resources that are determinantal to our survival. Things that we should be taking care of like our soils, oceans, atmospheres, environments, plants, and animals are all at risk because it seems like we need something from all of it (Khan Academy).

Women also had an extremely big change in the time of the Industrial Revolution as well in greater ways that you can possibly imagine. It finally lifted womens eternal role from the kitchen to more versatility to work outside of their homes (Ducksters). But, the most important thing was the fact that it birthed the womens right movement from one major event. The Lowell Mill Girls. It was a factory that hired women in the textile mill industry known as the mill girls.

It gave many women opportunities to get away from the farm into a more factory setting, however, it came with a big cost. Factory owners did not treat their employees at all, and also payed women less first of all (Ducksters). As the industrial revolution was taking place, the same time the civil war had begun opening women to even more opportunities that men would typically have but also started to flourish in jobs like being teachers, office clerks, nurses, and seamstresses (Ducksters).

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The Solution to World Poverty

In addition to the struggle and suffering the Americans face due to poverty, and the right to spend their hard-earned money, another factor that Singer did not consider is how the economy depends on the Americans expenses, so if people don't spend money on expenses, the economy will crash. In his essay, the author is convincing people not to spend money on the not so essential items in everyday life. The idea he has to end poverty is to have the developed nations save money in order to donate to the less fortunate. He describes the bad habits that most Americans have like going frequently to restaurants, buying new clothes, or doing activities that require spending extra money as a few examples of how people spend their income on things that are considered necessities to them.

However the issue comes to light when attempting to execute or enforce this solution when there is an unknown borderline between a luxury and necessity and to how it is decided. One example is a television set, if it is considered a luxury, there is a possibility that many television manufacturers can go out of business. A large percentage of these companies and factories are dedicated to manufacturing luxurious items, however, if people no longer continue to buy these items and donate it all to the poor, this would cost the factories its workers' jobs that, therefore, create a cynical effect and can intensify the already global issue of world poverty. If people follow these criteria, the economy will not sustain itself and will probably crash. So in order to circulate money, the supply and demand need to be carefully incorporated because as demand increases for the products, more supply is generated, therefore more people will need work to reach the equilibrium. This will push the economy to create more jobs, can lower unemployment and allows the financial institution to operate efficiently. So when the economy is moving forward, everybody would have jobs, and more jobs will be in demand, more people will have the power to help.

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Domestic Violence in Today’s Society

Domestic violence is a concerning matter in today's society. Imagine waking up in a home everyday where there is abuse, neglection, and so many other terrible situations.

What about being afraid to go to sleep every night because of the uncertainty of what might happen?

Many lives and families have been affected by domestic violence. Children have been neglected and abused by parents and are suffering from the long-term effects. Stress, mental disorders, and so many more issues are being put on children today that could be completely avoided if parental rights were not put before a child's protection. The rights of parents are being put over child protection, and the children are receiving unacceptable impacts because of the issue. Although many laws, lawyers, and judges fight for an advocate for children, parental rights should not come before child protection.

The statistics and rates of domestic violence have gone up tremendously. According to Gallagher, a proportion of all violent crimes are significantly high in the area of domestic violence. This author indicates that 16 percent of all accidents ever reported have been domestic violence, and 85 percent have been against just women alone (55). Also, the quality of the relationship between the parent and the child is affected by domestic violence. Children may experience affects such as anxiety or fear, and the cause of this is an insecure attachment bond between the mother and the child (56). Domestic violence has many different stages.

According to Ortiz, the different stages of domestic violence are physical abuse, sexual abuse and rape, emotional and psychological abuse, homicide, forced prostitution, and the list goes on (40-41). Women and children are being abused and mistreated daily. Individuals could take precautions such as avoiding the situation as best as possible, getting out of the home, reporting the incident to higher authorities. The numbers for domestic violence are continuously going up, but with the work of many individuals, the matter can be stopped.

The horrors of domestic violence do not stop with just physical abuse. Neglection is a leading factor that is very common with this issue as well. Buchanan et al. mentions that children are being neglected and pushed to the side because the mothers are too busy trying to protect rather than nurture (713). Children need the love and comfort from a mother. Buchanan et al. also points out that there is an attachment between a mother and a baby at the time of birth. The baby's brain development is affected by this and so many other factors such as the child's well being (713). Children also tend to form health disorders and are more prone to stress when living in environments where domestic violence is present. Buntson explains the terrors and damage domestic violence can do to a child:

The prevalence of violence within families is considered to be endemic at levels across the world. Relational trauma and exposure to toxic stress--in utero and perinatally--has been shown to have enduring and detrimental impacts across development within the early years, childhood, and beyond, significantly increasing the development of mental health disorders (1).

The facts are clear that children develop stress and disorders because of all the tension in the homes. Not only are the children being affected, but the mothers are being affected as well. Buchanan et al. exclaims that mothers from an experiment tell how they feel their children are not as supported as they should, isolated, and fear the children are not safe. Mothers also experience personal effects.

Following the birth of their babies, none of the women in the study received emotional or practical support from their partners (Buchanan et al. 717). Mothers need support from the spouse to be able to give the child everything needed. Domestic violence occurs in all countries. Domestic violence has been identified as occurring across all regions, ethnicities, cultures, ages, and economic statuses (Ghani 104). This quote provides evidence that domestic violence can affect anyone no matter the age, race, social status, culture, or ethnicity. Multiple types of abuse are portaken in on a daily basis.

The men are not the only individuals in the homes that participate in domestic violence. Fathers or males in the homes contribute the most in domestic violence, but mothers are also a large contributing factor. According to Zimmerman, 70 percent of the time women are the perpetrators of the situations (60). Men can be affected just like women can through domestic violence. Women can do just as much damage, if not more than a man can do. Zimmerman indicates that women are just as violent in intimate situations as any male would be (62).

Punishment and violence are two completely different subjects. Punishment can be taken extremely too far in some situations. The authority to discipline a child determined whether a violation of a child's bodily integrity was a legal act of correction or a physical assault punishable under the Criminal Code (Elder 54-55). Both parents, mother and father, are contributors in domestic violence. Afifi et al. provides the information that many factors such as child maltreatment, sexual and physical abuse, and many others are associated with poor maltreatment and development of children (1). Many contributors to domestic violence are in the homes.

Many programs have been made to help assist children and mothers who are and have been affected by domestic violence. Children and mothers need all the support and comfort that can be given while facing times such as these. Zannettino and McLaren explain that most of the programs are based off of finding and addressing safety for children. Not only that, but some programs help solely with developmental needs. Programs are a tremendous help to those affected by domestic violence (421).

These authors also point out the differences in child protection and domestic violence sectors. The only difference between government programs and sectors is that children or mothers are not as well served by the sectors such as women's domestic violence services or child protection authorities (421). Two different types of programs are available today for children and mothers seeking help from domestic violence. Although many programs try to help regulate domestic violence, the efforts are not where they are needed.

Many individuals are opposed to the the term domestic violence. Many lives have been terribly affected by this matter. However, some individuals believe otherwise. Some are led to believe that different cultures and areas have an affect on domestic violence. According to Little, one main feature is the influences of tradition. Many cultures carry out the tradition of masculinity. The superior forms of masculinity are partaken in within many areas and cultures (480). Males in other countries or other cultures tend to practice what feels natural, and in this case it is domestic violence (485). Domestic violence tends to be a part of an individual's life for so long, and the individual knows nothing but this. Tradition is sometimes hard to break; however, it is not right to use that as a crutch. Domestic violence is crucial thing to face. Individuals should not have to go through or deal with this matter.

Domestic violence is a very common issue in today's time. Children and women are waking up in homes every morning uncertain of what the day will bring. Violence is accepted in many forms and places. Domestic violence causes controversy between families and many disorders and other trying factors for children and mothers.

Children are being neglected, beaten, forgotten, and pushed to the side because there is no help for them. Mothers are not giving children the love and support that is needed. Parent's are taking punishment way over the limit. Domestic violence is something children or mothers are facing more and more as society moves on. Even though many laws, lawyers, and other superiors fight for children on a daily basis, parental rights should not come before the protection of a child.

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Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Abuse

Contents

Couples Counseling
Religious Leaders
Scripture/Religious Texts
Who does it affect?
Christians
Jews

Domestic violence is a complex dynamic that is commonly characterized by physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Survivors that identify with a specific faith or spirituality are susceptible to a different type of abuse known as spiritual abuse. Despite the previous history in which faith-based buildings served as sanctuaries, many have closed their doors to help victims in need. According to research, religious texts, traditions, and spiritual counseling have been correlated with the process of healing for many domestic violence victims; however, spirituality is frequently exploited to pardon abuse (Stotland, 2000). Studies reveal that 25% of identified Christians are victims of abuse (Haaken, Fussell & Mankowski, 2007). Both famous quotes reiterated by important leaders along with scriptures from faith-based books have the power to re-victimize or shun away devout practitioners.

According to research conducted in the U.S., 22% of documented offenders attend church on a regular basis (Nason-Clark, 2004). Further inquiry revealed differences in participation among perpetrators. Individuals who had attended services sporadically were more likely to commit acts of violence towards their spouse versus those who attended services on a consistent basis. Research illustrates differences in rate of abuse among faith-based practices. According to studies, Evangelical Christian men who attend church intermittently have been documented to have higher prevalence of domestic abuse than their Christian counterparts (Haaken, Fussell & Mankowski, 2007).

Up until the late 1950s, female survivors were glorified in their faith-based communities for enduring an abusive relationship (Haaken, Fussell & Mankowski, 2007). Debates among religious and spiritual leaders arose during the women's rights movement, and many disagreed over the interpretation, critical explanation and the relevance in the time frame in which it was written. The deliberation among religious leaders reached its climax during the second half of the 20th century as several Christian denominations proposed and later ordained women into priesthood (Stotland, 2000). The ordination of women caused upheaval in many religious sectors, as the idea proposed equality between the two genders. Spiritual abuse and the perpetuation of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse can be traced back to the years 570 CE (Nason-Clark, 2004).

Couples Counseling

The majority of clients who identify with Christian denominations confess seeking their religious leaders' guidance only to be advised to enroll in faith-based couples counseling. Survey responses reports that 62% of religious leaders provided couples therapy as a solution to domestic abuse (Chisale, 2018). Although some religious leaders have good intentions, couples therapy rarely changes the nature of the abusive relationship as abuse is not a specific relationship matter. Abuse outside the context of a relationship is the manipulation of power over another, and thus a choice of the individual rather than a disconnect of communication. Whether couples or individual counseling is pursued, both require those seeking treatment to take accountability for their actions and modify their behavior which is rarely the case for perpetrators. Instead, perpetrators place the blame on the victim and minimize accountability. Many faith-based leaders conduct the services themselves however, their lack of education on domestic violence reduced their ability to provide effective therapeutic services (Stotland).

Survivor testimonials have demonstrated how couples therapy is ineffective and in many cases, escalates the risk of danger for the victim. What a religious leader can perceive as a lack of communication between the couple, can underneath be the victim's fear to speak honestly for fear of retaliation. At the same time, when referred to couples therapy many male partners in heterosexual relationships not only refuse to go, but threaten their female counterpart if they attend. On the one hand, you have the perpetrator controlling the counseling session with his presence while also inflicting retribution for involving their religious leader into a private matter. Making haste decisions such as referring couples to counseling cannot only further the abuse, but in some cases make the abuse fatal.

Religious Leaders

Religious leaders play an important role in maintaining participation among its congregation by preaching and upholding the sanctity of marriage and family. Whether indirectly or intentionally, priest, pastors, Imams, and rabbis have condoned domestic violence among its assembly. Testimonials reveal how counsel given by religious leaders rely on prioritizing marriage or the family over their safety (Chisale, 2018). Common themes among religious leaders' responses revolve around victim blaming. Since perpetrators rarely exhibit their violent behaviors in public, many religious leaders along with non-involved faith-based members question the legitimacy of the claims as many are perplexed at the idea that a church member can exert such violence when they do not exhibit behaviors in their place of worship. Similarly, religious leaders react defensively and imply that their own behavior is causing their partner to react violently. Some leaders have suggested that the responsibility of diminishing the violence lies on the victims, and any failure to do so reflects on their feeble relationship with their higher power (Chisale, 2018).

In spite of the immense stride's women have made within Christian denominations, several prominent pastors have publicly defended domestic abuse in the 21st century. Back in 2009, the high-profile evangelical minister John Piper was asked if a woman was abused by her husband what should her submission look like. The minister's response was that she should withstand verbal abuse for a season and experience being slapped at least one day before recurring support from the church (Levitt & Ware, 2006). Another influential American pastor Steven Cole verbalized back in 2013 how women must endure both verbal and psychological abuse; however, if physical violence is involved only then should she seek support from the law and her church (Chisale, 2018). As late as 2016, evangelist pastor Kirk Cameron gave a consenting statement to the Christian post which stated how women ought to follow and not attempt to change their husbands, as each spouse submits to their role (Levitt & Ware, 2006).

Interviews with religious leaders illustrate how some leaders' lack of knowledge regarding resources and shelters inadvertently perpetuate the abuse. Jane Doe describes how her Imams (Muslim religious leaders) was very sympathetic to her confession. His response was to pray with her and counsel her to submit to his demands as the man is the spiritual head. Complementary to the advice given, faith-based leaders reiterate common themes along the lines of becoming more submissive, saving the sanctity of marriage, keeping the family unity, and maintaining face (Levitt & Ware, 2006). All too commonly, religious leaders do not follow through when abuse is disclosed whether to refer to resources or investigate the matter further. Survivors disclose that many times in order to please their faith-based members they remain in the abusive relationship longer, as leaving the relationship translates to renouncing their faith.

Scripture/Religious Texts

From the Qu'ran to the Bible, verses have routinely been utilized to illustrate that domestic abuse is God's will, ultimately condoning the abuse. The verses written in these sacred texts are subjective to interpretation and thus biased. Various sacred texts both covertly and overtly endorse a patriarchal society in which a man dominates over a woman. From this lens, women are taught to obey their husbands and honor God by not going above him (Smith, 2010). Verses such as Ephesians 5:22-23 {Wives, submit to your own husbands. For the husband is the head of the Wife as Christ is the head of the Church}, or 1 Titus 2:3-5 {urge the woman to love their husbands to be self-controlled and pure, and to be subject to their husbands so no one will malign the word of God} create roadblocks for victims as these verses seek to silence them and encourage submission as a form of carrying out God's will (Sheler, 2010).

Additionally, religious texts (Psalms 22 and 55) focus on suffering and how when an individual experiences suffering it is the divine power's form of punishment for previous sins (Smith, 2010). Thus, victims will look into their past actions and recall what would be considered sinful (having sex before marriage, being a bad child growing up, or making a poor decision in marrying their partner in the first place) and acknowledge the current violence as a consequence for their actions. The reiteration of readings from Judges 19:22-29, Deuteronomy 22: 13-21 and Number 5: 11-31 strive to remind women they are merely property and as such must meet all marital obligations willingly and consequently promoting marital rape (Spiegel, 1996). This form of spiritual abuse manipulates religious texts to minimize and rationalize all forms of abuse as God's divine plan for the victim. Despite the healing process religious writings can have on a victim, the majority have been misinterpreted to perpetuate the abuse (Sheler, 2010).

Who does it affect?

Time and time again, sacred passages and their placing of men as the head of the spiritual household have systematically been used to oppress women within their communities of faith. Despite the similarities and differences between the Christian denominations, Jewish practices, and Muslim traditions, they all share the common perpetuation of abuse within the marriage (Akintoke, 2016). Although they have different perspectives in regards to the purpose of suffering, the dynamic of a marriage, divorce, and forgiveness, their shared convictions on these matters further creates an environment of risk and isolation. The secular or religious approach of domestic violence in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim communities reflects the lack of knowledge and comprehension of the cycle of domestic abuse. The rationalization of abuse by these faith-based practices contributes to the self-blame, guilt and even death of victims.

Christians

For heterosexual couples who practice Christian teachings, the sanctity of marriage lies within the power for the wife to follow her husband. Both the bible and pastors often give wives instructions on what their marriage should look like. However, these directives are rarely given to men (Stotland, 2000). The most widely used are based on scriptures that state women should submit to their husband which is misinterpreted as submitting to abuse. The expectations of a husband and wife in regards to physical and even sexual contact are mentioned, and describe the need for mutual respect. Nevertheless, even though there are over ten scriptures referencing a husband's respect towards his wife, the only scriptures and directives given in public services and in a personal affair is that of a woman's duty to submit (Haaken, Fussell & Mankowski, 2007).

Marriage in many cultures, religions, and traditions is viewed as a permanent union. Divorce despite being a legal right for all is not an option for many victims. Vows such as 'til death do us part are more often than not taken into literal translation even when there is a high risk of death in an abusive home (Sheler, 2000). Even if a wife is able to obtain her divorce from the courts, the annulment process within the Christian denomination's places victims in a vulnerable position to be revictimized. Commonly, women who initiated the process were denied an annulment despite having evidence of the abuse filed in court. For female victims who were able to obtain an interview with the panel, countless were frequently subjected to the questioning of whether or not they baited the husband and even questioned her morals as well as her judgment (Sheler, 2000).

Testimonials reveal how the church's aggressive position against divorce deters many victims from even considering asking support from the clergy. The common doctrinal assumption states that a marriage regardless of abuse is better than no marriage, and thus should be conserved. The Ten Commandments are considered to be the laws to which one as child of God should follow, and yet like scriptures have been manipulated to rationalize abuse. The fourth commandment which states one should honor their father and mother has been routinely utilized by parents to misuse their authority and coerce their children to endure physical, psychological and sexual abuse. The frequent psychological abuse endured within the Christian community has caused many victims to disassociate with a parish, and for some turn away from God.

Jews

Suffering is a common theme in the Torah (Jewish holy book) and both the literal translation and the rabbi's interpretation of suffering view it as divine punishment for sinful behaviors. The majority of the prayers observed on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur reflect the repentance of wrongdoing and accept abuse per their belief that it is a divine consequence (Ben-Porat, Levy, Kattoura, Dekel, & Itzhaky, 2017). Similar to the Christian faith, Judaism asserts that suffering is needed as a motivation for spiritual growth, and thus the sufferer is to accept and embody the abuse. According to the faith, those servants who suffer most are the ones HaShem (God) loves the most (Ben-Porat et al., 2017). To surrender to hardships is to prove one's worthiness of HaShem's love (Ben-Porat et al., 2017).

Kiddushin is the sanctification of marriage within the Jewish community. According to scripture (Gen. 2:18) HaShem declares it is not favorable for humans to be alone, and thus Jews view marriage as fundamental for self-realization (Spiegel, 1996). An essential value within the faith is peace within the home also known as Shalom Bayit (Rubin, & Mills, 2007). However, the responsibility of maintaining the peace within the home lies on the wife on several occasions, and thus encouraging the continuation of abuse (Rubin, & Mills, 2007). Unlike the Christian marriage, ceremony Jews do not incorporate the ?til death do us part. Although Jews view marriage as the primary religious obligation and thus an everlasting commitment, they take into consideration the intricate complex dynamic that it takes to maintain a marriage. Undoubtedly, Jews recognize that divorce may be an imperative decision for some couples, yet the bill of divorce was i.

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The Causes and Signs of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is a destructive issue that is very common and affects many Americans today. Abuse can occur in heterosexual couples and in gay or lesbian relationships as well. These actions can occur within all ages, all ethnic backgrounds, and all income levels. Domestic violence has no boundaries when it comes to personal features. It is disastrous for the batterer and the battered. Abuse is a tragic occurrence and can be fatal. One in four women are abused by their partner and nearly more than 10 million people are abused every year.

There are multiple types of domestic violence including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological /emotional abuse, intimidation, verbal abuse, and economic abuse. These are all serious forms of abuse and do not overpower one another. Domestic violence is any consistent violent or aggressive behavior towards another person that takes place within the home, this effects couples, siblings, parents, or any other people that live within the home.

The cause of domestic violence could be unknown, or the person may just feel the need to control the other person because they are better. Abuse can affect anyone including, babies, little kids, teenagers, young adults, women, men, and elderly women/men, however women are proven to be affected the most. Many sources state that the abuser may feel the need to control the other person due to lack of self-esteem, serious jealousy issues, difficulties in regulating anger, psychological disorders, or other strong emotions. People could have mental illnesses that cause them to think as if they are inferior the other person such as bipolar disorder, depression, psychopathy, narcissism, PTSD, or undiagnosed personality disorders.

More than 57 million people in the United States (18 and older) suffer from a mental illness. Over 50% of women who live with a mental illness have previously experienced some sort of trauma such as physical or sexual abuse (either during childhood or adulthood), (Trauma). However, there are multiple types of abusive behavior including coercion, isolation, intimidation, economic prevention, or use of children (threatening to take them away, using visitation for other reasons, criticizing the others' way of parenting). Children who grew up in homes containing violence, often develop PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) due to the trauma.

Post-traumatic stress disorder may last months or possibly years, symptoms may include extreme nightmares, sleep paralysis, intense flashbacks, anxiety, or a constant depressed mood. It typically affects people within the ages of 19 and older. These people learn to treat women with little respect and handle their anger in violent ways, which makes domestic abuse more common and repetitive. It is often passed down through generations. Alcohol and drugs can also contribute to this behavior. A drunk or high person is less likely to control their violent actions towards their partner/victim.

People may act like this and have this behavior because it is meant to scare, physically harm, or control the other person. However, some religions believe that abuse is just and okay. The followers of these religions believe that they have the right to control their partner and that women are not equal to men. Some religions still practice human sacrifice. They believe it is okay to kill people and animals for God. People also learn from others in the community or any other cultural influences as they grow up.

Violence in a home doesn't only affect the people in the home but the others around too. It sets an example for children that these actions are okay and acceptable behavior. They may view these actions are normal and causing no harm. Studies prove that harmful behavior is caused by interaction of situational and individual factors. This meaning, abusers inherit these actions from family members growing up, and some abusers will even admit they witnessed abuse in their community or home growing up. The denomination could be in the form of sexual, emotional, or physical abuse. However, no cause of the violence justifies the action or makes it in any way acceptable.

Domestic violence often escalates from verbal threats, arguing and verbal fights to violence. There are ways to gather whether you or someone else may be suffering from domestic violence at home. Abuse could begin with behaviors such as possessiveness, name calling, threats, or distrust. The abuser may apologize after fights profusely and claim it was out of love and not intended to hurt the person.

Some abusive tendencies include accusing the victim of cheating, telling the victim they can't do anything right, showing jealousy over the victim's family and friends, embarrassing/shaming the victim, controlling every penny they spend, forcing or pressuring the victim to take drugs or alcohol, threatening to hurt, kill, or take away their children, or intimidation with weapons such as guns and knives. Dominance, humiliation, isolation, threats, intimidation, denial and blame are common signs of domestic violence as well. Domestic violence isn't always physical violence.

Emotional or psychological abuse can be just as worse and even more severe than physical violence. Often examples of physical violence are hitting, slapping, strangling, kicking, pushing, biting, and engaging in forced sexual acts. Unfair blame put on the victim is very common in violent relationships. This could lead to emotional abuse; common examples are making someone feel mentally insane and crazy and causing them to blame themselves for the abuse. The violence doesn't always end when the victim escapes the abuser or tries to seek help.

Overall, Domestic violence is a problem that needs to be emphasized and there are ways that we can try and prevent this from reoccurring. Stated in the text above, there are many causes of domestic violence, some being preventable and some you cannot do anything about prior to. However, doing thigs such as discovering mental illnesses and reporting suspicious behavior when you see it, could save someone's life. Domestic violence is any behavior that the purpose is to gain power and control over another person in a relationship. These actions can lead to horrible things such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal behaviors.

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My Protection from Domestic Violence in Florida

No one has the right to hurt you. Unfortunately there are many individuals, both men and women, who are living with Domestic Violence in Florida. Victims feel shame when they find themselves in a relationship that is harmful. They feel alone, and many times struggle to find a way out of the situation that they are in. There are ways that these individuals can find assistance to protect themselves and their children. An Orlando Divorce Attorney can assist you, even if you are not legally married to your abuser, by helping you to file for a domestic violence injunction, commonly known as a restraining order. If you are legally married, this order can affect parenting plans, child custody and, ultimately, the divorce order.

What Situations Qualify for a Restraining Order? Being a victim does not only mean that you were physically hit or beaten. Florida law covers several abuse situations that qualify you for a restraining order. The following can also qualify: Physical abuse of any kind- kicking, hitting, slapping, biting, choking, hair pulling, etc; Sexual abuse; False imprisonment, kidnapping, and removal of the ability to seek help- such as hiding or removing phones, disabling phone and internet; Stalking a victim; Tresspassing; Repeated emotional or psychological abuse; or Threats or threatening behavior that put the recipient in fear for their safety. How Do You Obtain a Domestic Violence Injunction? The courts look at domestic violence as an emergency situation.

To begin the process, an individual claiming abuse will file a Petition for Protection Against Domestic Violence. This is a fairly straight forward process whereby the abused individual recieves an opportunity to outline the reasons they are in fear from the other party. Before arriving, you want to be sure to gather as much evidence as you can to enter into your statement- including dates of incidents, witnesses to the abuse, and any police reports. One you have completed your statement, your case will be given immediate consideration. Your Orlando Divorce Attorney can help you to file your plea without your abuser being aware ahead of time. In many cases, a judge will sign off immediately, granting a temporary order.

This temporary order will protect you until your court hearing. The abuser is served with the order as soon as it is signed, and will be unable to have any contact with you going forth. A hearing will then be held, giving the abuser the right to challenge the order and tell their side of the story. After hearing the evidence, the court will grant a permanent order, or cancel the temporary order if they feel the evidence is insufficient.

How Do Respond if I am Served with a Domestic Violence Restraining Order? As with everything else, there are some situations when individuals seek restraining orders under false pretenses in an effort to gain some footing in a divorce or custody case. If you are served with an order, you need to immediately contact your Orlando Divorce Attorney to begin building your rebuttal to the accusations. At your court appearance, you will have to give testimony and provide evidence showing that your accuser has filed the injunction in bad faith. The court will look at the evidence presented by both parties in order to make a decision.

Contact Your Orlando Divorce Attorney If you are experiencing domestic violence, your first move should be to protect yourself and your children. Once you are safe, even temporarily, you should move to file for a protective order. If you have been falsly served with a protective order, you need to move to gather evidence to prove your innocence. In either situation, contact your Orlando Divorce Attorney to protect you and your family.

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Survivors of Domestic Violence

Contents

Screening and Recruiting Group Member
Logistical Considerations
Developing Group Norms
Termination
Evaluation
Handling Ethical Issues
Week One: Introduction
Session
Week Two: The Cycle of Abuse
Week Three: Safety Plans*
Week Four: Emotions
Week Five: Community Resources
Week Six: Closing
Article Summaries
References

Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), is a pattern of actions one partner uses to maintain control over the other partner in the relationship. This abuse can be physical, emotional, sexual, or financial and can vary in how often and how severe each episode can be. IPV does not differentiate or care what socioeconomic background and education level an individual has, only that one person is using force to make the other person in the relationship obey their rules. Some survivors of sexual assault, domestic violence, and child abuse experience isolation on a daily basis, and are often met with disbelief or challenges asking, Why did you stay? Many simply avoid speaking to the survivor out of fear that they might say the wrong thing (Dutton, 2017).

Facilitators need to address the safety and concerns of IPV survivors during group and individual counseling sessions. Group counseling often helps to decrease feelings of isolation, allowing the person to see that they are not alone in this experience and, if they allow, they can receive support from others in the group.

Group sessions in this proposal will use Person-Centered Therapy, because the goal of this therapy is not solving clients' problems but assist clients in their growth process so they have a better chance of coping with current and potential future problems (Smith 2016, p. 270).

Both facilitators, using Person-Centered Methodology, when working with survivors of domestic violence will provide a non-confrontational, safe environment where IPV survivors have the opportunity to begin the healing process. The two counselors will provide the facilitator and co-facilitator roles and each will have similar skills, knowledge, and training. They will work together during sessions and if there is need of immediate individual support, then one of the facilitators and the group member will be able to withdraw from the group while the other facilitator continues with the session in progress. If there is not an immediate need, an individual appointment discussion at the end of group session can occur. Having similar levels of experience will allow each facilitator role flexibility from session to session.

Screening and Recruiting Group Member

Distribution of the flyer announcing the group sessions will be within the three IPV facilities that agreed to participate, in order to provide privacy and safety to all individuals who live in those same facilities. Case managers within the facility will screen interested candidates to determine if they meet the base criteria and then forward this information to the point of contact at the facilitators' organization. Each of the three facilities that have agreed to participate will provide female gender only candidates, over 18 years of age, and currently residing in the IPV facility in order to allow a pressure-free zone. The two facilitators will look over the information to make a final determination of potential benefit to the candidate before providing case managers with the okay to proceed with an invite to the individual and a confidentiality form to discuss and sign.

Individual suitability for this group will include those with four out of six of the following characteristics: low self-esteem, depression, anger, emotional insecurity, dependence, and a need to control their environment. This need for careful vetting of individuals chosen to participate and identified by the following factors indicated by research into past group session evaluations: the needs of the group, the expectations of members, and the individual participant's commitment to six sessions of one hour each.

Logistical Considerations

This will be a closed group consisting of six to eight participants. The group meetings will begin on January 9th and occur every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday for six weeks from 10:00 am to 11:30 am in the activities room at each IPV facility. This meeting time was chosen based on room availability in each facility, childcare availability (if needed), presence in the facility of the IPV survivors, and the case managers to assist with any unexpected issues.

Developing Group Norms

Group Structure established by the facilitators will provide guidelines for group members to follow during each group session. Group members can discuss the need to add any guidelines during any session if the need arises. Guidelines are as follows:

Confidentiality regarding mandated reporting requirements;Stress the importance to be on time for each session;Individual participant counseling can be scheduled outside of the group;Advising members not to share information if this would put their safety at risk;Some group members will not want acknowledgment outside the group; Agreement to allow speaker courtesy during the group sessions.

Advocacy, support, empowerment, and participation. Each session will follow a basic agenda; however, the facilitators will be mindful and flexible on session topics as these group sessions are about the IPV survivors.

Termination

Group members agreed to six sessions and the facilitators will remind group members during the initial session and the fourth session. The final session will be a wrap up for group members and less formal than prior sessions. Facilitators plan to allow group members time to mingle and participate in punch, dessert, and a planned presentation of an achievement rock, rather than a paper certificate.

Evaluation

Evaluations provided to the group members during the last session for completion, not mailed out, in order to maintain the safety of the participants. Group members will be advised that they can provide additional comments on the group to their case managers and have the ability to either allow the information to be shared with the facilitators or not.

Handling Ethical Issues

The facilitators will discuss how to deal with issues that arise during group prior to each weekly meeting, consulting the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics (ACA 2014) if any ethical concern arises during group sessions. The facilitators have agreed to use the Tarvydas Integrative Model for Ethical Behavior and/or the Ethical Decision-Making Model Worksheet, if needed. If any suicidal ideation (SI) or homicidal ideation (HI) occurs, one facilitator will go aside from the group and work with that individual in the completion of an assessment to determine the level of risk. The individual's case manager is advised, and depending on the assessment result a facility specializing in SI/HI will be contacted and the individual admitted. The facilitator's duty to warn and to protect is a dual responsibility to protect the group member, as well as, other group members and individuals (Corey, Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2015)

Group Sessions (6)

Week One: Introduction

Session

Ice Breaker (10-15 minutes) - Each facilitator will take turns introducing themselves, why they are here, past work experience, training and qualifications, and their favorite color.

Then in round-robin style, participants provide only their first name and favorite color.

Facilitators will write down the favorite color of the group members for an activity in the closing session. At this point the facilitators will provide announcements: emphasizing confidentiality and that no partners or ex-partners will be allowed around the group (non-negotiable), housekeeping information (bathrooms and drinking fountains), building safety (fire exits, first aid), explain complaints procedure, and no smoking, no e-cigarettes, and no vaping.

Facilitators will discuss what each session's proposed course content would be, and only one break will occur during the group session.

Activity (20-25 minutes) - Using a flip chart to write down information, facilitators will go around the circle to give each group member an opportunity of what one expectation they would want to obtain from the group sessions. Begin with the facilitator not doing the writing. Label the flip chart Our Group

Expectations. Go around the circle a couple times in case some group members have more than one thing they would like to get out of coming to the group.

The flip chart page can be tacked up on the wall during each session, or not, but will be brought out during the closing session to discuss if the expectations of each group member have been met.
Activity (5 minutes) “ Discuss with group members if they would be okay with having a case manager from the facility come in during week five to provide information and availability on resources in the community.

Facilitators will ascertain at this time if group members would like community resource information on surrounding communities that relocation would be an option. This would determine if an invite is offered to an IPV case manager from that community, or just have information to provide the group.
Close (5 minutes) - During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing week one group session. The facilitators will begin a round robin of checking in with ?I' statement of how group members are feeling at that moment and stress that safety at all times is very important each person and facilitators will remind group members of the topic for next session.

Week Two: The Cycle of Abuse

Greeting (5 minutes) “Facilitators will lead the round robin of ?I' statement on how each person is feeling at that moment. Recap last group session.

Ice Breaker (10-15 minutes) “ Have each group member remove any negative thoughts by writing them down on paper, seal them in an envelope, and place the envelope under their chairs. Facilitators will have provided pens, paper, and envelopes.

Activity (20-25 minutes) - Facilitators will provide each group member with a photocopy of the Duluth Equalities When and Duluth Power and Control Wheel. After giving the participants a few minutes to look over the information, begin a discussion how each group member has been affected by the violence and what would be the corresponding non-violence section states. Do participants feel they are able to begin making the change to the Equality Wheel and let them provide the discussion on why or why not?

Activity (15-20 minutes) “ Provide a photocopy of the Definitions of violence and abuse, then using the flip chart to write down information, go around the circle to give each group member an opportunity to provide a personal definition in one of the quadrants. Label the flip chart Our Definitions. Go around the circle a couple times in case some participants have more than one thing they would like to add.

Close (5 minutes) - During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session, stress that safety at all times is very important each person and remind every one of the topic for next session. Then begin the round robin of checking in with ?I' statement of how group members are feeling at that moment. The facilitators will have the group members pick the sealed envelopes up and ask them to tear up the feeling that they sealed within and toss it away.

Week Three: Safety Plans*

Greeting (15-20 minutes) “Recap last session. The facilitators will lead the group in a guided mindfulness meditation session. Integrative holistic practices offered in a retreat environment that supports the mind and body's natural inclination toward healing cannot only provide significant relief, but can perhaps also better position an individual to benefit from more traditional forms of psychotherapy, as a great capacity to self-regulate provides a firm foundation on which to embark on trauma treatment (Dutton, 2017).

Activity (20-25 minutes) “ Provide each participant with a photocopy of a plan outline, adapted from Saving Grace safety planning (Saving Grace, 2011) to discuss and remind group members that for safety reasons, never leave their plan where others could discover it. Some advocates talk about assessing what kinds of things the victim has done before and whether and how that worked; the next step is to assess what they feel comfortable doing in the future (Logan, 2018). Discuss whom participants might trust enough share their safety plan with, and would they consider providing the IPV agency with a copy. Discuss with participants the need for individuals deemed trustworthy enough be on their plan, how to approach the subject with those individuals.

Close (5-10 minutes) - During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session. Then begin the round robin of checking in with ?I' statement of how they are feeling at that moment. Remind every one of the topic for next session and please bring his or her completed safety plans.

Week Four: Emotions

Greeting (5 minutes) “Facilitators will lead the round robin of ?I' statement on how each person is feeling at that moment. Recap last session.

Ice Breaker (10-15 minutes) “ Take a few minutes to discuss the participant's safety plans. Are they completed and if not, what obstacles may the person need assistance in understanding and after the closing the group, set some time aside to provide guidance or set up an individual meeting with the individual.

Activity (20-25 minutes) “ Facilitators will provide the topic of coping with grief, fear, and guilt. This is an important discussion because these emotions experienced most when ending an abusive relationship. Many individuals will mourn what they feel to be a failure of a commitment and may experience overwhelming feelings that are far from being relieved. Fear and anxiety are very common feelings to have when someone is leaving any relationship, and guilt is most common among women with children.

When examining the biological, psychological, and contextual factors related to the development of both anxiety and PTSD, a common factor is the experience of stressful life events (e.g., IPV victimization) and one's ability to cope with these events (Spencer, 2017). Discuss with the group the stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance, and hope. Understanding the difference is difficult when experiencing uneasiness during non-threatening situations, and fear during threatening situations. Remind the group members that they are not alone and to obtain support from friends, family, and professionals.

Close (5-10 minutes) - During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session. Then begin the round robin of checking in with ?I' statement of how they are feeling at that moment. Facilitators will remind all group members that there are only two more group sessions.

Week Five: Community Resources

Greeting (5-10 minutes) “Facilitators will lead the round robin of ?I' statement on how each person is feeling at that moment. Recap last session.

Activity (20-25 minutes) “ Onsite case manager to present information on community resources. If group members approved, during the initial session, a case manager from the facility will be present to provide information on local resources in their area. If group members did not approve, then information gathered from the local community will be provided to the group members.

Activity (10-15 minutes) “ Take a few minutes to discuss the participant's safety plans. Are they completed and if not, what obstacles may the person need assistance in understanding and after the closing the group, set some time aside to provide guidance or set up an individual meeting with the participant.

Discuss with group members how to update their plans with any of the community resources information provided.

Close (10-15 minutes) - During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session.

Then begin the round robin of checking in with ?I' statement of how they are feeling at that moment. Facilitators will stress that safety at all times is very important each person and remind every one of the topic for next session, including a reminder that next week is the last session.

Week Six: Closing

Session Greeting (10-15 minutes) “Facilitators will lead the round robin of I' statement on how each person is feeling at that moment. Recap last overall six five weeks and what has been learned and pull out the flip chart to touch on what was written that group members wanted to get out of the sessions.

Activity (25-35 minutes) “ Discuss what each group member thinks she learned from the sessions and what each group member thinks her strength or strengths are. Facilitators will provide group members with punch, cookies, and time to mingle with each other. Discuss how to process any termination anxiety or grief expressed during this time and how it is normal. Facilitators will write on stones in each group member's favorite color what they stated their strengths are and give to each person as a reminder of how they have grown.

Close (15-20 minutes) - During session closure, facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session. Provide an evaluation form for the group members to complete. Then begin round robin of checking in with ?I' statement of how they are feeling at that moment. Facilitators will direct participants to complete the evaluation forms anonymously and drop them off in the basket as they leave. Have some time available to stay and meet with any participant that may have questions.

Article Summaries

Looking into the Day-To-Day Process of Victim Safety Planning examined domestic violence intervention. The research Logan and Walker conducted was a study on the understanding safety planning. They used five focus groups with 37 participants from a variety of settings (Logan, 2018). Logan and Walker observed 33 female and 4 male participants in this study. The participants were professionals in a field that deals with domestic violence on a day-to-day basis. The participants suggested that safety for victims of domestic violence argue safety planning must go beyond simple and generic strategies and referrals (Logan, 2018).

The most important aspect of this study indicates that planning for physical abuse is the most important. Physical safety planning must be treated like a fire drill so that the victim can instinctively know what to do during these scenarios. The other suggestion that stood out was the importance of seeking information from the victims of what they did or did not do and what they should have and should not have done.

Mental Health Factors and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization: A Meta-Analysis analyzed IPV (Intimate Partner Violence) of victimization versus perpetration and discussed the correlation between mental health disorders and IPV. The article discusses biological, psychological, and social factors of IPV.

One important aspect Spencer et al. Pointed out was that IPV is usually a two-way street. It does not say that both sides are equally responsible but both partners are often victims and perpetrators of the violence. Spencer et al. also argues that women are more susceptible to depression, anxiety, and PTSD and report feelings of emptiness while men are more susceptible to intense anger, impulsive behavior and avoidance of abandonment. This article suggests the importance of male versus female within the scope of IPV, which could indicate the importance of having separate gender IPV treatment. Prior mental health disorders should be factored into IPV client's evaluation.

A Holistic Healing Arts Model for Counselors, Advocates, and Lawyers Serving Trauma Survivors: Joyful Heart Foundation Retreat studies the effects of holistic treatment during the baseline period, pretreatment, 2 weeks post-treatment, 3 months follow up and 6 months follow up. Dutton used a similar questionnaire for a baseline to the 3 month follow up period and used a more simplified version of the questionnaire for the 6 month questionnaire. The study showed improvements in stress-related outcomes were remarkably consistent across measures of somatic symptoms, insomnia, posttraumatic stress, perceived stress, depression symptom, fatigue, satisfaction with life, burnout and secondary traumatic stress (Dutton, 2017).

The outcome addressed in the article was that the survivors of abuse are more successful in conditions where they are surrounded by other survivors where they did not have to readdress their narrative but could focus on life-impacting issues and learn coping mechanisms while being in the safety of a group that does not judge or shame their peers. Dutton also expresses the importance of diversity within abuse and that focusing on an integrative psycho-educational approach will be more successful than focusing on the abuse itself. Isolation can be further exaggerated through therapeutic processes that emphasize a hierarchical structure of patient and expert (Dutton, 2017).

References

American Counseling Association, (2005, 2014). Code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
Corey, G., Corey, M. S., Corey, C., & Callanan, P., (2015, 2011). Issues and ethics in the helping professions. Stamford, CT. Cengage Learning.

Dutton, M. A., Dahlgren, S., Franco-Rahman, M., Martinez, M., Serrano, A., & Mete, M. (2017). A holistic healing arts model for counselors, advocates, and lawyers serving trauma survivors: Joyful heart foundation retreat. Traumatology, 23(2), 143-152. doi:10.1037/trm0000109

Edmund, D.S., & Bland, P.J., (2011). Organizing Support Groups. In Real Tools: Responding to Multi-Abuse Trauma (Chapter 17A). Retrieved from https://www.andvsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/17a-FULL-CHAPTER-Organizing-Support-Groups.pdf

Jones-Smith, E. (2016). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: an integrative approach (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA. SAGE Publications, Inc.

Logan, T. K., & Walker, R. (2018). Looking into the day-to-day process of victim safety planning. Journal of Family Violence, 33(3), 197-211. doi:10.1007/s10896-018-9951-x

Martins, M. M., Viegas, P., Mimoso, R., Pauncz, A., Toth, G., Hilemae, RCosgrove, S., (2008). The Power to Change. How to set up and run support groups for victims and survivors of domestic violence. Retrieved from https://vawnet.org/material/power-change-how-set-and-run-support-groups-victims-and-survivors-domestic-violence

Saving Grace. (2011). Imagine Life without Violence: Domestic violence [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.saving-grace.org/get-help/programs/resources/domestic-violence-resources/

Spencer, C., Mallory, A. B., Cafferky, B. M., Kimmes, J. G., Beck, A. R., & Stith, S. M. (2017). Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence. doi:10.1037/vio0000156

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Domestic Violence against Women in Saudi Arabia

Viewing women in relationships worldwide, approximately one in three women, or 35 percent, have encountered sexual and/or physical partner brutality (World Health Organization, et al., 2013). In the case of Saudi Arabia, domestic violence towards women has increased over the years.

In a case study focusing on domestic violence, 758 Saudi women were questioned and resulted in 32 percent were physically abused and 68 percent were not abused (Prevalence and Risk Factors for Abuse amongst Saudi Females, KSA, et al., 2017). However, multiple factors are taken into account when recording this data, for example, both gender's education, employment status, age, marital status, narcotic intake, and so on. Domestic violence against women stems from religious and cultural teachings and is further enhanced by socio-cultural, economic, and political factors.

The position of women that are in Saudi Arabia has changed immensely throughout the years. However, these women still suffer from numerous obstacles in various areas of their country. The Ministry of Education has gathered that 51.8 percent of Saudi women make up the population in universities. These women are opened to study a wide range of topics that include natural sciences, medicine, art, social sciences, and much more.

The number of women graduates have increased and surpassed the male population. Saudi women also have been able to work at the universities as professors, assistants, and instructors (More Women than Men in Saudi Universities, Says Ministry, Al Arabiya English, 2015). The women in Saudi Arabia till this day need to have a wali or a male legal guardian (Six Things Women in Saudi Arabia Still Can't Do, The Week, 2018). If spotted in public alone, women are often abused or violated. However, according to Saudi officials, they do not condone said violence and will prosecute the abuser.

In some circumstances, women are not allowed to travel, visit the doctors, sign contracts, get married or separated, and/or apply for a passport without the authorization of their male guardian (Saudi Arabia Uncovered, PBS, 2016). Women also need to be fully dressed in their black abaya. This is said to protect their modesty while being in public (Jamie Tarabay, CNN, 2017). Since June of 2018, Saudi women have been able to apply for their driver's license and drive without being punished. Saudi Arabia's religion is Islamic.

In this country, a person can be punished by death for not following Islamic traditions or trying to convert from this religion. Their government is a theocratic monarchy and uses the Holy Qur'an as their constitution (Kenneth Kimutai, World Atlas, 2018). Since most of Saudi Arabia adheres to the Qur'an, amongst the many chapters and verses said in this religious text, a few mentions how women should be treated. This results in the normality of violence against women caused by the male species.

In September of 2011, women were permitted the privilege to vote in the general Saudi elections. It was a diminutive step for change, however, it was a start for a new era for Saudi women's rights (Saudi Arabia Uncovered, PBS, 2016). In the employment market, the number of women employers have increased over the past few years. Starting 2017, over 500,000 women in Saudi Arabia joined the market of labor (A Changing Future: The Economic Role of Women in Saudi Arabia, Abdul Latif Jameel, 2018). More than 30 percent of Saudi Arabia's workforce is made up of Saudi women.

The Ministry of Labor shows that the statistics of women employed in the retail field have increased and that Saudi Arabia will hire women to work in the department stores instead of men (Opening Doors: Gender Equality and Development in the Middle East and North Africa, The World Bank, 2013).

Intimate violence within a relationship can originate from lack of education, drug abuse, and/or one's employment status. In Saudi Arabia, the power that is held by the male population is prominent, thus leading to violence against women being socially acceptable. Some of the restrictions on women have been attempted to put an end to.

In regard to dissolving the domestic violence in Saudi Arabia, one case being the ban of women having to have male guardians to look after them and dictate their decision making (For Some Saudi Women Facing Strict Male Authority and Even Abuse, There's Only One Answer: Run, Molly Hennessy-Fiske, 2017).

The guardianship of a male figure ruling over women is the principal reason as to why Saudi women are abused daily. This ownership gives men an excuse to violate and abuse women at any time because of their religious beliefs and upbringings. The Committee to end violence against women are trying to promote women's rights in a social and economic way that is solely based on the empowerment of the women population.

The system in Saudi Arabia that revolves around the dominance of male is the primary barrier Saudi women are facing that do not allow them to participate in the society as equals (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women examines Saudi Arabia's report, United Nations Human Rights, 2018). However, over thousands of Saudi women have been fighting against having a male guardian by signing a petition that has been circulating online. These women were promoting this petition all over the well-known social media site called Twitter (Thousands of Saudis Sign Petition to End Male Guardianship of Women, Mazin Sidahmed, 2016). The Transnational Feminist Network (TFN) aims for the support of women's basic human rights.

This includes ending all violence against women of all ages, classes, cultures, and ethnicities. Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML) is part of this organization that emphasizes on the laws and implementation that is based on religion that negatively affect women and use a human rights framework and international agreements on the rights of women to make their case (Women Across Cultures, Shawn Meghan Burn, 2011). WLUML manages in over seventy countries and has its concentration fully on women's rights.

In the United States of America, approximately each year, women in relationships undergo 4.8 million intimate partner related physical assaults and rapes (Women Across Cultures, Shawn Meghan Burn, 2011). Women in abusive relationships do not have any alternatives because society has forced them to be unequal to man which then gives men power that they cannot handle. Under the umbrella of domestic violence, 17.7 million, or one in six, women in America experienced almost or completely sexual assault (Women Across Cultures, Shawn Meghan Burn, 2011).

In the United States military, nearly 30 percent of women soldiers are sexually abused. In 2015, roughly around 100,000 instances of intimate partner violence were reported to Florida's law enforcement (What is Domestic Violence, Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2015). Focusing on college campuses in the United States, for every one thousand students, six will get assaulted sexually (The Truth About Domestic Violence on College Campuses, Anna Libertin, 2017).

According to Anna Libertin, 21 percent of college students report having experienced dating violence by a current partner. This can be a result from highly stressed induced school work, peer pressure, alcohol or drugs being used, and so on. In the year 1994, the United States Congress authorized the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) which makes violence within a relationship is a civil crime and can help victims of domestic violence prosecute their abusers or have their abusers prosecuted. It is considered a federal crime if the abusive partner crosses over state lines to harass, stalk, or abuse their partner if this person is within the United States (Federal Domestic Violence Laws, United States Attorney's Office, 2017).

To promote how gender inequalities and violence against women are still highly recognizable in the community, targeting the education system would be one way to publicize this subject and cause awareness. Different levels of schooling should inform students and instructors on what inequality really means and how can it be stopped. Globally, it would be somewhat difficult to reach everyone, however, in today's modern age, social media has had the power to connect with people from all over the country and not limiting to different countries who have access to social media. The start of a website can be one way to start making gender inequality and domestic violence known to the public. Providing various information on the definition of both these problems can help others understand what it means and if they are victims to this.

Resources like domestic violence hotlines and campaigns fighting against gender inequalities can also be published to let the audience know that they can either reach out for help and/or be involved in the movement. Another form of social awareness is creating a page on a social media site like Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram. This will allow first hand communication with people who are able to view the most recent information you are providing. This is a great way to interact with one another and create conversations with others who have an opinion on this topic.

Violence against women has been a well-known problem in the regions of Saudi Arabia. In this present day, most cities in Saudi Arabia are still segregated between the male and female gender. Due to ideologies stemming from cultural and/or religious backgrounds, domestic violence against women continues to be a prominent issue of contention. However, Saudi Arabi's government and different organizations fighting against this issue are trying to attempt it to combat these issues.

A Changing Future: the Economic Role of Women in Saudi Arabia, Abdul Latif Jameel?®. ALJ, Abdul Latif Jameel, 31 Jan. 2018, www.alj.com/en/perspective/changing-future-economic-role-women-saudi-arabia/#_ftn13.

Bank, The World. Opening Doors: Gender Equality and Development in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington DC, 2013.
Burn, Shawn Meghan. Women across Cultures: a Global Perspective. McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Examines Saudi Arabia's Report. OHCHR | Freedom of Religion: UN Expert Hails Albaniea, but Notes New Challenges and Unresolved Issues from the Past, OHCHR, 2018, www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22724&LangID=E.

Federal Domestic Violence Laws. The United States Department of Justice, 6 Dec. 2017, www.justice.gov/usao-wdtn/victim-witness-program/federal-domestic-violence-laws.

Halawi Azhar Ahmed A., et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Abuse among Saudi Females, KSA. Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, vol. 68, no. 1, July 2017, pp. 1082“1087. EBSCOhost, doi:10.12816/0038213.

Hennessy-Fiske, Molly. For Some Saudi Women Facing Strict Male Authority and Even Abuse, There's Only One Answer: Run. Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 30 July 2017, www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-saudi-runaways-2017-story.html.

Kimutai, Kenneth. Religion in Saudi Arabia. World Atlas, Worldatlas, 29 Nov. 2016, www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-and-freedoms-in-saudi-arabia.html.

Libertin, Anna. The Truth About Domestic Violence on College Campuses. HAWC, HAWC, 30 Nov. 2017, hawcdv.org/the-truth-about-domestic-violence-on-college-campuses/.

More Women than Men in Saudi Universities, Says Ministry. Al Arabiya English, Saudi Gazette, 28 May 2015, english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2015/05/28/More-women-than-men-in-Saudi-universities-says-ministry.html.

Saudi Arabia Uncovered. Films Media Group, PBS, 2016, fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=107350&xtid=151239.

Sidahmed, Mazin. Thousands of Saudis Sign Petition to End Male Guardianship of Women. The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 26 Sept. 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/saudi-arabia-protest-petition-end-guardianship-law-women.

Six Things Women in Saudi Arabia Still Can't Do. The Week UK, The Week UK, 5 June 2018, www.theweek.co.uk/60339/things-women-cant-do-in-saudi-arabia.

Tarabay, Jamie. Women in Saudi Arabia Still Can't Do These Things. CNN, Cable News Network, 6 Dec. 2017, www.cnn.com/2017/09/27/middleeast/saudi-women-still-cant-do-this/index.html.

Violence against Women. World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 29 Nov. 2017, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women.

What Is Domestic Violence? OHCHR | Freedom of Religion: UN Expert Hails Albania but Notes New Challenges and Unresolved Issues from the Past, 2016, www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22724&LangID=E.

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Domestic Violence in Marriage

Contents

ABSTRACT
Chapter 1
Literature Review: Domestic violence in marriage
Chapter 2
Population of the Study
Sample of the Study
Tool of Data Collection
Chapter 3
Data Analysis
Conclusion
Recommendations

ABSTRACT

This report “Domestic Violence in Marriage” directs the attention of the readers towards the horrible reality which still haunts the modern era of advancement. Mainly, the focus of the study revolves around the causes, physiological and psychological consequences and areas of concern related to violence in marriage. The researcher justifies that financial, psychological, economical, emotional, educational and moral decrement are the main causes of daily abuse of married women by their dominant husbands.

The researcher used the set of queries in the form of a questionnaire, well responded by the 40 married women from different backgrounds and professions. The methodology of random sampling was used by the researcher. With the help of the quantitative analyses, the researcher revealed that the maximum population of women has suffered and survived the misconduct by their husbands. Most of them never stood for their rights and very less percentage of these women attempted to escape. This study points out the main causes of violence and thus spreads awareness in women about their self-esteem, dignity, security and basic rights. In the next ten years, this research provides a background study for eradicating the evident causes of marital abuse in our society.

Chapter 1

Introduction:

In this world where everyone is accustomed with equal rights and freedom, substantial population still suffers from abuse and violence. Domestic Violence is a stencil of storming and coercive behaviorism including sexual, physical, economical, mental and physiological as well. In simple words, the violent act executed by a dominant person on a weak person is termed as violence. That dominant person may be an intimate partner or even the head of household.

It is believed that domestic violence is purposeful crime which is committed to achieve compliance or control of the victim. Globally, maximum number of victims of domestic violence is women. In some countries, domestic abuse is justified and legally correct. 85% of women are abused by their intimate partner according to various studies which directs our attention mainly on domestic violence in marriage. In mid 1800s, the legal organizations believed that beating wife by her husband was a healthy exercise.

In Pakistan, Domestic violence is one of the major public health problems and seems to be increasing with time. It was reported in 2009 by Human Rights that 30% to 40% of women have suffered some form of assault and violence. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors both but the most common aspect of abuse against women is male dominance in family because the decision making authority is given to man and women consider themselves insecure without men. Other factors may include depression, possessiveness, unemployment and psychological issues, poverty, child marriages and increased unionization. In relationship, women cannot escape mainly because of their dependence or the fear of getting killed by their own partner as it was proved by the studies that 75% of women are murdered because they tried to breakout.

Literature Review: Domestic violence in marriage

1.2a Introduction:

Women have been the victim of violence especially in marriage from the prevenient age. The causes are variable inclusive of unemployment, possessiveness, insecurity, poverty, illiteracy, and psychological issues which lead to exploitation of women sexually, emotionally, economically, socially and physically. This is also observed in well-educated households. Domestic violence is among those horrible crimes which kill 5000 women each year. Moreover, The Medical Association in America reports that 2 million women are subjected to abuse by their partner each year around the globe.

This literature review is based on the motives of the domestic violence in marriage extracted from the work of different authors.2

1.2b Livelihood and Wealth:

Because of the traditional male dominance, there is a stress on husbands especially those with fewer resources. So, they see themselves as abortive human beings who cannot make the both ends meet, become violent and show aggressiveness towards their female partner.

Studies show that the burden on male partner is amplified when the wife is not fruitful and economically non helpful. Women in such households cannot escape because they are dependent on their husband for everything, so they bear the consequences.[footnoteRef:2] The investigation has revealed that the higher beat levels of tension are directly associated with the domestic violence because of less or no resources. Males are subjected to the increasing competition for survival on a surpassing level than women in today’s world. The failure tends to make husbands more aggressive and directs them to raise their hand against their wives.

1.2c Social Economic Status:

The studies reveal that the women who are socially and economically active are more exposed towards violence. When the socioeconomic interaction of women exceeds that of the male partner then they are vulnerable to abuse because their men find themselves threatened by the higher status of their wives. So, men find violence is the best control for such women.

1.2d History of Domestic violence:

Research has shown that the denudation towards violence in childhood leads to growing up as an abusive adult who thinks abuse is normal is daily life.[footnoteRef:5] It is also observed that the children who have grownup seeing their mothers being beaten by their own fathers tend to become more violent to their wives after marriage.[footnoteRef:6] The reports also suggests that the adults who have witnessed assault of their mothers three times a day become abusive husbands.

1.2e Characteristics of Abusive Husband:

Husbands are abusive when they have a dark background. They are more likely to beat and blowup their female partner because they are habitual of the violence. They are emotionally sick and psychologically weak and prove their power by raising hands on the non-dominant wife.

1.2f Lack of Education:

The illiteracy rate is the one of main causes which bring disastrous results. The women who were less educated or unqualified experienced more violence than the educated women. The difference in education brings contrariness among husband and wife which leads to conflicts and men find it easier to just finish it by force of their dominance.

Violence is also administered between the couples with equal qualification as both are educated and know the difference between right and wrong, the women still suffer from abuse and misconduct.

1.2g Unemployment:

The rate of unemployment increases the characteristic of violence and abuse among men which increases the risk of depression and debasement. Unemployment is the major definitive which leads to domestic violence. If women are given a chance to go out and look for opportunities and get employed then those women are less likely to get beaten by their husbands.

1.2h Lack of Moral Values and Respect:

Study shows that there is a need to inculcate moral values to men from their childhood so that they become not only good citizens but good husbands too. Those women get less subjected to abuse and perversion whose husbands respect them. Those husbands who appreciate the efforts of their women do not harm their wives. But more important point in that older women are more respected so they are safe from violence but young women are not.

1.2i Economic Independence:

When a women who is a wife of someone is educated and well qualified, she earns for the house and becomes economically independent. She gets a sense of independence because there is lesser chance of male dominance now, but this freedom of women hurts the ego of men especially husbands and get abused by the same people for whom she burns midnight oil.

1.2k Early Age Marriages:

Getting married at an early age of immaturity is another cause, which streaks women to violence by her partner. In the South Asian countries, women are considered to be a economical burden which needs to be set in order as early as possible. Even younger women are directed more towards violence than the older ones.

1.2k Domestic violence Statistics:

Studies show that 1 in 4 women have gone through emotional abuse by their husband since the age of 15.

Research also revealed that 40% of women continue to be exposed to vehemency from their intimate partners while separated.

Intimate bestiality is the major cause of mental illness and even death of women aged 18 to 44.

Children that have grown up observing domestic violence in home have poor mental and social skills.

Chapter 2

Research Methodology

This section will elaborate the methods that helped the researcher to collect and formulate the data for analysis and result of the report.

In this era of freedom where human beings are given equal rights and justice, the dark gospel truth still exists which is alarming. Domestic Violence is exploitation or abuse by one dominant person against the minor or the violence in the home defined in the modern language. It can be verbal, physical, religious, emotional or sexual. All over, the victims of domestic violence are compellingly women. In mid 1800s, the legal organizations believed that beating wife by her husband was a healthy exercise. This type of violence is the most under rated crime globally for both the men and women and defined as range of sexually, emotionally, economically and physically violent acts between the intimate partners. Domestic violence can be against children and elderly too.

Around the world specific forms of domestic violence against women include honor killings, forced marriages, choking, bride burning and dowry deaths. In Pakistan, domestic violence is a treacherous problem which has created physical and psychological distress among people. This is one of the most horrible crimes which kills 5000 women per year. Every second women in Pakistan suffers from at least one form of abuse which has a prolong negative effect on her well-being. Due to the religious form Pakistani society grasps, the women face discrimination and injustice.

Domestic violence in Pakistan from the last two decades has received the attention by constant efforts of women right workers. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors both but the most common aspect of abuse against women is male dominance in family because the decision making authority is given to man and women consider themselves insecure without men. Other factors may include depression, possessiveness, unemployment and psychological issues, poverty, child marriages and increased unionization. Violence against women has uncountable formations which include foot binding, genital mutilation, prostitution, femicide, sexual assault, rape and slavery. Women who gather all the courage and report against the violence suffer from severe challenges.

Domestic violence is the major issue which is of great significance and must be highlighted because the impact that it has on victims can be life threatening and devastating. One can have mental disorders or even permanent denigration of body causing physical maladies. Women do not receive proper treatment of abuse because it is not considered a health matter in the culture of Pakistan. Women in abusive relationships are unable to escape due to the fear of being killed by the violator or even by her own family. Not only women but men around the world suffer from bestiality but are not considered for the reason that of fewer ratios as compared to women. A plan must be created against the curse of violence for the treatment of victims because not every human being is subjected to violence by his own will.

Population of the Study

The researcher selected women from different areas of concern, be it housewives or working ladies. Total population was 40 women, out of which, 10 were household maids, and rest were housewives and working women. The researcher selected the population randomly.

Sample of the Study

The researcher used the methodology of random sampling for the data collection. But exclusively married women from different occupations were selected to respond and take part in preceding the collection of data.

Tool of Data Collection

Questionnaire was used as the tool of data collection. The researcher used set of 12 questions, which interpreted the basic and evident reasons behind the increasing domestic violence in marriage.

Chapter 3

Data Analysis and Interpretation

This section covers the data interpretation collected through perusal reviews, surveys and questionnaire. Most of the information was collected from a set of queries which were well responded by married women from the different zones and professions either working or a housewife. The questionnaire was filled by women online and a great interest was shown by them. Following pie charts show the response which helped in formulating the reports further:

Data Analysis

Threatened to harm physically:

When asked about this specific question, women were confident to answer it while some were confused and answered maybe instead of a accurate statement. 45% of women claimed that they were threatened to be harmed physically while 40% of them never experienced such intentions.

Beats you:

This was a direct question and women were chose to be beaten often while 33% of them were never molested or harmed by their husbands.

Accused you of being unreliable:

Most of the women did not remember of being accused while 33% of women are subjected to accusation. 28% of the women were never blamed of being unreliable.

Behavior of Husband when Angry:

Any pattern of behavior which disturbs the other mentally or physically is termed as violence. This question was a key to find out the behavior of husband when he is angry or stressed to which 52% of women claimed that their husbands shout on them while 31% of the population confessed of being slapped or even kicked.

Your behavior when abused by husband:

The behavior of the victim is very important which can either help him to get rid of that abuse performed or get weaker. This question led to the important aspect of the report in which maximum number of women answered that they take stress and cry late night. Less number of women admitted that they fight back and stand for their self-esteem.

Escape from misconduct:

One of the major and important question which led to the discovery of women escaping and bailing out of the abuse. Paramount population of married women answered that they cannot or did not even try to escape from the misconduct. This summons that women are dependent on their husbands and struggle hard to make their relationship continue by comprising.

Conclusion

It is achieved that large number of women still fight to run their married life no matter how many obstacles they have to pass. The reports shows that abusive behaviour is not only related to illiterate people but the most educated ones too. In this modern era of freedom and equality, women still suffer from the domestic violence in one way or the other even if they are educated, employed or independent. More Health Organizations should be established to ensure the safety of women.

Recommendations

For Abused Women

The women who have gone through misconduct should have faith and believe in themselves. Women are not alone to bear dereliction and they should be eager to recognize the signs of abuse from the start of the marriage. They should talk to someone whom they trust; it can be friend or anyone except the abuser. Women should stand of their dignity and right, and if they cannot get rid of abusive relationship then there should be a plan to ensure their safety.

For Abusers

They should admit their coercive behavior and should feel guilty about it. Abuser must seek forgiveness from God for their ill actions. They should control their desires and nature in the best way that does not hurt their loved ones. Religious Health authorities must take a step to inculcate the moral values and ethics in the abuser’s mind and personality to raise the sense of responsibility and honor in them.

For Readers

Domestic abuse is a hidden crime but the people around the victim can play a critical role for fostering peace. The victim tends to show the gestures which should be understood by surrounding people, and sometimes the victim seeks for help when risk of violence increases. In a troubled situation, calling a hotline of violence shelter resources can reduce the extent.

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Domestic Violence in a Relationship

Abusive act is a forceful conduct inside the home, ordinarily including the rough maltreatment of a companion or accomplice. A man can be triggered to abuse a person for no reason. Domestic violence is a critical issue in a relationship and it can prompt such a large number of harms such as, death, lifetime wounds and mental conditions.

On average, nearly 20 people per minute are physically abused by an intimate partner in the United States. During one year, this equates to more than 10 million women and men, (National Statistics).

According to Domestic Violence Statistics website, The costs of intimate partner violence in the US alone exceed $5.8 billion per year: $4.1 billion are for direct medical and health care services, while productivity losses account for nearly $1.8 billion, (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2018).

In the past, in United States, abusive behavior at home was viewed as preliminary offense, spouse beating was viewed as a joke and the case infrequently came to court, the issue was overlooked and denied. However, in this day and age, the issue has turned out to be more intricate than it was before. Indeed, aggressive behavior at home has turned into a basic relationship issue.

Domestic violence is an adversity in our society and it is very terrible that a great many people that experience injury are ladies. Unfortunately, that with this dimension of training given to individuals a few men still want to force runs on their accomplice. It is known as one of the causes of untimely death for women in our society. The lament impacts that brutality leave on ladies can't be tolerated by mistreated person.

A few ladies feel the need to remain in a harsh relationship in light of the dread of bringing up their children alone, in the mean time they don't understand the impacts it can have on the kids and also them. My auntie experienced something comparable, she remained in a harsh relationship for a considerable length of time due to the dread of bringing up her children alone, hardly does she realize it negatively affecting the children. The neighbors do not give careful consideration since they felt, it OK for couples to contend. The children watched their dad beat up my auntie for quite a long time, it is awful for the kids to understand. Now it is at a point where they are affected emotionally and mentally by the terrible situation. One day they had a contention and they begun shouting at one another, the spouse began beating her of course, to the degree that he pushed her annoyingly and she hit her head on the divider and passed away. The savage demonstration ended up with my auntie's death.

If my aunt really payed enough thoughtfulness regarding the savagery demonstration, and she let the world aware of what she was going through, it would have kept her from passing on and she would have been spared from her manhandled spouse long before the her death. I do not agree with my auntie's reason for staying in an abusive relationship even though her husband got justified, the kids still ended up with no parent, it would have been better if she left the relationship and raise her kids alone than hurting them for life. Now the kids will face the consequences of her actions.

Dread of not talking is another motivation behind why a few ladies can't break oppressive connections. They confront the maltreatment with loads of troubles and all they have left is a hopeless life to live. Most ladies are as yet not mindful of how to battle aggressive behavior at home and the ignorance in legal matters our general public is extremely absent. Women are afraid to report the crimes because they feel ashamed to go up and report to the police. Furthermore, they don't confide in the public eye as though the issue will prompt general society and they would confront more badgering from their very own general public. In the event that society can give more help against savagery, a great deal of ladies would be free from been manhandled.

Another reason some women refuse to leave abusive relationship is because, their partner always control them, that they begin to attack their own sense of self and who they really are. They feel no one will need them. The assaults are repeated from days to months and years that they feel it can't be controlled. The injured individual might end up confused and start to question themselves and accept their accomplices accuse. The thought devastates their old personality and replace it with new one that matches with their accomplices. The abused person might feel people will not be prepared to acknowledge them because their spouse has labeled diverse awful names on, so the thought of people not accepting them, would let them sort of remain in an oppressive relationship without think of the lifetime injury they might get from the violence. In the event that society can see savagery from this point of view, and give oppressive ladies the regard they deserve, numerous ladies would be protected from damaging relationships.

On the off chance that society can begin tolerating everyone for their identity without inspecting anybody, manhandled ladies would not be terrified to standup for themselves. They would voice out instead of staying silent. Voicing out can spare them from violence torment, as well as physical and mental maltreatment. In the event that they get supports required from the general public, they may get over the injury quickly.

I hope the movement will lead to establishing legal avenues federally or state wise to put a stop to abuse and maltreatment. It is just a due limiting on the privilege to life of the person in question. Particularly ladies, it is a thing that requires to end as quickly as possible. There is a need to change the attitudes of the general population in our society and moreover assist the people in question by setting up an awareness, making the ladies of the general public mindful of the genuine repercussions of aggressive behavior at home and how to battle it, to avoid life time injuries and death.

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Closing the Education Gap by Attacking Poverty Among Children

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Dracula: a Breaker of Sexuality and Gender Roles in the Victorian-era

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Raising the Minimum Wage is Bad

Work Cited

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From Minimum Wage to Living Wage

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Poverty and Hunger

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Poverty in Indonesia

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Poverty: but it Controls Every Aspect of your Life

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Ancestral Lines: the Anthropological Matter of Gender Roles

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Traditional Gender Roles

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When Will Inmates Escape Poverty

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Poverty and Depression

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Poverty is the Mother of Crime

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Distinguishing between Wants and Needs

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Life’s Overhead

THANKS FOR THE SPEECH ERIC BUT THAT'S NOT THE ANSWER WE'RE LOOKING FOR

HOUSING ISSUES

TRANSPORTATION

HEALTH & MEDICAL ISSUES

SUDDEN or TRAUMATIC CHANGES

MENTAL HEALTH

TECHNOLOGY

BANKING & FINANCIAL SYSTEMS

FOOD

UTILITY COSTS

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Feminization of Poverty

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Poverty: Success and Treachery

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Poverty and Juvenile Delinquency

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Minimum Wage was Set

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During the Industrial

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Industrial Revolution was a Significant

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History has been Recorded

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The Solution to World Poverty

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Domestic Violence in Today’s Society

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Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Abuse

Couples Counseling

Religious Leaders

Scripture/Religious Texts

Who does it affect?

Christians

Jews

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The Causes and Signs of Domestic Violence

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My Protection from Domestic Violence in Florida

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Survivors of Domestic Violence

Screening and Recruiting Group Member

Logistical Considerations

Developing Group Norms

Termination

Evaluation

Handling Ethical Issues

Week One: Introduction

Session

Week Two: The Cycle of Abuse

Week Three: Safety Plans*