The Ganges River

The Ganges River: See, Judge, Act Using the Catholic Social Teaching Method

See the Ganges River: The Ganges River is approximately 1,560 miles long and is located in in India and Bangladesh. Much of the water comes from China, Tibet and Myanmar. The river is located in a large plain which includes a lot of fertile farming area.. It is important to the hundreds of millions of people who live along its' banks as a water source and for transportation, power, and food. Over four hundred million people use the river as a source for water, cooking and bathing. The river is used as a source of water for irrigation systems for their crops. It also provides water for drinking and bathing. The river supports a great number of fish species which serve as a food source for the growing population. Since the river is not too deep, it is used for transportation and moving goods with the use of flat bottom boats, small sail boats and steamer ships. It is like a highway of water for trade and people.

Both India and Nepal draw hydroelectric power from the river and its' tributaries. These power plants have also contributed to negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and have even forced some people to relocate. It flows from the Himalayas at about thirty miles in altitude into the Bay of Bengal. The river also flows through Bangladesh a large populated city. While the region used to be rich in forest and wildlife, it is now mostly agricultural farm land which supports the people who live along the river.
Over the years, the population in the river basin has been diverse, including different ethnic, cultural, and religious groups. However, the Hindu faith has considered the river central to their faith and religious practice for centuries. It is probably one of the most revered rivers by any religion in the world.

Cattle are often given free use of the river and since they are also considered a religious symbol, they are protected and allowed to roam free including eating garbage from the river. Ganges or Ganga in Hindi is important to the Hindu religion. Hindus believe the river personifies the goddess Ganga and when you bathe in the river, your sins are gone and you can be released from the cycle of life. So many followers bathe in the river. They also are buried in the river.

Judge the Ganges: With the hundreds of millions of people living along the river, the pollution of the river is a major issue. Many cities pump untreated sewer into the river. Many people and cities dump raw garbage into the river hoping it will carry it away from them. With all of the farms, runoff that includes pesticides also contributes to the pollution and can affect humans and animals that use the river for drinking water or bathing. The pollution affects the plant life in and around the river. It can generate many bacteria which can make people and animals sick.

The Hindu faith believes all living things are part of God and should be revere. They revere the Ganges. But how will the Ganges continue to live if everyone keeps allowing it to be polluted? Pope Francis in Laudato Si speaks about the interconnectedness of all humanity with respect to the environment (Francis, 2015). The Hindus cannot prevent the continued pollution of the river on their own. They have to get all of the people, regardless of being different religions to work together to protect the river and clean it up. Using the theory of Praxis, the followers of Hindu as well as other religions who also believe that taking care of the planet is important to their faith, need to work together to turn their ethical beliefs based on their faith into a plan of action to clean up and protect the Ganges.

In the Catholic faith, Jesus would and Pope Francis would say that we should all work together to stop the pollution clean and protect the river. All life is sacred and the Catholic faith teaches that we have to take care of the planet as good stewards. We must protect the life that lives in and along the river. This includes fish, animals, plants and people. As importantly, each of us must learn about the other faith so that we can work together in a way that is not offensive, but instead look for common beliefs and values from which to take action. Pope Benedict and Pope Francis have taught that the environment belongs to all of us as it does not have any borders. Just as the Ganges flows across countries and borders, the air we breathe blows around the planet. We must be work together to solve the pollution problems and it is our responsibility to take care of pollution where ever it is as eventually, it will affect all of God's creatures. We have an obligation to prevent that from happening.

So many religions, Islam, Judaism and other believe the environment should be protected based on the tenets of their faith. The Indian government has tried many approaches to clean up the Ganges. They created various agencies and groups, but nothing has worked. Maybe the solution lies in our common faith based values and ethics. The Indian government could make the cleaning up and protection of the Ganges an exercise of faith.

All of the other faiths would have to take the time to understand the Hindu faith's reverence for the Ganges, and ensure they approach the problem with the sensitivity needed to be respectful of their beliefs. But this would be a great time for the different religions to come to some understanding and work together on a real world problem, and actually solve the problem. In this way, we all put our faith into practice in real world experience and make our planet that we all must share better for all of us. We can then take this model of cooperation and use it in other places on the planet.

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An Analytical Comparison of the Gangs

However, the formations of Chinese gangs in both countries are different. In the U.S., the identity crisis is the main factor that leads to gang formation.(Long, 1996). Asian immigrants often found themselves in a cultural conflict: while one stressed strict obedience, the other stressed independence and self-sacrifice, and the inability to reconcile the demands from two inconsistent identities became the cause of the formation of the gangs in the U.S(Long, 1996).

In other words, those people came together to realize self-recognition, and make profits together. Therefore, the scale of the gangs is relatively large and unbounded. Whereas in China, gangs are relatively small and exceptionally localized -- they tend to limit the number of the members to between 50 and 200 people(Long, 1996), because China's central government is very protective of its position as centralizing force in the country. That is, China's central government has no tolerance of nationwide underground groups that have abilities to challenge the central government. Since gangs by their natures are forces that challenge the baseline of the central government, they tend to draw attention from the central government, but only when they grow large enough to pose a considerable threat(T. Wing Lo, 2010); they can stay out of government's radar, as long as they remain in fairly small size.

Moreover, Chinese gangs in the U.S. and in China have completely different models. There are two models of the gangs: structure-control model and social network model(T. Wing Lo, 2010). Gangs in mainland China is social-network-model-based. In this model, guanxi, which means personal relationship and reciprocal obligation developed through a particular social network(T. Wing Lo, 2010), is essential, which plays a vital role in illegal business. Guanxi provides a huge number of opportunities for the gangs to obtain benefits illegally and commit crimes without punishment.

For example, the godmother of the Chongqing underworld, Xie Caiping was the only female gang boss in southern China. As the head of moneylending company and more than 10 illegal gambling dens, without police's crackdown, her gang had made 293,000 dollars since September 2004(NBCNews, 2009). The reason why she could commit crimes without police intervention is that as the sister-in-law of Wen Qiang who was Chongqing deputy police chief, she created a guanxi with the local police. Under the guanxi with Wen, Xie even developed corrupt networks within police at different levels - Peng Changjian, deputy police director required low-ranking police officers not to interrupt Xie's gambling businesses(Li, 2009), which enabled her to establish a gambling house in a hotel next to the prosecutor's office(Branigan, 2010).

Therefore, Xie's illegal businesses were shielded and became immensely cost-effective. On the other hand, almost all Chinese gangs in the U.S. are structure-control-model- based, which emphasizes that organized crime is facilitated by a cohesive triad structure and tight internal control(T. Wing Lo, 2010). Specifically, structure-control model not only stresses loyalty to the gangs and sworn brotherhood but also emphasizes the oaths, rules and central control within the gangs. This type of controlling mechanism restrains gang members in what they should and should not do, and how they implement the tasks without drawing attention from the police, and reinforces the cohesiveness within the gangs. Contrast to the gangs in China, as immigrants in the U.S, when they don't have a strong connection with the local authorities, they have to maintain a comparatively peaceful environment for illegal money-making, because any violence would attract police attention.

For instance, the Flying Dragon, which was the enforcement arm of Hip Sing Tong, was one of the most powerful gangs in Chinatown in New York City. The Tongs were legitimate merchants' associations, which functioned like the self-help organization of immigrant groups, providing protection against the larger society(Research Directorate, 2006), but they also possessed affiliated groups, which were gangs, to implement illegal activities.

Under the regulation of the Hip Sing Tong, the Flying dragon remained unnoticeable by the police before the police caught it's head Johnny Eng; only after the capture of Johnny Eng, the local police realized that the Flying Dragons were an extremely violent gang, which not only involved in drug trafficking, but also involved in kidnapping, arson, murder and illegal gambling.

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Gang Awareness and Goals Toward Gang Suppression

Contents

Gang Awareness and Goals Toward Gang Suppression
Conclusion

Gang Awareness and Goals Toward Gang Suppression

Usually when the topic of gangs arises, the discussion includes the fact that these groups are problematic and a danger to society. While this is true, there is a shift toward understanding gangs on a deeper level, and develop ways to intervene and suppress gang activity. Given the opportunity to speak with a probation officer, I was able to obtain a better understanding of gangs and the surrounding community.

A few key points I took from my interview were gangs can be more complex and are run with great intelligence, and those who are in gangs can come from many different backgrounds. Once the importance of understanding gang culture becomes established, communities can come together to implement programs and strategies to start diminishing the gang violence that surrounds them. I decided to focus my interview on my criminal justice practitioner's background in relation to gangs, his knowledge on gangs, and ways community involvement help to diminish gang activity.

Probation Officer Background In order to get a better understanding of gangs, I contacted Extended Juvenile Jurisdiction Probation Officer Steven Davis for an interview. I wanted to get a better understanding of his background and his experience with gangs. Officer Davis is from Harvey, Illinois, moved to Minnesota to attend Concordia college, and interned with Hennepin County adult probation. This is where he decided to take a turn toward juvenile probation. Davis stated, There is a lot of gray areas when it comes to determining what is best for juveniles versus adults.

With adults, it is either you go to jail or prison. When it comes to juveniles, especially the ones with the Extended Juvenile Jurisdiction, there is a sentence hanging over their heads. But this encourages more low risk behaviors since this will follow them until they are twenty-one years old. I circled back to where Officer Davis grew up and his experience with gangs in Illinois. He told me he had a few friends that were in gangs, which quickly led Davis to separate himself from those friends. I asked him how he was able to overcome the peer pressure from his friends to join gangs, and he told me he had outlets such as sports, and he did not want to disappoint his mom. This answer made me think back to Thrasher's theory on the risks for gang involvement.

Unlike Davis, a lot of juveniles come from poor environments and have inadequate forms of recreation, which lead them to make poor decisions and enter gangs in order to receive the love, attention, and validation they were lacking. Gang Knowledge and Awareness Officer Davis's unit is focused in North Minneapolis, which is notorious for gang activity. I asked Officer Davis what he would rank himself on familiarity with gangs or knowledge on gangs on a scale from one to ten. He rated himself a six, which is when he gave me a map of the general location of gangs in North Minneapolis and explained the rivalries were separated by Broadway.

He also mentioned the term clique based gangs, which we talked about these hybrid gangs in class and other readings.In the Hybrid Gangs and Other Modern Gangs article, Starbuck states, ...there are youth gangs that do not fit the mold' of any particular gang category(2001, p.5). The youth that are in these gangs do not follow the traditional codes and ethics of the mother gangs they may have originated from. Examples of this would be that members may change affiliations or change the colors that they wear and display. These kinds of things would not happen if they were in a mother gang.

I then asked whether he was aware of how many of his clients were affiliated with gangs, and he stated that around 70% had some gang affiliation. About half of my clients are open about their gang activity, but there is also an agreement they need to follow where they cannot have any contact with fellow gang members(S. Davis. personal communication, September 27, 2018.). It is fairly easy for Officer Davis and other probation officers in his unit to find gang affiliation through social media accounts and postings. I mentioned one of my articles, and how youth in particular use E-thuggin, or using social media accounts to get a rise out of rival gangs and demand retaliation from these gang members. Officer Davis said that it is important to be aware of this, especially since gang violence is being broadcasting to a wide range of people, and where any of us can see what violence may take place in result of a threatening post. Community Involvement and Gang Suppression Officer Davis could not stress enough how important community involvement is when it comes to fighting to eliminate gang activity.

I asked Davis if members and parents of the community have come to his department about gang related issues and if there are any programs that were developed to help reduce gang violence. First, he told me about the Gang Violence Intervention program, which was developed in order to be a deterrent. GVI partners gang members with police officers and adults that used to be gang members in order to have them discuss problems they're having, for which the ex-gang members and officers persuade the youth gang members to end their involvement in gangs and there are outlets there for them.

The initiative is very new and is still making many changes. Also, Officer Davis spoke highly about MADDADS, which is Men Against Destruction, Defending Against Drugs and Social Disorder. This group was founded in 1989 by a group of concerned African-American men and parents who were tired of the gang violence and illegal flow of drugs in their communities. Activities that this group implemented are designed to promote a positive image of fathers protecting their communities and the members in it. This form of community involvement is especially effective because of previous gang members that are compelled to talk to these youth and give them advice on how to separate themselves from gang life.

In the Gang suppression article, Ron Chance stated, Activities such as gang surveillance and crisis intervention by probation should be coordinated with similar activities by criminal justice and community-based youth agencies (1994, p.5). Chance also reiterates the purpose of activities that are community based that keep youth accountable while also providing an outlet that will deter them from gang activity. To conclude, community involvement will make all the difference when it comes to getting youth involved in programs that will benefit them, and encourage them to make a change because they know the community is there for them.

Conclusion

In summation, my interview allowed me to understand a criminal justice practitioner's perspective on gang activity in their community and how there are ways to intervene and suppress gang activity. Officer Davis was able to give me information about his own clients and different ways his department and the community are trying respond to the gang problems. The community and departments come together to find effective methods and programs to intervene in gang activity and make their neighborhoods safer.

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Fueling Concerns over U.S.-China Economic

Fueling concerns over U.S.-China economic imbalances and yet again questioning the relationship between both superpowers. August 2010, China Becomes World's Second-Largest Economy. China and surpasses Japan as the world's second-largest economy after it is valued at $1.33 trillion for the second quarter of 2010, slightly above Japan's $1.28 trillion for that year. Which is a ridiculous amount of money and brings concern to the United States. China is on track to overtake the United States as the world's number one economy by 2027, according to Goldman Sachs chief economist Jim O'Neill.

China's success comes from the U.S. and all the help we've given them over the years for China to recover and deal with their issues. In an essay for Foreign Policy, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton outlines a U.S. pivot to Asia. Clinton's call for increased investment”diplomatic, economic, strategic, and otherwise”in the Asia-Pacific region is seen as a move to counter China's growing clout. U.S. President Barack Obama announces the United States and eight other nations have reached an agreement on the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a multinational free trade agreement.

The U.S. trade deficit with China rises from $273.1 billion in 2010 to an all-time high of $295.5 billion in 2011(U.S. Relations With China,Timeline). The increase accounts for three-quarters of the growth in the U.S. trade deficit for 2011. In March, the United States, the EU, and Japan file a request for consultations with China at the World Trade Organization over its restrictions on exporting rare earth metals. China is not happy with this and agreements about trade continue to grow. U.S. President Barack Obama hosts Chinese President Xi Jinping for a shirt-sleeves summit in a bid to build a personal rapport with his counterpart and ease tense U.S.-China relations. Obama and Xi also vow to establish a new model of relations, a nod to Xi's concept of establishing a new type of great power relations for the United States and China.

February 9, 2017 Trump Affirms One China Policy After Raising Doubts. U.S. President Donald J. Trump says he will honor the One China policy in a call with Chinese President Xi Jinping. After winning the presidential election, Trump breaks with established practice by speaking on the telephone with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen and questioning the U.S. commitment to its One China policy. March 22, 2018 Trump Tariffs Target China which now raises more concern. The Trump administration announces sweeping tariffs on Chinese imports, worth at least $50 billion, in response to what the White House alleges is Chinese theft of U.S. technology and intellectual property. Also putting tariffs on steel and aluminum imports, target goods including clothing, shoes, and electronics which restrict some Chinese investment in the United States.

July 6, 2018 the U.S.-China Trade War Escalates. The Trump administration imposes fresh tariffs totaling $34 billion worth of Chinese goods. More than eight hundred Chinese products in the industrial and transport sectors, as well as goods such as televisions and medical devices, will face a 25 percent import tax. China retaliates with its own tariffs on more than five hundred U.S. products. The reprisal, also valued around $34 billion, targets commodities such as beef, dairy, seafood, and soybeans. President Trump and members of his administration believe that China is ripping off the United States, taking advantage of free trade rules to the detriment of U.S. firms operating in China.

Beijing criticizes the Trump administration's moves as trade bullying and cautions that tariffs could trigger global market unrest. When Donald Trump became US President he promised to "Make America Great Again". Part of his plan is to radically change how US trade deals work and to focus on protecting the domestic economy. With these new protectionist policies, President Trump's main goal is to reduce the flow of Chinese imports and push American consumers to buy domestically-made products. The president believes this is the best way to close the trade deficit between the US and China. Donald Trump's trade war could potentially drag in products from other American trade partners, undermining relations.

This also risks a chain reaction as countries start clamping down on partners, which then retaliate(Palumbo, Daniele, 2018). Since 1992, China has played an extremely important role in the US trade. A full-blown trade war between the United States and China is likely to damage the economies of American allies such as South Korea, Japan and Taiwan because they supply the bulk of components and raw materials used in the exports targeted by Donald Trump. Escalation of the trade friction between the US and China would have a negative impact elsewhere too, as international trade, confidence and investment is hit at a sensitive time for the global economy, Louis Kuijs, the Hong Kong-based head of Asia research with Oxford Economics said.

Now that the China trade issue has had so much light shone on it and has caused bipartisan disquiet in the US, Trump and many in Congress seem determined to change organically the trade relationship between the two countries. It is hard to see how things can go back to business as usual or, if they do, that it will last long and too many Americans are aware of the issue now.

The Trump administration's imposition of tariffs on imports from China has been criticised by many as being not the answer to the trade issues the two countries are trying to resolve. Yet few seem to know what the answer is. The two systems may, in fact, be, as Lighthizer told Congress in 2010, incompatible. If nothing else, Trump's volume and bigmouth about US trade issues with China have focused the attention of many on the issue. How future trading between China and the US will take shape is one of the larger questions of our time.

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More Likely to Join a Gang

Contents

Introduction
Methods

Introduction

The four-letter word Gang has three definitions according to the dictionary. A gang is a couple of youngsters or adolescents that are close, a group engaging in delinquent behaviour, and/or a group of people that have similar interest. In the year, 2015 there was 480 Chicago residents that was murdered. The next year there was 754 people killed which made the homicide rate increase by 58% in just one year. The Times Newspaper quotes this. Amongst that 754 was my God brother Jeffery A. Mattix Jr. Throughout my paper I will give you different reasons of why individuals joins gangs. I will give you stats about individuals in gangs, gang members that are in jail, Gang members that have been killed due to gangs and other stats about gangs and gang members. I will also provide statics on teen crime rate, teen prison rate, teen dropout rate, and history on gangs so we can have a better understanding of how everything takes part in blacks joining gangs.

Methods

Design
My survey was created to produce statics on how many blacks ae in a gang and how many have family members that are in a gang. I want to gain knowledge on why African Americans choose to join gangs even after knowing what can possible happen when they are in a one. I want to learn the main reasons why blacks join gangs. With this survey, I plan to see if having family members in a gang go hand in hand with blacks joining a gang. I am asking questions to see if they are in a gang because of a family member or personal reasons. There is also questions to see why some people are not in gangs and their perspective of gangs. I asked questions about pros and cons of joining a gang.

Participants
The participants are all from Chicago, Illinois. The age group ranges from 14-65. I will include men and women that are African American. Some of the participants will be a part of a gang and some will not. I am also going to include participants that are in college, never went to college, graduated college, and those that did not finish high school. I am including high shooters and elementary students. My participants are also from different neighborhoods in Chicago.

Procedure
I was not quite sure how to execute my survey because I have never had to have 75 participants in a study. The planning of getting my survey to everyone was what I thought about most because I wanted to be effective and did not want to spend a lot of time on that part. I first planned to make a survey on the internet so it is easy to access and pass along. After I came up with that idea I searched free survey cites. Survey monkey was the first to come up in my google search so I used that one. While exploring this website I saw other surveys and saw some surveys that were similar to mine. Seeing that helloed and guided me on what questions I should and should not ask. I decided to make my survey short but to the point so my participants would not get bored or distracted. I decided to make my survey 10 questions, which was straight to the point. After I created the survey, my next plan was to send it to as many friends and family as possible. I then copied. I will also post it in different groupme chats. This way I will have a variety of individuals. I will also send it to my high school principal so she can have her students to take it as well. By doing this I plan to reach the 75 individuals that I need. Once I receive all of their feedback, I will tally each answer.

Instruments
This survey was created to get knowledge behind African Americans joining gangs because their family members are a part of a gang, I plan to find out how they are connected and why teens and adults join gangs even after knowing the after effects of it and the consequences. I will find if some people do not join gangs even though they have family members in gangs.

Certain gangs were created for different reasons and sought out to have certain outcomes. Gangs in jail was started by inmates in jail to help or protect one another from other inmates. Their intentions were not to harm the security or be violent but many events changed that, these gangs being violent posed a threat to security.

People that are not from here do not really associate America with gangs or horrific violence. Horrific violence as far as gangs started in the Middle East between the Crips and bloods. When gangs was first created, they were not about violence or about killing but it changed once whites started trying to take over our house and neighborhoods. In 1961, a young back boy wanted to join the boycotts but was denied by a troop because he said none of the other parents would agree with him joining. The other parents would not agree because he was black and they were white. This influenced the boy to create his own club so he would not feel left out and feel less because he was not white. This group was created to make him feel equal and socially accepted. After the first club was created, fighting only happened if it was necessary, but in 1950 during the riots, this is when the clubs turned violent.

The Black Guerrilla Family was begun in the year 1966 by W.L. Nolen, Lester Jackson, James Carr and other bigot who were dark in the San Quentin state jail in California. The originators received the volunteer army structure and belief system of the Symbionese Liberation Army. The possess were begun in order to join the dark detainees and dispose of a fierce uprising. This uprising was accepted to be from a supremacist jail organization that was white. The group pulled in thousands dark American guilty parties, and was recorded for various staff strikes and the homicide of Marin County judge in 1970. It has around 50,000 individuals. On the off chance that one needs to join the posse, one must be dark and must be assigned by a current part.
There are an assortment of reasons a man go into the group condition. The mental parts of group life are ample. Numerous adolescents in the internal city originate from broken homes. Accordingly, these young people may swing to the pack life as a "pseudo" family. The posse, which has a clear family pecking order, turns into the family for the young. Be that as it may, the motivation behind a family is to offer help, love, and security.

The dangerous group way of life frequently gives damage and demise too. Numerous youngsters realize this yet at the same time join posses for various reasons like satisfaction. It satisfies the feeling of having a place and feeling needed. Posse individuals make you have an inclination that you're separated of a family and not only a business.

Notwithstanding mental help, posse life regularly gives monetary help also. Adolescents who might regularly be making fifty to sixty dollars every week at low maintenance employment can acquire as much as a thousand dollars for every week by taking or moving medications in a posse setting. Many group individuals guarantee to "join and remain in posses for monetary reasons"(Spergel 94). The fascination in pack life is clear when taken a gander at from that point of view. For teenage boys the fast life is a better way of living because they are able to help take care of their families as well as themselves. The fast life gives them a way to make it out the hood and a way of surviving. Being in a gang also allows them to buy the name brand clothes they are not able to afford without it.

The last appreciation for pack life is essentially the physical angle. Packs give the "wellbeing in numbers" feeling that all is well with the world for some young people who are compelled to dwell in what is in all actuality a battle region. Therefore, joining a posse may result from "a normal estimation to accomplish individual security, especially, by guys new to a specific network, school, or prison"(Spergel 92). Many feel a conviction that all is good when joining a group. It also gives them the sense of safeness when they're in certain places like jail because they know they will always have someone looking out for them.

There are, obviously, some that vibe these reasons are not the fundamental contributing components to pack enlistment. The principle depreciators of this hypothesis will point to the rise of groups in prosperous territories. These regions contain kids who may not originate from broken homes and might not have issues with cash or being harassed. In any case, useless families are available in every aspect of society. On the off chance that a couple of youngsters are of useless families, their impact will spread all through a social setting of other kids. Some vibe that groups result essentially out of an "exorbitantly expansive number of kids jammed into a constrained zone. While the congestion of young people in a restricted zone may assume a job in the arrangement of packs, the principle contributing components to the formation of posse movement are the satisfaction of mental (family), money related, and physical requirements.

Gang problems have been around for a while and is not anything new to America. Posses have filled in as a methods for assurance for people. The issue of group action has as of late gone to the bleeding edge of problems confronting our country. Chicago and Los Angeles are unending group destinations, different urban communities like "Miami, Portland, Columbus, Dallas, and Milwaukee have as of late had posse issue" (Conly 7). Group numbers have, beyond a shadow of a doubt, soar in the course of the last 10 to 20 years. Los Angeles, for instance, has as of late been evaluated to have upwards of 90,000 posse individuals (Conly 14). These numbers can't be neglected.
Since its commencement the expression "pack" has had an assorted use, being connected to outlaws in the "wild west" and sorted out wrongdoing bunches among others (Decker and Van Winkle 2). Most concur that a posse is a gathering of for the most part guys that takes part in reprobate exercises.

The definition goes a lot more remote than that. A cop, for instance, may call a posse "an on-going, sorted out relationship of at least three people who separately or aggregately take part in or have occupied with criminal movement" (Conly 5). That definition could incorporate a gathering of young men who at times drink liquor. Then again, it could likewise incorporate a gathering of adolescents that assaults and takes from old women. This definition clearly runs from one extraordinary end of the range to the opposite end. While pictures of young men savoring the forested areas does not evoke portrayals of bad-to-the-bone posse movement, it fits under the umbrella of the definition given above. This definition, clearly, fails to impress anyone.
A humanist may depict the term group with another arrangement of qualities. A humanist may depict a pack as a gathering whom: Are commonly seen as a particular total by others in their neighborhood, perceive themselves as a denotable gathering (constantly with a gathering name) and have been associated with an adequate number of reprobate episodes to consider forward a reliable negative reaction from neighborhood inhabitants as well as authorization organizations. (Sanders 9)This definition is less dark than the past one. Nonetheless, despite everything it fails to impress anyone.

As should be obvious an "obvious" definition is to a great degree hard thing to decide. So as to characterize the term group one must take a blend of a few definitions. Therefore, a blend of these two definitions must be faceted with the end goal of this paper. Posses, for our motivation, can be portrayed in the accompanying way: A gathering of young people that carry out wrongdoings that perceives themselves as a "group". Because of an adequate definition being uncovered, the focal point of this paper can next be swung to the purposes behind joining a group. While there are an assortment of reasons one may go into the group condition, there are three unmistakable reasons that emerge. These reasons are mental, budgetary, and physical.

The mental parts of pack life are ample. Numerous young people in the internal city originate from broken homes. Accordingly, these young people may swing to the pack life as a "pseudo" family. The pack, which has a positive family chain of importance, turns into the family for the adolescent. In any case, the reason for a family is to offer help, love, and insurance. The dangerous group way of life regularly gives damage and demise also.

Notwithstanding mental help, posse life regularly gives budgetary help also. Adolescents who might ordinarily be making fifty to sixty dollars per week at low maintenance employment can round up as much as a thousand dollars for every week by taking or moving medications in a pack setting. Truth be told, many group individuals guarantee to "join and remain in packs for money related reasons"(Spergel 94). The fascination in pack life is clear when taken a gander at from that viewpoint.

The last fascination in group life is essentially the physical angle. Groups give the "wellbeing in numbers" conviction that all is good for some young people who are compelled to dwell in what is truly a battle area. Subsequently, joining a posse may result from "a reasonable computation to accomplish individual security, especially, by guys new to a specific network, school, or prison"(Spergel 92). Many feel a conviction that all is good when joining a pack. There is dependably a danger of death from a mass of projectiles in this way of life.
There are, obviously, some that vibe these reasons are not the principle contributing elements to posse enlistment. The principle spoilers of this hypothesis will point to the development of packs in wealthy regions.

These territories contain youngsters who may not originate from broken homes and might not have issues with cash or being harassed. Be that as it may, broken families are available in every aspect of society. Besides, on the off chance that a couple of kids are of broken families, there impact will spread all through a social setting of other youngsters. Some vibe that posses result essentially out of an "unnecessarily expansive number of youngsters swarmed into a constrained region unconstrained play bunches are framing all over the place - packs in embryo"(Spergel 71). While the congestion of young people in a constrained territory may assume a job in the development of packs, the fundamental contributing components to the making of posse movement are the satisfaction of mental (family), money related, and physical necessities.

Maybe the most critical attract to the posse field of life is the mental satisfaction that packs give. Numerous young people that join groups originate from a family that is esteemed useless. For this situation, a broken family might be one of a damaging guardian, one parent, or even no guardians. As a representation, just about 50% of kids in the United States, 32.3 million youngsters add up to, don't live with both of their natural guardians (Korem 53). This number is much more prominent in the inward urban communities of American culture where pack life flourishes. In addition, a family may appear to not be useless outwardly, but rather "if even one parent is seriously useless and an adolescent takes the brunt of that brokenness - it tends to be the enacting component that starts posse involvement"(Korem 55). So as to escape from this brokenness, an adolescent may swing to the family chain of importance of a group for family satisfaction.

The family progression of a pack that was recently referenced is clear and nearly looks like that of a non-broken family, or that of an "ordinary" family. Because of packs, there are four unmistakable dimensions that look like those of a family. These four dimensions are, in particular, the center individuals, floaters, wannabes, and the veterans. This group association, it very well may be contended, substitutes in unmistakable courses for a specific example of deficiency in existing well-known connections (Spergel 70).

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Global Effect of Gangs in Central America

My name is Mrs. Katherine Hernandez and I am currently serving in the United States Navy. I am very concerned with our approach, as a country, to the war on gangs in the United States, and Central America. Although I know our President is looking for ways to eliminate this problem by mass deportations, I highly believe that it will increase our problems. My reason being is that we are not eliminating the problem, just handing it off to another country to deal with. We need to decrease the amount of undocumented individuals entering the United States. Once this is achieved we will start seeing a growth in the economy, and a potential reduction in the crime rate with both Central America and the United States.

When talking about the origin of gangs you need to see it from a cultural aspect, along with social, and economic. Gangs started coming about in the early 1800s, people started to look for easy ways to secure money with no limitations. They used racketeering, prostitution, and robbery. When you have a lack of education, and poverty you can see the level of violence rising up. You will see gangs exhibit dominance and power to prove their superiority. According to authors Ms Carlson and Ms. Gallagher:

A study by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops found that over 50 percent of children from Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador reported that violent crime in their country of origin had influenced their decision to leave home (USCCB 2012, 7-8). About 50 percent of Honduran refugees had witnessed gun or gang-related violence, including the murder of family or friends (ibid., 8-9). Rising levels of gang membership also support the claim that widespread violence and gang activity are an underlying cause of UAC migration to the United States (Seelke 2014). Additionally, children who reach their teenage years start receiving threats and pressure to join gangs, prompting them to undertake a perilous journey at a young age with the hope of attaining long-term security.

This is a perfect example of how our approach is backfiring.
The United States began deporting gang members in the late 1900s and early 2000s back to Hispanic countries. In 2015, the United States deported over 176,968 people to Mexico, 40,695 people were deported to Honduras, 54,423 to Guatemala, and 27,180 were sent to El Salvador. Decreasing the violence in the United States had a major increase of crime in Central America. Although these numbers of deportation are high, without executing the root of the problem we will only see temporary solutions to the gang problem in the United States. We are allowing them to build another base in another country, which give them the opportunity to multiply rapidly. Once that empire is built somewhere else, they will continue to expand themselves and bring more gang members back into the United States. They will be more powerful, and harder to stop.

We are not the only country trying to combat this war on gangs. Central America has been fighting to stop the expansion of gang with little progression. El Salvador and Honduras have had long termed effects, and are still facing issues to this day. Protesting in the streets, children involved in the gangs trying to hustle tourists. The civil war in El Salvador contributed to the expansion of gangs which has permanently damaged the country. More than a decade filled with homicide, corruption in the government system, poverty and lack of education, heavily promoted a new vision for young children to search a different lifestyle.

More than one million people fled the country and immigrated to the United States (Valdez 1999). I will never forget my first experience traveling to Central America. My husband, and I, traveled to Honduras. We were young, and although my husband traveled to Honduras frequently due to his family being there, I couldn't believe the stories he would tell me. That is until, I saw first hand the amount of corruption, poverty, lack of education, and how the gangs instilled fear throughout the entire country. As we were getting off of the plane my husband told me to take all of my jewelry off and hide it in the middle of my suitcase. The reason he told me to put it in the middle is because the security at the airport would search your suitcase to steal from you.

If you had valuables that were easy to find, then they would be gone. I couldn't wear my jewelry because if I walked out with it on, there was a good chance that we would have been robbed. I had to turn my cell phone off, and bury it in my purse to make sure that no one could see it. What an amazing way to start our two week adventure in this country I had never been in. We met his family right outside of the airport, and he rushed me into the car while he put our bags into the back. After driving five minutes we got pulled over. I had never felt the amount of fear as I did in that moment, because at that moment, every story that my husband had every told me suddenly made me realize how serious things can get.

My palms started to sweat, as warmth spread throughout my whole body, and I hid my military identification card in my shoe.
See in Honduras, if you run into the wrong cop, or gang member pretending to be a cop, your done. All I could do was pray for the best. The person driving the car didn't have a valid driver's license, so the cop said that we were going to have to go to the police station. The longer we were pulled over, the more the fear set in. We managed to leave with a warning after giving the cop twenty American dollars, one of our dollars in worth 23.66 of their Lempiras. We paid off the cop.

A hours later we called a cab to take us into the city. I wasn't allowed to bring a purse, carry money, or bring my cellphone. I had to leave my i.d., credit cards, wallet, everything. I had to wear clothes that didn't draw attention to myself, no jewelry, watch, or anything nice. Since the gangs taxed all of the taxi drivers we had to pay a more expensive fare. Every cab driver gets taxed by the gangs to keep them safe. When we reached the pueblo, I saw young kids with no parents.

They couldn't have been more than seven or eight years old huffing a chemical in a paper bag to help them feel full. They were homeless, with no money. and no food. These are the kids the gangs target, they have children do their bidding. We would have young kids come to us to ask for money. It is hard to say no to a kid that looks like they haven't eaten in weeks. Not only do they target the pueblo, but Roatan as well. This is the tourist area of Honduras. When they see Americans getting off of the cruise ship they try to lure them to more secluded areas in order to rob them.

Our government and Central American officials are continuing to fight on how to determine the best decision possible to dismantling the problem. With these officials fighting it is hard to determine which ones are fighting for the greater good, or their own interest. According to Wolf:

According to Wolfe, Between 2002 and 2003 the conservative governments of the affected nations launched Mano Dura [Iron Fist] plans, ostensibly to curb gang activity and murders, which at the time were attributed chiefly to these groups. The timing and content of these measures, however suggest that they pursued electoral objective rather than effective gang control.

Government corruption is flooding the Central American nations. The son of the former President of Honduras, Porfirio Lobo, plead guilty to conspiring to import cocaine into the United States. Our progression to minimizing violence in Central America cannot be accomplished since the government is tied with drug and corruption activities. Drug cartels and Mara Salvatrucha closely work together in order to maintain the distribution and transportation of drugs into the United States. We are supposedly trying to stop the problem, however, come to find out we have officials aiding the issue.

Gangs share characteristics of brotherhood, protection, power, dominance and identity. Economically, gangs greatly benefit financially by recruiting young adults who come from poor backgrounds. The main way gangs acquire money is by extortion. I find it to be a disturbing problem that the United States should feel obligated to solve. We can't deport immigrants to their country of origin expecting that to solve the issue. We are actually creating more problems, and at the end of the day create more of a mess. We need to accept responsibility, and pursue rehabilitation programs to help reduce gang members by returning them to their old habits. We should feel that it is our moral responsibility, as a whole, to make our country safe for our children, and the future generations.

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Poverty is Widespread in the United States

Final Paper

Poverty is widespread in the United States and mainly affects children. Multiple risk factors families that are extremely poor, greatly increasing children’s risk for chronic health problems, school failure, and other poor outcomes. Social problems weaken a society’s stability but do not reflect fundamental faults in how the society is structured. Solutions to social problems should take the form of gradual social reform rather than sudden and far-reaching change. Despite their negative effects, social problems often also serve important functions for society. Many people who live in poverty, have multiple generations living in one household. When large numbers of low-income people live together there are inherent problems as well. There are struggles in which it is physically difficult to get public transportation. For parents and children, there is a lack of amenities such as the supermarkets, internet and recreational areas or groups for children to stay active. Within these concentrated areas, they lack security, have higher rates of crime, and do not have the resources available to them unlike, non-poverty living households.

Trends in family structure and other social, environmental, and emotional issues that affect families also are contributing factors to family poverty. It is estimated that almost one-third of children who are poor are poor because they live in a family headed by a single mother. Sixty-five percent of children who are poor versus 25% of children who are not poor live in households that do not include their biological father. (Childrensdefense.org. 2018) Fifty-five percent of children who live in single-parent, mother-only families are poor compared with only 10% of children in two-parent families. The loss of the wage-earning power of the absent parent, usually the father, compounded by the frequent failure of fathers to comply with child support judgments drive the majority of single-parent, female-headed families into poverty, regardless of whether the mother works.

Trends in family structure and other social, environmental, and emotional issues that affect families also are contributing factors to family poverty. With a large effect of these social issues, this may lead to cause people to juvenile delinquency, which is showcased throughout each movie including just tangles of hopelessness, fear, and rejection; A Better Life (2011), Crips and Bloods: Made in America (2008), Gran Torino (2008), First by summarizing and comparing each plot, connecting the social issues to criminological theories in order to come to a greater understanding, as well as possible solutions in how to so avoid these issues in the future.

A Better Life (2011) demonstrates the life of undocumented immigrants who merely working day by day in America in the hopes of ultimately living the American Dream. Carlos Galindo is a single father who is raising his fourteen-year-old son, Luis. They struggle to make ends meet but they persevere every day to do so. Luis is dating a girl who is affiliated with the gangs and his friend seems to be infatuated by the gang life as well. Being a single father, and constantly working there is not much they have on their own or any parental guidance happening in the home.On the other hand, Carlos’ attempts to improve his and his son’s life by having to seek work out on his own. Eventually, this leads him down a misfortune.

He agrees to take over a colleague’s gardening business but by having a trusting heart, he finds his truck is stolen by the man he offered a job too. Luis steps up to fight for his dad’s truck and through this, they are able to regain their father and son connection but risks bringing his undocumented status to the attention of the law. In conclusion, they are pulled over by the police and Carlos is arrested and placed in prison as an illegal immigrant. He is quickly processed, and Luis gets to the prison just before Carlos is about to board a deportation bus. They both put their guard down to forgive one another for their behavior of not being there to help each other out and he’s deporter. Towards the end of the movie, they show the gang searching for Luis, while alone and hiding he decides to make things better for himself and his dad by focusing on soccer and school.

Social problems weaken a society’s stability but do not reflect fundamental faults in how the society is structured. Solutions to social problems should take the form of gradual social reform rather than sudden and far-reaching change. Despite their negative effects, social problems often also serve important functions for society. Many people who live in poverty, have multiple generations living in one household.

When large numbers of low-income people live together there are inherent problems as well. There are struggles in which it is physically difficult to get public transportation. For parents and children, there is a lack of amenities such as the supermarkets, internet and recreational areas or groups for children to stay active. Within these concentrated areas, they lack security, have higher rates of crime, and do not have the resources available to them unlike, non-poverty living households.

Gran Torino (2008) is a movie in which depicts upon the story of a Korean war veteran, Walt Kowalski, who also happens to be a deep racist. There are many factors which lead up to him being so unhappy all the time. His wife had passed away and does not have a positive relationship with his grandchildren and judges heavily on his sons who questions his masculinity, he feels as if he gains no sense of independence due to him now being alone and older. He has killed Korean soldiers at war if he sees them as inferior. Throughout the film, he gets new neighbors and a large culture clash with his Hmong neighbors. He refuses to leave Detroit just because Latinos, blacks and now Asians have moved in and are involved in gangs. Walt has a realization that it is difficult for different types of people to get along due to the root of the issue being, there is a large lack of understanding.

Furthermore, during the funeral reception at Walt’s house, he notices his new Hmongneighbors moving next door, a teenager Thao Vang Lor and his outspoken sister Sue.
He is not excited about their presence including their widowed mother and grandmother. Thao is eventually confronted by his cousin Spider, who is a member of a Hmong gang. Thao hesitates to join but eventually gives into with peer pressure. he ritual offense that must be carried out by Thao is to steal the Gran Torino car, a prized possession car that Walt himself had helped build in his days as a worker at Ford, and which he maintains with particular dedication. Walt quickly has a realization that someone is trying to steal his car, and Thao has to flee. The failure of the ritual prevents the passage and integration of Thao into the gang. In this case, his initiation into the order of violence has failed. Despite the failure of the ritual, the Hmong gang tries again to assimilate Thao. It is at that moment that Thao’s true initiation occurs instead of being assimilated, initiated, by the Hmong gang he decides to pay much more attention to Walt.

Crips and Bloods: Made in America (2008) is a documentary which primarily focuses on the emergence of gangs in Central Los Angeles. There are interviews which historians, educators, and African-American gang members like Kumasi speak upon the constant violence which occurred in the neighborhoods he grew up in. His story was told, along with other past gang members: Slausons Ron Wilkins and Bird for Stacy Peralta's documentary.

Throughout the documentary, the hip-hop soundtrack (Public Enemy, Tupac, Gnarls Barkley), Crips and Bloods observes that 30 years of gang warfare left a large negative impact on those who lived it. Born into this circumstance, they all must make choices, in other words, so does the political and social system that reproduces the circumstance. Beginning with the 1950’s era where black and whites were forced to be kept separate which meant segregation and dark skin meant they were inferior and less valuable. Meaning, black children did not have the right to join the Boy Scouts of America, which resulted with African Americans beginning their own groups with their own rules and fed them a better sense of belonging and status.

Continuing, the police practically demoralized African Americans and lasted for quite some time but, riots began forming due to the unfair treatment throughout Los Angeles because residents became angry and were no longer going to stand to live with poor living conditions they were being forced to live in. Years later, children idolized the fights that they viewed people in their neighborhood put up and children acted out in the same manner which many lacked any type of other direction in the community which with fights, guns, and a craving for a sense of belonging, formed the gangs of Crips and Bloods. Children heavily looked at gang life for protection, especially since many were raised with only a single mother from other opposing gangs by becoming victimizers instead of victims.

Women are socialized into submissive roles and taught not to question the privilege of their male counterparts. Whereas, for men, Machismo is thought to be more dominant among U.S. Hispanic groups than non-Hispanic populations. However, these gender role characteristics are more likely to be attributed to men from more traditional cultures. Gender roles in patriarchal societies tend to perpetuate these roles. (Marsiglia & Kulis, 2016, p. 86)

“According to the National Youth Gang Survey, African American and/or Latino youth predominate among gang members. About half are Hispanic/Latino, one-third are African American, and about 10 percent European American.” (Siegel & Welsh, 2014) African American gangs are across the nation with Bloods and Crips being rivals but known to do similar acts of delinquency as in distributing drugs, assault, robbery, and homicide.

Latino Gangs are known for their loyalty to their home gang and in order to be involved in the gang, there is a ritual as to committing a crime to prove their machismo or masculinity. The concept of machismo is a culturally defined attribute associated with U.S. Mexican and other Latino men. “It has come to have a number of negative connotations, such as a chauvinistic and tyrannical male character, an exaggerated masculine posture, extramarital sexual activity, involvement in physical abuse and violence, displays of physical courage or daring, heavy drinking, and the imposition of restrictions on women's freedom of movement.” These negative machismo stereotypes result in prejudice and discriminatory behavior toward Mexican American and other Latino men. (Marsiglia & Kulis, 2016, p. 11)

Asian Gangs differentiate from traditional ethnic centered groups. They seem to be much more secretive. They are not as territorial, depending on the age of the member assigned the types of crimes being committed. Younger members of the gang to collect unpaid debts in gambling parlors in which elderly members run. Overall, each of the gangs they are either social or criminal they each have a common presence as in how they’re presented, involved in creating graffiti, and drugs. (Siegel & Welsh, 2014.)

Choice theory is the thought holding that people choose to engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions. This is theoretically through detailed planning and decision making designed to maximized personal gain and avoid capture and punishment. Overall it is an illegal act was done after weighing pros and cons motivated all by a variety of personal reasons greed, revenge, jealousy, need, anger, lust, thrill-seeking or vanity. (Akers, R. 1990)

The following contributing factors are also background factors as in psychologically, the person may not be able to comprehend what is right from wrong. Social aspects is another, family and peers. In each one of the movies, there was multiple time where their peers would pressure them into doing something to prove their masculinity and determination. Another is demographics and consumption of drugs and alcohol. The person than contemplates and weighs the pros and cons as in their chances of getting caught, how severe the punishment may be, the reward of going through with it, and how bad they really need to go through with committing the crime.

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The Effects of Gangs

The effects of gangs in the lower-middle-higher class communities is an important issue to be aware of, for the fact that it causes a lot of problems in society. Currently, gangs have been increasing within communities causing negative effects on neighborhoods and their youth. A gang can be defined as a group of three or more individuals who associate together and have the same clothing or color styles and commit crimes from all different of levels. People are upset with gang members and the outpour they bring, which includes harassing the community, encouraging their local youth to join, and publicly displaying inappropriate behavior. It is not only important to be able to recognize the level of a community and the gang problems within them, but also to see what actions can be taken to prevent more gang problems before they become greater in society.

When it comes to gangs it has been noted that in communities with a reduced population of no more than 50,000, gangs tend to be much smaller with only a hand full of members. Typically, they form as fast as they dissolve because it is hard to start up a gang and recruit members that will stay committed for a long period. In these areas the conflict for gang leaders is to keep members devoted before members realize what a waste of time the gang life is.

In a small populated zone there can be up to three different gangs at max with roughly fifty members or less in each. In larger populations between 50,000 and 100,000 typically report between 4“15 gangs and about 50“200 members. (2). As the population of towns, rural counties, and cities increases, the issue of gangs seems to also be increasing for the communities and society at large. Larger cities have a much longer, more extensive history of gang problems”nearly half have experienced ongoing gang problems since before the 1990s.(5) Whether a community be small, average, or enormous in size, there is always a purpose for joining a gang or associating with them. Quite often, the data shows that there are reasons an individual might be interested in joining a gang which include protection, power, money, or peer pressure.

Communities who are considered to be at a lower economic class level, typically see a higher rate of gang activity. A reason behind this is that these areas have been left unsupervised without leadership, or adherence from any local law or community leaders. This has left the people with low income communities to fend for themselves and makes it more challenging to protect themselves and their children. These communities can be seen as ?broken windows theory' which happens in many communities who are considered to be lower economic classes.

This allows for gangs to encourage youth to join their ranks and see what benefits might come from being in a gang. These benefits often include protection from other rival gangs who come to their neighborhood and harass them, or in some cases threaten to kill them. Of these reasons, youth most commonly join gangs for the safety they believe the gang provides. (3) In addition, protection can be given to those individuals or families who may need it.

Money and power can both be obtained by joining a gang in these lower income communities, which is often another reason children decide to join. When seeing their older family members or siblings partaking in these kinds of behaviors, it inspires the youth in these communities to follow in their footsteps making it quite likely that one day they will be actively involved in delinquency, drug use, and violence in comparison to youth in higher income level community. Exposure to violence during youth has long-term life consequences.(4) In these communities being surrounded by gangs 24/7 encourages children and families to join the lifestyle rather than prevent this lifestyle.

Middle economic class levels typically are surrounded by some gangs but aren't seen around the community as much. In these areas fewer crimes are committed and less pressure is placed on joining gangs from peers. Occasionally people might see a gang walking around or graffiti on a wall, but you don't see gangs strolling around on every single block. Influences in these communities are much more serious and positive because communities in this general state actually work to strengthen families and schools. The work to improve community supervision, and to train teachers and parents to manage disruptive youth.

These factors play a huge role in protecting the community and the kids who live around the neighborhood. Without a doubt there are some adolescents in this general area that may be involved in gang activities but as mentioned above, it is quite minimal in these communities because of the support of local community leaders and families.

In higher economic class levels, they depict picture perfect communities where there are no gangs in sight. Typically, a community of this sort is protected by officers who patrol around the neighborhood and in addition, many of these communities are gated to prevent further issues. There may be graffiti around, but it does not imply that there is a gang problem in these communities; this can just be a person who comes there to tag. If any issues would arise it would most likely be because of drugs being sold or used in these communities. In these communities, gangs aren't really relevant, but drugs dealers may be. Those drug dealers who are associated with gangs are not there to recruit youth, they are there to merely make a profit. It is clear that as economic class levels rise, the crimes decrease because the communities work to improve its protection and enforce its laws.

The best possible way to ensure that communities are not being infected by gangs or corrupting the youth, is by making sure they have Safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments Exposer to gangs during youth has long-term life consequences. Whether seeing gang members commit crimes, grafting walls, seeing drugs sold etc., all these exposures damage society and its youth. The best way to prevent this is to apply characteristics like strengthening families, increasing adult supervision of students after school, teaching students that gangs can be dangerous, improving community-level supervision of youth etc.

It is prudent to locate gang prevention programs in schools because student risk levels for multiple problem behaviors can be easily identified (1). These are just a few things that could make a difference in any community even if there are no gang problems at the moment. There is always help available, community members just need to look for it and ask for aid in improving the gang problems in their communities.

In short, it can be said that no matter what community a person lives in, there are many issues that can disturb that community. There is definitely a considerable amount of influences that come from gangs, but the effects can always be changed or prevented. The best way to eliminate or reduce gang activity in a community is to establish a tight cooperation between law enforcement and the community. Proper actions need to be taken to protect the community, especially the youth who are the future. In the end it is really all just about cooperating with and working with others to improve the community and hoping for the best.

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Phenomenon of the Youth Gang

Today, the phenomenon of the youth gang surge and spread of criminal subculture represent a relevant issue for the US. In scientific and media discourse, youth gangs are usually perceived and discussed from the standpoint of juvenile violence, delinquencies, and criminal conduct. Meanwhile, the social context and peculiarities of youth rationale for entering the gang are less discussed. The following analysis suggests that the solution of issues connected with social context surrounding the youth gangs, like social class, inequality, and unstable neighborhoods, are of primary importance to mitigate the negative implications of the youth gang spread in the US.

First of all, it is necessary to explore what groups can be defined as "youth gangs." Despite the presence of numerous definitions, the standard criterion for youth gang identification is the group of 3 or more youth or young adults with a shared identity, allegiance, permanence, and particular form of organization (Holmes, Tewksbury & Higgins, 2012). Usually, the distribution of power and influence within gangs is organized vertically and tend to focus on a particular area, while the gangs are commonly comprised of the members of the same ethnic or cultural background.

Currently, the youth gangs are increasingly identified with the criminal world of organized crime. Indeed, it is hard to deny that the organized crime in the United States has changed, and instead of large syndicates or criminal organizations, people more often encounter street gangs ” groups of criminals who control certain areas and specialize in minor crimes, robberies, racketeering, and drug trafficking. The particular feature of gangs in the US is the growing number of young gang members and the creation of gangs that consists completely of youth. Thus, recent scholar findings suggest that the scale of the problem is considerably underestimated in the US, as there are more than one million juvenile gang members (Pyrooz & Sweeten, 2015).

However, comprehensive studies admit that the nature of youth gang activity is largely misrepresented, for the most part, due to the character of media discourse and stereotypes. Hence, Shelden, Tracy, and Brown (2013) suggest that even though youth gang members indeed commit crimes, they are far more likely to end up as victims, primarily the victims of the distorted social class system and inequality. Meanwhile, the law enforcement strict view of gangs, as well as popular fears supported by the media, contribute to the lack of understanding of the youth gang spread as a social rather than criminal issue.

Thus, such factors as poverty, the spread of unemployment, the growing income gap, discrimination, and inequality drives the entire neighborhoods of urban areas into the threat of gang spread, as in the absence of opportunities to make a living or the lack of support and care, youth organize themselves in these groups more easily. Nevertheless, while it is believed that the affiliation to youth gangs, especially criminal ones, is particularly strong and dangerous, the research found that gangs have high turnover rates, accounting nearly 36 percent annually (Pyrooz & Sweeten, 2015). Hence, in turn to popular stereotypes that it is hard to leave the gang, it implies that youth members frequently quit after a short period. Therefore, there are many adolescents at the periphery of the criminal world, and prompt intervention may help to prevent them from involvement.

However, besides intervention, it is necessary to acknowledge the core factors that are related to the spread of the youth gangs in the US. Hence, scholars found that youth with low academic achievement, living in single-parent families, and associated with delinquent friends were on average three times more likely to enter the gang (Hill, Lui & Hawkins, 2001). Moreover, Johnson (2005) indicates that such factor as unstable neighborhoods that are full of misleading role models, have a lot of broken families and easy access to drugs also contributes to the crisis from the negative side.

Of course, Shelden and colleagues (2013) acknowledge negative implication, but suggest that this problem should be viewed without an emphasis on the youth gang threat for society, incarceration, blaming or labeling. After all, they found that the youth rationale for entering the gang is primarily driven by the need of the feeling of belonging and affiliation that boosts self-esteem, provides protection, an alternative to the lack of family support. This shows that the lack of a proper social setting and opportunities in their context resulted in the serious lack of support, care, and attention, which may shift into criminal behavior and violence in case of ignorance. Hence, it is necessary to treat this problem not as a law enforcement issue, but rather a social and community problem, which should be struggled through counseling and youth empowerment programmes, support of families, provision of job and educational opportunities, development of poor neighborhoods and early prevention.

In conclusion, the analysis suggests that youth gangs are not so much criminal as the community and societal problem. However, the core reasons of juvenile gang spread are neglected while the popular perception of gangs is largely confused and intensively identified with delinquency and organized crime. Meanwhile, the root social factors like inequality, poverty, the lack of education and employment opportunities, and unstable neighborhoods should get more attention as the primary driving forces of youth gang spread. These findings should become the wake-up call for the US policymakers, educators, and society overall.

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The Monster was Created by Victor Frankenstein

Isolation is a dangerous act. Whether it is forced by the ones around us or a choice made by us to be alone isolation separates the victim from society damaging them emotionally. In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, the monster, Frankenstein's monster, comes to know the true act of isolation. The monster was not only cast out by the townspeople but by his creator. Their prejudiced views of the monster as only that, a monster, turned him into what they truly sought him out to be. Through the theme of isolation, the story develops to show the reader the dangers of prejudice. The two themes go hand in hand, but isolation plays a more key role in the novel. The monster was not the only character to face this act but suffered from it the most. Isolation, the primary theme of the novel, shows how the effects of the monster being segregated by the only people he knew, as the reason for the creature's acts of destruction.

The monster was created by Victor Frankenstein and with its creation, the monster was faced with rejection by its creator. Victor isolated himself with his studies, "chosen isolation... Victor Frankenstein loses connection from society and family, becoming obsessed with his research" (Brown). He worked and worked trying to create his creature. Victor Frankenstein develops a feeling of solitude after obsessing over creating the monster and paranoia of the destruction from the monster. In consequence of the solitude Victor forces upon himself, he is left with no one.

When the monster comes to life Victor turns away from his creation. Forcing the monster to face the same isolation victor brought upon himself, but the action of Victor's abandonment of his creation had bigger consequences than the isolation Victor faced. Victor slaves over the idea of creating an animated creature and after months of work, he finally, finished his creation but when faced by what he created, he was horrified. Unable to endure the aspect of the being [he] has created, [he] rushed out of the room (47). Filled with prejudice based only on the looks of the monster, Victor abandons his creation. Isolating himself to create an animated being Victor abandons the monster so quickly despite the time he took to create it.

Victor had no goals of creating the monster to have anything, but good intentions, but it was from the abandonment in the early moments of the monster's life which results in the change of the monster's intentions. "Isolation [is] a vehicle for madness," which is the reason for the monster becoming the monster everyone saw. Casting him out from society, turning away when the monster showed no harm until the actions of the townspeople towards Frankenstein's creation turned him into the monster they thought he was.

Due to the isolation, the monster felt after his creation, the monster wanted to learn how to assimilate into the community to avoid isolation. The monster wandered through the town, attempting to find comfort from anyone but is instead, faced with rejection. The look of the monster made people turn away from him; prejudice took over anyone that met the monster based solely on the looks the monster was given. It was only when the monster met the blind doctor that he wasn't turned away before the monster could show the good intentions it has. Through this scene, prejudice was most apparent.

It's the prejudice that the townspeople have for the monster that leads to the monster's isolation. It is only after the monster is secluded from a society that his intentions began to change. Victor Frankenstein didn't create the monster to be evil, but when society treats the monster with the attitude that he is that is what will reflect on the monster. The monster recognizes the outcast he is saying, I am alone and miserable, man will not associate with me, but one as deformed and horrible as myself would not deny himself to me (103). The monster did not want to be alone, he even tries to learn English to communicate with the villagers but with every attempt at communicating with society the monster is turned away violently.

The true evil isn't the monster or Victor, it's the isolation the monster was faced to endure. Through social isolation, madness broke out of the monster which leads to the actions of the monster. From the terrorization of seclusion, Frankenstein's creation in return terrorized the village. The actions of the monster were not from evil intentions, but from the way the townspeople treated him. In the end, the monster became what everyone viewed him as, a monster.

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Story about Frankenstein

Contents

Prompt:
- Sources :

Prompt:

Write a well organized essay in which you explain the allusion that predominates in the work and analyze how it enhances the work's meaning.

In Mary Shelley's award winning novel, Frankenstein, numerous topics were infused within the storyline in order to convey the message of one of mankind's most persistent and destructive flaws: prejudice. Within the text, Shelley used topics that ranged from sublime nature to excruciating monstrosity in order to portray this message. However, the subject that illuminated the true meaning of prejudice was that of the religion found in Frankenstein. Without the incorporation of the biblical references and comparisons to religion found within the novel, the harm that resulted from the actions and judgements of people from within the storyline would not have been as clear as they were with these allusions.

Furthermore, religion functioned as the founding platform of the novel. Numerous topics were combined through the religious perspective that gave birth to the monster, the hatred, and the suffering within the text. It allowed the story line to connect with the beliefs of the past in order to portray the beliefs of her present and ultimately represent its impact on our future. All in pursuit of exposing the prejudice that lived and still lives within humanity.

Nevertheless, Shelley indulged herself in this route in response to the Christian theology that surrounded her. Resulting in the vast number of similarities found between her narrative and the bible itself. Consequently, leading to that brief resemblance between her beliefs and the novel overall. Culminating in a miniscule portion of Shelley's convictions, and ultimately her life, being incorporated into the volume so that she may further develop her message to the world from her own point of view. In order to use her religion to shed light on the prejudice she was trying to unveil.

Consequently, the influence of the religion was put into the novel through biblical references that ranged from the testaments of the bible to the infamous poem of Paradise Lost. It was brought into the story line by implying similarities between numerous characters. For example, the monster represented Adam after he was created, and Victor represented God during the creation. In addition, the monster also represented the adversary of the novel, he compared himself to Satan and conclusively realized he was the archfiend of his generation. Hence, the creature ultimately became the Lucifer of the story and stated that, Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition.

Therefore, in further comparison to the Bible and the poem of Paradise Lost, God had originally created Satan to be good, but the the angel soon fell from the grace of his creator, and became terribly evil. Similarly to how the monster was created to be a better version of humanity, but was instead ironically rejected by humanity and his own creator from the desirable security he longed for.

Both of these characters endured hardship across chaos, and both were doomed for eternity. However, even after these crucial factors, the allusions towards biblical references in the story can make it appear that the monster is more benevolent than Frankenstein, which creates a sense of fear within humanity itself , because humanity is made to consider that society is less moral than it seems. Which adds onto the purpose of these comparisons and realizations : to expose the harm and injury that results those who are altruistic and/or commit foolish actions, in order to prevent further judgements in the world. (134)

Therefore, this impactful influence was used to level up the message dramatically and allow the comparisons to be seen through the same lens via countless eyes. Consequently, just as the poem brought far deeper emotions to the monster, the novel itself brought deeper understanding to its readers. For instance, once the creature had merged with his newly found knowledge, he attempted to justify himself by defining a logical relationship with his creator.

Mostly through saying that, "I am thy creature, and I will be even mild and docile to my natural lord and king if thou wilt also perform thy part, the which thou owest me". Which further develops the idea that the monster was profoundly influenced by these biblical stories, resulting in his own portrayal of these scenarios in order to justify his situation. Similarly to how the overall novel has influenced a vast number of individuals to stop the judgment and start the adjustment of society. (127)

Thus, with this in mind, everything led to the same question. Why did Shelley generate this religious monster, this detached Christian whose faith couldnbring no hope? The answer is fairly simple. In conclusion, she wanted to expose the truth behind individuals who displayed one version of themselves to society but concealed the true version of themselves to the world. Similarly to how Frankenstein hid himself from the DeLacy's, and attempted to be someone else in order to receive affection rather than atrocious misconceptions. Alike Victor that hid his creation from the people, in order to prevent agonizing judgement.

Which emphasized on Shelley's need to manipulate a Christian in order to demonstrate to her readers how people tend to label themselves and/or others as something they aren't due to their need to judge and/or not be judged. Simply because they have been prejudiced against by others and that harm has led them to conceal themselves with false labels. Which is why Shelley used religion to expose this truth, in order to prevent further cases like these from taking control of humanity.

Furthermore, it is evident that Mary Shelley's novel is an allegory for the story of creation, or in other words, the Genesis of humanity. Shelley linked religion strongly to transgressing boundaries in order to allow all of us to remember the creatures that may dwell within us and that they are thy creature;...Whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Due to the fact that humanity involves the capacity to drive themselves to be good or bad, there will simply always be a mixture of terror and beauty within us.Though, we should never allow prejudice to conceal who we are or dethrone those who shall be, because one just has to let that natured fire within us warm us, but not burn us.

Sources :

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1797-1851. Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus : the 1818 Text. Oxford ; New York :Oxford University Press, 1998. Print.

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Science Sexuality and the Erasure of Gender

One of the most overlooked questions of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is the gender of the creature - due to the fact that many readers assume that the monster is a male - because it is never explicitly expressed through Victor Frankenstein's intentions. Many feminist and scientific critics argue that Shelley reveals the unstable, conflicted aspects of Frankenstein's sexuality which expose[s] his homophobia and state that Frankenstein reject[s] women (Daffron 417).

However, similar to President Trump's attempts to erase transgender people from existence, Victor Frankenstein strives to not simply reject, but erase the female sex and gender from his world. Due to his obsessive passion for science, his exploitation of nature, and his fear of female sexuality, Doctor Frankenstein creates a creature embodying his ideas of male sexuality and in the process inadvertently expresses his homo-erotic fantasies; while unconsciously taking on the reproductive role of women in order to erase their need in the world, or perhaps become one himself. America's current administration is considering [the] adoption of a new definition of gender that would effectively deny federal recognition and civil rights protections to transgender Americans (Crary).

This means that the Trump administration would dictate whether or not certain sexes or genders exist. The government is essentially using oppression and discrimination to erase transgender people through the denial of their fundamental rights as citizens of America. We can only hypothesize a reason for this erasure of gender. Victor Frankenstein, on the other hand, creates an undead being in order to begin a new human' race of only males, either advertently or unintentionally attempting to erase the female gender. In the 18th century, gender and sex were strict ideas based on biological factors and appearance, and female inferiority to men was seen as an undisputed fact. It is horrific that now, in 2018, this idea persists, as certain genders and sexes are treated lesser than others.

Mary Shelley, through the character of Victor Frankenstein, explains some of the reasons behind deciding to erase people, as well as expressing her dissatisfaction with a male's place of dominance in the world. We all have something to learn from Frankenstein, even our president. It is predominantly evident that the creature is male because Victor Frankenstein refers to it as he and him. He uses the pronouns he gave to it as its creator, however, this does not fully prove the male nature of the being.

When the creature becomes lonely and asks Frankenstein for a female companion, the doctor is afraid to create the female partner because the creature would want children, and a race of devils would be propagated upon the earth (Shelley 144). If the partner he created were to be female, the only way for her to have children with the creature would for it to have functional male genitalia. This proves that the creature is of the male sex. Frankenstein's fear of creating the female partner is linked to her reproductive power, which shows that he is not merely afraid of more creatures, but also afraid of the woman's capability to create life. As a scientist, Frankenstein believes he can give birth to a new life without a female.

Victor expects nature to grant him power and control and believes he can penetrate into the recesses of nature and show how she works in her hiding places (Mellor 3). Make note of the use of the word penetrate, and how nature is referred to as a ?her'. The word ?nature' has very feminine connotations; many people refer to nature as Mother Nature or Mother Earth. Victor Frankenstein admires and looks up to men who had penetrated deeper and knew more (Shelley 46), so much so that he decides to penetrate nature himself but go a step further. Nature becomes the female he is penetrating and impregnating to create his being.

Throughout the novel, nature is this passive female force that solely exists to receive male desire, and in a way, Frankenstein takes advantage of this feminine nature. However, Frankenstein is angry that the life he created is distorted and imperfect, much unlike human children that actual women give birth to, but he is still satisfied that he created a male life and succeeded in proving that the world does not need females. After gaining this power, formerly possessed solely by women, he diminishes their societal worth and begins to imagine a world populated exclusively by males. He believes he is so superior to women that their existence is not necessary, which brings us to the conclusion that therefore, in a world of only men, his homosexual desires would be fulfilled. In creating this new species (Shelley 57) of only men, Victor Frankenstein would be satisfying his homosexual fantasies.

Doctor Frankenstein has a close relationship with his good friend Robert Walton. Michael Eberle-Sinatra believes that their relationship in the novel can be read as an instance of repressed homosexuality (Eberle-Sinatra 187) due to the fact that they consistently identify with one another's twisted goals. Furthermore, the relationship between Frankenstein and his creature could be another instance of repressed homosexuality. Perhaps Victor does not want to be seen in a public place with his creature for fear of ostracism based on his creation of a male companion.

As Eberle-Sinatra says, when Frankenstein refuses to go through with creating the female partner for his creature, he is eliminating any potential heterosexual competition for the Creatures attention (Eberle-Sinatra 188). Additionally, when the creature is initially created, Victor is woken from a dream in which he saw Elizabeth and as he imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death and he suddenly think he is holding the corpse of [his] dead mother which results in a cold dew cover[ing] [his] forehead, [his] teeth chatter[ing], and every limb [becoming] convulsed (Shelley 60). Elizabeth is the woman that Victor Frankenstein is supposed to marry, yet in his dream, she becomes his dead mother.

This strange incestual dream reflects Victors fetishization of death, which could mean that the image of the dead mother is actually a repressed version of the undead monster. The reaction this dream invokes is similar to one of sexual gratification. It is apparent that Victor is much more excited physically by the thought of the Creature and its physical presence than he is by Elizabeth (Eberle-Sinatra 189), the woman he is supposed to love and marry. Victor Frankenstein's life's work is centered on creating a world free of females where he will no longer have to shroud his true identity in homophobia and repression.

He attempted to create the perfect male partner by creating the creature but ultimately failed, therefore running from his mistakes and from his homosexual desires. Sadly, Frankenstein's misogyny and chauvinism suppress his homosexuality and stop him from ever being free. Victor Frankenstein's hatred and spite towards women, as well as towards his creature, stem from his repression of his homosexuality. Sigmund Freud popularized the controversial theory of the Oedipal Complex, which states that as a young child we desire our parent of the same sex because of envy, fear, or disgust we have of or for our other parent. In order to combat this illicit attraction, Freud proposes that the infant boy feels an attraction to his mother and look[s] at the father as a rival for the mother and thus as feeling an unconscious desire to kill the father, so as to have the mother to himself ( Parker 119).

Freud consistently uses the word unconscious' because he believes that everyone has unconscious drives, and that the repression of these urges is necessary for anyone to function properly and sanely in society. These ideas are expressed in his essay The Uncanny, where he says that the uncanny is something that is not known and familiar and uses the term uncanny when discussing things that appear to slip outside of normal perceptions or normal assumptions (Freud 418). If we psychoanalyze Victor Frankenstein, we can immediately see that he is has not fully repressed nor is unconscious of his illicit desires. He is simultaneously excited and ashamed that he created his grotesque monster, because he is masking his homosexual attraction to the creature with his pride of succeeding in his creation of life goal. However, if we refer to the Oedipal Complex and the uncanny, his emotional appreciation for the creature is somewhat incestuous.

Exploiting Mother Nature to give birth' to the being is like having a child, therefore making the creature Frankenstein's son. For Frankenstein to be attracted to the creature is him being unconsciously, or uncannily, attracted to his child-like creation in a slightly backwards Oedipal Complex situation. While Victor Frankenstein is sexually attracted to essentially his son, his son wishes to kill him and have his mother - Mother Nature - all to himself. In essence, Frankenstein's war on women is a war on his own homosexual feelings, as well as his son. The creature wants to intrinsically stop his father from erasing women because this action would also erase nature, the very force that kept him alive and acted as a parental figure to him throughout the novel.

Frankenstein wants to erase women because he unconsciously wants to erase his son, the creature, in order to completely eradicate his deeply repressed homosexual cravings. To ensure that nobody notices his homosexuality, Doctor Frankenstein uses his scientific prowess as public justification. A male chauvinist is a man who believes he is superior to women in all or many aspects of life. Unsurprisingly, Victor Frankenstein is a male chauvinist due to his pursuit of science that degrades the feminine force of nature, his attempts to erase womankind, and the way he acts towards and around the women in his life.

Anne Mellor, a distinguished literary scholar, believes that chemical physiology, the field in which Frankenstein pursues the creation of life, is the kind of science that instead of slowly endeavouring to lift up the veil concealing the wonderful phenomena of living nature; full of ardent imaginations vainly and presumptuously attempt[s] to tear it asunder, while Frankenstein himself believes that his studies will result in a more harmonious, cooperative, and healthy society (Mellor 3). We already know that Frankenstein manipulated and abased nature in order to prove that the female gender is unnecessary, however it is unclear why he would use his scientific standing to do this, as it goes against the very morality and truth of science.

Mellor critiques the scientist who analyses, manipulates, and attempts to control nature, scientists like Victor Frankenstein, because by doing so these scientists are engaging in a form of oppressive sexual politics (Mellor 12). Is Frankenstein's need to control nature due to a feeling of superiority, or due to his fear of relating to women? Victor embarks in earnest research to learn the hidden laws of nature, experiencing gladness akin to rapture as one of the earliest sensations [he] can remember (Shelley 43). He was first interested in alchemy and pseudo-science, but when multiple people in his life, including his father, ridiculed him for this childish obsession, he dedicated his work to multiple fields of serious science.

However, the fact that Frankenstein disrespects nature - and therefore science - by creating the monster, shows that he continued to be passionate about alchemy throughout his more professional studies. Frankenstein unconsciously attempted to control nature to not only erase women, but to create a male lover. Now, this may be because he is homosexual, but it also may be because Frankenstein himself would like to be a woman. Instead of creating a child with Mother Nature, he created and ?birthed' the child himself, becoming a sort of woman in a way.

Frankenstein's deep hatred of women and their reproductive capabilities is not hate, but rather jealousy. This may be the reason he is so tentative to love and marry Elizabeth; she is more like a sister to him than a wife. Victor's relationship with his mother was cut short by her death, so Elizabeth is also somewhat of a motherly presence in his life. One of Freud's familiar concepts is penis envy, where an infant female experiencing the Oedipal Complex identifies with her mother due to their mutual lack of male genitalia, therefore becoming jealous of her father's penis and his ability to impregnate women, therefore dominating them.

It seems that Victor Frankenstein suffers from the opposite of this idea; he is envious of a woman's capability to have children, resulting in something we may call womb envy. This unconscious jealousy turns into an intense obsession with women and their bodies, not because he is attracted to them, but because he wants to be a woman. When he has the aforementioned dream about kissing Elizabeth, it further represents that his ?love' for Elizabeth is a charade for his love of men. When Elizabeth transforms into his dead mother, it is possibly a representation of motherhood or Mother Nature, which signifies his amorous relationship with nature, which connects to science, and even further to the creature.

The idea that he is connected to motherhood and womanhood invokes a very sexual reaction from Frankenstein, as if the idea of finally being a woman or being free to love a man is euphoric to him. Sexism and male superiority are the reasons transgender people and females are actively discriminated against and viewed as lesser people. The LGBTQ+ community is just like any other community, it excludes anything or anyone that is found to be too' different. In this case, it is transgender people. In Frankenstein, it is the creature, but more than that, it is every and all females.

Although the creature is isolated from society, it is necessary to the plot and to Frankenstein's emotional growth, or in his case, lack of growth. Every major female character in the novel is either killed or invariably irrelevant. Justine, a servant turned family, is unjustly accused of murder. Due to her position as a woman, she is forced to confess to a crime she did not commit and is ultimately killed. When we compare this to the Trump administration's proposal, Justine's position is scarily similar to the way transgender people could have their basic rights stolen from them. Being transgender technically means that someone feels as if their gender identity or expression does not match their assigned or birth sex.

In Frankenstein, it is very easy to assume genders, especially those of the creature and Victor. In all actuality, the creature is comprised of various body parts collected from corpses of various genders, and although Frankenstein suggests it has male genitalia, we are never explicitly told this. The original front cover of the novel depicts a representation of the creature looking down in awe at its own genitalia, which further suggests confusion surrounding its own gender and sex. Frankenstein abandoned the creature as soon as it was born', never giving it a name or teaching it anything, so the concept of gender and sex were never introduced to the creature in the first place. The creature is its own type of gender that is misunderstood and discriminated against, very similar to transgender people. Although given the pronouns of he' and him', the creature does not have to commit to being a man. He is restrained by societies constructed ideas of sex and gender being these strict ideas of only male and female.

Susan Stryker, in her powerful essay dedicated to the idea of transgenderism in Frankenstein, want[s] to lay claim to the dark power of [her] monstrous identity without using it as a weapon against others or being wounded by it [herself] (Stryker 240). She is going to turn the hate and pain people give her into power and strength, which is essentially what the creature and Frankenstein do as well.

Comprehensively, Victor Frankenstein's homophobia is actually personal oppression of his semi-unconscious homosexuality, and his rejection of women is actually a deep fear that results in hatred and erasure of gender. As a male scientist, Victor takes advantage of nature as a feminine force in order to create life, diminishing any previous power women may have had in a society that already oppresses them. Frankenstein creates the monster to satisfy his own sexual desires and in the process takes away what little status women hold and their necessity in society.

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Mary Shelly’S Frankenstein Explores

Mary Shelly's Frankenstein explores how abandonment and isolation can cause chaos and destruction. The humans assume that the monster must be dangerous based on its outward appearance when in reality the is warm and open-hearted. Every village he went to he finds himself being rejected time and time again. A blind man named De Lacy is the only one who accepts the monster.

Walton says his crew members observed a huge savage figure in a dogsled speeding across the ice. When Walton uses the word savage he is judging the monster based on his looks only. After months of failing, Victor successfully brings his creation to life. But once the creation is alive, its appearance scares him so bad he runs out of the room and tries to sleep but is awaken by nightmares of death and tombs. When he opens his eye's, he sees the monster by his bed, reaching out and grinning.

He runs, and spends the night outside. Victor is flawed he messes with the laws of nature and things take a turn for the worst. For this I deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but not that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart (Frankenstein). Victor abandon his creation because it's ugly and he imagines that it's evil. Before his brother William was killed Victor saw a figure resembling the monster. Then he realizes the monster killed William which means Victor is really the one responsible because he created the monster.

Victor realizes the cost of his misuse of nature and once again loses a little more of his innocence. Victor tries to escape through nature so he climbs a mountain called Montanvert. But Victor sees the monster and his whole mood was ruined, Victor curses the monster without knowing its intentions, and without knowing for sure that the monster murdered William.

He blames the monster, but he's responsible for its creation. The monster only turned to violent because his creator abandoned it, when the monster and Victor talk things through the monster admits that he was seeking revenge, you can blast my other passions, but revenge remains-revenge, henceforth dearer than light of food! I may die, but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery (Frankenstein). but implies that Victor destroyed his innocence by isolating it. It didn't seem to matter where the monster went its appearance terrifies human, so he decided to avoid them.

The isolation is what pained the monster the most. All men hate the wretched; how then, must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things! Yet you, my creator, detest and spurn me, thy creature, to whom thou art bound by ties only dissoluble by the annihilation of one of us (Frankenstein). When the monster realizes why the family was upset he sets wood outside the house for them. The monster is actually kind and giving but most people are prejudiced and only judge on looks.

When the monster finally sees its reflection in a pool of water he finally realizes why people would run and scream when they saw him, I am alone and miserable: man will not associate with me; but one as deformed and horrible as myself would not deny herself to me. My companion must be of the same defects (Frankenstein). he realized that people judge by appearance rather than what kind of person you are, so he does everything he can to make sure that the family sees past his appearance.

As the monster learns more about humans and society he realizes that he doesn't have a society of its own he doesn't have anyone else like the humans do. When I looked around I saw and heard of none like me. Was I, a monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned? (Frankenstein). It is a key turning point in the story for the monster, he realized that he was going to be an outcast forever.

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Frankenstein Obsession

Frankenstein is the story of Victor Frankenstein, a man whose passions lead to tragic outcomes. Victor's intensity and obsessions drive his thirst for knowledge and ultimately, these passions lead him to create a destructive creature. This being that Victor brings to life also develops obsessions that blind the creature from reality, similar to Victor himself. As a result, the two characters act irrationally and fail to recognize the consequences of their actions. By illustrating the the dangers of obsessive behavior and poorly thought out decisions, the novel highlights the link between obsession and tragic consequences. Shelley's Frankenstein portrays an array of characters consumed in and, ultimately by, their obsessions; specifically, Victor's addiction to creating life and both the creature's and Victor's craze for revenge, leading to tragic results.

The novel makes it explicit that obsession must be handled cautiously and has distinct limits; one's inability to stay within these limits is what leads to tragedy. This negative portrayal of obsession is a constant theme that runs throughout Frankenstein. For instance, the most tragic parts of the novel “ such as the murder of Victor's family, creation of the being, and battles for revenge “ are all events directly caused by some form of obsession. When Walton first meets Victor, although he is unfamiliar with him, he quickly recognizes Victor's distorted state as an effect of his obsessive episodes. Walton comments that Victor,appeared to despise himself for being the slave of passion (Shelley 37). Although it may be a common perception that being fixated and passionate beneficially pushes one to their fullest potential, in this novel, having all the passion and obsession in the world is not necessarily a recipe for becoming great (MacPhee, Jack). Rather, the passion Victor and the creature possess are what results in Frankenstein's disastrous end.

Victor's overly passionate attitude towards knowledge is what commences his tragic downfall. His interest with science and learning is sparked as he witnesses a tree get struck by lightning as a child. As the tree is being destroyed in front of Victor's young eyes, he entered on the explanation of a theory which he had formed on the subject of electricity and galvanism (Shelley 47). This specific moment was the start of Victor's dangerous obsession and yearning for knowledge. However, this was just the beginning; his studies and passion for understanding reaches its peak when he attends the University of Ingolstadt. There, what started as a harmless interest in science, spirals out of control and puts Victor in jeopardy.

As he becomes increasingly indulged in his studies, Victor is unable to recognize the limits of human knowledge that lie within every field (Destructive Consequences of Single Minded Obsessions). As Victor carelessly passes through these limits and attains a profound understanding of science, he is led onto the path to make a terrible mistake: to create life. Victor eventually recognizes the dangers that too much knowledge can lead to at the end of the novel; he says to Walton, Learn from me, if not by my precept, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow (Shelley 56). Although at this point in time, Victor's realization is too late to free him of suffering, his advice to Walton shows a sense of remorse for his heedless actions and decisions, an apparent result of his obsession with knowledge.

Once Victor has his mind set towards creating life, his determination to complete the task is set, and he cannot be dissuaded. During the being's creation, nothing is more important to Victor than succeeding in this mission “ including his family, health, social life and overall well-being. While working on the task of producing life, Victor finds himself lost in his work, failing to take proper care of himself. After months of staying confined in his apartment, working towards the tiresome and perilous goal of creating life, Victor becomes ill. After months of not giving his health the attention it so desperately needed, Victor is left deprived of rest and strength. He stays in this unhealthy condition for the entire two-year span of the monster's creation.

During this period, Victor completely secludes himself from his family and his friends. Too focused on finishing his creation, Victor stops writing letters and checking up on his loved ones. This single-minded obsession blows out of proportion and prevents Victor from recognizing the consequences his creation may have, leaving him unable to keep his own invention on track (Destructive Consequences of Single Minded Obsessions). Victor's fixation on generating life also robbed him of his sense of balance and self-control. At a later point in the novel, Victor reflects back on his obsession as something that he desired with an ardour that far exceeded moderation (Shelley 60). Without moderation, Victor is unable to realize or comprehend the effects that creating this being may have on him, his loved ones, and society.

The issues caused by Victor's unquenchable passion for knowledge and determination to produce life were not short-lived; rather, they were enduring tragedies. Resulting from these obsessions was the abandonment of the being by his very own creator. Once Victor completes his long-awaited goal and sees the creature's yellow eyes come to life, he states, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart (Shelley 60). At this point of the novel, Victor finally sees the dangers of his creature. Victor is overwhelmed with fear and shock, abandoning the creature who must now fend for himself. With no guide or creator by his side, the creature is unleashed to society with no understanding of the world, no companionship nor aid to help him adjust to life. Without Victor's support and presence, the being does not know right from wrong, putting those around him in serious danger.

These factors, all a result of Victor's obsessions, lead the creature to committing crimes later on in Frankenstein, some caused by feelings of resentment, others by pure hatred for Victor. William, Victor's little brother, was the first victim in the novel to feel the creature's wrath. The being strangles the young boy with his bare hands once he realizes that William is related to Victor, the source of all his unhappiness and loneliness. Throughout Frankenstein, the creature continues his rampage by systematically attacking Victor's family and loved ones. This catastrophic end highlights how Victor fails to think through what will come of the monster once it is alive, leading to more tragedy as the monster unleashes destruction on Victor's family.

Victor passes through several obsessive periods throughout Frankenstein, one of them involving revenge “ more specifically, Victor seeking vengeance on his very own creation. Victor is particularly bent on revenge after the death of William and Justine, two of his loved ones (In Frankenstein, how does Shelley show that Victor and and the creature are both obsessed with revenge?). Both were killed as a result of the creature's actions; William was directly murdered by him, and Justine was killed after being set up and falsely accused of William's murder. Victor immediately begins to detest the monster once he realizes that the creature was responsible for these tragedies. His feelings of abhorrence could not be restrained within him; after the deaths of William and Justine, Victor says,my hatred and revenge burst all bounds of moderation (Shelley 87).

As the monster continues to unleash his wrath on Victor and his family, Victor becomes consumed by melancholy and fury, wanting nothing more than to destroy the creature (Brackett, Virginia). From this point on, Victor's obsession with revenge continues to grow stronger and more powerful, eventually reaching its peak with the murder of his wife, Elizabeth. With this death, the creature has now taken all of Victor's loved ones away from him, forcing Victor to take action and dedicate the rest of his life to capturing the creature he so unwisely brought into this world.

Similar to Victor, the creature develops a strong craving for revenge. After showing nothing but affection and kindness to people and receiving violent responses in return, the creature begins to resent the human race. As the creature ponders on his state of isolation, he traces his unhappiness back to Victor, the man who abandoned him and created him to be a hideous outcast among society. After numerous instances in which the creature's unpleasant physical appearance overbears his good nature, he cried out, cursed, cursed creator! Why did I live? Why, in that instant, did I not extinguish the spark of existence which you had so wantonly bestowed? (Shelley 121).

The being's bitterness towards Victor eventually turns into feelings of pure hatred, which can only be satisfied through seeking revenge. A key part of the novel that reflects the creature's desire for revenge takes place when he arranges a bargain with Victor (Mathieu, Mackay). The being agrees to leave Victor and his loved ones alone if, in return, Victor creates a companion for him. Victor agrees to this proposition, in hopes that it will keep the being happy and keep him out of trouble. As Victor is working on producing this new creature, he realizes how this can make matters much worse than what they have already become. In that instant, Victor destroys what was to be the creature's companion, right in front of the being's very eyes. This created a great sense of loss and betrayal in the creature, who says, I shall be with you on your wedding night (Shelley 146); this is equivalent to him swearing ultimate revenge on Victor. Shortly after uttering these words, the creature goes on to kill Victor's best friend and wife.

The abiding battle between the creature and Victor, each yearning for revenge on the other, is finally terminated at Frankenstein's end. While traveling through the icy cold North Pole in search for the creature, Victor becomes gravely weakened by the weather. Shortly after he is rescued by a ship traveling through the frosty Arctic waters, Victor dies in his ill condition. When the creature learns of Victor's death, instead of feeling a sense of satisfaction, the being weeps over his creator's lifeless body.

With the battle for revenge terminated by Victor's death, the creature is able to reflect on his actions with a clear mind and viewpoint; he says, I have murdered the lovely and the helpless; I have strangled the innocent as they slept ... I have devoted my creator, the select specimen of all that is worthy of love and admiration among men, to misery; I have pursued him even to that irremediable ruin (Shelley 188). Overwhelmed with feelings of remorse, self-hatred, and guilt, the creature runs off, announcing his intentions of killing himself. The journeys for revenge that Victor and the creature embark on not only conclude with the novel's end, but also, with the deaths of the two characters. This calamity was a result of two obsessions concerning revenge: Victor with seeking vengeance for the loss of his loved ones, and the creature's wish for obtaining payback for the miserable life Victor set him up to have.

The tragedies taking place within Frankenstein are not just consequences of a single action. Rather, they are results of the obsessive tendencies and strong passions both Victor and the creature possess. From the perspective of others, the decisions Victor and the creature choose are poorly thought out and clouded by their passions. However, the tunnel vision outlook of the two characters restrict them from recognizing the risks and dangers their decisions may pose - both to themselves and to others. The main cause of tragedy in Frankenstein is the inability of Victor and the creature to suppress their inner-passions and cravings, which causes them to make poor decisions, ultimately leading to the catastrophic end of the novel.

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Alzheimer’s Disease

Contents

Introduction/Background
DSM-V Classification of Alzheimer's Disease
Brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved in Alzheimer's Disease
Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a neuropsychological disorder in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. AD is the number one cause of Dementia. Symptoms of this disease begin slowly and get worse over time. There has been a major rise in the cases of dementia over the past decade and cases are expected to double by 2050. There is no current evidence supported treatments yet, because there is no found way to reverse the death of brain cells. There are currently no disease-modifying drugs available for AD, but some options may reduce the symptoms and help improve quality of life. Therapeutic interventions are available to make it easier for people to live with the disease.

Introduction/Background

Alzheimer's disease was first discovered in 1906 by Doctor Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer had a patient that was brought in to the hospital because of personality change, memory loss, behavioral changes, and inability to comprehend simple things. Dr. Alzheimer saw the patient for a few years until her death in 1906. Dr. Alzheimer performed an autopsy on the patient, where he discovered important factors of the brain that are still used today. Dr. Alzheimer found a number of pathological conditions, including shrinking of the cortex and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. With that information he diagnosed the patient with senile dementia a serious disease of the cerebral cortex, which is known today as Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is now classified as a degenerative disease characterized by the death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain. The most obvious symptom of AD is memory loss. Usually those who develop the disease are over 65 years old.

DSM-V Classification of Alzheimer's Disease

In the DSM-V Alzheimer's Disease is classified as a neurocognitive disorder. Neurocognitive disorders are classified to begin with delirium, followed by the syndromes of major neurocognitive disorders, mild neurocognitive disorders, and their etiological subtypes. In these neurocognitive disorders, the impaired cognition was never present until the symptoms appear. The DSM V diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's is as follows: A. The criteria are met for major or mild neurocognitive disorder, B. There is insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains, C. Criteria is met for either probable or possible Alzheimer's disease is met. The DSM V also states Beyond the neurocognitive disorder (NCD) syndrome (Criterion A), the core features of major or mild NCD due to Alzheimer's disease include an insidious onset and gradual progression of cognitive and behavioral symptoms (Criterion B). The typical presentation is amnestic (i.e., with impairment in memory and learning). Unusual nonamnestic presentations, particularly visuospatial and logopenic aphasie variants, also exist. At the mild NCD phase, Alzheimer's disease manifests typically with impairment in memory and learning, sometimes accompanied by deficits in executive function. At the major NCD phase, visuoconstructional/perceptual motor ability and language will also be impaired, particularly when the NCD is moderate to severe. Social cognition tends to be preserved until late in the course of the disease. A level of diagnostic certainty must be specified denoting Alzheimer's disease as the ""probable"" or ""possible"" etiology (Criterion C). Probable Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed in both major and mild NCD if there is evidence of a causative Alzheimer's disease gene, either from genetic testing or from an autosomal dominant family history coupled with autopsy confirmation or a genetic test in an affected family member. For major NCD, a typical clinical picture, without extended plateaus or evidence of mixed etiology, can also be diagnosed as due to probable Alzheimer's disease. For mild NCD, given the lesser degree of certainty that the deficits will progress, these features are only sufficient for a possible Alzheimer's etiology. If the etiology appears mixed, mild NCD due to multiple etiologies should be diagnosed. In any case, for both mild and major NCD due to Alzheimer's disease, the clinical features must not suggest another primary etiology for the NCD (Criterion D).

Brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved in Alzheimer's Disease

While developing Alzheimer's Disease connections are destroyed between the cells in the brain, as the cells die in the cortex, it begins to shrink. The hippocampus is located in the cortex which is responsible for new memories being formed. Because of this damage to the cortex the symptoms of loss of memory, intelligence, judgment, and behavior begin to appear. When looking at the brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved in Alzheimer's disease we first look at the what occurs in the brain when developing AD. The main pathological features found in the autopsies of AD brain are neuritic plaques, Neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss. Alzheimer's disease begins with destroying neurons and their connections in parts of the brain involved in memory, including the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. It later affects areas in the cerebral cortex responsible for language, reasoning, and social behavior. Eventually, many other areas of the brain are damaged. Over time, a person with Alzheimer's gradually loses his or her ability to live and function independently. Alzheimer's disease is fatal. Most brain changes are not detectable until after death, and an autopsy is able to be performed. Many molecular and cellular changes take place in the brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease. Areas of the brain attacked by AD include the Hippocampus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the cerebellum, the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe, the corpus callosum, and the thalamus.

Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease

Mild

According to the national institute of aging Alzheimer's disease progresses in several stages: preclinical, mild (sometimes called early-stage), moderate, and severe (sometimes called late-stage). In the beginning stage of AD known as the mild stage, a person may seem to be healthy but they begin to have trouble in everyday functions. At the early stage the individual is usually still able to detect that they are having some problems. This stage usually lasts about 2-4 years. Early symptoms include memory loss, poor judgment, taking longer to complete normal daily tasks, repeating questions, trouble handling money and paying bills, wandering and getting lost, losing or misplacing things, and mood and personality changes. The disease is able to be diagnosed at this stage because the symptoms are pretty clear and usual.

Moderate

Gradually the symptoms begin to worsen and supervision and care of the individual become necessary. This stage can range from 2-10 years. This stage of AD symptoms includes increased memory loss and confusion, inability to learn new things, difficulty talking, reading, and writing, difficulty organizing thoughts, shortened attention span, hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, impulsive behavior, restlessness, and outbursts of anger.

Severe

The ending stages of AD result in death. This stage lasts about 1-3 years. Since the brain is no longer able to function properly, the individual can no longer do just about anything for themselves. The ending symptoms of AD include the inability to communicate, weight loss, seizures, skin infections, difficulty swallowing, increased sleeping, and loss of bowel and bladder control. Luckily, there are medications that aid the individual with the symptoms of AD.

Therapies being utilized to treat Alzheimer's Disease

Currently there is no cure for AD, but there are many therapies to assist and make the lives of those living with AD more comfortable. Therapies include drug therapy to help the symptoms of AD, and quality of life care. According to the National Institute of Aging Current approaches focus on helping people maintain mental function, manage behavioral symptoms, and slow down the symptoms of disease. Although there are medications that slow down some symptoms, there are no medications that actually stop the disease.

The treatment for the mild stage of AD includes a medication called cholinesterase which helps prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. The treatment for the moderate stage of AD includes a medication called Namenda which helps regulate glutamate. Anxiety and depression medications are also given to help with the symptoms. Antipsychotics are also given to help with the hallucinations and paranoia. After the medications, the best treatment for someone with AD is a safe place where they can be when they are no longer able to do anything for themselves.

Research today

Much research is being done these days for AD. The Alzheimer's Association has tons of different research funds in finding more causes, treatments, medications, and cures for AD. Because of the major increase of cases of AD and its expectancy to double by 2050, research is only getting bigger and more funded, which will hopefully amount to a cure of this disease.

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Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease from the Psychological Perspective in the Notebook

Contents

Relevant Parts of the Brain
Impact and Prevalence
Nature Versus Nurture
Treatments
Psychological Perspectives
The Portrayal: Accurate or Not
Conclusion

The 2004 romantic drama movie, The Notebook, directed by Nick Cassavetes is the story about a young heiress, Allie, and poor country boy, Noah, who are desperately in love with each other. Allie's parents disapprove of Noah because he does not come from a wealthy family and they move her away. Noah departs to serve in World War ll, but when he returns so does Allie and their love is rekindled. In the movie, this story is being read by Noah as an old man in a nursing home to his aging companion, Allie, who has Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, devastating brain illness that causes cognitive decline, including memory, language, and thinking problems (Licht, Hull, & Ballantyne, 2017, p.271). This disease destroys the brain cells and once they die it effects how the brain works.

Relevant Parts of the Brain

Alzheimer's disease effects various areas of the brain. Initially, the damage causes problems with memory. There are many different areas in the brain that deal with memory such as the temporal lobe, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the cerebral cortex, the cerebrum, and the left hemisphere of the brain (Licht, Hull, & Ballantyne, 2017). The temporal lobe is responsible for spatial memory storage, and when damaged, it is difficult to recognize familiar faces and objects. The hippocampus is the area of the brain responsible for the formation of explicit memories. This is typically the first part of the brain damaged making it harder to form new memories and learn new things (Functions of the Brain, 2018). The amygdala forms implicit memories and emotional memories. When this area is affected, often times people are able to make connections due to an association with certain emotions, but they are unable to remember actual facts. In the movie, Allie felt emotional about the story that was being read to her but she was not able to remember it was her love story that she had written out and told her husband to read to her. The cerebral cortex serves as memory storage distributed throughout the brain and the cerebrum is also responsible for memory. There is also the left hemisphere of the brain which controls semantic memory as well as language control. Language production is another difficulty people with Alzheimer's face which is due to it being controlled in part by the temporal lobe and the cerebrum. Lastly, people with Alzheimer's disease have difficulties with thinking. The part of the brain that is affected is the frontal lobe which controls decision-making and the ability to reason.

Impact and Prevalence

Millions of people are affected yearly by this brain illness. A study from 2002 estimated that there were 2.3 million people in the United States who were affected by Alzheimer's disease (Wilson, Weir, Leurgans, Evans, Hebert, Langa, & Bennett, 2011). The study showed that there was a higher prevalence of this disease for individuals who were 71 years old or older. That being said, there are also a number of people who have early-onset Alzheimer's and symptoms can become evident as early as 30. According to the Mayo Clinic, Women seem to be more likely than are men to develop Alzheimer's disease, in part because they live longer (Alzheimer's Disease, 2017, para. 26). Due to the many different ethnic groups in the United States, investigators have been able to compile studies to see which ethnic groups are affected by Alzheimer's disease the most. The most frequent findings in reviewing this literature are that African Americans and Hispanics have higher prevalence and incidence of dementia and AD than whites (Manly & Mayeux, 2004, para. 6).

Nature Versus Nurture

Genetics contribute more to the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease than environmental factors. The gene, APOEe4, is what has been found to make people susceptible to getting Alzheimer's (Licht, Hull, & Ballantyne, 2017, p.271). Also according to the Psychology textbook, people who have an immediate family member with the disease have a higher risk of developing it as well. Some suggest that environmental factors can lessen the chances one has of getting the disease but environmental factors can only help slow the progression of it. In a study that was performed to determine the effect that the APOEe4 gene had on memory, results showed that carriers of that gene showed worse cognitive performance as time went by (Oltra-Cucarella, Sanchez-SanSegundo, & Ferrer-Cascales, 2018). There still isn't a concrete cause of this brain illness and even though environmental factors might influence, inheritance plays a bigger role.

Treatments

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease but there are ways to delay the progression of symptoms. Some things that were helpful for Allie were repeating old memories to her and the use of medication. At the end of the movie, it shows that Allie wrote in the notebook telling Noah to read the book to her and that she would come back to him. This is significant because as Noah reads Allie the story, she feels an emotion in response to it. Throughout the film, Allie does not understand why she feels this way, but at the end she remembers it is her love story with Noah. In another scene of the movie, a nurse's tells Allie she loves to play the piano and Allie is able to remember a piece of music. There is also another time Allie becomes lucid and is able to remember things when she is having dinner with Noah. Sadly, these moments of clarity do not last and she becomes frightened and agitated. The nursing staff came running in and they injected Allie with some medication to calm her. This is a common response for those in similar conditions to Allie.

Current treatments for Alzheimer's focus only on reducing the severity of symptoms. Two drugs being used today are Cholinesterase inhibitors and Memantine (Namenda). According to the Mayo Clinic, Cholinesterase is a drug that provides acetylcholine which boosts cell-to-cell communication and can improve neuropsychiatric symptoms. Similarly, Memantine slows the progression of symptoms. (Alzheimer's Disease, 2017). There are many other factors that contribute to a treatment plan for someone suffering from this illness such as creating a safe and supportive environment, exercise, and nutrition. Due to the drastic effects this disease has on memory, taking precautionary measures such as removing excess furniture, using a calendar to mark things, or setting up a phone tracking system can ensure the safety of the individual suffering from Alzheimer's (Alzheimer's Disease, 2017). Regular exercise is also important because it maintains health and can help improve mood. Lastly, it is important to make sure people affected by AD have proper nutrition because they might forget to eat or drink.

Psychological Perspectives

The cognitive perspective focuses on processes such as thinking, memory, and language to determine how it effects behavior (Licht, Hull, & Ballantyne, 2017, p.14). Alzheimer's effects all three of these processes, memory playing the major role. From a cognitive perspective, memory would be what influences behavior the most. People with Alzheimer's are incapable of remembering anything short-term or long-term; therefore, this can make them very afraid. They may not know where they are or who the people around them are. This fear and confusion is what causes people with Alzheimer's to become agitated and lash out. Also when their language starts to be affected they will not be able to express how they are feeling or what they want and it can be difficult for them.

The biological perspective uses knowledge about hormones and genes in order to determine how it effects behavior (Licht, Hull, & Ballantyne, 2017, p.14). As mentioned earlier people with the gene APOEe4 have an increased risk of getting Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, if an immediate family member has Alzheimer's then it is likely that they passed the gene on. People who carry this gene might begin to experience symptoms of AD. These genes can affect behavior because it is effecting cognitive function. The effects it has on the brain are clear and when all those areas of the brain are damaged an individual will start to forget who they are and that they have an illness. Once they become forgetful it becomes frightening and behavior begins to decline.

The Portrayal: Accurate or Not

The movie did an incredible job portraying the effects of Alzheimer's disease. The movie shows the short-term and long-term memory loss Allie experiences. Throughout the film you can tell Allie's disease is progressing because she has difficulties forming her thoughts and understanding those around her. Alzheimer's also effects behavior and the movie depicts that when Allie has a brief moment of clarity then she forgets again and becomes agitated. The movie also did a great job of showing the effect Alzheimer's has on family and the caregivers. There is a scene where Noah and Allie's children and grandchildren come to visit and she has no idea who they are. Their children try to get Noah to leave and he tells them that where Allie is, is where his home is. This is important because in real life it is hard to have to put your loved ones in a nursing home, but sometimes that is the best option. Also, in the scene where Allie is getting sedated you can see how hard it is for Noah to see her going through that and this is an accurate representation of what it is actually like for families dealing with a loved one affected by Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Alzheimer's disease effects many people of different genders and ethnicities in the geriatric population. There is no cure for this disease yet but there are different treatments that can help slow the progression of it. The most surprising thing I learned while researching this disease is how much of the brain is actually affected by it. I previously knew Alzheimer's affected memory but it also effects other things such as language and behavior and all these things are controlled by different areas of the brain. Therefore, after figuring out the exact parts of the brain that are impacted, I was surprised because it was almost every part of the brain. Due to the movie's great portrayal of Alzheimer's disease and how it not only showed the effects it had on the patient but on the family and caregivers as well, I give The Notebook 5 out of 5 stars.

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Understanding Alzheimer's Disease from the Psychological Perspective in The Notebook. (2019, Apr 12). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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The Truth Behind Alzheimer’s Disease

It's not uncommon for an individual to suffer from episodes of forgetfulness, it happens everyday, in fact it is partly a good thing that we forget certain things because if we didn't, our minds would be over filled with all the information we have ever retained. However the things we tend to forget are usually small and won't affect our lives to drastically. For example, forgetting the name of a song you recently learned about or my favorite, when men forget to put the toilet seat down. But what would you do if your memory was so bad that you began to forget how complete simple everyday tasks, and couldn't ever remember how to do so. Imagine waking up in the morning and not knowing or understanding where you are. Or on the other hand, imagine looking at one of your parents and they fail to recognize you one day.

Alzheimer's disease is a brain disease in which damaged and dying brain cells cause mental deterioration over a period of time (Blackwell and Manar, 2015 p.125). The problem with alzheimer's disease is that it is an irreversible disease that progresses over time and nearly anyone can get it! According to Kivipelto and Hakansson (2017), in the US, alone 32% of people over the age of 85 have been diagnosed with alzheimer's and this is expected to increase. There is an estimated 50 million people with alzheimer's disease and, By 2050 if no new treatments succeed in delaying the condition, more than 130 million may suffer with some form of the disease. About 60 to 70 percent of these patients will have Alzheimer's dementia, and around 20 to 25 percent will be classified as suffering from the vascular form of the illness. (Kivipelto and Hakansson, 2017). That's a scary thought to think about because this disease could affect, your parents, your spouse or more scarily yourself! I personally get to see my residents at work suffer from the disease which lead me to be more and more curious as to what it actually was. What causes Alzheimer's, how does someone take care of one with the disease and what does one with this disease have to deal with in terms of behavior are all questions that came to mind after first hearing about the disease.

We may never know why some people get alzheimer's and other people do not but according to Bennett (2016), and although there is no known cause, genetics come into play and some people are just unfortunate to inherit high-risk genes associated with the disease. This disease deteriorates the brain so much that even the size of the brain shrinks according to Blackwell and Manar, (2015). This is because with alzheimer's disease follows brain cell death. The cause of this cell death is greatly explained as follows: Today we know that these classic features are accumulations of malfunctioning proteins”mostly misfolded fragments of beta-amyloid in the plaques and abnormal tau in the tangles (Bennett, 2016) It is normal for any brain that has gone through the natural process of life through late adulthood to exhibit some plaque and/or tangles in the brain, however a brain diagnosed with alzheimer's has relatively more. According to research you are more likely to get alzheimer's if you haveadvanced age, trauma such as head injury, and gene mutations (Blackwell and Manar, 2015 p.127). There is no known treatment to cure or prevent the progression however researchers have been trying and trying for years. Not only are there over 100 ongoing clinical trials to create a drug for alzheimer's, but also More than 200 experimental drugs intended to treat it have failed during the past 30 years. (Kivipelto and Hakansson, 2017). Throughout the years research has come up with some theories that have been proven to help prevent the onset of alzheimer's. For example maintaining good cardiovascular health, a well-balanced diet, the achievement of higher education levels and having an active social life all diminish the risk of getting the disease as stated by Kivipelto and Hakansson, (2017). Research suggests that a good specific diet that could dramatically lower the risk of developing alzheimer's is the MIND diet which is known to be rich in berries, vegetables, whole grains and nuts (Bennett, 2016).

In the brief time of my CNA career I watched a very close resident of mine decline drastically and eventually die of Alzheimer's. When I first met her, she came to know and remember who I was very quickly but closer to the time of her passing, it was clear that she did not remember my name and wasn't ever going to. In her final stages, she seemed like an entirely different person. After doing research I learned that some of the behaviors and symptoms accompanied with this disease include inattention to personal hygiene, forgetfulness, lack of concentration and impaired judgment with later symptoms being the inability to read, walk, speak, take care of themselves and remember their loved ones (Blackwell and Manar, 2015 p.125). Learning this helped me understand why my dear friend would often not make any sense when she was talking and do stuff out of the ordinary like walk around in the middle of the night collecting things. I would see her agitated, wandering and repeating the things she did. Her behaviors were much worse when I worked the evening shift, which I came to learn was associated with sundowning, a common side effect many Alzheimer's victims have to deal with, like Kalb, Wingert, Grossman, Weingarten, and Raymond, (2000) stated, For some unknown reason, people with Alzheimer's can become increasingly agitated at the end of the day. I was taken by surprise to see how often these people become combative also. We may just be providing help to this person, but in the eyes of someone who has the disease they may not understand what you are doing or think you are hurting them, so they proceed to being combative to protect themselves. Hitting, scratching, biting, and kicking are all very common acts that someone with Alzheimer's disease may display.

Caring for a loved one with Alzheimer's is a horrific burden for most people--stressful and enormously expensive, with few services covered by insurance (Kalb, Wingert, Grossman, Weingarten, and Raymond, 2000) . According to Kalb, Wingert, Grossman, Weingarten, and Raymond, (2000), 70 percent of people with alzheimer's live at home and of every every for caregivers, three of them are women. These caregivers are ripped apart both emotionally by watching their loved ones deteriorate and suffer, but also financially as, $174,000 The average cost of caring for a person with Alzheimer's throughout the course of the disease (Kalb, Wingert, Grossman, Weingarten, and Raymond, 2000). This often brings depression as studies show that one third these caregivers suffer from serious depression Kalb, Wingert, Grossman, Weingarten, and Raymond, (2000).

Since the other 30 percent of alzheimer's patients reside in nursing homes like the one I work at, I decided to turn to my nurses at my job who had more experience for answers. A particular nurse that had been working with alzheimer's patients for nearly 25 years told me that caring for someone with Alzheimer's is very difficult and every person's case is different. If you don't have patience you will not be able to take care of that person. You might have to answer the same question 100 times or more because within seconds of the conversation they have already forgot the question you asked or even asking the question. When caring for someone the with disease you might have to help them get dressed or dress them completely and feed them. If they reach the later stages of Alzheimer's they may become totally dependent on others and for some families they are just not able to take care of another human being so they resort to nursing homes and other care facilities. Caring for those in that kind of setting requires them to be locked inside of the unit because it is very dangerous for them to go out on their own into the outside world yet that is the goal for many of them who are trying to return to a place more comfortable to them. Something she told me that I found fascinating was that when she works with them she has to get into their world. In their brain they may think that they are in a different time period in their lives and be confused because they are somewhere other than where they are thinking. To successfully help that person you have to go along with what they are saying as you try and redirect them so that you don't upset them and make the situation worse. More attempts to enhance the care for alzheimer's patients as, Researchers are also experimenting with ways to calm residents' fiddling, pacing and outbursts, using everything from aromatherapy to aquariums (Kalb, Wingert, Grossman, Weingarten, and Raymond, 2000). In a recent study, simple one-on-one interactions helped reduce half the disruptive verbal outbursts in a nursing home. Nursing homes are also making advancements such as creating smaller, homier setting for the residents equipped with kitchens and laundry rooms to engage those who have lost the capacity to do other things on their own as well as keep them busy. Just last week my facility switched out all of our overhead lights for much brighter lights which corresponds with the research that, Specialists are calling for lots of light to eliminate frightening shadows and help reduce depression, which is also widespread in the Alzheimer's population. Light is especially important in the late afternoon and early evening, when a phenomenon known as sundowning kicks in. (Kalb, Wingert, Grossman, Weingarten, and Raymond, 2000).

Alzheimer's is a terrible disease that can be compared to, losing pages from a chronological photo album of your life from back to front”with childhood memories the last to go (Bennett, 2016). There are many different foundations such as the Walk to End Alzheimer's to help raise money for the research of this disease as well as caring for those with it. I am excited to be able to better help my residents and expand my understanding about a disease that is so common in the United States especially since baby boomers are reaching late adulthood. It hurts my heart to know that millions of people have to suffer from this disease, however now knowing the signs helps me to be less fearful for the future because I can better handle a situation if I or a loved one ever develops the disease. I encourage everyone else to become more knowledgeable of the signs since the population of those who have it is continuously increasing and it does not seem to be going away anytime soon. With this new information we should all take measures to live a healthy lifestyle and hopefully avoid getting alzheimer's.

Reference

Alzheimer's Disease. (2015). In A. H. Blackwell & E. Manar (Eds.), UXL Encyclopedia of Science (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 125-128). Farmington Hills, MI: UXL. Retrieved from https://frccwc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://go.galegroup.com.frccwc.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=west59484&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3618300040&asid=907cac0de484e31a17916394e5d8bd85

Bennett, D. A. (2016). BANKING AGAINST ALZHEIMER'S. (cover story). Scientific American Mind, 27(4), 28-37.

Kalb, C., Wingert, P., Grossman, K. N., Weingarten, T., & Raymond, J. (2000). Coping With the Darkness. (cover story). Newsweek, 135(5), 52.

Kivipelto M, Hkansson K. A RARE SUCCESS AGAINST ALZHEIMER'S. (cover story). Scientific American [serial online]. April 2017;316(4):32-37. Available from: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 28, 2017.

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Challenges for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy

A Challenging Road: Alzheimer's disease gets worse within a 20-year span, but most people survive between four to eight years. At certain times, it can become a challenging road not only for the Alzheimer's patient but for those who love them. How Alzheimer's Causes Death? The final stages of Alzheimer's cause a person to become helpless to do their daily activities. It causes problems within the bowel and bladder of the patient, causing a decline in their appetite, leading them to lose their capability to swallow, which further causes a lack of food intake which is likely to lead to the need of aspiration. Within these conditions of health, Alzheimer's is causing problems making the disease symptoms become worse forcing them to become accustom to illnesses. A weakening in the immune system is caused by Alzheimer's which effects the body by making it helpless against other sickness or disease that lead to death.

Treatment of Alzheimer's Many medications have known been acknowledged by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use for Alzheimer's patient which will help in reducing the effect of the symptoms and remove it for a period of time, like memory loss. Treatment for Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors has been prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. These medications may help decrease some symptoms and help regulate some behavioral symptoms. The medications are Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept?® (donepezil). Treatment for Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, which used to decline the effect of symptoms, later enabling patients to sustain specific day-to-day tasks for a longer period of time without prescribed further medicine. Namenda is assumed to operate by regulating glutamate, an important brain chemical. If formed in large chunks, it can kill patient's brain cells.

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Alzheimer’s Disease: what you should Know about it

Contents

Impact to family
Impact to the church
Impact to the community
Conclusion

Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term that is applied to memory loss and other cognitive abilities that interfere with daily life. The Alzheimer's disease is in the same way a social and public health problem that affects not only the sick, and their family circle, but also affects the whole society (Henslin, 2018). It is necessary that administrations, economic and social agents and citizens in general are involved in the design of specific care plans for Alzheimer's patients, and in the allocation of resources and in the realization of projects to alleviate the needs of the patients and their families (Goedert & Spillantini, 2014).

Alzheimer's disease is responsible for an immense percent of cases of dementia; although, Alzheimer's is not a normal feature of aging, it is a progressive disease with one of the most noticeable symptoms known as dementia progressively takes away from the individual personality and memories over the years (Henslin, 2018). It begins by striking with memory loss is slight, to the advancement to lose the ability to hold a conversation and respond to the environment. The memory loss disease if one of the top leading causes of death in the United States, not to exclude places in Europe such as Spain (Goedert et al, 2014). Must people with this disease live an average of eight years after symptoms become evident, but survival can range from four to 20 years, depending on age and other health conditions (Gehrman, Gooneratne, Brewster, Richards, & Karlawish, 2018). With all the break troughs of science today; a cure for this devastating disease has not been found, treatments to aid the victims of this silence killer are in place for the symptoms as research continues (Cheng, Mak, Lau, Ng, & Lam, 2016). Alzheimer's treatments are not in place or capable stop the progression of the disease; they can slow down the symptoms for a while and improve the quality of life for people with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.

At the early stages one of the most common symptoms is the part of the brain that controls the learning, that is why individuals with of Alzheimer's is the difficulty of remembering newly learned information because the changes caused by Alzheimer's (Goedert et al, 2014). The progression of Alzheimer's our brain deteriorates as the symptoms like disorientation; changes in mood and behavior; (Cheng et al, 2016) serious confusion increase in relation to events, hours, and places; unfounded suspicions about family members, friends and professional caregivers; loss of memory and changes in the most serious behavior; finally, difficulty speaking, swallowing and walking (Gehrman et al, 2018). Must of individuals with memory loss and other possible signs of Alzheimer's experience difficulty recognizing of being affected by it (Henslin, 2018). Practically other signs like dementia may be more obvious to family members or friends, these symptoms noticeable to those of dementia should seek medical attention and guidance. Medical facilities with experienced staff of doctors can begin evaluating memory complications; prompt intervention methods, as well as diagnose can improve treatment options and sources of support can improve quality of life (Goedert, 2014). To support it follows obedience, and a pleasant reward of blessings I appeal to you, brothers and sisters, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you agree with one another in what you say and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be perfectly united in mind and thought (1 Corinthians 1:10, NIV).

Impact to family

The core of the family is formed by those people who constitute without electing them an important part of everyone in life, not being a choice that at a certain moment we detach ourselves from them (Henslin, 2018). The constant support among them in the family nucleus without taking into account how each one of the members that are part of them, help each other in good times as well as in bad times. In various successions we move in the direction of ignoring the considerable value that is found by supporting each other in the family environment especially in tormented situations, as they are in the presence of a disease (Park, Sung, Kim, & Lee, 2015). Any illness such as that of a cold to the most unexpected such as cancer or the memory of one of the members of that family become factors that destabilize the entire family structure. All kinds of diseases that can be acquired or genetically presented, and often cause all kinds of ailments not only for the patient but for the whole family; naturally, they need help to care for their needs and that need normally causes a great deal of suffering which results in a great emotional and physical exhaustion (Rabin, Smart, & Amariglio, 2017).

You can always find help for all kinds of diseases; in the other hand, when a disease is less common and if this disease possibly takes you by surprise since it was not hereditary (Gehrman et al, 2018), you may feel confused and just for the same reason (Henslin, 2018). It is helpful to investigate the disease and the different auxiliary means. All kinds of diseases that attack the family nucleus are difficult; per in the case of the care of a patient with Alzheimer's carries a significant physical and emotional burden that affects the health of the caregiver (Rabin et al, 2017). The main caregiver of the family is an unqualified person with limitations, to which is added the fact that the needs of the patient with Alzheimer's grow as the disease progresses. For this reason, the caregiver is subject to a constant psychic and physical stress that weakens him. The caregiver wants to help you in the best way possible, but as time passes he suffers the consequences not able to provide the assistance or service he would like, either due to lack of resources or strength, or because of the patient's needs. When you first face the disease, you usually ask yourself why it happened to you or to that person you love so much (Henslin, 2018). Many times we feel so overwhelmed and perhaps disconsolate because of the seriousness of the situation but it is in these cases that our loved ones need our support and attention. Being strong is not an option but a necessity, keeping your feet firmly on the ground, being attentive to find solutions and listening to whoever gives us a helping hand, are some ways you can fight the disease. There are an immense number of people who, out of compassion or for their own experiences, decide to make foundations to help others, and that is where you find the answers to all those questions that you did for courage one day. Nowadays, it is common for celebrities to take the initiative to raise awareness either through social media or foundations.

Impact to the church

Alzheimer's disease, as it is, involves a cognitive deterioration that affects the performance of daily life activities since mental functions such as memory, language, or reasoning are altered. This cognitive deterioration caused by Alzheimer's exposing the person to be progressively affected, losing their ability to carry out daily activities autonomously; and to a greater extent, depending to a greater degree on other people. In the human environment we must try to facilitate communication, show empathy and understanding with their needs and their confusion (Henslin, 2018). In the physical environment we can simplify the contents of the cabinets, for example, leaving only appropriate clothes for the season of the year and without excess quantity. It is also useful to use signs or labels identifying what is behind each door. We can also ensure adequate lighting, or make small reforms or adaptations at home to increase safety and facilitate the implementation of some activities.

Many people today, live with immense anguish because of the fear of this disease, since this fearsome disease seems capable of stealing our soul and annihilating our personality, as are the advanced activities that allow a person to fully develop autonomous in his day to day and in the work and social environment that surrounds him. This disease does not contain greater strength or authority than God's, it only has the power to lock him up for a season, until the One who made us recover from his troubled sleep. The psyche does not die, but enters a place where neither the moth nor the rust can corrupt it, where the thieves cannot enter and steal. ""It is with our mind that we accept Christ,"" we thought, ""and by accepting Christ, we are saved, but if that is the case, salvation will not rob me of an illness that erases my memory of accepting Christ, or changes of the person who made that decision This line of reasoning has a certain appearance of logic, but it is based on two false premises: First, and more importantly, our salvation is not based on something we do ""works"", but something that Christ did ""by grace."" Although we are called to receive and accept that grace, it is grace that saves us, not our acceptance of it; therefore, we can expect children who die in infancy before they are equipped mentally to accept the grace of God can be saved by that grace, as it is written They helped every one his neighbor; and every one said to his brother, Be of good courage. For I the Lord thy God will hold thy right hand, saying unto thee, Fear not; I will help thee (Isaiah 41: 6-13, NIV).

Impact to the community

Family groups have exist today, with a diverse orientation; therefore, the concepts of self-help, mutual help, support groups, therapeutic groups, not always well clarified, have given rise to a set of different practices (Lykens, Moayad, Biswas, Reyes-Ortiz, & Singh, 2014). Dementia is a crisis that threatens the community but is not yet properly agreed (Henslin, 2018). The basic functions are support, information and emotional support. To identify the main elements in the different orientations, we could differentiate three kinds of groups: information groups, mutual help groups and support groups (McGee & Mayers, 2014). Even though research to discover the impact of Alzheimer's disease among Hispanics is just beginning, what is known so far suggests that Hispanics may have a higher risk of developing dementia than other racial or ethnic groups. In a brief description, each of these community bases assists the family and the sick as: Informative groups: In them, medical information and / or nursing care is provided. The goal is to help families take better care of the sick (Lykens et al 2014).

In every community there are mutual aid groups, in these groups, the fundamental thing is the support that is offered among its members. Large parts of the surrounding community, specifically the elderly, face a lack of domination and adaptation to the system that evolves in the community that surrounds them (Lykens et al 2014). Planning to search for services and continue to implement policies that perceive the importance of Alzheimer's disease in the community, which affects without taking into account the race that one belongs to, as well as the individual and family needs of those who are affected, the diversity of this great ethnic group must be taken into account, with its great variations in origin, generational experience, language preference and assimilation to the culture by giving a name to the change of way of life (Henslin, 2018). Information about the disease or about social resources circulates spontaneously. Its members support each other by suggesting strategies regarding the situation they serve (McGee et al, 2014). Emotional Support integrates the above aspects: information about the disease and social resources also supportive guidance from its members (McGee et al, 2014). The characteristic is the incorporation of an expert professional, so that stable they can work in situations of emotional stress in the group. The members of the family and the associations have been defining this professional demand towards the figure of the psychologist. As the years go by, as well as the number of inhabitants in all the communities' increases, so does the need to take into account the promotion of organized programs to include the church as support for the family in every community (Lykens et al 2014).

Conclusion

For every situation, regardless of the level of difficulty, no challenges those individual experiences, should be experienced along, the church and the community can be exposed to a heavy burden unless this family helps each other, the church is part of this same support, and the community extends its help to not only provide financial help, but also education and information due to everyone who needs it. There are no limits to any kind of challenges that our society faces, as long as we support each other without limitations since there is power in unity, supporting each other through the ease of times should strengthen our abilities to be there and support one another in the difficult ones, adhered by a common practice of care and understanding (Stuckey, 2014). Allowing a disease such as Alzheimer's and any other disease no one should feel as if their lives have come to a strain and separate their lives from the rest of us, we should accommodate our time to ensure that at the time of sorrow support can be available for all (Werner, Mittelman, Goldstein, & Heinik, 2015).

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The Relationship between Beta-Amyloid and Tau and their Relation to Alzheimer’s Disease

The Relationship Between Beta-Amyloid and Tau and Their Reease affects over 40 million people in the world. It is a costly disease that robs the afflicted person of their mental capacity over a period of five to twenty years. In the United States alone, there are five and a half million people that have the disease (Alzheimer's Association). Alzheimer's Disease is also the only disease in the top ten leading causes of death in people over the age of 65 that cannot be cured, prevented, or slowed. What are researchers doing to try to prevent this disease? Researchers are currently taking steps by trying to figure out how beta-amyloid and tau relate to each other and how these two proteins play a role in Alzheimer's Disease.

Millions upon millions of dollars of research and hours have been spent in researching how to prevent this disease. Alzheimer's Disease is currently the only disease in the top leading causes of death of people above the age of 65 that cannot currently be prevented, slowed, or cured. This presents a great challenge to researchers that want to help people afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease and other types of mental degenerative diseases. To do that researchers must find out what causes Alzheimer's Disease and what it is characterized by.

Alzheimer's Disease is currently a Subtype of Dementia. To understand it better, researchers must be able to understand what dementia is and the different stages that are included throughout the progression of the disease. Dementia is characterized by the continued loss of memory and mental function until the afflicted can no longer perform household tasks such as bathing and going to the bathroom. According to the Mayo Clinic, there are five different stages of Alzheimer's Disease and these include: Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease, MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment), Mild Dementia, Moderate Dementia, and Severe Dementia (Mayo Clinic).

Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease is the first stage in this disease. Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease takes place years before any noticeable symptoms can be observed. There are many changes going on in the brain during this period. There are noticeable signs in the brain's structure but a person does not show a cognitive decline. The people around someone with Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease will not be able to notice anything different about the person that has it. Neither will the person afflicted. This stage is often the longest stage of the disease because the onset is very gradual and can take decades to progress to the next stage of the disease. This stage also goes undetected because you would need to have tests that show the brain with a baseline and follow up tests for comparison.

The second stage of Alzheimer's Disease is Mild Cognitive impairment or MCI. MCI has little effect on work and social life. People with MCI may tend to have memory lapses or difficult remembering the steps of how to do something. This stage usually lasts about two years before it advances into the next stage of Alzheimer's Disease. It is also important to note that people with MCI do not always have Alzheimer's Disease but that people with Alzheimer's disease will go through the MCI stage of the disease.

The next stage in Alzheimer's Disease is mild dementia. People with Alzheimer's are mostly diagnosed with the disease in this stage because of the significant increase in trouble with cognitive tasks. Individuals in this stage will often ask the same question multiple times because they cannot remember the answer to it as well as having difficulty solving complex problems. They may also have difficulty expressing thoughts and expressing themselves, and possibly go though personality changes. These personality changes are different based on the person, but one may be more irritable or become more withdrawn in social situations.

Moderate dementia is the next stage in Alzheimer's Disease. Individuals in this stage should no longer be left to care for themselves because of their cognitive decline. They show increasingly poor judgement and have trouble making good decisions. They also experience an even greater loss of memory and more major personality changes. Individuals may mistake family members and friends as the same person and strangers as family members. It is not uncommon for individuals in this stage of Alzheimer's Disease to think that people are stealing from them or see and hear things that are not there. People may forget to do daily activities such as eating and drinking or may not be able to find the bathroom and should no longer be left to live on their own.

Severe dementia is the last stage in Alzheimer's Disease. It can also be called advanced dementia or late stage dementia. During this stage one's ability to do daily tasks is no longer there and they need a full time caregiver. Commonly one will also lose the ability to speak coherently and can no longer communicate what they want or need to their caregiver. Many people do not make it to this stage of the disease but those that do are expected to live one to three years.

Alzheimer's Disease can last for up to twenty years but most that are diagnosed with the disease only live about six to twelve years after the diagnosis. The factors in how long someone that has will live are various. There are genetic factors that can speed up or slow down the process as well as simple things such as diet and activity level.

There are many different factors that go into developing Alzheimer's Disease, but researchers agree that there are two proteins in the brain that are mostly to blame. According to the World Alzheimer's report 2018, One is called beta-amyloid, usually just called amyloid the other is called tau (Patterson, 8). These two proteins reach levels both reach abnormally high levels are start to prevent cognitive function. Scientists currently do not know why these proteins rise to these abnormally high levels or what relationship they have to each other. To try to understand more about how to prevent and cure the disease scientists must look at what each of these proteins do to the brain.

Amyloid is a fragment of the amyloid precursor protein. According to PDB-101: Acetylcholine Receptor, It [the amyloid precursor protein] is a large membrane protein that normally plays an essential role in neural growth and repair. However, later in life, a corrupted form can destroy nerve cells, leading to the loss of thought and memory in Alzheimer's disease (PDB-101: Acetylcholine Receptor). This protein is a very important part of neural growth and for that reason, researchers say that they cannot simply just shut off the production of this protein. So what happens next?

The problem isn't with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) but with what it leaves behind after it has been used. What is left behind is commonly called beta-amyloid. In younger people, this toxic fragment is recycled by the body and cannot harm the brain cells. In individuals with Alzheimer's Disease, the protein is not broken down fast enough which results in the toxic fragments of APP bonding together and forming a plaque. This buildup causes two different things to happen because of the properties it possesses.

The properties that the built up amyloid has is that it is toxic to the brain cells, and the plaques also restrict any possible growth in the brain. Amyloid also causes mutations in different cells and proteins in the brain. This causes a mutation in tau which is the other protein in the brain that is a major factor in why the tau protein starts to become toxic to the brain.

Tau is a protein in the brain that helps build the structure of the brain itself. According to Eva-Maria Mandelkow and Eckhard Mandelkow, Tau was one of the first microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to be characterized(Mandelkow, E.-M., and E. Mandelkow). Microtubules are structures that help transport materials used in cells be transported as well as helping provide the so called scaffolding of the brain. Tau helps bind these microtubules to the cells and to each other(Hyman et al.). Unlike other proteins, tau does not fold itself and is a very long molecule in the body. According to Eva-Maria Mandelkow and Eckhard Mandelkow, Tau is normally a cytosolic protein, but its occurrence outside cells has become important for studying and diagnosing the Alzheimer's Disease disease process(Mandelkow, E.-M., and E. Mandelkow). Since tau can be found outside of cells, it builds up in the the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at an early stage of Alzheimer's Disease and therefore serves as a biomarker (Mandelkow, E.-M., and E. Mandelkow).

Tau is also a very important protein to the brain and the rest of the body which is why researchers must try to find another way to prevent it from mutating and becoming toxic to the brain instead of just trying to limit the amount the the body can produce like they can with other proteins that play a less important role. When this protein mutates it starts to bond to itself instead of other cells that it normally bonds to. Because this protein can be outside of the cells in the brain, it can form clumps called neurofibrillary tangles. According to the Bright Focus Foundation, Neurofibrillary tangles are insoluble twisted fibers found inside the brain's cells. These tangles consist primarily of a protein called tau, which forms part of a structure called a microtubule (Bright Focus Foundation). This causes the protein to become toxic to the brain itself even though it is an essential protein in the body. It starts to cause the brain calls to shrink and die. It also starts to block neural pathways as well which is what causes the majority of memory loss in Alzheimer patients.

So how do these two proteins relate to each other? When amyloid is not broken down it starts to build plaques that restrict brain growth and causes mutations. One of these mutations happens to the tau protein in the brain which plays an important role in creating the brain structure. When this protein mutates, it rises to abnormal levels and starts to bond to itself. This then allows for tau protein clumps called neurofibrillary tangles to to become toxic to the brain tissue and also block neural pathways.

There is also another factor that these two proteins have on the brain. When these two molecules reach abnormal levels, they start to interact with each other. Amyloid starts to encase the tau protein clumps. When this happens they create another toxic element to the brain. When these two molecules interact they also amplify the toxic effects that each one has on the brain resulting with a compounding effect.

Interestingly enough, according to Small and Duff, mutations in both genes encoding APP and tau were found to cause dementing illness(Small, Scott A., and Karen Duff). Since amyloid plaques also cause more mutations in the genes of cells, it can cause this same mutation that causes tau to form neurofibrillary tangles inside of neurons.

Scientists have come up with a way to possibly cure Alzheimer's Disease. When the amyloid protein starts reaching abnormal levels, there is a short period of time during the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's Disease that a amyloid reducing pharmacological agent can be introduced into the brain. According to small and duff, a pharmacological agent that reduces brain A?? levels should act as an effective drug against the disease (Small and Duff). This is a very promis

In total, Alzheimer's Disease is a very devastating disease that is very complicated. Tau and beta-amyloid play big roles in causing each other to rise to abnormal level and both play a big role in causing Alzheimer's Disease. Only in recent years, researchers have just found out what causes the brain to decline in cognitive function at such a significant rate. There are five stages going from no symptoms at all to completely robbing someone of their ability to live on their own and make choices for themselves. Two major proteins that are responsible for causing AD are beta-amyloid and tau. Each of these toxic factors to the brain come from things that play a major role in brain structure and development. There are some things that scientists can do to attempt to slow down the progression of the diseaseand maybe even cure it but is ineffeective due to the fact that by the time one knows they have AD, the disease has already started a wildfire that is breaking down their brain and scientists do not know how to stop this from happening in the brain.

Works Cited

Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles. BrightFocus Foundation, 28 Nov. 2018, www.brightfocus.org/alzheimers-disease/infographic/amyloid-plaques-and-neurofibrillary-tangles.

Mandelkow, E.-M., and E. Mandelkow. Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Tau Protein in Neurofibrillary Degeneration. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 2, no. 7, 2012, doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006247.

PDB101: Molecule of the Month: Amyloid-Beta Precursor Protein. PDB-101: Acetylcholine Receptor, pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/79.

Rajmohan, Ravi, and P. Hemachandra Reddy. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer's Disease Neurons. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 57, no. 4, 2017, pp. 975“999., doi:10.3233/jad-160612.

Small, Scott A., and Karen Duff. Linking A?? and Tau in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: A Dual Pathway Hypothesis. Neuron, vol. 60, no. 4, 2008, pp. 534“542., doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.007.

Spires-Jones, Tara L., and Bradley T. Hyman. The Intersection of Amyloid Beta and Tau at Synapses in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuron, vol. 82, no. 4, 2014, pp. 756“771., doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.004.

Stages of Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer's Association, www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/stages.

Wortmann, Marc. World Alzheimer Report 2014: Dementia and Risk Reduction. Alzheimer's & Dementia, vol. 11, no. 7, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.1858.

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Youth Fitness and Growth

Contents

What can youth gain by developing metabolic fitness at a young age?
What physical changes occur during puberty and adolescence? How do these changes affect physical performance in boys? How do these changes affect physical performance in girls?

What can youth gain by developing metabolic fitness at a young age?

Metabolic fitness is defined as the ability to provide enough energy to the muscles in a specific type of exercise. A young person stands to gain a lot by developing metabolic fitness early. First, developing metabolic fitness at an early stage will give the child a chance to enjoy the process of training by developing self-discipline. Children who attain higher levels of performance tend to develop this attitude at a younger age. Secondly, training at an early age will hinder the formation of fat cells, which can lead to obesity. Physically active children often demonstrate lower rates of obesity than sedentary children do. Thirdly, in children, metabolic energy fuels growth and tissue development. Therefore, active children tend to mature faster than those who do not participate in physical activity. Active children will often grow into strong adults prepared for life.

Another advantage of metabolic fitness is that it regulates body water balance, transmits nerve signals, and fuels though processes. Physical activity goes hand in hand with brain development. While brains can continuously grow, this relationship is quite critical at an early stage. Greater rates of physical activity in children have been associated with higher grades in reading and math. Adequate brain development allows children to try new types of activity that can enable them to discover their talent. Finally, active children are more likely to become active adults. Research shows that obese adults must have been overweight children. Since the young body is still growing, being active will set a stage for a healthy lifestyle in adulthood.

What physical changes occur during puberty and adolescence? How do these changes affect physical performance in boys? How do these changes affect physical performance in girls?

Adolescence is a critical stage in the development of human beings. Several physical changes occur in both girls and boys to transition them into adulthood. Females always attain puberty earlier than their male counterparts do. The growth spurt depends on the child's maturation level. For instance, boys will experience a growth spurt whereby they grow taller and the chest and shoulders will get broader. Their weight will also go up as they develop more muscle mass due to the production of testosterone. However, other parts might grow faster than the limbs and torso and this might leave them looking. On the other hand, girls will get taller with small limbs and torso, which leaves them unbalanced for a while. Breasts will grow and the body shape will change e.g. the widening of the hips. The menstruation cycle will begin and this might cause some side effects on the girl's mood.

The physical changes do affect physical performance in both boys and girls either positively or negatively. First, both genders struggle with body balance due to the slow growth of the limbs and torso. As for boys, adolescence allows them to make large improvements in all areas of physical performance. The presence of more muscles and more rapid skeletal development increases their endurance during exercise. As for girls, early maturation can give them an advantage earlier in adolescence to outperform the boys. However, adolescence tends to make girls level off in most areas. In addition, the physical changes in girls such as menarche can affect their self-image making them withdraw from athletic performance. The lower rate of muscle growth in girls makes it hard for them to endure strenuous exercises.

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World Famous Diary of Anne Frank

I was born on June 12, 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany. My name is Anne Frank. My father was Otto, a proud German. I lived with my father, my mother Edith and my sister Margot. We were a middle class Jewish Family. My father was a lieutenant in the German army during World War I. He later became a businessman in Germany and the Netherlands. My mother was a stay at home mom. We lived a happy and comfortable life in Germany. My sister was well behaved and polite, I was more of a trouble maker. I was very out spoken. I loved books. I wanted to become a writer when I grew up. In 1918 World War I ended with Germany's defeat. Many Germans were out of work. Prices for everything were very high.

A new leader came into power in 1933, his name was Adolf Hitler. He was born April 20, 1889. He was the Head of the National Socialist party, also known as a Nazi. He made the Germans feel better about themselves. He said real Germans were better than other people, this did not include Jewish people. In his speeches he would blame the Jewish people for the problems Germany was going through. Hitler planned on getting rid of all Jewish people. Jewish people had to live in special neighborhoods and go to different schools. Life was becoming hard for them in Germany. My father saw that Hitler was a dangerous man and decided we should move. At first we went to live in Switzerland with one of my grandmothers. Then, in the fall of 1933 my father moved to Amsterdam, we followed in January of 1934. Amsterdam was a big city in the Netherlands. My father decided to move here because it was close to Germany and there was no problems for Jewish people. My father also spoke Dutch which is the language they speak in the Netherlands. Here my father started a new business making pectin. Pectin is a powder people would use to make jam. We moved into a new apartment and my sister and I started a new school.

We learned to speak the language quickly and also made new friends. One of my best friends was a girl named Hanne. We would ride our bikes and go ice skating together. I also love going swimming and to the movies. I would cut out pictures of movie stars from magazines hoping that one day I would be a movie star. Everything seemed normal in Amsterdam until my uncle Walter, got arrested in Germany for being Jewish. He was sent to a labor camp. It was just like a prison. My father wasn't sure how safe we were going to be in Amsterdam because Hitler was moving closer to the Netherlands. My parents were not sure if we should move again but since my father was already in his fifties and my sister and I were happy here, they decided not to move.

In 1939 Hitler invaded Poland, England and France declared war. This was the start of World War II. The Netherlands did not pick a side. More and more Jewish people came to Amsterdam to be safe but on May 10, 1940 Germany invaded. On the day of the attack, bombs dropped from the sky and destroyed a town called Rotterdam. Thousands of people died. The Germans came into Amsterdam. A few Jewish families were able to escape but my family had to go into hiding. My father gave his business to, two good friends of his who were not Jewish and new how to run it. My sister and I were sent to a special school for Jewish kids. We had to wear yellow stars sown onto our clothes. This way people could see we were Jewish. The star was called the Star of David. All Jewish people had a curfew, we had to be home inside by 8pm. We could not go outside till 6am the next morning. The only good news was the Germans were not able to invade England and on December of 1941 the United States joined the war. My family hoped this would be the end of the war.

The day of the thirteenth birthday my parents gave me a diary. I stated writing in it every day. I called it Kitty. In early July my parents received a letter saying that my sister was being sent to a labor camp. She was ordered to go to the train station but my parents decided to go in hiding. My father and mother had been planning on this for quite some time and had been stocking a secret room in the building were my dad worked with food, furniture and clothes for us to hide. That night we packed our school bags with personal items. We put on as much clothes as possible under our coats and left for the hideout. It was called the Secret Annex.

The Secret Annex was very small. It was about fifty square yards. It was behind a secret door in the building my dad's company was in. Inside there was only two rooms, one with a stove and sink and the other room was the bathroom. The floor above had two small rooms, one for my parents and the other for me and my sister. My mom had put up my post cards and pictures of movie stars. During the day we had to be very quiet so no one would hear us walking around or talking. We hung up sheets on the windows so no one could see any lights at night. About a week later another family moved in with us. They were friends of our family. It was Mr. and Mrs. Van Pel and their son Peter. He was two years older than me. Peter brought his cat, Mouschi.

After being there for five months, a man named Fritz Pfeffer joined us also. My father friend Miep and her husband, Jan Gies were our link to the outside world. They were not Jewish. Also his two friend that took over his business were Victor and Johannes. They would bring us supplies that we needed. These people would risk their lives to bring us food, newspapers and any news from the outside world. A year had come and gone, every page in my diary was filled up. Miep would bring me blank paper so I could continue writing. One day I was listening to the radio and heard a man talking about how after the war the diaries and letters would be published. My dream was to see My Kitty published after the war. I wrote, You've known for a long time that my greatest wish is to become a journalist someday and later on a famous writerI want to publish a book titled The Secret Annex after the war; whether I shall succeed or not, I cannot say.

By the time I turned fifteen we had been in hiding for almost two years. It was June 1944, the war was almost over. My dad would track the progress of our Allies. I began to see freedom. On August 4, 1944 Peter heard shouting from below. Men with guns raised stormed the Annex. It was the Nazi police. After years of being so carful and quite they found us. Someone had betrayed us but we never found out who it was. After we were all taken away Miep snuck in to the Annex and hid our photos and my diary in a desk. We all ended up in a concentration camp, the men on one side and the women on the other. At the camp most people were put to death right away. My sister and I were separated from our mother. We had no life. We struggled to survive. We both came down with a sickness called Typhus. We died in March of 1945. In April British soldiers arrived and freed everyone in the camp. The only person who survived from my family was my father. He returned to Amsterdam hoping to see us but learned that we were dead.

All that was left was our photos and my diary. In the summer of 1947 my diary was published. It was first called The Secret Annex, it was later changed to, Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl. When all was said and done, Hitler had murdered six million Jews. He ended up killing himself in 1945 inside a secret bunker. My diary became world famous, it has been translated into more than sixty-five languages. In 1960 the Secret Annex was opened to the public and more than one million visitors come every year. The last words I wrote are In spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart.

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Women’s Rights in Iran and Saudi Arabia

Iran and Saudi Arabia are Islamic countries located in Asia. Iran is Islamic Republic country with 31 provinces and majority of Shia Muslim, where Saudi Arabia is absolute monarchy ruled by king. Saudi Arabia is located in Southeast Asia with population of nineteen million people. This country was established in 1932 by King Abdul Aziz (Hamdan). The war that America waged against Iraq had effected women and challenged Saudi Arabian society which experienced changes toward women. American presence starts with the production of oil in 1997 in Saudi Arabia which effected on women rights in this country (Hamdan page.43). Similar, 1979 and constitution revolutions which happened against shah and establishment of parliament in 1905-1911 and 1979 in Iran, women played very important role in politics and social movements (Brooks). In this paper, I will compare social and political rights of women in Iran and Saudi Arabia.

To start with, the 1979 and constitution revolutions that happened in 1905- 1911 and 1979 in Iran women played important role in social and politics movements. One of the most important movements by women in Iran was participation in 1979 revolution against Shah (Brooks). Muhammad Riza was a ruler who was interested on westernization and women rights (pg.4). But still women did not want him. Women in Iran were contact with western feminism and influenced by them. One of the impacts that western women had on Iranian women were about education rights, where women wanted their education rights as western women. In addition constitution revolution was very important time for Iranian women because of political stability shown (pg.5). In constitution revolution women protested for constitution and parliament where they did not have the right to vote. Iranian women were trying to get the same rights as western women had, but they did not get.

Though, this revolution had positive consequences for women where they found their voices through publishing and meetings (pg. 5). For the first time women raised their voice as a woman not as a citizens. The women's movements in west influenced Iranian women. In nineteen and twenty century western women were struggling to gain their rights as men in their country, the same could be said for Iranian women (pg.6). Women in western and Iran were treated unequal to men in society. These evidences show that women in 20th century did not have any political and social rights and they were not treated equal as men. Women were struggling to gain their rights, but still they raise their voices and show that they also have the power and they are the citizens of the country. And they played an important role in history of Iran by joining in two revolutions which very important for Iran.

In addition, still women in 21th century in Iran do not have any social rights. They are not treating as equal as men in society. Women are known as second citizens in Iranian society. Women in Iran still did not get their fundamental rights (Taheri). Women in Iran are facing different social problems. One of the big problems that Iranian women are facing in I ran is wearing Hijab, where they are not allowed to go out without Hijab. A according to article 63 of penal code that, Those women that appear in the streets and public places without the Islamic hijab shall be sentenced to prison or fined as a punishment to pay some money to superior authorities (Taheri par. 5).

Women in Iran are getting harassment, abuses and discrimination by Iranian regime for not wearing proper Hijab or headscarf (par.6). Wearing Hijab is an Islamic traditional that every Muslim women should wear. That is why Iran government enacted law for women that they are not allowed to go out without Hijab, this is one of the reason women in Iran are struggling. Moreover, Women are ban to travel abroad and enter stadium (Taheri par. 2). Iranian women are not allowed to travel abroad without their parents and husband's permission. Husband can stop his wife from traveling to other country any time (Taheri par.2). And female athletes are facing many problems by going to stadium, because it is ban for them. Women in Iran are ban from watching men's football and other sports in stadium (Taheri). International Volleyball Federation, known as the FIVB, uphold its own rules and agree not to allow Iran to host future tournaments “ unless it allows Iranian women to attend (Taheri par.2)

One of other social rights that women are struggling to get is, work in society without any problems. Women are being discriminated by Iranian government. Because government pays less salary than men and women should must do two jobs (Davachi par.15). Also according to article 1117 t Under Article 1117 of the Civil Code, an Iranian man can ban his wife from working if he believes this would be incompatible with the interests of the family or with his or his wife's dignity (Bliar par.9). .Even if women ask for their rights government will send her to jail (Taheri par 3). Which is unfair to women because they are doing many jobs, they work at home, take care of their children, husband and in laws family , despite all these women work to help her husband and family but government pays them less salary than men. How strict and unfair it is that Iranian government gives the right to husband to stop his wife from working because he thinks that it will damage his family dignity. Women are being property that men are using and controlling them. Iranian government does not give equal rights to women and treating them as property. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Everyone have the rights of freedom without any kind of discrimination of race, sex, religion, color and etc But unfortunately, women under Law giving by Iran government are struggling to get equal rights in society.

In Addition, Women in Iran does not have political rights as men in this country. The percentages of Iranian women in politics are less than men. Women in Iran are not allowed to run for presidential election, but they can run election for parliament. In 290 seats House in Iran parliament nine of them are female; in total which 3% (Blair par.14). According to CNN which is news TV channel that Rouhani the Iran president did not include women in his proposed list of 17 ministers (Qiblawi par.1). Which shows that the president of Iran did not give political position for women, though during his campaign for presidential election promised that he will give more rights to women in his cabinet (Qiblawi par2).

Because of this women in Tehran protested that they want female political leader in Rouhani's cabinet, but Rouhani's government claimed that women are not capable enough to be governor (Jamalpour par.3). One of the Iranian politicians has claimed that country should not take risk of appointing women in cabinet because they are not experienced (Jamalpour par.9). Though women played an important role in presidential election In Iran still they cannot get their political rights. Women are half populate of society. They should receive equal rights as men in society. Same, they should have same political position as men in country, where Iran government take away political rights of women in Iran. Because they think women are not capable for leading a country. Even women played important role in history of Iran and presidential election, they thought the new government will give them more right but they treated them as second citizens in Country. There is gender equality in Iran government and society, where women are not able to get their basic rights only because they are women. Women are thought to be weak that is why government of Iran does not give power to women, though women play very important role in society.

Similarly, Women in 20th century in Saudi Arabia did not have social rights and political rights. Arabian women in 20th century were ban from working without male partner (Hamdan pg.47). Conservative religious scholars said that women should stay at home which is a safe place for women (Hamdan pg.47). Women were not allowed to go out without hijab and were not equal in the society. When Americans came to Saudi Arabia for production of oil in 1979 they established Arabian American Company ( Hamdan pg. 43). Americans brought their families with them and they built, Western style houses, schools, parks, restaurants ( Hamdan pg.43). American women started shopping, driving cars, unveiled where Saudi women were forbidden (Hamdan pg.430). Arabian women after seeing western women start asking same social rights. Women in Saudi Arabia because of religious traditional society could not work, drive cars and go out without Hijab. Moreover, Gulf war which happened in 1990 which was called in the United States affected on Arabian women because during that war American and Kuwaitis women were driving military's cars and it cause women In Saudi to ask for their rights (Hmadan pg.44). Women in Saudi Arabia were treated as second class citizens. They were not treated equal as men, because women were not getting the opportunities of employment as men were getting (Alharbi par.17).

Moreover, Women are not treating equal in Saudi Arabian society. Women in Saudi Arabia are facing problems to get their social rights. One of the main problems that women are facing is working in society where there are strict rules while women want to work. There are fewer opportunities for women to work, because there are restrictions in transportation limitation, having male guardians, and employment regulation (Alharbi pg.17). The main role or position of women in Saudi Arabia to stay at home, take care of children, family, and obey their male guardians husband/ father(Alharabi pg.17). Women are discriminated in Saudi Arabia because they not get equal social rights as men get. There is limitation for rights of women in employment (Alharabi pg.17). The reason is that Saudi Arabia follow sharia law where women should not work without male guardians and follow these laws. Women only can work when her male guardian allow her (Alharabi pg.180).

In addition, women do not have the right of movement, they cannot travel abroad without their guardian permission, and they cannot drive cars. The guardian system in Saudi Arabia taking away women's basic rights, which is women need their guardian permission when they need to register for university, opining bank account, work, renting apartment, and accessing justice (WRS par.4). Women in Saudi Arabia are controlled by male guardian since birth to death. Women in this country cannot appear in public without Hijab. Women are requird to wear Obaya and cover their head otherwise religious police will harass them (Tarabay par.3). Women in Saudi Arabia were not allowed to drive and attend to sport tournaments but recently the Muhammad Bin Salam, crown prince of Saudi Arabia give this right to women that they can join sport and drive cars.

These evidences clearly show that women in Saudi Arabian society are not treated equal as men. Women are treated as slave where they should always ask for permission and obey their male guardian. They do not have the right of freedom and other social rights which are working in society. The only reason that women in Saudi Arab cannot get opportunities for jobs because of male guardian system which is their social right. Women are controlled by male and they are as men's property. Their social rights are taking away by their male guardian; they are completely depended on men. Because men think that they are following Sharia law and in Sharia law they have to obey their male guardian which wrong concept. Even when women in Saudi Arabia want to raise their voices and ask their rights they need their male guardian system which is being slave and property of somebody else.

Furthermore, women in Saudi Arabia do not have political rights as other Islamic countries. One of the challenges that women Saudi Arabia are facing is their political rights. The system of government in Saudi Arabia is Absolut monarchy where king has the absolute power and he is the head of government. For this reason women in this country cannot vote and run precedential election. King Abdullah was the king of Saudi Arabia, he had absolute power his word were law in Saud Arabia people had to obey (Alharabi pg.14) He give the power of decision to council of top religious leaders (Pg.14). These religious leaders recommend sharia law in this country where thirty years men were allowed to participate in Consultative Assembly where women were forbidden to participate (Alharabi pg.14).

This law was followed until September of 2011 but king Abdullah change the law and give right to women to participate in Consultative Assembly (Alharabi pg.14). The only political position that women have in Shura Council could have was being advisor and it means that they will only stay in Shura Council and cannot make any law and talk about their rights (Alharabi pg.14). King Abdullah for the first time gave 30 seats out of 150 for women in Shura Council which is 20% seats but women in Shura Council do not have legislative power (Alharabi pg.15). Moreover, recently King Muhammad Bin Slaman for the first time open military job for women and placed a woman in senior government position (Amos par.1). King MBS is trying to bring equality among gender in Saudi Arabia. But there is lack of women in Saudi Arabia's cabinet. Women still do not have senior position in Saudi Arabia cabinet, king Abdullah and Muhammad Bin Salman give very senior position to women but still he did not give any leadership position in government. Women still do not have political power in Saudi Arabia and cannot ask for their rights. I think one the reason can be that Saudi Arabia is an Islamic country with Islamic tradition where there is gender discrimination. Women still are known as second class of citizens after men. Still the crown prince of Saudi Arabia did not give equal political rights to women. In my perspective he only wants to show to the world that he is treating women equally and in his government women have same right as men. This is not true in real because he only appoint women in junior position not in senior positions.

As a result, there are similarities between women rights in Saudi Arabia and Iran. Saudi Arabia and Iran are the countries that treat women as second citizens of country. These two countries are Islamic country with Islamic traditional society and Law. These countries follow sharia law where women are not treating equal as men. Women in Saudi Arabia and Iran do not have social rights as men; women have to obey their male guardian. They cannot work, travel, and go out, without their male permission. That is why there are fewer opportunities for women to work. Also other similarities in these two countries are that, women cannot go to public without hijab otherwise they will be harassed by police.

In addition, women were not allowed to join sport and inter stadium. Besides this women cannot rule the country in Saudi Arabia and Iran. Also women do not have political rights as men in these countries. Women only have junior positions in government they do not equal seats in cabinet of these two countries. Women are struggling to get their social and political rights and treat equally. In Saudi Arabia and Iran women do not have the freedom in society; there is male guardian system that women should always obey that if they do not want to. They always treat as slave and property in these two countries where they have to always obey their guardian. So these were the similarities women rights in Iran and Saudi Arabia.

Likewise, there are some differences between women rights in Iran and Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has a government of absolute monarchy system, where the king is the head of state and his words is the law and everybody has to obey. Iran is country with Islamic republic government. Iran is Islamic country with majority of Shia where Saudi Arabia is an Islamic country with majority of Sunni Muslim. Recently women in Saudi Arabia getting their basic rights which is joining in sport and stadium and driving car but in Iran women are even not allowed enter sport stadium. Women in Iran have the right to vote but in Saudi Arabia women cannot vote because Saudi Arabia is absolute monarchy. Women in Iran history played very important role during two revolutions happened which was 1979 and constitution. In addition women in Iran have more political rights than women in Saudi Arabia, because Iran has women in their cabinet where Saudi Arabia does not give senior position to women in politics.

In conclusion, in my perspective the culture of Iran and Saudi Arabia are Islamic and they treat human being according to gender. That is why rights of women are limited or taking away in these countries. Saudi Arabia and Iran are Islamic country they follow Islamic law that is why they treat women unequally and use them as slaves and property. Women are not able to get their social and political rights because of Islamic and traditional society. Though Islam give equal rights to women as men but people are having wrong concept of Islam that is why they use women as salve and property. Iran is a country where president made a strict law against women that they are forced to wear hijab in public places otherwise they will be harassed by police even though women do not want to wear hijab. But they have to follow the laws. Their rights of freedom are taking away by their own government and nobody is there to listen to their voices. Women in these countries are struggling to get at least their basic and social rights which they cannot get it.

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Work Schedule for Independent People

The unanimous Declaration of the fifty united States of the American education system When in the Course of American events it becomes necessary for one demographic to dissolve the hourly bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the government, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the functions of teenagers requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That whenever any Form of system becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new system, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. ” Such has been the patient sufferance of these students; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of time management. The history of the present government is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these students. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. Those with the ability to change have refused to address the problems associated with the lack of sleep and lack of respect for natural sleep cycles. Those with the ability to educate other people who also have the authority to address these problems because it is not in their own interest.

Those with the ability to stop the oppression of the early hour rise have not chosen to use this ability because they find comfort where those without the power find pain. Those with the ability to change the hours of school have chosen to sit ignorantly among young people who have felt the effects of newer pain in many of the same forms, believing that since they dealt with the same pains, the younger generation must be acting in a childish and spoilt manner. Those with the ability to change the hours of school have forgotten or have never thought that the new ways of educating are more backbreaking and mind-melting with each new addition. Those with the ability to change the hours have mistaken genuine anguish, stress, and educated arguments as teenage argumentative behavior. Those with the ability have ignored their comrades who are more educated with the same subject, even those who spend their whole occupational life studying it, because they are, simply put, indolent and slothful.

Those with the ability who care, or perhaps pretend to care, about teenage mental and physical health have done either very little or nothing whatsoever to push harder for simple education reforms that would change even local education hours. Those with the ability to change the hours almost always present the same argument: That teenagers spend too much time on social media to get their proper sleep, and that is why their grades are poor; because they chose to use their devices instead of doing their homework, but they forget that homework is an oppression in and of itself. Kindergarteners through College students agree that homework is neither helpful nor healthy nor engaging and overall not wanted by anyone except teachers who would rather show a video explaining what they are supposed to be explaining than give the work and teach it in class. Social media and use of devices is a popular coping mechanism for teenagers because no self-respecting student is able to find time between school, needs, responsibilities, searching for colleges and scholarships, extracurricular activities, sports, homework, and at the high school level work to find the time to actually participate in social events with family and friends and no time can be found to meet new people, and so the device gives the light and time and connections stolen from the day by expectations of the child to talk to people, to see new things, to learn what they truly want to learn and to obsess over pleasantries they may never get to experience in adulthood and there is no chance of experiencing as a teenager, in the place where no time, energy, nor money are at the disposal of the human.

In the past, students have rallied and petitioned and practice all forms of protest against the hour to start education except violently. Students write, admittedly, on surveys of mental health that our stress levels are so terrible we rely on stolen or prescribed medications and drugs, insane amounts of over the counter supplements, calming substances in huge quantities, etcetera. Students will announce on a daily basis how depleted and drained they feel. Students will declare suicidal thoughts in a way that it seems normal or at least simply disrespectful. It is, sometimes, exaggerated. But those with the power to change this cannot stand in the way of that change they could bring and claim that those who have taken their own lives because of the stress caused by the deprives of school (Homework, Wrecked sleep schedule, Making up for it by drinking, smoking, drugging, using addictive devices, having to take therapy or get diagnosed with anxiety or a learning 'disability' [That would plausibly be beneficial to the student in a non-classroom based non-standardized education system] in order for anything to get even unnoticeably better) are doing this to themselves.

And so, in the face of ignorance and resistance, the teenagers who have not turned to unhealthy coping mechanisms out of the sheer fear of not succeeding in life, are assembled and appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these government-sanctioned schools, solemnly publish and declare, That these united students are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent People, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the, Hours of school starting before eight o'clock and that all connection between them and the hours of the adult seven to seven work schedule and lifestyle, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent students, they have full Power to sleep until the natural teenage waking hour of eight, enjoy serenity, contract opinions to adults who will actively in their everyday life represent them, establish joy in energized and proper living, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent students may of right do. ” And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

New Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton Massachusetts: John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry, Emmerson Fitts Rhode Island: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery Connecticut: Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott New York: William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris New Jersey: Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross Delaware: Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.

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Women Stereotyping

The media misleads reality by forming and reinforcing gender stereotypes. Women are subjugated by being portrayed into categories like sex objects, victims and or dependents of society. We live in a world full of discrimination. People (men and women) are categorized and judged based on who they are. Both genders are victims of this act but men are often favorited more than women are. Men are praised for many things that women would be criticized for doing. Women are often underestimated in many things that men are praised for and also classified as the weak sex. Men are implied as the cultural standard. Women are looked as unimportant or invisible. Regardless of age or tenure, females face these scenarios almost every day. This is called sexism.

Let's talk gender roles in magazines and ads. After doing some research, 78% of the covers of magazines are regarding women bodily appearance, weight loss, dietary habits etc. The point of these weight-related messages are to tell the women who are discriminated as big or fat that being skinny or slim is the key to having a better life. Women's magazines focus on improving one's life by changing their appearance. Instead of being supportive, why do we have to discriminate? Some men also made negative comments towards heavier women. One big thing is the target audience for all this discrimination towards women which is called social media, also known as the big stage. Instagram, Snapchat, Periscope, Music.ly, Facebook etc. are some examples. People use these apps/websites to say whatever they want behind a profile. People that make judgements or say things can put an influence on others viewing and they would think it's acceptable to bash others.

What about the magazines with men on the covers? I asked myself. After surfing the web some more, I saw magazine covers with men that targeted their hair, perfume launches, clothing lines etc. Men's magazines focus on hobbies, expanding knowledge and other activities. I recently read an article called Young Women Learn Harmful Gender Stereotypes from Reality Tv. They mentioned the famous tv show called The Bachelor. This is based on a woman who chooses a man among multiple men. The man must match her needs and wants she expect. When the woman chooses the man, it's now his turn to say whether he wants this woman or not. I think it's unfair because it's basically a choice being made based on how the woman looks. This world is a male-dominated culture. Some people assume that doctors and pilots can be a man job. Men are featured nearly as twice as women are on television. Women are more featured in music videos and more sexually-related programs. Some people assume that doctors and pilots can be a man job.

The development of identity towards women and female adolescents in magazines, reality tv shows or even tv commercials portray the female gender unfairly. They show unrealistic beauty norms. Most of these people are photo shopped onto images and the media and are claimed to be flawless. The word flawless is used to paint a picture about women and it tells that they are only beautiful if they look a certain way. Perfect. Other women may feel insecure when they see things like that, causing them to have a low self-esteem. Having a low self-esteem can do a lot of damaging to one's life. People harm their selves or even end up killing themselves. Instead of helping to prevent problems like this, the media is creating it. There needs to a stop to grouping women and teen girls based on how they look, how rich they are and or what they wear. Why do we have to categorize?

In some countries around the world, women are not respected as much. For instance, Japan. Women in Japan are not treated equally and do not have the opportunity as other women do around the world. In Japan men have essential roles just because of who they are, males. Women aren't allowed to have a job if they have a family (husband and kids) and are expected to stay at home and maintain the household and the children. Why can't a woman have a job? Why can't women do what a man does in Japan? We need answers to these questions and unfair treatments. There are other women who are also unfairly treated in other countries. They want to speak out but why can't they have a voice and rights? Where are women rights in other countries? Women are judged too much and need to have choices and rights like men do.

Men are favored more than women are. Let's talk culture and status. We have yet to elect a female president. Why? Is women not empowered enough to run a country? Women are paid less than men are for similar jobs. In video games, women are weaker and significantly more helpless. Women characters are sexually provocative than male characters and are less aggressive. Typical video games do not include a female character. Women are always given a weaker position. What are we teaching our fellow younger ones looking on? What examples are we teaching them? What problems are we causing? What are we supporting? These are all questions I think needs to be answered by the media. The things they portray is no help to the society. It's selfish. If a younger woman marries/dates an older man she is often classified as a gold-digger. Some may caricature women as a nag or even Jezebels. Women are looked at as prostitutes when they wear certain clothes or look a certain way.

There are so many labels that are placed against a woman for being whom she is, how she looks, her skin color, the way she dresses etc. These types of judgments made to a woman can negatively affect her. For example women can become very emotional. Much research has shown that women experience more stress and anxiety than men due to stereotyping. We need to prevent it. In my opinion, protests now-a-days barely solve any problem(s) caused. I look at it as a legal opportunity to speak your mind with a group of people who agree with you, while holding posters or signs. I do not see it stopping the media from influencing the wrong activities that they paint on society because of money or fame. So many people who work for these companies that delineate stereotyping against women are brainwashed by the money that they are offered. The negative stereotypes against females affect their ability to attain their potential by limiting choices and opportunities on their behalf.

We need to recognize how important this issue is and that it matters. The good news is that there are multiple ways to address to society, the problems occurring and what the media is causing. We need to put our thoughts into action and make it come to an end. It is a disgrace that women are treated unfairly and have to experience the feeling of being insecure because the person who they are is not accepted rightfully. So many natural talents and abilities are limited; educational and professional experiences and opportunities in life. I can go on and on about the impacts on women's lives dues the stereotyping but how can we prevent women from feeling discouraged in situations like these in the work place, school or even in public.

How can we try to limit women stereotypes around the world? Well of course, not everyone agrees but, women also deserve rights in every country around the world. Creating groups to speak in the public, community centers and on social media can be a start. Anything is possible so why not have a protest so others who also agree can be aware and start something too. Writing letters to congress and to the media explaining how bad discrimination is and to give women their own rights is also a great idea. Women also need to stand strong and know their grounds. Every woman is not the same and may not take being stereotyped lightly. Some may become emotional about it, furious about it while some may not care. Ladies! Separate yourself from the stigma by reminding yourself who you are, what your abilities are, how strong you are and reflect on your achievements every time you are encounter a position like this. Finding humor in difficult situations like these is also a good idea. It is good to maintain a positive attitude even when things are not right. Talk to yourself and have positive thoughts every day. This trains your mind and who you are to believe that you are strong and nobody or nothing can change your mind.

Point out what you think is not right. Whether it is happening at school, a meeting, your workplace or in public, speak for those who do not have a voice. Help one another; after all we are one team. It is important to bring to attention the poor habits contributing to women stereotyping when you witness it, you may start a change in behaviors. Keeping a communication going on can help others realize the impacts of gender biases. We need to get women on board to participate in activities that men usually are a part of. Include women in more jobs. I think that training employees to avoid discrimination can be a big start in the environment.

Women stereotyping may not come to a complete end because it is always going to be an ongoing problem due to someone feeling as though women should always be treated as though they do not have a say in anything. The way the media portrays this biasness it reflects on children which causes them to view their gender a certain way. There may not be a definite way to end the discrimination against women but there are ways that can convince the world to have equal treatment step by step.

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Women’s Pov on a Rose for Emily

Down south women were scrutinized by society and men till the 1900's. Gender roles were a big part of that time. Women were commonly expected to be wives, cooks and cleaners in households. Being anything less was likely to be viewed as different and a topic of conversation for others. In fact, women had got the right to vote in the 1920's. That alone shows how late and institutionalized women were viewed at that time. In the short story A Rose for Emily by author William Faulkner although its not pinpointed on who the narrator is it's clear that the people of the community of Jefferson speak individual and nitpick on Emily Grierson life. Without an exact gender narrator, the eye of the story is open to both male and female interpretations.

The townspeople show a lot of scrutiny towards Emily and she was forced upon many gender roles. Faulkner mentions of oppressive sexism in the South and Miss Emily's consistent dependence on men throughout her life; like her father, her man-servant, Colonial Santoris, and Homer Barron are evidence of a bigger problem. Miss Emily Grierson is a victim of a patriarchal oppression that has controlled her life since her birth; because of her upbringing with her father and the pressure from the townspeople. She feels pressured to obey to the typical gender norms of the period and struggle for a male presence to rely on. For a while, Miss Emily seems to personify the feminine ideal. She complies to her father, accepting his control and following to his demands; she, in her youth, demonstrates the quiet and submissive female role. Nonetheless, this begins to change once her father passes. Emily refuses to accept that he has died, and she won't allow the authorities to come and get his body. Although in one point of view, we could still think this as a somewhat weird and gruesome sign of her continued loyalty to him, it also starts to show proof of a change in Emily's role. Starting in the first sentence of the story the existence of gender roles in the story appear early on. Faulkner begins the stages of her life from Miss Emily's Funeral, saying that the men are attending through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument while the women are only there mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house. In this case, Faulkner immediately starts the story off by distinguishing women as gossipers, prying, and curious. While the men, however, are viewed in a way that guards them of their wives' insensitivity.

Miss Emily fought against all odds of gender roles in her own town. She ignored many naysayers and marched to her own beat after her father's death. Though she was kept off and secretive she was strong and resilient towards the townspeople and even her future lover. The community were surprised to find that Miss Emily had began a relationship with Homer Barron, a man that was below her social caliaber and previous family wealth. Shocked that Miss Emily had abandoned her own social status in order to find a man, saying Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer and later going on to say that her kinsfolk should come to her to help to set her straight. In this case, the people of the town were holding Emily to the belief that a woman should be concerned about her reputation, and if she doesn't that she has gone crazy. She steps quite far out of the submissive female role when she buys rat poison, lies to the cashier about her reason for buying it, and then uses it to kill her lover, Homer Barron. Homer Barron was African-American and a man's man, loved by the men he meets--both blacks and whites--but who is controlled by Emily. Instead of her risking him leaving her, a move that she begins to seem is expected, she becomes manipulative and devious, working out a way to control him. She must kill Homer in order to keep him with her, and so she gives up all the leftovers of her past femininity and adopts a more masculine activity, poisoning him in order to keep their own isolation together.

More than just men and women were serious separations to one another in that time. Without a doubt, the most obvious value in Faulkner's story is tradition. Miss Emily lives in the down south which is heavily into the traditions of gender roles, nobility, courtship behaviors, and race issues. Miss Emily lived under a lot of rules, that were set by the southern society, by her father, and by the community. None of the admirers who pursued Emily were considered good enough for her father, and so she remained unmarried and isolated for years. Society set rules for black/white relationships or relations, for male/female relations, and for socio-economic relations. Wealth separations were a big factor to social class and still is today. The wealthy were not to associate with the lower class, single women weren't to spend time alone with men when not accompanied by a supervisor, and there were precise rules regarding the communion of black and white people. Reputation is a big part of their tradition, and Miss Emily held fast to the reputation of her family name. She was stuck in her tradition and couldn't have changed totally to keep up with the modernizations of the community and town even if she had wanted to, the south was very much a big part of her still till her death. Marriage was a major part of the tradition in Jefferson for men and women who spent unchaperoned time together which is why Homer ended up the way he did at the end.

Segregation and Jim Crow laws were still in rule of the mostly white dominated south and Faulkner's Jefferson, Mississippi was no exception to it. African Americans were usually treated as second class citizens--servants as well, but not as equals to the whites of Jefferson. It shows the surrounding clearly by the sayings Faulkner wrote. By telling us about Colonel Santoris mindset, and also Emily. We learn what kind of people they are. The colonel was mayor and therefore in a position of power, and he used that power to keep the African Americans beneath him. Colonel stating Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town. Colonel Santoris and Emily are town institutions. Since Colonel Santoris had been the mayor, he established the town and its moral codes. At that time, African Americans were free citizens, but no one was going to see them as equals, especially in the south. After her father dies, Emily becomes a hermit but keeps a African American man as a servant. We did not even know she was sick; we had long since given up trying to get any information from the Negro. He talked to no one, probably not even to her, for his voice had grown harsh and rusty, as if from disuse. The women still continuing to gossip about her in the town after her death even going so low as to communicating with the servant for more details on her. Emily is still important to the town, but she is more of a myth or legend at this point of her death than a real person. It's really ironic how her only human contact was a African American for many years but was still being judged for being mute. She never saw him as an equal either, but as an inferior instead.

A Rose for Emily clearly showed symbols and characters that reveal the sexism and harsh gender roles that was widespread throughout the south in the 1900s time period, especially towards women. The presence of the townspeople behaved as a public jury, relentlessly judging and gossiping curiously about Miss Emily for years about every social mishap she made. Beginning from her birth, it seems that she was born into a world that was not in favor for her. Her father seemed to be a dispiriting figure in the foreground of her life, closing her in and pushing her away from any suitors interested. From then on, it seems that she worked hard to secure another male figure in her life, not as a search for love, but instead for security from a man. The widespread desire of Miss Emily to be dependent on a male shows the continuous thought that a woman must have a male presence in her life to be fully secure, a common role for women to have back in the day. This view formed and controlled the path of Miss Emily's life, eventually leading her to kill in order to feel comfort and security.

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Women Rights in the European Union

Contents

WOMEN RIGHTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Introduction
The Council of the EU
The european parliament
The european commission
Establishing equal pay for equal work
The gender pay gap Action Plan
Achievements in women’s rights
Strategic engagement for gender equality
What is the EU doing to combat violence against women?
EU regulations
Annual Colloquium on Fundamental Rights 2017 "Women's Rights in Turbulent Times"
Commission of equal opportunities
Eu treaties
Treaty of Rome (1957)
Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000)
Women’s Charter (2010)
Conclusion
Referances

WOMEN RIGHTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Introduction

The Council of the EU

Since 1998, different Presidencies of the Council of the European Union have made recommendations on violence against women, prepared indicators and developed other non-binding documents. In December 2009, under the Swedish Presidency, the Council adopted the Stockholm Program (2010-2014), which strengthens the commitment to better address violence against women and children and envisages greater protection for women victims of violence, including legal protection and comprehensive laws. the rights of the victims and the focus on children's rights. According to the Presidency of Spain, the Council Conclusions on the Elimination of Violence against Women in the European Union in March 2010 constituted the agenda for measures to combat violence against women effectively.[footnoteRef:2] The 2011 Council Conclusions on the European Gender Equality Agreement for the period 2011 .2020 confirm the EU's commitment to close gender gaps in employment, education and social protection, to ensure better work-life balance for women and men and to combat all forms of violence. against women. [2: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/regulatory-and-legal-framework/eu-regulations]

The european parliament

The European Parliament's decision on the elimination of violence against women in November 2009 authorizes an act of over-expression of gender inequality to end violence against women. The European Parliament has condemned trafficking in women and circumcised female circumcision and has been a supporting actor in the fight against gender-based violence, and has taken a number of decisions on gender-based violence in general. The European Parliament considers that the collection of comparable statistical data and the sharing of good practices between Member States is very important.

The european commission

The European Commission mainly deals with violence against women through various political instruments following the Gender Equality Roadmap (2010) between 2010-2015 and 2006-2010. In May 2011, the Commission proposed a new legal package to ensure that the rights of the victim were minimized, protected, supported, and accessible to justice.[footnoteRef:3] [3: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/regulatory-and-legal-framework/eu-regulations]

Establishing equal pay for equal work

Equal pay for equal work is one of the founding principles of the European Union.[footnoteRef:4] Under EU law, persons who are discriminated against may be able to take legal action against their employers without fear of retaliation. [4: https://diversityq.com/three-in-ten-uk-employees-discriminated-against-at-work-1004480/]

The gender pay gap Action Plan

To further tackle the gender pay gap and ensure full implementation of the principle of equal pay between women and men, the Commission adopted the 2017-2019 EU Action Plan. 8 main fields of activity:

Improved implementation of the principle of equal pay;
To fight against discrimination in occupations and sectors;
Breaking of glass roof: vertical separation;
Reducing the maintenance penalty;
To better assess women's talents, efforts and responsibilities;
Uncover inequalities and patterns;
To warn and inform about gender pay deficit; and
Develop partnerships to deal with gender payoffs.

Achievements in women’s rights

Although inequalities persist, the EU has made significant progress in women's rights in the last decade. The result of this:

Equal treatment legislation
Gender equality, integration of gender perspective into all other policies
Special measures for women's development

Strategic engagement for gender equality

Strategic engagement for gender equality 2016-2019 is the framework of the European Commission's work towards future full gender equality.
Strategic engagement focuses on the following 5 priority areas:

Increasing women's and men's economic independence
Reducing gender wages, earnings and retirement shortages and thus combating poverty among women
Promoting equality between women and men in decision making
Fight against gender-based violence and protect and support victims
To promote gender equality and women's rights in the world

What is the EU doing to combat violence against women?

During 2017, the Commission collaborated with different stakeholders to ensure that the actors share best practices and improve support structures for victims of gender-based violence. Social media campaign: NON.NO.NEIN campaign - NO! Stopping violence against women launched in 2017 has created awareness and funding for violence against women. Under the Mutual Learning Program on Gender Equality, the Commission organized the exchange of good practices among the government representatives of the Member States. The November 2017 Basic Rights Annual Conference in Brussels in Brussels focused on ’Women's Rights in Turbulent Times 201. Violence against women in Kolloquium was one of the main topics.

The first step in setting up a global alliance to combat violence against women and girls on a global level was laid in December, between the Commission, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Council of Europe and UN Women.[footnoteRef:5] The aim is to create a global alliance to end violence against women and girls by the end of 2018. In addition to the actions under the Gender Equality and Justice policies, the European Commission focuses on violence against women in other policy areas such as trade, migration and internal affairs, transport and external co-operation. In addition, the European Social Fund supports targeted actions, particularly in the fight against violence against women with disabilities and the most vulnerable or deprived women. [5: https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-18-1602_lv.htm]

EU regulations

All EU Member States have ratified the main human rights instruments that require them to fight violence against women as a violation of human rights and as a type of violence based on gender discrimination against women. This means the obligation by Member States to stop impunity and to prohibit all violence, to take measures to prevent it, to provide adequate protection to the survivors, and to compensate them.
The EU supports increasing women's protection through soft laws (communication, recommendations, etc.), Guidance principles, exchange of best practices and capacity building (eg through the Daphne Program).[footnoteRef:6] [6: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/regulatory-and-legal-framework/eu-regulations]

Annual Colloquium on Fundamental Rights 2017 "Women's Rights in Turbulent Times"

Women's and girls' rights need promotion and protection, as they continue to be challenged. Any regression is unacceptable. Gender equality has been a core value since the very creation of the European Union.[footnoteRef:7] The promotion and protection of the rights of women and girls are crucial for achieving social justice, building resilient democratic societies, and achieving sustainable development, as set out in the Agenda 2030. The 2017 Colloquium aims to expand political engagement, to activate all stakeholders, and to improve mutual cooperation for the promotion and protection of the fundamental rights of women and girls. Politicians, representatives of civil society, activists, leading academics, businesses and trade unions, media representatives, journalists, and international organisations will reflect together on the relationship between the fulfilment of fundamental rights for women, and pluralism, solidarity, tolerance, justice and equality. [7: https://theelders.org/news/defending-women%E2%80%99s-rights-turbulent-times]

Commission of equal opportunities

The Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) was an independent, non-inter-departmental public body (NDPB) in the United Kingdom that fought against gender discrimination and encouraged gender equality. The last chair was Jenny Watson. It was established under the Gender Discrimination Act of 1975 and has legal powers to assist in the implementation of the Equal Pay Act and other gender equality legislation in the UK. The EOC did not include Northern Ireland; instead these issues were addressed by the Northern Ireland Equality Commission. Similar institutions exist for other categories of equality law in Great Britain. In October 2007, they all became part of a new equality body called the Equality and Human Rights Commission.

Eu treaties

Equality between women and men is one of the basic principles of Community law. The European Union's (EU) goals on gender equality are equal opportunities and equal treatment for women and men and to combat all forms of discrimination on the basis of sex. The EU adopted a two-stage approach to this issue; this combines special measures with the spread of gender. The issue also has a strong international dimension in women's rights and human rights issues in the fight against poverty, access to education and health services, participation in the economy and decision-making.

Treaty of Rome (1957)

The principle of equal pay for women and men was introduced in 1957 as an article in the framework of the Treaty of Rome. As part of the following steps in the path to European integration, the provisions of the additional agreements further strengthened and expanded the basis of the European approach.

Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)

With regard to gender equality, the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty took a more important step by declaring that the development of equality between women and men is a fundamental task of the EU. The Treaty also obliges Member States to get rid of inequality and promote equality between women and men in all fields of activity. Finally, he presented a new article authorizing the EU to take action against all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender or other qualifications.

EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000)

The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, signed in 2000, reinforces the prohibition of discrimination and the obligation to ensure equality between men and women in all areas.

Women’s Charter (2010)

In March 2010, under the supervision of Madame Viviane Reding, the Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, the European Commission presented a Rights Charter of Women Mad in the form of a policy statement. While taking this step, the Commission said its commitment to gender equality has increased in the next five years. The Charter strengthens the Commission's obligation to promote gender mainstreaming; that is, consider and support the equality between men and women in all policy areas. In particular, the ay? Europe 2020 tam strategy aims to take full account of equality issues. In general, the Charter is the Commission's response to calls by the European Parliament to take further action to combat violence against women.

The Code specifies five key areas for action over the next five years:

Promote equal economic independence through greater equality in the labor market;
Equal pay for equal work and equal work;
Promote equality in decision-making;
A comprehensive policy to protect human dignity and eliminate violence against women; to introduce other countries and international organizations.

Conclusion

Referances

https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/regulatory-and-legal-framework/eu-regulations
https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-4563_es.htm
https://gbvaor.net/call-to-action-2/
https://www.globalissues.org/article/166/womens-rights
https://www.un.org/press/en/2013/wom1949.doc.htm
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-womens-rights-3529028
https://www.measureevaluation.org/our-work/gender/working-to-eliminate-violence-against-women
https://www.localhistories.org/womensrights
https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-18-1602_lv.htm
https://theelders.org/news/defending-women%E2%80%99s-rights-turbulent-times
https://ec.europa.eu/info/events/sustainable-development-goals/2017-annual-colloquium-fundamental-rights-2017-nov-20_en

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Women Rights are Human Rights

Throughout the entire world women have been denied basic human rights for a multitude of reasons. A majority of these reasons were along the lines of women being inferior to men and incapable of completing tasks, which were believed to be only for men. Traditionally, women were meant to be the ones who stayed at home, which was respectable at the time. They were expected to clean the house, take care of the children, and have dinner ready by the time their husbands arrived home from work.

As women slowly began to venture out from their homes, they realized that they were being neglected from all the rights that men have and they did not. They realized they were being robbed of the right to vote, the right to a job, the right to obtain a social status and many more of the freedoms that men had at the time. Women relied heavily on their husbands income to live, they relied on them for basically everything, money, food, clothing and transportation. Once women fully understood the losses they were facing from their lack of rights they decided to begin to fight for their rights.

Women have been treated as domestic beings and typically did what they were told to do. During the 1800's some women were given a working opportunity during the Civil War. However, this job was fully voluntary and not paid; women did it anyway because it was a change of location from their home. However, the job description was not much different from the one they were used to doing in their homes. During this time, women would carry the men who were injured off of the battlefield, cook for the soldiers, care for them, and do their laundry. Sound familiar? Although the tasks they were doing were not much different then the ones they were doing at home, the feeling they got from the change of environment and actually contributing to society was fulfillment in itself. Soon after women began to really fight for the rights that they deserved.

In May of 1869 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Woman's Suffrage Association. Their goal was to gain women the right to vote by means of a congressional amendment to the constitution (Ann-Marie Imbornon). This was a huge step in history because prior to this there hadn't been many serious efforts to change anything about the way women were treated. A few months later in November of 1869 Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell proceeded to form the American Woman's Suffrage Association. This organization had a similar objective however, they mainly focused on gaining women the right to vote on a state level rather than national one (Ann-Marie Imbornon). Wyoming was the first of the 50 states to pass a women's suffrage law.

They gave women their right to vote in December of 1869 and soon after women were serving on juries that were in Wyoming. This was a massive time in U.S history and it was a step in the right direction however women were still a long ways from being free. During the year of 1890 both organizations came to the the realization that they would work better and stronger if they worked as one. They called themselves the National American Woman's Suffrage Association better known as NAWSA and worked to pursue state by state campaigns to further the advancement in women's voting rights. Slowly but surely they were able to grant women the right to vote in 16 different states some of which were New York, California, Washington and more by the year of 1918 (Ann-Marie Imbornon).

As you can tell the progress for women's suffrage rights was a very long a tedious fight however, the women were consistent and persevered through all the difficulties and were inevitably given what they were fighting for. The fight took over 40 years however on August 26th of 1920 the 19th amendment was passed giving women in the United States the right to vote anywhere. From 1869 to 1920 other advancements were made in women's rights such as the first birth control clinic being opened in Brooklyn, New York. This clinic allowed for women to get proper care and safe abortions. The National Women's Trade Union League also known as the WTUL was established in order to advocate for improved working wages for women along with safer working conditions and better job opportunities (Bonnie Eisenberg and Mary Ruthsdotter). These progresses may seem small to where we are at now but they were major changes for the time being and were truly huge advances for the women who were fighting for so long.

These rights gave women the confidence and helped them to gain the respect they had deserved in the first place. With simply gaining these rights that seem so simple to us today women were now able to do things that we take for granted. Women had no property rights and were therefore forced to be respectful to their husbands and the men in their life otherwise they could end up homeless (Bonnie Eisenberg and Mary Ruthsdotter). Although they were not allowed to own property, they were required to pay property taxes. Women were also not allowed to initiate a divorce and were forced to stay in a relationship regardless of the circumstances because their husband had to be the one to want to separate, and that rarely happened. In the case that it did occur and the couple had children, women were not likely to gain custody of the child. They were not allowed to attend a college or a University because the schools did not accept female students. These laws were all passed and voted for by men and when women gained their right to vote they were able to change all the ways in which they were previously wronged by men (Bonnie Eisenberg and Mary Ruthsdotter).

Over the years women have gained the respect of industries and are beginning to make huge contributions to the workforce. Women are being elected at the public office level and hold 11% of the seats in Congress and 21% of the seats on the state level (Bonnie Eisenberg and Mary Ruthsdotter). Although those number may still seem small these women have made tremendous progress in changing local, state, and federal laws that have limited the social status and legal roles of women in the United States (Bonnie Eisenberg and Mary Ruthsdotter). Women in the United States have entered the professions, businesses and trades of every kind since the 1920's and have exceeded at doing so. A female doctor or nurse was never heard of prior to the 1920's and they have now become female dominated professions. Although it may seem as though we have made our mark and become equal in the workforce there is still a very long way to go because in the United States women still face harassment by men who feel as though they are more powerful in the workforce. As women we still endure unfair payment compared to men when we are doing the same jobs as them and sometimes doing it better then they are. The Women's Rights Movement has come a very long way in the United States and have been successful in changing the circumstances and hopes for women. However, there is still a lot of fighting to do before women are considered equal to men and these injustices are being daily.

Although the United States has made progress with the help of female lead organizations other countries have made little to no progress. Women in countries such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Nigeria, and the Arab Republic of Egypt are still facing ridiculously unfair treatment. These countries have not progressed in helping women and if anything have taken steps backwards. These women face restrictions that women in the United States cannot even imagine facing. They live under constant fear of men and are too afraid to stand up and try to make a difference. Women from the United States have attempted to help women in these countries but have had little to no success in doing so. Women that live in these countries are so far from being considered equal to men that they can not even imagine what it is like to be treated the way women are treated in the United States.

Women in Iran are not allowed to travel outside of the country without getting permission from their husband or father first and in a lot of cases they are not even allowed to travel outside the country alone. In September the captain of Iran's female football (soccer) team, Niloufar Ardalan, couldn't play in an international tournament in Malaysia because her husband forbade her from traveling (Human Watch). Women are not allowed to go to stadiums in Iran to watch men's volleyball or soccer games and this law will go as far as arresting them if they even attempt to enter the stadium at the time of a men's' game. Simply allowing women to watch the games would be a tremendous step towards women in Iran gaining the freedom they deserve. In Iran women are also forced to wear a hijab or a head scarf regardless if whether or not they follow the muslim religion. If they are caught out in public without a head scarf they can be arrested or even killed by male law enforcement. These women face grueling conditions of life and cannot make the changes that they deserve out of fear of retaliation. Given that the government of Iran is made up of male leaders even if they tried to make progress they would most likely not succeed and their living conditions may become even worse then they are now. The idea of freedom for women in those countries is so unheard of and not realistic because of how their lives have been lived for so long.

Saudi Arabia enforces some of the most restricting laws against women in today's world. Women in Saudi Arabia have never been allowed to drive a vehicle and women who have attempt to defy this law have been shot and arrested (CNN). Hundreds of women have been protesting against this law by driving vehicles however by doing this they are risking their arrest and the possibility of death. Driving is an essential part of everyday life and most people cannot even imagine their lives without being able to get anywhere when they needed to. However, the idea of traveling as whole for women is a foreign concept in Saudi Arabia because women are not allowed to obtain a legal form of identification or a passport without permission from a legal male guardian or their husbands.

In fact, women there are not allowed to mix freely with people of the opposite sex who are not their husbands or family members (CNN). When going out to public restaurants women are required to utilize a separate entrance then men and can only eat at restaurants that offer a designated family dining area meaning that it is a seperate room for women with husbands. When it comes to the loss of a family member, women in Saudi Arabia are only entitled to receive half of the inheritance that their brother received because one male vote is equivalent to the vote of two men. These laws have been in place for a very long time and do not appear to be changing anytime soon because women are afraid to protest against due to violent hate crimes that could possibly be done against them.

Similar to the difficulties women faced in the United States almost 200 years ago, women in Israel are unable to file for a divorce without permission from their husbands. In the case of domestic violence, there is nothing a women can do to get out of the relationship and often must endure the torture of their abuser for the entirety of their life. However, unlike the previous countries talked about, Israeli women have made tremendous progress and have put up a huge fight in standing up for the rights they deserve. Women in Israel dyed their shoes bright red in fight against violence towards women and laid them out throughout the streets of Israel. The shoes represented the 24 women that have been reportedly killed this year due to domestic violence that was reported. Media outlets reported that people chanted for Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to "wake up, our blood is not cheap." (Sasha Ingber).

The women wanted to make sure that their message was heard by the government and needed to make sure they knew that Israeli women were not going to stay silent anymore (Sasha Ingber). Activists also carried signs with the names of the women that were killed by male figures in their life painted in red to represent their blood. Women are finally acknowledging that the only way they are going to get the rights they deserve is to fight for them, and that is exactly what they are beginning to do. By working together these women are empowering each other in such dangerous times and making a difference for the generations of young women to come. They are finally realizing their worth and will not stop until they are treated as such.

According to section 55 of Nigeria's Penal Code men are allowed to hit women in order to correct them for their wrong doings or if it is felt necessary (Human Rights Watch). Since there is no real way of justifying the ideas or right or wrong there is no way to truly punish a man for hitting a women. One's ideas of right and wrong can differ according to taught values and personal morals and therefore there is no true way of imprisoning a man for abusing a women. In Nigeria over 81% of women are unable to receive an education which hinders their right to pursue a profession and inevitably live the life they want to live. Due to this standard women are often forced to stay at home and care for their children along with doing tedious housework. As humans we have the right to a fair education however due to standards all around the world millions of women go their entire life without even learning how to read. The ratio of Nigerian females attending some type of school to Nigerian males is roughly one female to every 4 males and not much is being done to change that.

As a world so focused on the idea of equal rights there are still millions of women who face unequal treatment on a daily basis. These women are often in situations in which they are unable to even make a dent in fixing these situations. Although the United States has come a very long way in treating women as humans, hundreds of countries around the world to this day still do not treat women as humans but instead as belongings of men. If human rights are considered a universal thing then why are millions of women all around the world being killed in attempt to receive them? As women we need to ensure that we make progress and fight harder each day to receive the rights that we are entitled to. If the one step these nations make is simply allowing women the right to receiving a legal form of identification then they are already one step closer to inevitably making women more equal to men now. Women rights are human rights and the sooner all women begin to realize this the sooner they will obtain access to fair treatment, education, jobs and even traveling. This world is unfair however, that is not a reason for women to be silenced because they deserve to be heard and they deserve every right and every opportunity that men have for simply being men.

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Women Rights Are Human Rights. (2019, Apr 12). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/18/

Women and Gender Roles

"Nelson Mandela once said 'Freedom cannot be achieved unless Women have been emancipated from all forms of oppression''. For Generations Women have had to fight for their rights to be allowed to work in the workplace. Women have come along way in a short period of time, but there is still work to be done. Today, In America there are still parts in the World were Women are not given equal opportunities as Men. Furthermore, even though Women still had the opportunity to work they were never offered the same chances that Men were given. The fight for Equal opportunity in the Workplace is far from over.

In my 17 years of life, I have been told to stick to what I know. Basically, being told to never go outside the box. There is always someone in the background saying 'Be in the Medical Field, Be an Operator, Be a Secretary'' and many more. Throughout my entire life these are things that I have been told was to stick to jobs that Women are known to have. But the harsh reality of it all Women should feel eager to explore different opportunities in the World instead of being subjected into the statistics that are given to them. In the men we carry in our mind it states ''By Comparison, with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library, at church''. This shows that, Women should not be looked at as if they were a maid, because Women can do so much more than what Society presumes of them. To be a Woman is hard enough, because we do the things that seem easy to the average male. People expect Women to be scared when it comes to speaking their mind and that is just not the case. The favorable life decisions we make come with taking responsibility and making choices that will forever impact a Woman's life. For Instance, when Women compete for the same jobs as Men it Can be quite intimidating because men feel like Women are incapable of doing the impossible. When Women have changed history over the past few decades. In Emma Watson's United Nations: He for She: Gender Equality is your issue, too'' speech states, 'You might be thinking Who is this Harry Potter Girl? And what is she doing up on the stage at the Un. It's a good question and trust me I have been asking Myself the Same thing''. This Exemplifies that, Even Women today question themselves in why they hold a Superior Title in their line of Field.

In Summation, I believe that over the course of Many years that Gender Roles have changed tremendously. From Women not being able to Work in certain fields and now allowed to work in any field of their choosing is astonishing.

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Women and Gender Roles. (2019, Apr 12). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/18/

Unstated Assumption in Mothers against Drunk Driving

The most apparent assumption that is made by this social movement is that drinking causes death. Even though drinking definitely potentially cause death to oneself or another but not everyone drinks to a certain point where the person is almost to blacking out. This assumption is a reality assumption because it is very true that alcohol does cause impairment or disorientation to oneself. People have different tolerances on how much alcohol one can take but another factor that plays a role with alcohol intake is the situation. For example, high school or college parties usually a lot of alcohol in a short amount of time or an adults christmas party usually it is drinking over a long period of time.

Along with this assumption, MADD also is implying that all people are not thinking ahead or being smart about the decisions of drinking at a party and how a person is getting home. This assumption is definitely one of the most obvious ones and that it is definitely real that alcohol does disorient someone. Another assumption that is made by MADD is that every young person under 21 is drinking. Not every teenager or young adult is drinking but also their is underage drinking as well. For example, high school parties and college parties and that teenagers that live close to these colleges or universities have an easier access to alcohol. This assumption is more reality because you can not stop some teenagers from drinking.

Young adults are sometimes peer pressured into drinking from their friends or just want to try out something since their friends are doing it or show off to their friends and act cool. This social movement on their webpage does give statistics about deaths and potential lifelong negative effects such as youth who start drinking before age 15 are 6 times more likely to develop alcohol dependence or abuse later in life.' (MADD) This movement assuming that all teenagers or young adults under the age of 21 are drinking is a very broad unstated assumption because not all kids drink.

Lastly, the third assumption that is made within this social group is that victim panels help lessen drunk driving. Drunk driving definitely is emotional topic and that it evokes people's psychological feelings and usually drunk driving could potentially happen to anybody. This assumption is a value assumption because it definitely ties in some emotions and that MADD wants this to happen. It is very sad to see victims that have been affected by drunk driving and the on MADs web page there is a photo gallery of the lives that were lost due to drunk driving.

The people that are a part of MADD are usually have been affected with impaired driving. EVERY crash has a devastating impact on victims and their friends, family, classmates and coworkers. (MADD) This is the statement displayed in front of the photos of victims and that brings an emotional tie to the viewer. This value assumption holds a lot of emotions because you can't undo what has been done and that you can't bring someone back. These assumptions that MADD unstates are definitely tied to emotions in some way because drunk driving usually always ends fatally.

Out of the three assumptions, two of them are agreeable for me and that the assumption with all teenagers or young adults illegally drinking is not really a huge problem but instead maybe instead focus on why people drink and drive and go more into the psychological side of it. Drunk driving is definitely a horrible and scary thought and act, nobody should have to face it but there's always going to be dumb people out there making the wrong choice leading to potential death. MADD is definitely doing a great job at helping victims and pushing laws to decrease drunk driving. Drunk driving is one act that should not be taken lightly and that people need to face consequences. Works Cited Mothers Against Drunk Driving. MADD, www.madd.org/.

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Unstated Assumption in Mothers Against Drunk Driving. (2019, Apr 12). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/18/

The Ganges River

The Ganges River: See, Judge, Act Using the Catholic Social Teaching Method

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An Analytical Comparison of the Gangs

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Gang Awareness and Goals Toward Gang Suppression

Gang Awareness and Goals Toward Gang Suppression

Conclusion

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Fueling Concerns over U.S.-China Economic

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More Likely to Join a Gang

Introduction

Methods

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Global Effect of Gangs in Central America

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Poverty is Widespread in the United States

Final Paper

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The Effects of Gangs

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Phenomenon of the Youth Gang

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The Monster was Created by Victor Frankenstein

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Story about Frankenstein

Prompt:

Sources :

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Science Sexuality and the Erasure of Gender

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Mary Shelly’S Frankenstein Explores

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Frankenstein Obsession

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Alzheimer’s Disease

Introduction/Background

DSM-V Classification of Alzheimer's Disease

Brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved in Alzheimer's Disease

Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease

Mild

Moderate

Severe

Therapies being utilized to treat Alzheimer's Disease

Research today

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Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease from the Psychological Perspective in the Notebook

Relevant Parts of the Brain

Impact and Prevalence

Nature Versus Nurture

Treatments

Psychological Perspectives

The Portrayal: Accurate or Not

Conclusion

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The Truth Behind Alzheimer’s Disease

Reference

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Challenges for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy

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Alzheimer’s Disease: what you should Know about it

Impact to family

Impact to the church

Impact to the community

Conclusion

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The Relationship between Beta-Amyloid and Tau and their Relation to Alzheimer’s Disease

Works Cited

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Youth Fitness and Growth

What can youth gain by developing metabolic fitness at a young age?

What physical changes occur during puberty and adolescence? How do these changes affect physical performance in boys? How do these changes affect physical performance in girls?

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World Famous Diary of Anne Frank

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Women’s Rights in Iran and Saudi Arabia

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Work Schedule for Independent People

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