Institutionalized Stereotypes in the Simpsons

The animated sitcom The Simpsons centers on a highly-dysfunctional, middle-class family living in the fictional town of Springfield. Since its premiere in 1989, The Simpsons has faced backlash for using racism, misogyny, cultural appropriation, and hyper-stereotypes to achieve its comedic goals. I am interested in seeing how this unconventional sitcom affects viewers' perception of underrepresented individuals “ namely, female characters. My research question is: Does The Simpsons challenge or perpetuate institutionalized female stereotypes? I have focused my research on Marge Simpson, the matriarch of the family, in order to develop an analysis on the representation of her character on the show. I have a hypothesis that the show's creators deliberately exaggerate her role as the housewife in order to invalidate prevalent female stereotypes and stigmas. My analysis of previous academic research conducted on this topic will be organized into four key ideas: the function of stereotypes on television, the stereotypes presented on The Simpsons, the way Marge's character is complexified over time, and the intentions of the show's creators.

Through researching previous analyses on the subject of stereotypes on The Simpsons, I have identified six relevant contributors. All six scholars highlight prevalent stereotypes enabled on The Simpsons and each attributes unique reasoning to this comedic convention. All six researchers utilize a Hermeneutic approach as they focus on particular parts of The Simpsons to develop a close reading of specific scenes and episodes; however, the nuances of their research differs. Daniela Virdis (2010) uses linguistic theoretical frameworks, conversation analysis, and stylistics to assess Marge's representation as it fits into the traditional discourse of family dynamics, while John Alberti (2003) approaches The Simpsons with theoretical lenses, such as cultural studies, gender studies, and queer theory to evaluate the self-reflexive and hyperconscious nature of The Simpsons that exposes oppositional culture on the show. On the other hand, Edward Fink (2013) refers to psychoanalytic theory “ specifically relief theory “ to explain the importance of comedy in facilitating audience's laughter to function as a kind of catharsis of hidden feelings. Similarly, Paul Cantor unpacks popular elements of comedic writing to illustrate how The Simpsons is a self-aware, postmodern show that simultaneously focuses on the traditional representation of American family while presenting a paradox with its untraditional characteristics.

Matthew Henry (2007) and Ruth Teer-Tomaselli (1994) both utilize feminist theory in their analysis of the female experience on The Simpsons as they deconstruct Marge's fantasies of independence and freedom in the context of her role in the domestic realm. Despite the 20-year-range of these sources and the varying nuances of their research, all six analyses come to a similar conclusion involving an intentional exaggeration on the part of The Simpsons creators in constructing the show's characters. To begin a cohesive look at these six pieces of research, we must start with each researcher's perspective on the function of stereotypes on television. Since the invention of television, programming has faced limited availability of space for content. This time constraint necessitates that narratives establish characters' identities as quickly as possible; to fulfill this requirement, creators often use stereotypes in constructing their cast of characters (Cantor, 1999).

A stereotype is an oversimplified image or idea intended to present viewers with easily recognizable kinds of characters; stereotypes can pertain to age, sex, job, culture, race, and position in the family. These stereotypes perpetuate preconceived notions about specific groups of people (Alberti, 2003). Comic writers often rely on stereotyping in the construction of quick gags when they lack the time or space in the narrative to create nuance through subtle characterization (Fink, 2013). Humor depends on identity, and while humor is based on real people, it often depends on stereotypes “ reduced representations of characters that are generally conceptualized by a dominant cultural viewpoint (Teer-Tomaselli, 1994). In the television industry, stereotypes become a shorthand for presenting character traits as a source of humor (Cantor, 1999). In terms of female stereotypes, sitcoms rarely challenge gender-related traditions through the characters and situations presented. Since its inception, The Simpsons has engaged with the very political topic of ??family values, and therefore has provided countless examples of institutionalized stereotypes (Henry, 2007). The Simpsons has had multiple media identities (Fink, 2013).

While the show has featured bitter political and social satire “ which can prove fatal to mass public acceptance “ The Simpsons has fully entered the mainstream (Virdis, 2010). The Simpsons is notably one of the only series to maintain its mass media appeal despite its countercultural and edgy nature (Alberti, 2003). The Simpsons writers utilize elements of comic theory and structure in the show, which explains why the series appeals to such large audiences (Fink, 2013). Despite the show's creative success, The Simpsons features common stereotypes on an episodic basis; Apu Nahasapeemapetilon represents the clich of a shy, socially-isolated immigrant, and John Waters' episodes present homophobic language and careless bigotry. The most featured stereotype on the series is, of course, Marge (Alberti, 2003). The Simpsons frames Marge's character as the quintessential wife, mother, and homemaker who is typified by a desire to maintain order (Virdis, 2010). Marge lives in a liminal space where she exists between social categories, behaviors, and spaces; therefore she embodies the ambivalence of female identity and its relation to the public and private spheres (Henry, 2007). Marge's responsibility to care for her family is explicitly prioritized by the fact that her role as housewife appears to be her only pastime (Virdis, 2010). Although The Simpsons does not provide a full history of Marge, we do see enough glimpses of her past to see that she was raised with a proscriptive domestic ideology (Henry, 2007). Marge pacifies her husband and children as she brings understanding and order to the Simpson clan (Fink, 2013).

While some researchers state that The Simpsons' stereotypes demonstrate counterculture trends (Alberti, 2003), other scholars maintain that The Simpsons actually offers one of the most important images of the contemporary American family (Cantor, 1999). Although Marge is occasionally afforded the opportunity to exit her place in the home, these episodes routinely end with her being pulled out of her ??dangerous'' feminist fantasies of independence and freedom to be summoned back to take care of her family (Henry, 2007). The Simpsons continuously restores this ??proper'' order of the domestic realm in which Marge functions. Marge's idealism about her role in the public sphere is ultimately tempered by a number of experiences that bring her back into the home setting (Fink, 2013). Marge is given a gendered identity based on cliched assumptions about women's roles and priorities (Virdis, 2010). While her character seems to perpetuate the status quo, it is possible that The Simpsons' characterization of Marge aims to call viewers' attention to outdated gender roles. Over the many seasons of The Simpsons, Marge is given both a backstory and human flaws (Virdis, 2010). She begins the series as a simplified caricature that is then complexified over time. Her character grows into its own individual; she is uniquely Marge Simpson, rather than any old housewife (Cantor, 1999). Through this complexification, the tensions of contemporary femininity are presented on the show. The consequences that result from being in a perpetually liminal state are demonstrated in various episodes that illustrate Marge both inside and outside the home (Henry, 2007). By positioning Marge in this liminal space, The Simpsons makes her emblematic of the cultural contradictions of the female experience (Cantor, 1999).

The Simpsons appears to be self-aware in its complexifying Marge over time. By crafting Marge into a multidimensional character, the series presents more complex characterization and therefore increases the opportunity for identification for female viewers (Fink, 2013). Critics of The Simpsons contend that the show's popularity is a testament to the decline of American family values; however, many scholars explain that these critics need to take a closer look at the series in order to understand its place in the context of television history (Cantor, 1999). Despite its slapstick nature and mocking of particular aspects of family life, The Simpsons has an affirmative side that celebrates the nuclear family (Alberti, 2003). In creating the show, Matt Groening used dramatic devices that combine elements of the bizarre and the predictable. The mix of realism and cartoon works well on television where humor is often visually-driven (Teer-Tomaselli, 1994). The Simpsons deliberately goes against the conventions of realism in order to heighten the sense of realism in others; the show is portrayed as both unreal and universal, as an archetype of suburban life (Henry, 2007).

The Simpsons effectively combines parody with mass media appeal to critique postmodern society (Alberti, 2003). Defining Marge by her domestic role, the series brings light to the societal expectations that determine what is normalized in television (Fink, 2013). The hyperbolized housebound wife represents a generation of women who were defined by their position in the home. Popular culture is a site of constant conflict “ a place to create meaning for subordinated groups rather than the hegemonic groups producing the content (Teer-Tomaselli, 1994). The Simpsons' representations of female identity are nuanced with a feminist sensibility (Alberti, 2003). The series offers an intellectual defense of an ordinary family against the elites, which explains the show's popularity and broad appeal to American viewers (Cantor, 1999). Even today, progressive representations of families in American television are rare (Henry, 2007). The Simpsons merits attention for its ability to complexify Marge and provide her with a sense of independence rarely found in female characters (Virdis, 2010). Although The Simpsons does not constitute a feminist text, it does demonstrate the way feminine culture can assert its values within and against patriarchal structures (Henry, 2007). The Simpsons offers a female identity that is a complex combination of strength and weakness (Cantor, 1999). The series is both a protest against and an acquiescence to male dominance (Henry, 2007).

While The Simpsons creators might have positive intentions in their presenting institutionalized stereotypes, that does not necessarily lead audiences to interpret the narrative the way those creators intended. Given the substantial academic analyses of The Simpsons conducted over the last 20 years, I will continue this research with an in-depth study of textual evidence on The Simpsons. Like the six scholars cited above, I will also use a Hermeneutic approach to explore the details of particular episodes to find concrete examples of Marge's character and how that representation challenges or perpetuates institutionalized stereotypes of the American housewife. To differentiate my research from previous analyses, I will draw on Stuart Hall's Encoding/ Decoding model of communication to further identify creators' intentions with the construction of Marge Simpson and to discover how viewers interpret her character. The differing responses from audiences illustrate how the series is polysemic “ not fixed in meaning “ and can be interpreted in different ways. Cultural theorist Stuart Hall discusses this type of equivocality in the Encoding/Decoding model which provides a theoretical approach to analyzing how a particular text is encoded at the production level and then decoded by viewers (Hall). As Hall highlights in his communication model, it is the media markers “ the producers, writers, and directors “ who construct the message of a media text, often deliberately implanting a preferred meaning intended to be meaningfully decoded in a particular way (Hall).

In my research, I will find out if this preferred meaning is the dominant reading of The Simpsons or if an oppositional decoding is more common. I hypothesize that The Simpsons media makers have constructive intentions with their exaggerated stereotypes, but I am interested to find out if audiences find the stereotypes distasteful and offensive or inflated and humorous. I will also refer to Reception Analysis in constructing my research method. Rather than using a standard questionnaire format in my research, I will use more small-scale, qualitative methods such as focus groups and in-depth individual interviews to deconstruct the interpretations made by viewers. Therefore, I will not create a complete set of categories such as the uses and gratifications list, because the reception and the production of meaning cannot be separated from the particular contexts in which they occur to be understood meaningfully. I believe that further research into The Simpsons creators' intentions and a deep dive analysis of viewers' interpretations will allow me to conclude whether Marge Simpson's character challenges or perpetuates institutionalized stereotypes.

Bibliography

Alberti, J. (2003). Leaving Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Cantor, P. (1999).
The Simpsons: Atomistic Politics and the Nuclear Family. Political Theory, 27(6), 734-749. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/192244 Fink, E. (2013).
Writing The Simpsons: A Case Study of Comic Theory. Journal of Film and Video, 65(1-2), 43-55. doi:10.5406/jfilmvideo.65.1-2.0043 Hall, S. (1980).
Encoding/decoding. Culture, media, language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 128-138. Henry, M. (2007), "?Don't ask me, I'm just a girl': Feminism, Female Identity, and The Simpsons", The Journal of Popular Culture, 40 (2), 272-303. Teer-Tomaselli, R. (1994).
The Simpsons. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, (22), 52-56. doi:10.2307/4065736 Virdis, D. F. (2010).
Marge's Private Conflict in The Simpsons: A Linguistic Analysis. Caliban, 27. 2010, 295-304 Brunsdon, C., J. D'Acci, L. Spiegel (1997).
Feminist Television Criticism: A Reader, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Gray, J. (2006). Watching with The Simpsons: Television, Parody, and Intertextuality, London and New York: Routledge. Rhodes, C. (2001). D'oh the simpsons, popular culture, and the organizational carnival. Journal of Management Inquiry, 10 (4), 374-383. Turner, C. (2004).
Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. Waltonen, K., & Du Vernay, D. (2010).
The Simpsons in the Classroom: Embiggening the Learning Experience with the Wisdom of Springfield. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. Maas, ?‘., L. Arcuri, Language and Stereotyping, Stereotypes and Stereotyping, C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, M. Hewstone eds., London and New York: The Guilford Press, 1996, 193-226. Macrae, C. N., C. Stangor, M. Hewstone eds., Stereotypes and Stereotyping,London and New York: The Guilford Press, 1996

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Rethinking of Stereotypes

Although it has become a clich in recent years Winston Churchill's famous quote, History is written by the victors. Is very prevalent in the way that indigenous peoples in North America have been portrayed in films, text books, non-fiction novels, and other forms of media. While it would be financial and political suicide to create a film similar to a John Wayne western classic where an overly macho, gun-slinging hero wages war against the local indigenous tribe to rectify an arbitrary wrong would, unfortunately reaffirm the view that some Americans have towards Native Americans. In simpler terms indigenous peoples have been depicted as faceless, generic enemies to the American way of life.

In the introduction to First Peoples Colin Calloway discusses in detail the master narrative which simply put is the exclusion of some or all perspectives on an event in history. While the intent is not necessarily negative, the lasting effects of omitting pieces of history can still be seen today in the way that indigenous peoples are viewed. Calloway argues that a driving factor in the lack of consideration for indigenous perspectives is that the tragic history of Native Americans does not fit the uplifting and proud tone of most history books (Calloway, p. 3). To clarify, the Euro-centric American narrative emphasizes discovery and rugged individualism and to go into detail describing how for every triumph of an American explorer leads to a tragedy for Indigenous Peoples takes away from the message that many textbook authors are trying to convey.

An excellent example of the omission of Native American perspective leading to a harmful belief is the story or Roger's Raid which was discussed in class. Due to hubris or stupidity following his attack on a French missionary and Abenaki village Robert Rogers claimed to have wiped out the village killing 200 Abenaki. Rogers' belief was completely wrong and he killed closer to twenty people. Although the French were quick to claim that only twenty had been killed Rogers' account of events was widely believed. The harm in this being that the Abenaki village was small and that by claiming that he and his rangers had killed 200 people Rogers much alive with members of the tribe living mostly in New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, and New Brunswick. However, this example shows how easily Indigenous Peoples can be written off and assumed have died off.

In addition to the exclusion of their perspectives Indigenous People also suffer from a number of stereotypes that contribute to the fallacy that they have disappeared and are no longer part today's society. Thanks in part to outdated films and other forms of media Native Americans are often viewed as uncivilized and primitive compared to European settlers. This stereotype makes it hard for an individual to picture Indigenous People as being a part of today's society. Many of the stereotypes that one encounters on a day to day basis, although misinformed and ignorant, stem from relatively recent facets of life. For example, all members of fraternities are often considered to be binge drinkers with little regard towards any aspect of life that does not immediately impact them. Like all stereotypes this view of fraternity members does not tell the whole story, however it affirms that the group exists in the modern world. Stereotypes regarding Indigenous Peoples have not evolved to modern day. As a result when someone intends to insult Native Americans with a stereotype they are left using old, outdated stereotypes and in the process are not indirectly affirming that the group they are insulting is still alive.

While images and films where indigenous people are portrayed as savage pre-humans have fallen out of favor and generally would not be accepted by the public, the damage caused by old textbooks and out dated views have taken their toll. Some Native Americans are making an effort to dispel the notion that Indigenous People are not part of society today. One example of this the musical band Red Bone. The first stereotype that they indirectly break is that Native Americans are not successful in the United States. Their hit song Come and Get Your Love has found a resurgence in popularity thanks largely to it being featured heavily in the sound track of Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy. The second stereotype Red Bone challenges is that all Indigenous music consists of sad folk music and traditional songs. By creating a hit rock song Red Bone proves that Native American culture can and does focus on positive aspects of life and fits into modern society.

This of course is just a small glimpse into the revisionist history that has plagued history books for decades. Unfortunately, many more examples of this type of thinking is presented or forced upon the public in today's political and consumeristic world, attempting to mold our opinions and habits to benefit someone's agenda while undermining a people's civil rights.

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Stereotypes of Black Female Actresses

Since the beginning, black female actresses have been afflicted by the stereotypical roles that they play in television shows, short films, and films that made it to the big screen black actresses have been portrayed as being overdramatic, irrational, violent, and unreliable as well as often being either unemployed or working hard labor jobs that are more often than not degrading to the black female character. Black actresses play these roles in television and movies because they are viewed as always struggling and having problems whether that be emotionally and/or financially compared to the roles white women play because they are deemed to be perfect and have everything going for them.

There are many movies where African American actresses played different types of roles that frequently put black women in a negative light. For instance black women play many roles in movies that involve domestic violence where they are helpless in their current situation. Through the course of the films they are usually beaten by their boyfriends, husbands, thugs, etc. Movies and TV shows like these don't just subject stereotypes of black women on their black female actresses but black men as well on how they treat their women. They also have women play roles as single mothers struggling to take care of their children and themselves.

However depending on the storyline of the movie or show sometimes these roles can help prove how strong black women are and that they are indeed capable of taking care of her family and herself without a partner. In other movies they've shown black actresses playing the roles of prostitutes, to uphold the idea that some men think less of black women because they are willing to expose their bodies to anybody for money in return. There are also films that display black women as educated and having successful careers, though those films are in the minority compared to stereotypical films of black women. These roles in films show that not all black women are the same and that there are black women in the world who are successful and educated. Movies like The Help, Diary of a Mad Black Women, The Color Purple, and Why Did I Get Married show the different roles black women represent in films and in real life.

My paper will have a focus on the different roles black women play in films, as well as providing a detailed analysis of the different movies that a black women play in. These movies will give you a new impression of black women and the different stereotypes that they portray. I will discuss some examples from the articles and movies that I have. During my research I will focus on one particular point in each movie so that as a reader you will have a more defined understanding of my topic. There are also other sources that I've used during my research to back up on my topic. Nowadays in society stereotypes in movies have altered a lot due to many people disagreeing and hating the way these stereotypes have shaped the opinions and impressions of black women.

To begin with black women shouldn't to be treated unequally from white women, because whatever a white women can do a color women can do. I believe this because the color of your skin does not dictate what you can accomplish.
This book shows that black women will make sacrifices and do anything for her family. Mammies No More, tells a story of how a black women worked more for the white family rather than her own. In the book it mentions that the mammy is a black women who focuses her time love, devotion..on white particularly her adopted white family, rather than her own (Anderson). This quote demonstrates that black women aren't unreliable but instead are willing to make sacrifices that she deems necessary for the wellbeing of her family even if she's required to spend all their time on their work and less time with their family.

Black women are stereotypically looked at negatively. Our society uses different names to describe them, which I believe shouldn't have any part of stereotyping women of color. Black Women Stereotypes in the Media, is a YouTube video that shows the many views of how black women are stereotyped in the media as, violent, argumentative, loud, less than a man, an object or possession, and having no self-control. The video encourages that black women should always be proud of who they are and have pride in the color of their skin regardless of what people think of them and not pay attention to the negative stereotypes that some people in our society have about them.

In the article Black Women on Screen as Future Text, the author Nina Cartier describes how the impression of black women can change simply by her name regardless of her physical appearance. In Cartier's article she stated that new perspectives on black women's representations in the form of Kerry Washington who plays the role of Olivia Pope from Scandal and Nicki Minaj who is often called and described as black Barbie. With the changing in representation of black women within our society we eliminate some stereotypes while at the same time creating new ones.

For instance we have Madea an older violent yet righteous black women who holds family and respect to the highest of expectations. This character was created and played by Tyler Perry, people prefer him to play the role as Madea because of what the character believes in and how she behaves no matter how misguided or misunderstood she can be. And although the name Madea isn't a traditional name it doesn't come across and ghetto to give the character a negative first impression based off the black name stereotype. An opposing example of stereotyping by name is a television show called Martin. Where the main character Martin also plays the character of his female neighbor, Shanaynay. She is what would be the stereotypical outlandish ghetto person who has what would be considered as a ghetto name.

Some black women in our society were not raised by their mother, and were not taught how to appropriately conduct themselves. African Americans are judged on a day to day basis by the way in which they carry themselves in public and the media. It would be just to believe that women carry themselves in a manner on how they want to live.
In the article Mentoring and Mothering Black Femininity the author focuses on black women and how they are judged by their body, voice and images.

Society's stereotype of African American women exploits problems that anybody could have and applies them to black women, almost singling them out as the only people to have those problems which is indeed not the case. The movie Precious is about a 16 year old girl who was raped by her father and had two kids. The film goes further into her life and how her mother thinks that getting an education is pointless and won't do anything for her. What this film is doing is revealing the hardships some young women live in, in this case the life of living in a bad neighborhood while being a single teenage mother without a support system.

In the world that we live in today there are indeed black women who don't have a job and live off welfare to survive. The stereotype in society is that black women account for the greatest percentage of people who are on welfare, but in all actuality white people make up the greatest percentage of people who receive welfare. But because the media subjects our society to black people being ghetto, living in the hood, and poor African Americans are the ones who receive the negative stereotypes and assumptions.

I think the movie the The Color Purple reveals the many of the stereotypes black women face. The movie is about a black woman living down south who faces adversity on a regular basis. She goes through abuse and as if that isn't enough the problems that she encounters in her life only goes from bad to worse.

Yet the film manages to shed a positive light on the character as a strong determined black women, as she perseveres her dream of one day being able to meet her sister again. Black women face and overcome adversities that others may not understand and comprehend but some people in our modern culture will still manage to avoid looking at the good side of African American women and instead continue to stereotype and discriminate African American women.

In our society today the value of a black women isn't equivalent to the value of a white women, and as irrational as that idea is it is proven that there are people who believe such a thought is true. As if what a white woman has to offer is any more valuable than what a black women has to offer especially if that women of color comes has the same background if not better as that of a white women.

The Help, is about a southern college girl who dreamed of being a writer and decided to interview the black women in a town located in Mississippi during the 1960's who had spent their lives taking care of white families. What this movie shows is the stereotype and the belief that white women hold more value than that of an African American women. Because the girl who wishes to be a writer is interviewing black women who take care of white families and why a white woman at the time wouldn't be doing the things that they do which ultimately lead them to do better things and change their lives. In the movie Dairy of a Mad Black Woman Charles an abusive husband announces to his wife Helen that he was ending their marriage.

And through a lot of rage and emotion Helen's reaction was to destroy some of his stuff. That in itself is one of the stereotypes that is placed upon all black women is that they are loud, irrational, and out of control. In many of the films that cast black women they have them play loud emotionally charged characters that aren't taken as seriously because of their witty banter and outlandish antics. And to put it in comparison there aren't as many films that cast black actresses who play more serious roles as well as successful roles.

There are many stereotypical roles that are given to and played by black actresses in movies which have shaped the perception of public about black women in our culture. Our black women in our society who are just as equal to anyone else and who encounter the same trials in everyday life are much more than maids, prostitutes, and struggling mothers. Which is exactly how the media projects them to their audience whether that's through movies, television shows, and advertisements. Many people despise these stereotypes needless to say the black female population being the greatest population of those who believe these stereotypes are unfairly projected on those who they don't apply. And only through actively trying to get society to realize that these stereotypes are inaccurate, unfair, and in some cases hurtful will the current stereotypes that exist begin to be eliminated.

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Cop and Robber Reinventing Stereotypes

The 1999 film begins at The MET where a stolen valuable Monet painting brings together the self-possessed insurance investigator Catherine Banning and the culprit, self-made billionaire Thomas Crown. While Banning was not the lead investigator on this case, she took matters into her own hands and intrigued Crown by cutting straight to the chase leading on that she knew he was guilty. The two then begin what seems to be a game of cat and mouse ultimately becoming a whirlwind romance. Susan Bordo's Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body discusses how The disjunction between self-conception and external judgment can be especially harsh when the external definitions carry gender stereotypes with them.(134) Although the film may seem to reinforce stereotypes by subjecting Banning to the male gaze in her introduction, it instead is reinventing John Berger's theory that men act and women appear because there is much more to Banning than is lead on.

Berger's theory that men act and women appear is used to defy the male and female relationship. It implies that men look at women while the women watch themselves being looked at. An example of this is the Nautica ad where the men are unaware of their own appearances, but the woman nonetheless is aware of hers and of the men ogling at her. Much like the way Banning was introduced with her legs exposed to the male eyes and the way the camera slowly made its way up giving her a sense of mystery. However, the film reminds viewers to not be fooled by her character as Catherine Banning does nothing to please men it is all simply for her own amusement. She finds pleasure in the game she and Crown play as does he essentially making them the perfect match for each other. While Banning encounters typical feelings of self-doubt when she sees photographs of Crown with another woman, she greatly exudes confidence every other moment of the film.

As Banning and Crown's relationship grows Banning begins to develop feelings for Crown and vice versa. When McCann shows these images to Banning it was expected of her to feel hurt as would any human but Banning confronted Crown and acted with courage showing that she was tough. In fact, she and Crown are very much alike, as Charles Taylor suggests Crown and Banning are mirror images of each other (par. 2) they both are these rags to riches individuals whose rigid personalities and wisdom has bought them to where they are now. They both defy the Industrial Revolution stereotype which implies that men should not worry about grooming they should worry about being the breadwinner. Crown, of course, is always well groomed as he is shown in various suits and getting tailored. Banning herself proves that she is her own breadwinner by showing she is sharper and more intelligent than McCann, the detective, solving the crime. Bordo furthers that women should worry about their looks and apparel, if failed to do so, they are labeled as feminist and the opposite goes for males, yet both don't fret as their appearance comes naturally to them and does not create the audience to question their femininity nor masculinity.

As the two play, this game of cat and mouse they both fight over who has the upper hand in the relationship eventually being Banning. Although times are offered where she shows weakness, for example, the end scene where she is shown sobbing due to believing Crown has stood her up. However, when she sees him behind her, leaps over the seats and jokingly threatens Crown saying she will break both his arms, she regains her power. As Susan Bordo states Nowadays, the "act/appear" duality is even less meaningful, as the cultivation of the suitably fit appearance has become not just a matter of sexual allure but a demonstration that one has the "right stuff": will, discipline, the ability to stop whining and ?just do it.' (172-173) Banning herself has that will and ability, she truly wastes no time in getting down to business. She shows that she isn't just the object of attention but rather a more complex woman who is willing to do whatever it takes to obtain what she wants.

To conclude, although the film seems to reinforce stereotypes it ultimately reinvents them. Banning starts as the center of the male gaze but she is in fact much more intricate offering an abundance of personalities. She has her moments of self-doubt, but she radiates confidence. Unlike Bordo's student who had self-image issues and felt the need to hide behind makeup, Banning is assured and has such elegance that comes naturally. She and Crown are very much alike which makes them a dynamic duo. The two do nothing but lounge around and try to outdo each other in a game of cat and mouse that intrigues them to one another.

Overall, the film offered minimal scenes that showed Banning falling into the stereotypes but overall, she overpowered them like the larger than life woman she is. At length, all these elements appeal to the adult audience of both males and females as it represents norms being defied and teaches society that they do not have to settle for what they are set out to be by others.

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Stereotypes of Fraternity Members

Contents

Stereotypes of Fraternity Members
Works Cited

Stereotypes of Fraternity Members

Stereotypes are not narrowed down into one race, color, religion, age, social class, or sex. Although, each comes with their own stereotypes, all tend to be false and create a misinterpretation of someone before ever meeting them. Being a member of a fraternity comes with stereotypes that create an uncomfortable environment for some and causes possible people to not join one when it can create serious improvements in their life while in the fraternity and later in life. Stereotypes of members of a fraternity consist of being viewed as someone who pays for friends, rapists, rich spoiled kids, unintelligent, and countless more false stereotypes.

I grew up in a Christian home with moral values and most importantly was taught that all people are equal. Being in a social gathering and thinking about others and hoping they do not feel uncomfortable merely because of your presence takes a toll on your psyche. Staples said in his short story Just Walk On By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space I began to take precautions to make myself less threatening. I move / about with care, particularly late in the evening. (line 125-126) I was once out with some buddies one night and when we bought a round of drinks, one my buddies, visibly a member of a fraternity because of his shirt, offered a girl a drink. Instead of taking the drink she grabs the one he had in his hand and gives him back the one he offered. At first, I completely understood why it's a safe thing to do. Later in the night I noticed she was accepting drinks from guys and females without a question about any of them. I started to question what in a society creates a stereotype that all fraternity men are viewed as rapists who pay for friends.

A common stereotype in a fraternity is the thought because a fraternity has a fee to be an active member of it creates a paying for friends thought. Superman and Me Alexie said I refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant. I was lucky. (Line 62) Being in a fraternity is not something just for friendship but for social networking and getting business like experiences. I noticed right before college that all jobs I've ever worked at I got the job due to me knowing someone who currently worked at that job. I then decided to start reaching out to people who were in fraternities and them being one of the largest groups you can find on a campus. By joining a fraternity, I gained lifelong friends, the ability to network all around the country, and business-like opportunities making a refuse to fail environment and very lucky to be a part of a fraternity. The amount you pay to be in a fraternity you eventually end up receiving back if not more one way or another. Not only does having to pay to be an active member in a fraternity create a stereotype that you pay for friends it also creates a stereotype that all members are rich and spoiled kids.

My mother and father always found a way to supply me with anything I needed yet made clear that not everything was given to me. I grew up on a farm in a middle-class family with a great mother and father much like in Superman and Me. (Alexie line 1) I am glad I grew up in a family like this as it taught me to work for what I wanted and if I were to spend my money it would be towards something worthwhile. At first, the only thing stopping me from joining a fraternity was the money. I talked to many members when I was just a potential member who were worse of then me in financial circumstances and made me realize really anyone in any social class can be in a fraternity. Whether it's through T-shirts or hosting paid events or even concerts, you have access to all hosted by your fraternity through being in it and multiple resources from the house and other members. I have paid of my dues from the fraternity on time and much like my other brothers that are not upper class in a financial circumstance. Many of my fellow members grew up with very little and very quiet and humble members, dishonoring the snobby rich kid and unintelligent stereotype.

Members of fraternities have fell under the stereotype that they fail in academics and that they are unintelligent. Alexie talked about We were/ Indian children who were expected to be stupid. (Line 53-54) Much relatable to the stereotype involved with fraternities. The president of my Fraternity is a college major in psychology with a 3.8 Grade point average, our average grade point average for our chapter was a 3.2. 3 of our Alumni from our chapter are business owners yet our stereotypes are so undermining to the basis of the fraternity. I believe the stereotype bases out of the idea of fraternities throwing parties. People think that because many fraternities throw parties and that leads to lack of focus on academic work. College's priority is getting grades and graduating which is the focus in fraternities also. Going out is a way to relieve stress from the schoolwork, homework and studying. Though excessively going out can cause this prioritizing is what causes the stereotypes to be false.

Stereotypes are not just in Fraternities but in all aspects of life. Stereotypes have always been an issue that prevents someone from getting to know furthermore about people and even organizations. These stereotypes can really affect the outlook somebody has on a fraternity that can cause many people to miss opportunities that a fraternity can give them. Stereotypes such as being unintelligent, rich spoiled kids, people who pay for friends, or even rapists in an organization such as a fraternity can be proved to be fully false and stereotypes should never be something someone takes seriously.

Works Cited

Alexie, Sherman. Superman and Me www.umsl.edu/~alexanderjm/SupermanandMebyAlexie.pdf Accessed 18 Sept. 2018.
Staples, Brent. Just Walk On By: A Black Man Ponders His Ability to Alter Public Space. 1986. www.cabrillo.edu/academics/english/100resources/'Just%20Walk%20On%20By'.pdf Accessed 18 Sept. 2018.

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The most Common Stereotypes

Does anyone really like to be stereotyped in any way, shape or form? Does anyone want to be looked at and automatically judged just because of the way they look, by their skin color, their hair type, or even the type of clothing they choose to wear? Now, you might ask, well, what is even the correct definition of a stereotype?

According to United Nations Human Rights, the correct definition of a stereotype is the "generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by members of a particular social group or the roles that are or should be performed by, members of a particular social group." According to United Nations Human Rights, a stereotype is "harmful when it limits women's or men's capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their professional careers and make choices about their lives and life plans." Throughout the film, Finding Forrester, directed by Gus Van Sant, based on my own personal opinion, it is a film that perpetuates a variety of different and even harsh stereotypes. It is quite clear throughout the majority of the film, the two shared their differences, there was quite a series of controversy based on Jamal's race and his intelligence.

In the article, "Sex and Temperament" written by Margaret Mead, she describes how the roles of males and females are conditioned by that person's given culture. Mead describes the research done to see if cultures contribute to the shaping of a person. The research involves three primitive groups: the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchambuli. Through each of these groups with the roles of sexes, both male and female, they were based on the culture conditioning rather genetics or heredity; for example, culture conditioning is the way a newborn child is shaped or raised into its given culture.

Race is a major issue throughout society today, but race is also a major issue in the film along with the many different other stereotypes that are created. Take for example Corey Stewart, a Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in Virginia. Last year in September, Stewart used a well-known social media platform, Facebook, to further share his opinions regarding racial stereotypes pointed towards NFL players. As stated on CNN under the political category, Stewart said, "A lot of these guys, I mean, they're thugs, they are beating up their girlfriends and their wives, you know, they've got, you know, children all over the place that they don't pay attention to, don't father, with many different women, they are womanizers. These are not people that we should have our sons, or any of our children look up to. We need to have our children look up to real role models."

What does raising a child or even being a role model to a child have anything to do with playing football professionally? Stewart is obviously stereotyping black men based off the false stereotype of the general population of black men, lack of evidence and past history of racial incidences with people of color. It is also quite clear that Stewart is not acknowledging that other men or even women of different ethnicities have engaged in either the same or similar acts. Jamal Wallace is introduced in the film as a typical black teenage male who goes to a low-class high school in the Bronx, but very much so excels on the court as a basketball player. Jamal is dared by his friends to go into the apartment that they like to call "The Widow's House", of a recluse who watches Jamal and his friends play basketball through binoculars, but Jamal gets caught trespassing and runs away in fright.

Not too many people thought of Jamal as being anything more than just that, especially due to the fact that Jamal was making second-rate grades at his high school in the Bronx, he simply just does what he can to get by and maintain a "C" average. Jamal did not push himself any harder in the classroom than he ever needed to. Jamal's passion was always writing, so when Jamal broke into the man's apartment, he met an old famous writer named William Forrester, but he did not quite know exactly who he was yet until later on in the film and little did they know that when they first met what a great difference they each eventually made for each other. William is the first person who was genuine and sincerely cared to help Jamal on his writing by mostly teaching him discipline. Even though William's main goal when it came to helping Jamal with his writing, he also helped Jamal find himself throughout each of his own personal writings. Throughout the film, you can see that William's goal was accomplished, and Jamal prospers into be quite a good writer.

It is said that our parents, whether they were either right or wrong, shaped our lives into the human beings that we are all today and will be from our days moving forward. Each and every single one of us developed numerous habits that had eventually become apart of our daily routines in our everyday lives ever since the day we were all welcomed into this great, big world, and it helped us each to express ourselves within our world. I, myself, am no exception for the human being I am today, though in a much greater portion, because of my mother and father. As I grew up and even presently to this day, my own mind was nearly always on the same page as each of my parents: there is nothing I could not accomplish nor achieve; however, at this rather impressionable age, I began to notice certain habits only existed because of my parents and that certain tasks were not universally done by one another. As time went on, it became quite clear that my parents did not share the same roles or opinions as I had once thought they always did, whether it was about duties being performed around the house or whether it was about the positions of being a role model when it came to guidance, senses of perspective and aspirations.

If there is one thing I learned about this film, it is that, no matter where we go or what we do, there are challenges that lie ahead of us. You need to meet those challenges head on with your head held high and your heart open wide, because it is not enough to simply try and get by with your life. That does not move the world forward, nor yourself for that matter.

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An Influence of Stereotypes

Stereotypes have a open-ended power on the individual. What is a stereotype and the true power they hold? How do stereotypes affect an individual? You are an individual living in america that is supposed to be free from hatred, oppression, and subjugation. If we are supposed to live free from all of theses dividing things why do we throw stereotypes in our culture?. If we take a deep look into movies, books , commercials , music ect.. There is a pattern of us telling groups of people what they are to represent. Legally blonde, The breakfast club and countless other classic movies in our pop culture raised generations to learn who they are. This lead to our generation, friends, and family to think they are nothing more than what they have been told to be. Stereotypes are bullying us to believe segregation is okay so we end up in a path of havoc; But we have to choose if we will follow it through havoc or fight against it.

A stereotype is a popular oversimplified image or idea of a type of person or thing. We all know what people say and think about us should not matter to us or affect us in anyway. As humans with emotion and feelings we start to allow stereotypes to have control or power over us .This happens when stereotypes reach our insecurities, our flaws, our every imperfection. Stereotypes have so much power over us because we allow them to. We do not give it a boundary or limit so they hit us in our weakest areas.

People allow stereotypes to control them a lot more than what we think. This can be shown in Multiculturalism Threatens American Culture Paragraph 5 ,They are part of a global crisis in national identity, coefficients of the sudden collapse of self-confidence in the West”a collapse that shows itself in everything from swiftly falling birthrates in "old Europe" to the attack on the whole idea of the sovereign nation state. It is hard to avoid thinking that a people that has lost the will to reproduce or govern itself is a people on the road to destruction. Places like the sovereign nation or old europe have undergo so much stereotypes and hate throughout years and even centuries. As people, all of this will finally hit us whether we like it or not. These people lived terrible lifes just for them to be called the enemy in a place that is opposed to gives dreams and help. They finally allowed of all this to happen to them to the point they have given up. The government they once had fallen and now runs reckless because when they did stand strong others only found the problems with them. They give up trying to reproduce because lack of resources and the fact they don't want to make those monsters you speak of. They also don't want to bring a child into a world of hate and sin because it would destroy them like it has done before , like it has done to them. Bullying is stereotyping if you did not really know. The people of the sovereign nation or old europe were bullied to the point they completely shut down and gave up.

Bullying is a terrible epidemic that is happening to children, adults , and everyone. Stereotypes brought bullying, because every stereotype is a form of bullying. In American born Chinese Page 187, Today, when timmy called me a.a chink, i realized.. Deep down inside. I kind of feel like that all the time. Timmy told the group of asian kids in his class that they are chinks. Chink is an ethnic slur usually referring to a person of Chinese ethnicity. The word is also used against people of East Asian appearance. This seemed to have bothered them since the term is seen to be offensive. The girl in this story breaks down crying and you can tell that she is sad. She been told this term and probably others her whole life .This type of mental abuse brought on by a stereotype that one person thought was okay to throw around caused major bullying. Stereotyping is a form of bullying and bullying hurts people emotionally and mentally just as much as physically.

Mental and emotional bullying is something many people look over. In certain ethnic groups they are not even allowed to talk about the mental and emotional abuse they go through just because we have them stereotypes that they have to follow. In Model minority stereotypes Paragraph 15 it says "The evidence outlined here indicates that Asian Americans are not necessarily mentally or physically healthier than other ethnic groups." Asian americans are not mentally or physically healthier than other ethnic groups like people may have believed they were. Asian americans have a higher risk of mental health issues. People don't really know this since asian american like to keep that information disclosed. If you are an Asian americans it bring dishonor to your family if you do have a mental health issues, fail in school, or delinquency. New asian americans face barriers like this everyday trying to live the american way but stay in the traditional way too. Making younger and older asian immigrants have a higher chance of mental health issues. When we say Asians are smarter asians are better they can be affected by what others say ect . We put stereotypes on them that are already forced on by their families. The reasons Asians Americans have such a higher risk of mental health issues is because they are bullied by themselves, their families and us the American way.

How far does this mental issues may go on an individual. Well in American born Chinese Page 194, Now what would you like to become? In this page there is no real context on any stereotype that was truly said but there is a greater meaning hidden in this page. Jin has be stereotyped his whole life by his peers, outside people and everyone else. He's been called chink F.O.B kind of people everything you can think of. He finally allowed everything that was said to him finally get to him and his mental health. He started to not want to be himself anymore , he wants to be someone who he believes is normal or okay to be like. In this photo he changes from this black haired asian boy to a light colored eye blond boy. They don't look nothing alike or even are close to the same people. This shows how stereotypes can go so far to affect the individual idea of what is accepted in this world. He believed he wasn't to ever be accepted in this world if he didn't look like the American ideal . In a way he was right , people accepted the light colored eye blond boy over the black hair asain kid. We allow these stereotypes to go so far because it was the way we were raised , it was in our culture or pop culture.

Pop culture has been something that has affected generations and their thought process for years.Modern popular culture transmitted via mass media and aimed particularly at younger people. Movies, music , books, and everything else kids are interested in today is called pop culture. Now how does this involve stereotypes well like said before stereotypes are bullying because someone belongs in a certain group but where does this idea come from. There?› a stereotype about blondes that they are dumb and brunettes are smart. The movie legally blonde? the biggest stereotype is Elle and her blonde hair and fashion goals making her dumb. This stereotype of blonde women being dumb has plagued humanity for a long time. Another stereotype in this is when the brunette was shown to be hardworking, smart and earned her way into harvard they made it so that she couldn't be nice and only uptight. This movie made people to believe that women could only be 2 things, blonde pretty? bubble head or a smart uptight brunette.Was that the image we wanted our future generations to learn? Why was this what we allowed our children (boys and girls) that they can be only 2 things? Dumbo made in 1941, an american childs classic.

I can talk about other movies, shows but this movie was targeted to children this movie was what children loved , even i admit to loving this movie. In this movie like many many other disney movies of that time period racism was a huge thing that was shown in between the lines. These issues has been there since disney started. Another issue is the use of stereotypes which are used to represent characters in dumbo. We have previously seen the reinforcing stereotypes of Arabs in the disney movie Aladdin. They also use slang words such as calling each other brotha and speaking in southern accents with mutilated grammar. This wasn't fully shown but it was there, our children watched and loved this show but they also watch and learn how we want them to see people or different race. When i say that popular culture has everything to do with the stereotypes and the way we decide to treat people of different groups is because we learned at a young age this.

We may have learned or even had this instinct to stereotype people from a very young age. We may have even allowed it to have no boundary or limit. We did though allowed it to hold power over us and define who we are. History though has taught us that humans are actually very capable to break every chain that stereotypes put to divide us. In Is the American Idea Doomed? Paragraph 7 it says radical to claim that a nation as new as America could have its own idea to give the world, it was destabilizing to discard rank and station and allow people to define their own destinies, and it bordered on absurd to believe that a nation so sprawling and heterogeneous could be governed as a democratic republic. Many people did not believe that americans can have such and amazing impact as they did. They undergo a stereotype that america a new nation couldn't uphold a great thing like the american idea. Everyone believed they couldn't do it until they did. Americans wanted to make the american idea a place where people could be who and what they what to be. They wanted to make this a place of hope and they did for the longest they gave a new idea of what they wanted america to symbolize in the end they proved they were more than a stereotype. America is not one of the best places in the world but it is surely not the worst. Getting over any type of stereotypes it is bumpy and hard but there is an end to it.

WASP was one of the many things we as a people had to get over to better america and get rid of stereotypes on us as people but not just individuals. You can not end stereotypes alone but you have to work together slowly. The End Of WASP-Dominated Politics Paragraph 9 , "The Supreme Court, for the first time in its history, does not boast of a single justice who is Protestant. " The supreme court has been stereotype since it started. Depending on the area or place you come from, you may have heard a new things about the good/bad parts of the supreme court. One of the most common stereotype is that the supreme court is nothing more then "angry white men in a robe . Yes maybe at one point itn time that was somewhat true but now it really isn't. That stereotype ends now with our generations and the generations after/ before. We no longer are what people say because we changed who we are and our court with it. We invited so much diversity in it and yes it was a struggle but we did it. We have different sexes, ethics , religious background in the supreme court so that stereotype cannot stand anymore. We became more diverse after breaking the chain of stereotypes. We started to strip all our stereotypes that divided one by one together.

Stripping stereotypes took time but every different year , every new law that was getting passed we started to get there more and more. The End Of WASP-Dominated Politics Paragraphs 16-18, "Catholics, who used to be public enemy No. 1 for a lot of Americans, have been totally embraced, by the Republican Party especially," Preston says. Civil rights laws began to break down barriers for black Americans, while the 1965 immigration law ended quota systems that had for decades heavily favored immigrants from Western Europe."All these immigrants started coming in from Latin America and Asia, many Catholic or not Christian,".

In the ?60's people slowly but surely started to take away all the stereotypes that once were on others. They knew they were the ones who inflicted they most pain so they were to the ones who needed changed it. Americans did started off slowly but impacted amazing. We had a lot of fights on whether this would be a good thing or not . In the end of all the conflict we knew we had to accept that this was a terrible thing and we needed to put things like this in past. Americans do not have borders .Crazy to think we have people to come together as one even if they weren't born here on our land. They are still considered the people of here they are american for having the same mindset as us and the same dreams.

Stereotypes have a open-ended power on the individual. They never had a boundary or limit on us. They invaded our cultures, our happiness, our insecurities. Stereotypes put chains, built walls just to divide us all so we can know that we are different from each other in every single way. They split us apart and made us lonely. They had so much power on us , the only thing is that we allowed them to have that power over us. The control, the walls , the chains everything we allowed stereotypes to do that to us. We have the power to break the chains tear the walls down and we have done it before in history so many times it actually is what america was made on it is the freedom we talked about and supported as people for centuries. Stereotypes made us find and face our individuality. Stereotypes were never bad but they were never good. They are nature a basic instinct we have . We as individuals choose whether we want stereotypes to be good or bad. What is the effect of stereotypes on the individual ? Well every stereotype we have we choose the effect of them.

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Stereotypes in Today’s Society

Contents

Stereotype-resistant commercial
Stereotype supportive commercial
Conclusion

The world evolves around technology and it is an important tool in today's society. The media is a source that is used to help a person stay connected to the world they are living in. Many issues within the media are the bad things that happened which allows opinions to be expressed and stereotypes to be formed. One thing that most individuals do not do is look at the good that some of these issues bring to the table. For instance with the continuous riot happening on the campus of the University of Chapel Hill many were brought together to express their like opinions on the issue. Diversity was well arrayed within the student population and community; which shows you the different races, ages and sex put any differences aside that may have been present and came together. Another source in media that many individuals like to watch are advertising commercials. Many of the commercials one sees today are stereotype resistant due to many commercials receiving backlash if there is any stereotyping within the commercial targeting one group. These commercials promote what one would want to see in today's society such as a women taking on a man's job. Then there are those supportive stereotypes that targets one group and associates that group with whatever it is they are being stereotyped on.

Diversity in today's news while commercials portray resistant and supportive stereotypes
When watching television, the shows being watched are broken up with brief breaks due to commercials. Many may not look into hidden messages or the stereotypes portrayed in commercials; but majority of commercials in today's society have supportive or resistant stereotypes in them. The messages presented in some commercials have become so bad that they had to be taken off of the air. While others steer away from stereotyping and try to promote the realism of what society is thought to be in today's world. The news educates persons on what is going on in the world, the state and on local matters. Sometimes you can witness where diversity is demonstrated in the news.
Diversity in the news

A popular topic in today's new is the toppling of the Silent Sam statue at the University of Chapel Hill. Due to occurrence of this event there was an enormous riot that took place on the campus between individuals who support the reasoning behind the toppling, and those who were against the toppling of the statue. It was said that the reasoning behind the destruction of the statue was because individuals believed that the statue exhibits racism on the campus. An Activist who graduated from the University of Chapel Hill has been advocating the removal of the statue since 2011. Some Individuals who are African American feel as if this statue has no history and does not represent the African American's on that campus. Those who were against the toppling of the statue expressed how the statue represented natives of the south and did not have anything to do with racism. When watching the news you can see that those who supported the toppling showed diversity on the campus. Surprisingly there were many Caucasians who protested with many minority groups for the approval of the toppling of the statue. You see many men and women between the ages of 20 and 50 years old protesting their beliefs on the issue. It was great to see individuals coming together to express their beliefs no matter their age, race or religious preference. You would see Caucasians holding signs saying Black Lives Matter and Muslim individuals holding signs saying Racism does not live on this campus. Also in the videos you see people of different races helping those who were pepper sprayed or those who were verbally being attacked by the opposing side.

Stereotype-resistant commercial

One stereo-resistant commercial that is on television now is the University of Phoenix advertisement. It demonstrates women feminism and work empowerment. In this commercial a single mom is working in a shop typically for male workers. She is soon replaced and decided to go get an education from the University of Phoenix which allows her to place a job in information technology, which is also a male dominate job. In the commercial it shows the women working hard as a mother and also pursuing her degree. Before pursuing her education she was down and out about not having a job to support her family which caused her to look at the poster she had of Rosie the Riveter. That powerful poster encouraged her to take the big step which the poster stood for women working in the male dominant industry.

Stereotype supportive commercial

Tobacco commercials are advertisements that we see a few times a day on the television. One particular commercial promotes tobacco companies advertising in low income communities mainly targeting minorities. In this commercial it shows how tobacco companies advertised cigarettes near schools in the lower income communities. Tobacco companies feel as if individuals in these communities are more vulnerable to buying cigarettes. Those who are paid less, little education and are living in poverty are believed to continue their habits and continue to be in the lower income community. This commercial is conveying that only the low income and those of the minority group are individuals who are more likely to smoke, and they are targeted based upon one's opinion.

Conclusion

We learn a lot through the news about our society which diversity was one of those concepts that was learned. Diversity was demonstrated on an issues on the University of Chapel Hill campus that was an ongoing topic spoken upon within the news. There are many stereotypes in today's society which two types that were talked about in this paper were resistant and supportive stereotypes. It was learned that there are some commercials that target and stereotype certain groups, and some commercials that steer away from stereotyping.

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Oratorical Leaders and the Magic of Stereotypes

After some time, there have been numerous people that have stood up on world issues, for example, subordination, discrimination, straitification, and prejudice. The talks that are given by these individuals have enlivened change inside social orders everywhere throughout the world. They have set out to challenge the perspectives and practices of societal standards that were against equity for each individual. A discourse by one of these compelling individuals will be broke down to recognize the generalization being tended to and how the discourse affected the in-gathering and out-assemble included.

The discourse that I picked was made by Malala Yousafzai. This address was made before the UN in 2013 amid a Youth Takeover occasion including various training advocates from around the globe. Amid her initial years, she carried on with a typical life in Pakistan and went to a school established by her dad. After some time, the Taliban started to the region in which she lived, including nearby young lady's schools. At 12 years old, Malala started to blog about her living conditions. She picked up a developing stage and pushed to stand up on the privileges of ladies and kids to an instruction. Because of her endeavors, the Taliban countered by issuing a demise danger against her. At 15 years old, on a transport on her route home from school, Malala and additionally two different young ladies were shot and harmed by a veiled shooter. She was left in basic conditions as she was shot on the left half of her head. In 2013, after numerous medical procedures and a long recuperation, she started to go to class in the United Kingdom. This same year, on her sixteenth birthday celebration, is the point at which she gave the discourse to the UN. Around the same time, she was named for a Nobel Peace Prize and in 2014, she really won. She keeps on being a lobbyist for youngsters' and ladies' rights (Kettler, 2016).

In the wake of exploring numerous discourses from numerous remarkable people, I picked this specific discourse since I felt just as the message and the mission that Malala remains for is wonderful. Inside her UN discourse, she talked about her encounters inside her nation of origin. Her family was resolved for her to pick up a training nearby her kin yet there were powers that tried to take this away. The Taliban fear monger gather endeavored endeavors to smother the general population in Pakistan by devastating school. The Taliban harmed and slaughtered a great many individuals, particularly those that were overcome enough to face them. Subsequent to being shot, rather than venturing down, fleeing, or concealing, she chose to proceed with her central goal in the quest for equity, equity, and peace. This discourse addressed my convictions as well as my identity as a man. I am a lady, as well as bringing up a girl. Growing up, I was sufficiently blessed to not exclusively have the capacity to go to class, yet I could go to a school my decision and gain the instruction I felt just as I merited. I not exclusively was designated the chance to go to elementary school, yet additionally encourage my training by attending a university. I might want to surmise that my little girl will emulate my example by remaining in school and heading out to pick up a school training.

In this discourse and amid this time, the in-bunch shifts. This in-amass incorporates essential and auxiliary gatherings. The discourse tended to the majority of the people inside the UN meeting, including the instruction advocates. The in-assemble additionally incorporates people in Pakistan, India, and the world. It is for ladies and kids and those on the planet that have faith in perspectives and reason for Malala's central goal. The essential gathering incorporates Malala's family, neighbors, and companions. These are the general population in which she is the nearest to which gives a feeling of having a place through her close and perpetual relationship. These individuals incorporate those that have been with her for a broadened timeframe and know and comprehend her as a man. They can be the most strong of her central goal and her endeavors. The auxiliary gathering is a bigger gathering and incorporates more formal connections. This gathering incorporates adherents of her online journals, individuals from associations in which she have a place, her schoolmates and educators, and all the more comprehensively, political figures, human rights activists, social specialists, and those around the globe that have known about her name, her discourse, or her motivation. These are individuals in the in-assemble that have perhaps experienced similar battles that she have experienced. These are the general population that trust in the message that she is sending and might want to see a similar change that she is advancing. These are individuals that will stroll with her to guarantee that there is change for ladies and youngsters with regards to instruction.

Malala and the in-amass tended to and tested a couple of generalizations inside this discourse. She talked on the bias, subordination, and segregation of ladies and kids inside her nation of Pakistan. She talked on how ladies and kids were and still focused by the Taliban. She said that her home of Pakistan is a serene and cherishing popularity based area. She expresses that the general population of the province need instruction for their youngsters. She additionally expresses that her religion of Islam is a religion of peace, mankind, and fraternity and that it is an obligation and duty of every single kid to be furnished with and to acquire a training. She raises the statement "The pen is mightier than the sword" and clarifies that the reason the Taliban fear monger and radicals crush offices and assets for instruction is on account of they fear books and pens, they fear the intensity of training; the materials and assets that can enable individuals to increase comprehension, learning, and develop. They fear the power that training can provide for ladies. Psychological militant are in Pakistan, as well as around the globe, causing annihilation and dread inside the general population. Kids as utilized for youngster work. Young ladies are constrained into household tyke work and get hitched at early ages. These fear based oppressors gain control in the neediness, obliviousness, bad form, prejudice, and hardship of the fundamental human rights inside the district and inside the world.

As I would like to think, I don't trust that the individuals from the in-aggregate schemed to subordinate the out-gathering. I do trust that the in-amass is working inside the social structure of the time. Malala communicated in her discourse that she doesn't loathe the Taliban fear monger who shot her, nor does she despise the gathering. In the event that given the chance, she would not look for requital and attempt to hurt the individual that hurt her. Rather, she might want to hone absolution, sympathy, and peace that she has gained from a portion of the compelling pioneers of over a significant time span times. She expressed that her objective is change like pioneers, for example, Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela. She might want peacefulness like Gandhi and Mother Teresa. With her stage, she and the in-aggregate call upon the world's pioneers to change the present circumstance to advance uniformity, success, and peace. She expresses that to actualize peace bargains that secure ladies and youngsters' rights. Governments ought to guarantee that every youngster is given the chance of free mandatory instruction. Governments should battle against psychological warfare and savagery to shield ladies and kids from ruthlessness and damage. Created countries are called upon to help the extension of instructive open doors for ladies and kids inside creating nations. Networks must be tolerant surprisingly, and must reject the biases in view of shading, statement of faith, cast, religion, and sex. She at long last calls upon ladies to be overcome and solid and understand their maximum capacity.

My demeanors have not changed toward bias, subordination, or separation. Inside my general public, generalizations and any sort of bias are not acknowledged and not endured. I have a blended family. My little girl is half African American and half Latino. I work each day with a blend of people that have distinctive foundations and societies. I go to a multicultural church that grasps the distinction of its individuals and invites all of us with open arms. The general population that I am encompassed by are liberal and kind to other people. We are in a period that individuals are additionally tolerating of others contrasts and are all the more eager to open up and find out about and from those of different societies and nations. The media now and again depict issues and pictures that talk on the theme of segregation and preference since regardless it exist inside the world. Malala's discourse is verification that while numerous nations advance fairness and human rights, there are still nations, associations, gatherings, and people that are against correspondence and might want to advance division, isolation, disparity, neediness, obliviousness, and mayhem. The best activity is to take after alongside Malala, and numerous different activists that call upon the administrations and social orders to support the general population, give training, and advance fairness for all.

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The Acrions Behind Texting and Driving

Texting and driving has become a recent issue in today's society. Many accidents are blamed on distracted driving and most of the distractions are caused by cell phone usage. Using acell phone, whether talking or texting, while driving can be extremely dangerous. It is obvious that texting and driving is extremely dangerous, but the majority of drivers continue doing so. It is illegal because it is very hazardous to yourself and the people surrounding you. In trying to prevent this, new laws have been passed, making the use of cell phones while operating a car, illegal. However, too many people do not respect this law. Texting while driving impacts the lives of those around you. A single distraction while driving, as small and simple it may seem such as texting, can lead to the death of loved ones.

People really need to understand how easily it is take the life of someone else or even themselves. Texting and driving is even compared to the danger level of drunk driving. In today's day and age, technology has drastically increased. People seem to rely on the use of their devices more than anything. Typically, whenever and wherever, everyone is engagedin some form of technology, cell phones in particular. Nowadays, a lot of people doesn't even like to have phone conversation, they can deliver their entire thought through a simple text message. Texting' while driving is the act of composing, sending, or reading text messages, email, or making other similar use of the internet on a mobile device while operating. It is extremely dangerous because people who do this are putting more attention in texting, and they take their eyes off the road while they are driving, which increases the chance that the driver can lose the control of the vehicle, and could cause a crash or even in a worst case could kill other people. When a person is texting, she/he is thinking about other things besides concentrating on driving.

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Why Texting and Driving is so Dangerous

In this day in age many millennials don't consider the risks of texting and driving, in fact not a ton of people consider the risks of texting and driving in this day in age. Statistics have been compiled in recent years display that every day in the U.S., 9 people die because they use their phone while driving and over 1,153 are injured in distracted driver crashes that is daily meaning texting and driving is one of the most dangerous things in this era. An innumerable amount of people use their phones while driving, and don't think it's a big deal, and who knows what the future looks like in the near future when many children are getting iphones and smartphones at younger ages who knows how often they'll be using their phones while driving if they are starting to get phones at a younger age and develop addictions for them. According to an article on psychology today, 40% of the United States population are addicted to their smartphones.

In the future phones are only going to continuously get more and more advanced causing more people to get them and use them while driving. One cannot emphasize enough how important it is for other humans to not use any cellular device while driving. Texting and driving can have similar impairments to drinking and driving, according to the National Highway and Transportation Administration both can have results that can result in following too closely, weaving into oncoming traffic, or not being able to brake on time. Many young teenagers who first get their license tend to make a big mistake and that's picking up the phone to text while driving. Picking up the phone to text can be ones first major mistake that can also be fatal. How important is a text to a lot of people if they are willing to risk their lives and the lives of others around them by texting and driving. Is one text really worth putting multiple people at risk just because one can't wait to see what a text they received said, simply due to the fact someone feels like they must respond to a text immediately is why many of the accidents occur and a quantity amount of the time this leads to a vehicular accidents that can result in deaths.

The biggest age group affected by this problem would have to be teens aging from 16 up to adults aging around 30. In the end, no one benefits from this problem other than the law enforcement team who has worked so hard to stress the importance of no texting while driving and funeral homes that are being paid for burial expenses. Many teens who die from texting and driving are in High School, Imagine if while in High School hearing on the announcements one of your classmates died. Many High School students nowadays have to hear that on the announcements because their fellow classmates weren't able to resist the temptation of being on their phone while driving they ended up dying. According to Goldsborough "the human brain is not capable of being able to use a mobile device while driving, it is too much for it to process." (Goldsborough). Similarly Cox confirms "driving is a one mind chore" (Cox). The human mind is not capable of being able to text and drive at the same time since it's such a fast paced thing to do while driving. The reason it will be so hard to make texting and driving illegal in every state is because officers will have to check the logs on the persons phone they pulled over to see if they were actually texting and driving, or maybe they were just getting off a phone call with a close relative. As soon as an officer has the right to check the log of someones phone they pulled over the law will start to see some issues with privacy. This issue is very important because this issue is constantly on the rise.

The age group that is most responsible for being in distracted driving accidents are teens-adults. The reason for this is that our generation is the technologically advanced generation. Everyone seems to have an iPhone or a laptop or an iPod these days, even young children. These advances have become so deeply rooted in our society one cannot seem to go a single day without their phone or laptop or other electronic devices. People are constantly using the Internet and checking their phones whether it is to text someone or to update their status on social media. This issue affects the current generation as a whole because younger people continuously keep getting more and more advanced phones. The color red in the image above represents death or danger. The reason that is believed is because in the picture one can see a text on the phone that says Lol then the text in red reads texting and driving is not funny. No matter how important a text might seem it isn't worth risking the lives of those around us. Remember that a text can always wait, but can those who have a phone always take that into consideration? Distracted driving has gotten way out of hand.

As stated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5,474 people were killed in accidents that happened because of distracted driving and 448,000 were injured (Texting While Driving). Even just glancing down to a mobile device while driving or sending a simple love you text can be very dangerous. Justin McNaul, the director of state relations for the American Automobile Association stated, Even taking your eyes off the road for two seconds doubles your chances of being in a crash ( In Cell Phones). Why would you risk your life, the people you love, and stranger's lives? Waiting to text your friend about the super cool dress you got can wait until you are safely out of your car. Remember, a crash that happens because of texting can driving can happen to anyone no one is immune from it. Distracted driving is something that should not be taken lightly when many young teens are losing their lives due to the fact that many of them don't have the self control to avoid looking at their phone while driving, but it isn't just teens who do this many adults in this day of age use their phones while driving as well. The dangers of texting and driving can't be emphasized enough when many people continuously lose their lives due to one poor decision.

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Stereotypes in Disney Movies about Princesses

I have been watching Disney movies since I was very young. However, as I've grown up watching these movies I've noticed the pressure it puts on young girls to look and act the way the princesses are portrayed in these movies.

Imagine young girls looking up to heroines in movies who have a perfect body, perfect face, fantastic singing voice and are always trying to find her true love. These ideal stereotypes have girls all around the world mesmerized by the ideation of trying to be that perfect girl they see in Disney Princess movies. These movies also portray stereotypes concerning the role of a female including cleaning, cooking, and always having the male as the dominant role. Because of these stereotypes, younger girls are putting on lots of makeup, dying there hair, and trying to have the perfect body by working out or even cutting back on the food they eat. These social norms create a false sense of self-esteem that can give younger girls the wrong message, and create a situation where if a young girl is criticized, her self-esteem may drop even more. My concern with Disney Princess movies following stereotypes is mainly based off of young children believing they need to succeed these expectations. These claims even affect boys as much as girls. Although many young girls and boys idolize Disney princesses, they promote stereotypical behavior and therefore female characters should be changed in upcoming movies.

Media, due to stereotypes have been influencing all generations poorly for many years. In fact, the history of stereotypes in Disney dates back to 1937 in Disney's film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Snow White stereotypes girls by showing them that cleaning is there job, they will one day be rescued by a prince, and they always have to take care of others. By showing young girls a perspective of a female role model that they look up to, may teach them to try to achieve the stereotypes that they portray. The impact of movies on young children's perception of their body images has also been a continued concern within the history of Disney Princess stereotypes. As I was reading an article on DoSomething.org, I learned that, Approximately 91% of women are unhappy with their bodies and resort to dieting to achieve their ideal body shape. Unfortunately, only 5% of women naturally possess the body type often portrayed in these movies by Americans in the media (11 Facts about Body Image). The majority of girls have a problem with their body types, which is a major problem because girls should not be ashamed of their bodies. The Washington post did a study in 2002 about how princess culture affects 198 preschoolers and Elementary girls. The one main point they got out of this research is that the more the princess culture affects girls, the more they behaved in stereotypical feminine ways.

As well as stereotypes being portrayed in the older Disney Princess Movies, there are still signs of stereotypes in the newer movies. The newer movies that portray less stereotypes is Frozen, Moana, and Beauty and The Beast. Although these movies consist of less stereotypes, they still display stereotypes that can affect girls perspective on their bodies and what a relationship should not consist of. The Disney movie Frozen, has many stereotypes including the fact that girls have to have a man in there life to solve all their problems. Anna displays a girl who thinks her sister is better than her because she's more perfect. As I was reading an article on theguardian.com, I was enlightened that Elsa portrays a character that thinks she can do whatever she wants, She's dancing in the snow, complaining of how hard it is to play by the rules and conceal her inner self. She climbs the mountain(Frozen's Elsa in a Racy Dress). Not only is there stereotypes in Frozen, there are stereotypes in Beauty and the Beast. As I was reading an article on theodysseyonline.com, it became clear that ,Belle can be compared to the stereotypical woman in today's society because women today are forced to give up their own hopes and dreams to be the main caretakers of the home and children(Gender Roles: As Told By Beauty And The Beast). Women in today's society still face challenges in these stereotypical categories. As you can see there are many negative stereotypes portrayed by your movies that need to change. As a society we need to encourage our youth to be the best individual that they can be. We need to encourage our young impressionable youth that dreams do come true and that they should always pursue their dreams.

Ethically, it is imperative that we teach our young girls correct self images. We need to teach self reliance, strength, confidence, compassion, empathy, and persistence among others. All of these attributes are sometimes portrayed in your Disney Princesses, but seemingly the story lines don't focus on this, they usually focus on a subordinative role for the Princesses, always being saved by a male hero. When young girls are subjected by the ideal princess, it makes them feel as if they need to meet those expectations. Many parents of young girls are worried about them behaving like Disney Princesses and one parent expressed her opinion by stating that the Disney Princess empire was the first step down a path to scarier challenges, from self-objectification to cyberbullying to unhealthy body images (Little girls or little women? The Disney princess effect). Self objectification is very wrong and should not be acted upon at a young age. Keira Knightley (actress) was talking to Ellen Degeneres on her show about Disney Movies and Keira stated how the 1950's Cinderella waits around for a rich guy to rescue her. Don't! Rescue yourself. Obviously! Keira Knightley is giving us commentary on the fact that women don't need men to save them from there issues. Young girls should be taught that it is okay to not be perfect, it's okay to put themselves first, and it's okay for them to step up and to take action.

As well as young girls being affected by stereotypes within the Disney Princess culture, many young boys have been affected too. Disney Princess Movies portray male characters as strong, handsome, brave, and saviors. With these stereotypes, many boys who watch Disney Princess Movies might subconsciously emulate these male figures. An example of a stereotypical male character is Gaston from the movie Beauty and the Beast, he is stereotypical because he is the rich bachelor that the entire village female population seems to drool over because he's big, strong, rich, and handsome. This right away forms an ideal image for men that they will only get women's attention by obtaining those attributes (Disney Gender Analysis). When young boys are exposed to these types of stereotypical expectations, they may want to pursue the roles of these male characters that may be seen as ideal. Ideally, balance is best for both genders to work toward. For boys, who are already immersed in a hyper-masculine culture, becoming more feminine is becoming more well-rounded, according to (Disney Princesses Do Change Girls ” and Boys, Too). Another big topic is the concern with homosexuals not being incorporated into Disney Princess Movies. A man by the name of Alex Kritselis stated his views by saying,Sadly, most Disney films are built upon a solid heterosexist foundation - boys chase girls and vise versa, case closed. In Disney's world, there is little room for variation (What Disney Movies Teach Men). It is not just young girls that are affected, its young boys that can get the wrong message about how Disney portrays there women and men characters within there attributes.

Although Disney princesses portray these types of stereotypes, there are still traits in Disney Princess movies that educate kids and show how they can be brave and embrace their own values. The newer movies display more of a brave and powerful female role, unlike the older movies. Moana is an example of a Disney movie which interprets a princess that breaks most of the female stereotypes portrayed in Disney Princess Movies. Moana is a princess that is brave, fearless, and she stands up to people just to protect her community. Even though she broke many stereotypes, she still is an ideal princess because she shows weakness in some parts of the movie. Stereotypes in Disney Princess Movies have been decreasing throughout the years, but have not dissolved all the way. Tangled is a prime example of stereotypes decreasing but not all the way. The movie Tangled was a big transition into Disney breaking multiple stereotypes. As I was reading an article on medium.com, they explained that, Tangled is a good movie that somewhat breaks these gender roles. Rapunzel doesn't really need Flynn to save her. She has to save him a couple of times throughout the movie(Disney Princess Movie: Gender Roles and Stereotypes). Even though she broke stereotypes, she also displays many because she is imprisoned within the tower since a child, she is a waif-like female with big eyes and a teeny-tiny waist who sings about doing chores with the refrain, wonder when my life will begin. Rapunzel is stereotypically overly emotional, swinging from one end of a mood swing to another as often as she (and others) swing from her long golden locks (Disney's Racist Stereotyping and Gender Roles Remain Un-Tangled). This is a prime example of a Disney Princess Movie that is both a negative and positive impact on the younger community.

Among with current Disney Princess movies being a controversial topic dealing with stereotypes, there are still many problems due to the princesses that Disney aspires to be role models. In many of the Disney Princess movies, the woman are seen to be strong, loving, and kind people. As children watch these movies they learn these attributes and act upon it in their own life. These Disney princesses may teach children to be less selfless and shy away from any cruel acts. Although these are ideal traits for society, there are still many traits in these princesses that the younger generation should not follow. The ideal women should be praised for many of her attributes and not just beauty. Even though some of the male characters fall in love with the princesses for their personality including Tangled, Beauty and the Beast, and Mulan, there are still Disney Princess Movies that portray male characters falling in love with the princesses due to mostly there beauty such as Aladdin, The Little Mermaid, and Cinderella. Most of the Disney Princess movies that show the male character fall in love with the princess for just her beauty, do not get to know each other and do not have a deeper connection besides there appearance. Therefore, Disney Princesses should proceed to show the attributes of a kind, loving and strong women and not show that the only beauty is on the outside.

My objective of this letter was to persuade you to address my views of these Disney Princess stereotypes. My perspective on these stereotypes is that they should not exist and should not be put out there for the younger generation to follow. The younger generation should not profile women to be a typical Disney Princess. If there was more diversity and stereotype breaking traits incorporated in Disney Princess movies, then there would be less controversy and more content that the younger generations can look up to. If there was more attributes shown in princesses such as being strong, kind, supportive, and smart, then the more parents will want their kids to pursue these traits and look up to them as role models. As well as incorporating more positive attributes, I believe you should establish a balance of both heterosexuals and homosexulas and incorperate them into one of your Disney Princess Movies. I am aware that if you incorporate these traits into Disney Princess Movies, not everyone will be satisfied, but more people who have either seen a Disney Princess Movie or have not, will be confident that the traits these princesses will acquire are an excellent way of teaching the younger generation that women are strong and independent in any situation.

Bibliography

11 Facts About Body Image. DoSomething.org Volunteer for Social Change, www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-body-image.
"After Long-Criticized Diversity Issue, Film Academy Votes To Change." Weekend Edition Saturday, 23 Jan. 2016. Student Resources In Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A442019298/SUIC?u=ft78414&sid=SUIC&xid=f9360985. Accessed 30 Oct. 2018.
Brockes, Emma. Frozen's Elsa in a Racy Dress: This Is the Menace of Disney | Emma Brockes. The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 5 Oct. 2017, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/05/frozen-elsa-dress-menace-disney-stereotypes.
D'Oyley, Demetria Lucas. TV Too Diverse? Why It's Only a Start (Opinion). CNN, Cable News Network, 5 May 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/03/29/opinions/doyley-race-and-television/index.html.
Dell'Antonia, Kj. Disney Princesses Do Change Girls -- and Boys, Too. The New York Times, The New York Times, 27 June 2016, well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/disney-princesses-do-change-girls-and-boys-too/.
Gender Roles: As Told By Beauty And The Beast. The Odyssey Online, Odyssey, 30 Jan. 2018, www.theodysseyonline.com/gender-roles-as-told-by-beauty-and-the-beast.
Joho, Jess. Study Finds Almost No Increase in Diversity in Popular Films over the Last Decade. Mashable, Mashable, 1 Aug. 2018, mashable.com/article/annenberg-inclusion-study-hollywood-popular-films-diversity/#U1QmnCJagiqW.
Kritselis, Alex. What Disney Movies Teach Men. Bustle, Bustle, 13 Nov. 2018, www.bustle.com/articles/17264-7-problematic-lessons-disney-movies-teach-boys-about-masculinity.
"Let's press pause on reality TV." London Evening Standard [London, England], 15 Aug. 2018, p. 13. Global Issues in Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/
A550330972/GIC?u=ft78414&sid=GIC&xid=3ac98dc6. Accessed 26 Oct. 2018.
Leydon, Joe. 10 Most Important Movies to Understand Racism and Fascism in America. Variety, 19 Aug. 2017, variety.com/gallery/racism-facism-10-movies-white-dog/#!2/birth-of-a-nation-4.
Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect. The Christian Science Monitor, The Christian Science Monitor, 24 Sept. 2011, www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/0924/Little-girls-or-little-women-The-Disney-princess-effect.
Lopez, Ricardo. Despite Dollars in Diversity, Hollywood Still Averse to Making Inclusive Films. Variety, 6 Nov. 2017, variety.com/2017/film/news/diversity-box-office-winners-hollywood-1202603438/
"Los Angeles Film Festival Highlights Diversity In Film Industry." Weekend All Things Considered, 4 June 2016. Student Resources In Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A455356095/SUIC?u=ft78414&sid=SUIC&x
Male Stereotypes. Disney Gender Analysis, disneyanalysis.weebly.com/male-stereotypes.html.
Merritt, Alisha. Disney Princess Movie: Gender Roles and Stereotypes. Medium.com, Medium, 27 June 2016, medium.com/@alisha9193/disney-princess-movie-gender-roles-and-stereotypes-e2122b0c83c6.
Ramos, Dino-Ray RamosDino-Ray. Study Finds Diversity In Television On The Rise, But Not Representative Of American Population. Deadline, 24 Apr. 2018, deadline.com/2018/04/diversity-inclusion-representation-television-tv-time-1202375787/.
UCLA. Hollywood Diversity Report 2018. Social Sciences, socialsciences.ucla.edu/hollywood-diversity-report-2018/.
Wilson, Natalie. Disney's Racist Stereotyping and Gender Roles Remain Un-Tangled. Alternet, www.alternet.org/story/149045/disney%E2%80%99s_racist_stereotyping_and_gender_roles_remain_un-tangled.

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Stereotypes about Kentucky Residents

Contents

Stereotypes in Kentucky
Works Cited

Stereotypes in Kentucky

Kentucky, having a per capita income of $31,111, is currently ranked 46th in the nation in regard to income and income growth (Davis). This leaves only South Carolina, Arkansas, West Virginia, and Mississippi faring worse. This statistic just gives Kentucky people another stereotypical label. The stereotypical view on Kentucky residents is generally that they are poor, redneck, and unsuccessful. Of course there are some people like that in Kentucky, but that does not mean the majority of people who live in Kentucky are that way. Those stereotypes cause some of the people in the rural areas of Kentucky to represent the state as a whole. This is inaccurate because not even all people in the rural areas are like that, but there is even a higher population total in the urban areas of Kentucky. (Davis) The stereotypes about all the residents of Kentucky simply are not true because Kentucky has a wide range of diversity among its people, the misunderstood cultures and traditions of some of the Kentucky people are respectable and make them unique, and there are many opportunities in Kentucky to make a living with a high quality of life.

Stereotypes about Kentucky people are inaccurate because Kentucky has a wide range of diversity among the population. This is more prevalent in the urban areas of higher populations such as Lexington, Kentucky. In areas like this, there are not many people at all who fall under the Kentucky stereotypes. In these areas, the people more commonly have high-paying jobs and are proper, showing no sign at all of the most common Kentucky stereotypes. Even from the more rural areas with lower populations, there is a wide range of diversity. Not only is there a wide diversity in the lifestyles of Kentucky people but also there is a wide range of different races of people who live in Kentucky. Across Kentucky there are numerous African Americans, Chinese, Mexicans, Indians, etc. All of these different races are found moving up with their educations, forming and owning businesses, and just improving themselves as well as their own qualities of life. One example of this would be the amount of Mexican families owning highly successful, high-end Mexican restaurants across Kentucky. This is far from the white redneck stereotype that the entire Kentucky population is labeled under. Besides, the stereotype of all Kentucky residents living in small towns is proven false through the fact that Louisville, Kentucky is actually rank 29 on the list of biggest cities in the United States (Shultz). There are many other reasons that the Kentucky stereotypes are false, one of which lies within the culture of Kentucky residents.

The commonly misunderstood cultures and traditions of the stereotypical Kentucky resident are actually respectable. It is a common Kentucky stereotype that someone who lives in Kentucky and hunts, fishes, rides horses, and drives tractors is just an uneducated redneck. What is so bad about being labeled a redneck anyway? The activities that label you a redneck by stereotype are family traditions and pastimes dating back to the lives of Kentucky residents' ancestors. Kentucky pastimes such as hunting and fishing teach Kentucky children growing up a respect for life through hunting by the law and for food, rather than promoting the killing of animals for no reason as some stereotypes may portray. Fishing does this the same way because you can only keep certain fish to keep from hurting the populations of fish. This teaches Kentucky children growing up around these traditions to be ethical and respectful for life early on which are very valuable traits for a U.S. citizen anywhere. They want to be seen as people who are hard working and reliable, who care deeply about their place, their communities and their families, who are committed to morals and doing the right thing, and who are working hard every day to provide for their families “ just like so many other American families across the country (Brashear).

Another common family tradition of Kentucky residents is horse riding. This is not an activity that should label someone negatively. This is yet another activity that allows its participants to enjoy nature and get their minds off of all the stresses in this day and time. As far as tractor driving and agricultural activities, farming plays a major role in the modern economy. A few examples of some of the top agricultural commodities in Kentucky are cattle, poultry, and eggs. Grocery stores and restaurants have to get their goods from somewhere. Just because residents of Kentucky partake in activities such as these proves nothing negative about who they are or about their intelligence. This also says nothing about what they may make out of their lives. There are plenty of opportunities to make a high quality living in Kentucky.

Images of Appalachians as stereotypes have circulated in American visual culture for over two centuries, (Massey). The common stereotype of Kentucky people being poor is not true for all because there are actually a high number of job opportunities across the state. One of the most common stereotypes of Kentucky residents is that they are uneducated which is ironic because of how many Kentucky students succeed to a high level of education and earn so many awards throughout their path through school. This also goes for the teachers that are the gateway for these students to make their dreams come true. Kentucky doesn't even get recognized for its metropolitan areas by stereotypes, but in those areas there are even more job opportunities and highly respected colleges such as the University of Kentucky and the University of Louisville.

The common Kentucky stereotypes are false for various reasons. The variety of people across Kentucky shows that there are a lot of differences among Kentucky people. This alone keeps Kentucky residents from being classified in the same category. They have different incomes and live in different areas whether they may be rural or urban, and whether they may be highly populated or of a low population count. Kentucky residents also have numerous respectable family traditions. These include various activities but they all teach positive outlooks on life and have good ethical teachings as well. Kentucky residents also have many opportunities throughout Kentucky, which proves all the stereotypes wrong about how people who live in Kentucky are poor and/or without jobs. All of these reasons prove how the stereotypes of Kentucky people have no real facts or true meaning behind them.

Works Cited

Brashear, Ivy E. RURAL REALITY: HOW REALITY TELEVISION PORTRAYALS OF APPALACHIAN PEOPLE IMPACT THEIR VIEW OF THEIR CULTURE. 2016. University of Kentucky, PhD Dissertation. Accessed 2016.
Davis, Alison F. "Kentucky's Urban/Rural Landscape: What is driving the differences in wealth across Kentucky." Kentucky Annual Economic Report (2009): 25-34.
Massey, Carissa. "Appalachian stereotypes: Cultural history, gender, and sexual rhetoric." Journal of Appalachian Studies (2007): 124-136.
Schultz, Hannah E. "Taking Down Kentucky Stereotypes (Or: Things Kingsman Got Wrong About Real Kentuckians)." Hannah Elise Schultz, 9 Oct. 2017, www.hannaheliseschultz.com/blog/taking-down-kentucky-stereotypes-or-how-to-make-a-real-kentuckian-angry.

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Texting and Driving Laws

Laws started to appear in 2009 with President Barack Obama's executive order to ban texting and driving for federal employees. In an article detailing this order, reporter Matt Richtel says that The order covers federal employees when they are using government-provided cars or cellphones and when they are using their own phones and cars to conduct government business. Richtel also says that, the federal government plans to ban text messaging by bus drivers and truckers who travel across state lines, and may also preclude them from using cellphones while driving, except in emergencies. As of April 30, 2018; 47 states, including Washington D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam have banned texting while driving; 38 states and Washington D.C. have banned all cellphone use for new drivers; while 16 states have prohibited drivers from using hand-held cell phones while behind the wheel.

Many of these state laws are also made to be incredibly strict to any offenders. For example, if an individual is caught texting and driving in Virginia, then they are subject to a fine of $125, with it increasing to $250 with each subsequent time that person is caught again. Another case is that in Hawaii; individuals can subject to a $250 fine, with it increasing to $300 if that individual was caught in a school zone. With all of this in mind, however, people still text and drive. Many people have the idea that they won't crash their car when they're sending a text or get caught texting and driving, because it hasn't happened to them before. So when people do text and drive and don't face any negative consequences from that choice, then it becomes reinforcement for them to do it over and over again. Another thing that has been used in the past to try and stigmatize texting and driving is the use of public service announcements (PSAs).

One look at the adcouncil PSACentral's library of texting and driving PSAs shows thousands upon thousands of videos, radio, and print pieces that try to make a point on the issue. These PSAs tend to be shocking in their material; with many of them involving depictions of crashes and death being apart of their imagery. For example; in a PSA done by Project Yellow Light called Afterlife, a young woman is seen bloodied and bruised from what we later find out was due to a fatal car accident. As she speaks with the other two (presumably dead) characters, the audience finds out that she was texting her friend when she was driving and that is the reason she is like this. The PSA ends by her pulling her phone from her ribs and trying to reach her friend. These PSAs are meant to be shocking to arouse emotions from viewers, and with the Internet becoming more and more of a daily occurrence; an individual can find articles that essentially do what PSAs have been doing for years, with articles being able to talk about issues more in-depth compared to video PSAs. Articles like Shocking Stats on Texting While Driving serve to sensationalize the already unacceptable act in an effort to try and reach people and to tell them to not text and drive. However, Professor Russell Sabella has this to say about this tactic:

"While there is some research that shows that some students can be sensitized to potential consequences from videos like it, there is also evidence that students get emotionally aroused in the short term but desensitize in the long term. He said "some students get reinforced by the message that this happens to others but 'it won't happen to me.""

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Texting and Driving a Problem in Nebraska

Contents

Introduction
Problem Statement
Solution
Supporting Arguments
Figure 1
Address of the Opposition
Conclusion

Introduction

A very serious problem that is affecting Nebraskans today is the multitude of drivers who check and respond to text messages on their cell phones while driving. There are drivers of all ages and abilities that have been guilty of this dangerous practice. Everyone traveling on the roads with these drivers is at a great risk of being involved in a serious, and sometimes even deadly, car accident because of their negligence. In the state of Nebraska, it is only considered a secondary offense and law enforcement officers on the roads cannot pull over a driver for texting while behind the wheel. This has created a dangerous atmosphere where the dangers are not taken seriously. The Nebraska state legislature should make texting while driving a primary offense in this state in order to save lives by reducing distracted driving accidents.

Problem Statement

A large amount of serious car accidents caused by texting and driving happen every day in Nebraska resulting in deaths and injuries. This is a problem that can be addressed if Nebraska starts to follow the examples of many other states. Texting and driving bans exist in forty seven U.S. states. (Distracted Driving) It is a primary offense in most of them. It is only considered a secondary offense in four states. These are the states of Florida, Nebraska, Ohio and South Dakota. (Distracted Driving) Since, Nebraska only has it as a secondary offense, it isn't taken seriously enough by some drivers. Police officers can't pull people over for that alone. This leads to many tragedies on the roads that could have been avoided. It is a proven fact that taking your eyes off the road for five seconds to send or read a text message is long enough to cover a football field while driving 55 miles per hour! (Johnson) This fact should prove how serious this issue really is.

Iowa is a state that borders Nebraska and is a good example of the benefits of making texting while driving a primary offense. On July 1, 2017, it was made a primary offense there. This has given a plan for Nebraska's future if it is made into a law here. (Stewart) The number of tickets went up over 620% that were issued to drivers who were texting while behind the wheel in the last year, according to the Iowa state patrol. (Stewart) Drivers in the state that were caught breaking this law were issued 1,700 tickets in just the first year alone. (Bolten) There are many drivers in Nebraska that are guilty of this dangerous practice also so it would provide a good source of revenue for law enforcement. These extra funds can be used to hire more officers to patrol the roads and highways, especially at peak driving times such as rush hour. The money can also be used help fund Educational programs and Public Service Announcements to raise awareness to this issue throughout the state. In Iowa, a $100 fine as well as costs for going to court are what most drivers ended up paying who broke the law in that state. (Bolten)

When a reporter from WOWT named Rachel Urbanski was able to ride with a Nebraska state trooper in July 2018, she was able to see first-hand and report on how many drivers are out there with this problem. (Distracted Driving Crashes on the Rise) She learned and was able to tell us all about the experiences she saw and learned of from Trooper Jeremiah Foster on the amount of distracted drivers he typically encounters. (Distracted Driving Crashes on the Rise) He provides a typical experience of the officers patrolling our roads unfortunately.

Solution

There are many Nebraska state senators that agree the state should make texting and driving a primary offense. They look to and mention Iowa frequently when they talk about new laws they are proposing. An example of one such politician in Nebraska in Senator Merv Riepe. He has been vocal about his belief that Nebraska law enforcement should be able to ticket drivers that are caught texting while driving and that Nebraska should follow Iowa's path to making it a primary offense. (Distracted Driving Crashes on the Rise) Another state senator named Roy Baker even tried to introduce a bill to make it a primary offense. (Kipper) The Council Bluffs area of Iowa and the Omaha area of Nebraska tend to share many drivers, especially for employment and shopping purposes. This is an important fact that needs to be stated by Nebraska politicians trying to get the texting and driving laws tightened here.

There is research that proves that harsh punishments before education might be successful at stopping the practice of texting while driving. (Owner) If it is made a primary offense in Nebraska, people would be less likely to risk doing it while driving. There have been great strides made in three different areas in public health in the recent past that can prove this point. (Owner) One is that most people wear their seatbelts now, another is the fact that less people smoke cigarettes and drunk driving has decreased since worse punishments were put into place for each of these. Paul Atchley Ph.D. has studied each of these and he has said that Distracted driving is particularly difficult to curb because it can be addictive like smoking and it's something that the designers of both products purposely built in. (Owner) Success can be found though with getting the general public of Nebraska to not want to take the risk by toughening the penalties for texting and driving.

The number of pedestrian and motorcycle accident deaths increased in 2017 in the state of Nebraska. This is believed to be due to distracted driving, according to Fred Zwonechek, the Nebraska Department of Transportation's Highway Safety Office administrator. (Withrow) Iowa has shown a remarkable improvement in highway deaths since the new law. There were 397 fatalities in 2016 and 329 in 2017. (Withrow) This is an amazing difference in terms of lives saved there since texting and driving was made a primary offense.

Raising awareness to this very important issue is crucial also. There are some organizations that are really making a difference. The National Safety Council is a nonprofit organization that was started in 1913 by the United States Congress that works to stop unneeded deaths on the roads from texting and driving. (National Safety Council Calls on Legislators to Address Distracted Driving) Another influential organization for this cause is the Road to Zero Coalition which is made up of 650 groups and the United States Department of Transportation. They work with many different groups in the government and the private sector. Their goal is end roadway fatalities by 2050. (National Safety Council Calls on Legislators to Address Distracted Driving) If these groups can continue to gain members and support from government and the general public, this can actually become a reality.

Supporting Arguments

There are states in the United States that have already made texting while driving a primary offense. This has led to safer roads for drivers and passengers there. This was started many years ago. In 2007, the state of Washington instituted the first texting and driving law. (Distracted Driving) Forty two other states followed with similar laws. (Distracted Driving) Texting while driving becoming a primary offense reduces accidents and saves lives. There is definite proof of this when Iowa's traffic statistics are examined before and after the texting law was changed. On July 1, 2017, it was made a primary offense there. There were 575 car accidents caused by cell phones in the state in the first half of 2017. (Stewart) In the same months of 2018, there were 486 car accidents caused by mobile devices. (Stewart) This is a substantial improvement and it shows positively for the future of Iowa.

Since distracted driving accidents are often under-reported, (The Grim Reality of Texting and Driving) there are also some states like Connecticut, New York and Wisconsin that are starting to add information about texting and other cell phone use to accident documents. (National Safety Council Calls on Legislators to Address Distracted Driving)

This problem in Nebraska needs to be addressed very soon. It is not getting any better. The number of distracted driving crashes over the past decade has stayed steady at around 150 accidents per year. (Nebraska Drivers Involved in Traffic Crashes With Cell Phone Distractions) This is not something that should go unnoticed and unresolved. Crashes involving teens has remained steady since 2008 while other drivers have seen a slight increase. (Nebraska Traffic Crashes Involving Cell Phone Distractions, Comparing Teens, Other Drivers and All Drivers) This is proof that even experienced drivers are making this dangerous mistake. In total since 2008, there have been 4 fatalities and over 607 injuries due to these accidents. (see fig 1)

Figure 1

The human toll of this dangerous habit of many drivers is heartbreaking. A teenage driver who was texting while driving in Omaha in 2007 caused a crash that killed Rob Reynold's sixteen year old daughter. (Stewart) Since then, he has made it his crusade to support strengthening laws to address the crisis of distracted driving. Another family that lost a young member to a distracted driving accident and is attempting to make a difference is the Modisette family. (Gardner) Their 5 year old daughter, Moriah, was killed when another car hit the family's vehicle at a fast speed. The driver responsible for the crash was on his smartphone and wasn't paying attention to traffic slowing down in front of him. (Gardner) They sued the Apple company. (Gardner) Many horrible tragedies like this can be avoided in Nebraska if texting while driving is made a primary offense and is enforced by police around the state. It has become commonplace for many drivers today to think that texting while driving is not a big deal. Nationally, 41% of drivers admitted to using their hands to send a text message when 622 of them were surveyed. (Gardner) Innocent people, including children riding in cars with their families, can be saved if the texting and driving laws are toughened.

The American military is another good example of a location that has taken strong steps to ensure drivers' safety when it comes to texting and driving and all cell phone usage. While on all bases, there is a restriction that states that no cell phones can be used by drivers while they are behind the wheel. This includes talking as well as text messaging and any other communication on hand held devices. (Wood) This is an effective safety measure that was started in April 2005. (Wood) The military did their research on cell phone use while driving. This regulation was developed based on information from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration which found that cell phone use was the fastest growing and most visible distraction leading to accidents (Wood) Because of this, the bases are much safer places to drive than on Nebraska roads and highways. The Nebraska state government should have the same interest in the citizens' safety and the legislature should pass laws that show this.

Address of the Opposition

Some Nebraska government officials worry about possible discrimination problems that could happen if the texting and driving law is made a primary offense in the state. Curt Friesen is the transportation committee chair and he believes that racial profiling could occur because he says that officers tend to profile. (Kipper) This is the reason why he put a stop to the laws that state senator, Roy Baker, tried to get passed on seat belts and tightening the texting and driving law. (Kipper) Racial profiling is also a concern for the Nebraska chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. (Stewart)

Racial profiling shouldn't be an issue in Nebraska if texting and driving is made a primary offense. Racial profiling is usually used to refer to minorities being targeted. The neighboring state of Iowa where this has already made a primary offense, has a very similar population demographic to Nebraska. Since the new law has been passed in Iowa, 90% of the tickets issued for this offense were to White drivers, while only 4.5% were written to Black drivers. (Bolten)

Another issue that some opponents have with texting becoming a primary offense is that it is hard to determine if a driver is in fact texting while driving. The American Civil Liberties Union believes that Iowa's tougher texting law won't work and could cause worse issues for safety because it might cause some drivers to attempt to hide their texting while behind the wheel. (Stewart) Increasing the severity of the texting and driving law has also made other individuals question if it's even needed since they say that the Nebraska Reckless Driving and Careless Driving laws already include that. (Kipper)

Law enforcement has a great deal of experience with distracted drivers. Everyone seems to think that they can multi-task their different activities, even while driving a vehicle. (The Grim Reality of Texting and Driving) Nebraska state trooper Jeremiah Foster has seen many distracted drivers and one way he can tell is that they are not staying their lanes while driving down the road. (Distracted Driving Crashes on the Rise) Iowa's police officers and state troopers have had many chances to see what texting and driving looks like on the roads since it became a primary offense that they can pull drivers over for last year. Troopers look for people scrolling and manipulating text on their phones and then they pull up alongside those cars according to Iowa State Patrol Sargent Nathan Ludwig. (Stewart)

Conclusion

Nebraska roads can be made far safer for everyone if the state legislature makes texting while driving a primary offense. The state should follow the example of most other states in this country. There have been many very tragic accidents involving lives lost or destroyed because of drivers choosing to read or respond to a text message while driving on the road. No text message is ever important enough to take this risk.

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Dangers of Texting while Driving

Sometimes we make bad choices which can be dangerous to our lives or affect the people lives around us. I'm sure there has been a time when you have been on your phone while on the road. It could be to respond to a message, answer a phone call or change a song. 37% of car rides include some type of phone involvement. Your life can be gone in a matter of seconds. It only takes 3 seconds for a drivers attention to be off the road for a crash to occur. Texting and driving stories occur in the news or an article just about every day.

Technology has become a huge part of our lives. Cell phone demand grows more everyday. The quickest way to communicate is through using our cell phones. We have easy access to social media, texting, video chats etc.. on our smartphones. People are so worried about being updated about whats on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and texting back on time. Founder of the Center for Internet and Technology Addiction, David Greenfield, stated that one reason it's so hard to stay away from electronic devices while driving is because of smartphones addictive nature(Teensafe 2018). Our brains instinctively respond to the alerts our phones send us that signal incoming messages or social media updates, making it harder to resist the urge to use your smartphone while driving (Teensafe 2018). The dangers of texting while driving leads to 1.6 million crashes each year. It is very dangerous but people still continue to do it everyday.

Drivers ignore warnings and laws to stop using their phones while on the road. A big reason is that they're simply not persuaded that nothing can happen to them. Many articles and stories have been shared with the world to help influence people to put their phones away while on the road. Approximately 660,000 drivers use their cell phones while driving during the day creating a large potential for crashes and fatalities (Teensafe 2018). Currently 47 states have passed a law that banned texting and driving. The purpose of having this law helps save lives but people still continue to do it. The interest for cell phones is developing each day. Anybody can purchase a cell phone at a reasonable cost. Many drivers still speak on phones and text while driving. Accordingly talking on the phone is just as dangerous as texting.

Ages 16-19 years old are three times more likely to be involved in an accident than any other age group. 11 teenagers die everyday as a result of texting and driving. Studies show that teenagers are particularly at risk for texting while driving and car crashes. Teens text five times more than adults on average (Teen led 2012).When an accident occurs as a result in texting and driving and someone is killed or injured criminal charges can be pressed against the driver. Also another consequence is that the driver can be ticketed or fined especially if texting and driving is banned in the state. In the state of Pennsylvania texting and driving is banned. The penalty for this offense in a $50 fine with additional court costs and other fees.

One day I hope texting and driving death rates can decrease. Many lives are lost over this distraction. It is heartbreaking that families lose their loved ones to texting and driving everyday. I read an article on ESPN called Mother Who Lost Son to Distracted Driving Urges Friends to Put Down Phones. A teenager named Gage Edwards passed away from a car accident. Gage's mother bought him an Iphone for a christmas present. She thought it would be a good idea because Gage had a busy schedule with football, baseball and work. On January 31st Gage had a makeup game, after his game he went to work. When he got off of work he was scheduled to pick up his girlfriend. He was texting while driving. He drove off the road and ran into trees. Gage passed away 2 days later. This story about Gage breaks my heart. It's so sad that a young life was lost due to texting and driving.

Phone companies have started to take action. Many phone companies have been dragged into lawsuits from customers blaming them for the accidents because its their product involved in the accident. There have been numerous reasons to stop texting while driving across the nation. One of them is AT&T's "It Can Pause" battle, requesting that drivers promise not to drive occupied. An AT&T contemplate uncovered that most phone clients cooperate with a normal of five individuals every day on their cell phone. 81% of individuals examined said they have stopped doing it as much or quit using their cell phone while driving (Teensafe 2018).

Apple released an IOS update which has a new feature Do Not Disturb While Driving. This feature is an optional feature you can turn on in your phone. It is able to tell when your driving. When this feature is on while driving your messages and phone calls you receive will be put on disturb. Any notifications you receive you will not be alerted. Also this feature has a parent feature mood which parents are able to control their driving teenagers phones.

Texting and driving is a big problem in society today causing American death rates to rise. Many teens and adults have developed a habit of using their phones while driving. It is one of the most dangerous things to do while on the road. We are all guilty of texting while driving at one point. It is not worth it. Your life is at risk and so are the people's lives who are around you. This simple distraction is causing innocent lives to be taken everyday."

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Texting and Driving should be Stopped

Contents

Introduction:
- Body:
- Conclusion

Introduction:

Attention getter: Imagine you were driving and suddenly you get a text message. Hearing the text message ringtone makes you start thinking about who sent the message and what the text is about. You eventually decide to pick up your phone and start texting, next thing you know you got hit by a car.

Relevance: According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Nearly 500,000 young adults are injured each year due to distracted driving, with texting and driving even more deadly than drunk driving. Our society is one where multi-tasking has become second nature and communication is instant resulting in people being overly confident in their ability to 'safely' text while driving.

Credibility: The reason why I am giving this speech is because, I have had a friend that was injured due to someone texting and driving. Reducing texting while driving can save many people's lives.

Preview: Today I will be talking about: The severe dangers of dangers of texting and driving, What can we do to stop it from happening and persuading everyone to stop texting while driving.

Transition: First I will inform you on how dangerous texting and driving is:

Body:

A. According to Texting and Driving Statistics: Texting Thumb Bands website, The minimal time your attention is off the road while texting is 5 seconds, which at a speed of 55mph you would have traveled the length of a football field without looking at the road.

B. Here are some frightening facts according to StopTextsStopWrecks.org:

Distracted driving is the number one killer of American teens
A texting driver is 23 times more likely to get into a crash than a non-texter.
Texting while driving is 6 times more dangerous than driving while being drunk.
Distracted driving causes 25% of all accidents, 1.6 million a year and 330,000 injuries per year.

Transition: Now that you are aware of how lethal texting while driving is, Let's look at how we can stop this from happening.

Solution: There are many things we can do to overcome this dangerous habit of our generation.

A. According to the NHTSA at Distracted Driving: Distraction.gov, Since 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation has launched a variety of creative campaigns to raise awareness about the dangers of texting and driving. Many states have stepped up to pass tough laws against texting, talking on a cell phone, and other distractions.

B. How will you stop texting and driving? StopTextsStopWrecks lists a few tips:

Out of sight, out of mind. Put your phone somewhere out of reach so you can't get to it while driving.
Silence is golden. Turn off the notifications so you won't be tempted to look at your phone.
Find your app. There are applications that can help you stop texting and driving.
Designate a texter. Use an extra pair of thumbs and let your passenger text for you.

Transition: In conclusion

Conclusion

A. We discussed how dangerous texting and driving really is.

B. Went over solutions to resolve this epidemic.

C. Persuaded you to refrain from texting and driving.

Many teens and young adults feel like nothing bad will ever happen to them and they can beat the odds but please don't let that be you and become a statistic STOP texting while driving!

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What are the Dangers of Texting while Driving?

Texting while driving can be worse than driving under the influence (DUI). When using any technology that can require you to take your hands and eyes off the road, or cause any distraction, it can instantly become a danger not only to you but to other drivers as well. A death due to drunk driving occurs every 48 minutes. ("Distracted Driving VS Drunk Driving: Which Is Worse? | Visual.Ly")

Distracted driving can take the drivers eyes off the road. This includes text, talking on the phone, changing the radio stations or cd's, eating and drinking, talking to others in the vehicle, using a gps. Texting while driving is the most hazardous and deathly of all distractions while driving. Texting uses cognitive, manual and vision attention. (What is distracted driving?)

For most teenagers driving is a dream come true, however a tiny distraction this dream becomes a huge nightmare. Technology has advanced rapidly over the years and has quite often taken over our minds, youngest people are not able to be unattached from cell phones and this has become a big problem in the u.s. The driver is at a huge risk but is also risking lives of many others, passengers, pedestrians and other drivers. We must put a stop to the use of technology while driving.

Sending or receiving a simple text message takes your mind and eyes off the road for about, 4.6 seconds. You would think 4.6 is nothing right? Until you think of it when driving 55 mph, is the equivalent of an entire football field! Think of this as blind driving (what is distracted driving.)

Texting and driving is a multitasking activity, whereas only about 2% of those who do this is actually successful (Mann 1). Just because you can text and drive or should we say multi-task does not mean you should attempt to do so.. This is not just an issue with teenagers, adults try to text and drive as well. Most teens have seen their parents or other persons in authority do so and think it's okay for them to do it themselves. Did you know that 1 out of 5 drivers admit to surfing the web while driving(DWI).

While we may never understand why anyone would text and drive, perhaps they just think they can do it or are they too stubborn to admit to how dangerous it truly is? Sadly, some that do so learn from their mistakes the hard way. Even if the result ends in tragedy, people tend to ignore statistics, 77% of young adults are somewhat confident, 53% say it's easy, to text and drive (DWI). Teens spend 10% driving outside of their lane and are often distracted, thinking, reading a quick text, or holding the phone up at the windshield - so they can see it better, or just text at stop lights, etc.(DWI) There is no justification for it.

Many agree that distracted driving is dangerous, but not everyone agrees to join against it. It's time to stand up and show what is wrong, speak out against anyone you know who is a distracted driver, let them know you are uncomfortable with their actions.

Your voice is the biggest / loudest weapon you have, use it - this could easily save a life, beings it, the passenger, drivers, or others close by. The end of distracted driving beings with you and your ability to speak up!

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“Sex & Citizenship in Antebellum America” by Nancy Isenberg

Sex & Citizenship in Antebellum America by Nancy Isenberg offers a newfound perspective on the women's suffrage movement. This perspective focuses not only on the significant campaigners and conventions that sustained the women's rights movement, but on the political and social environment of the antebellum period. Isenberg states her purpose as such, This study hopes to change how scholars understand the origins of the women's rights movement in America. The genius of the women's rights movement lay...in linking rights to all the personal and political issues that affected women in the family, the church, and the state (pg. xviii). To fully understand the women's rights movement pre-civil war, Isenberg believes it essential that the issue of suffrage is no longer isolated, but examined in regards to the other political and social movements and climate that marked the early 1800s.

To begin Sex & Citizenship, Isenberg criticizes the popular belief among historians that the 1848 Seneca Falls convention and renowned activists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were the exclusive initiators of the movement. At the 1840 London antislavery convention, the fateful meeting of Mott and Stanton took place, and most historians accredit this meeting as the foundation of the future women's suffrage campaign (pg. 2). Scholars also believe the creation of the Declaration of Sentiments, the founding treatise of the movement, resulted in the Seneca Falls convention as another crucial event for the movement (pg. 4). While it is important to acknowledge the effects of Mott, Stanton, and the Seneca Falls convention, Isenberg concludes that this exclusive emphasis on these select activists and the one convention succeeds in ignoring the other notable women and conventions involved in the movement. The second chapter of Sex & Citizenship proceeds to mention other important conventions, such as the ones held in New York, Ohio, and Massachusetts, as well as covering the critiques of issues like consent, national citizenship, and equal protection that activists developed at these conventions.

The next idea that Isenberg explores is the relationship between women and the public sphere. This relationship is extremely important as antebellum politics were centered around the ideology of the public sphere. The public sphere resulted in the separation between the women's and men's spheres. Due to this separation, the idea of property qualifications for suffrage succeeded in continuing to exclude women. Isenberg describes the effects from these caste differences as such, [they] measured men and women in terms of normative assumptions about physical appearance and public speaking as well as women's exposure to and concealment from the public eyes of men (pg. xvi). Thus, the public sphere dictated the role of women in antebellum America.

Another issue that Isenberg addresses is the common practice of excluding the contribution of women from the religious importance of antebellum culture. In contrast to the belief that the church was an isolated institution, the church functioned politically as well as religiously. In response to this newfound political role of religion, antebellum activists began to develop critiques of the church, focusing especially on the patriarchal nature of the church. Isenberg effectively challenges the exclusion of women from roles in the church by analyzing these critiques.

Isenberg also challenges the idea that the women's rights movement emerged from the antislavery movement. Several political campaigns influenced women's rights, and as these other movements are analyzed, it becomes increasingly absurd to accredit the antislavery movement as the pure catalyst for women's rights. Some of these forgotten political campaigns include the movements against capital punishment, seduction and prostitution, and manifest destiny seen through the Mexican War. Other popular campaigns of this time period support Isenberg's intention that politics of the family and home also influenced the women's rights movement. Activists reexamined marriage law and the relationship between husband and wife to show the importance of the family sphere in the origins of the suffrage movement.

Sex & Citizenship in Antebellum America is a generally strong book, and fulfills its purpose of reexamining the origins of the women's rights movements to include the religious, social, and political movements of the antebellum period. Isenberg successfully connects previously isolated ideas of marriage law and the religious sphere to be extremely influential in starting the women's suffrage campaign. Isenberg's excellent analysis of the critiques of women activists only adds to the book's higher purpose of explaining these activists and the movement in its most complete form.

Despite the overall success of the book, there are a few improvements that could be made. Firstly, in her introduction, Isenberg expressly states that she challenges the belief that the antislavery movement directly influenced the women's rights movement. However; upon further reading, Isenberg's argument is not fully formed and is easily missed among the much stronger issues that are examined. Another fault of Isenberg's work is her pattern of lengthy arguments for topics where the connection between them and the origins of the women's rights campaign is not fully expressed. For example, in her analysis of the Mexican War, Isenberg dedicates a third of a chapter to the discussion of this campaign, yet the connection between the Mexican War and the women's rights movement is still not apparent. The occurrence of this poorly formed connection makes one wonder if the mention of the Mexican War is necessary at all.

Isenberg's purpose for writing Sex & Citizenship in Antebellum America can be seen as a direct reply to other studies that merely focus on the suffrage campaign as an isolated movement without correlation to the political and social climate of antebellum America. Scholars that endorse these limitations on the origins of the women's rights movement include, among many, Keith Melder, The Beginnings of Sisterhood, and Eleanor Flexner, Century of Struggle. On a wider scale, Sex & Citizenship in Antebellum America leads into a broader debate that struggles to define the origins and thus, the ideology, behind the women's rights movement. Overall, Isenberg succeeds in her quest to examine the suffrage campaign alongside of several different political campaigns, as well as connecting the movement to the political and social climate of the time period, making Sex & Citizenship in Antebellum America vital to the process of fully and correctly understanding the women's right movement.

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Corporate Citizenship Audit

Tesla's CEO Elon Musk has recently made a tweet suggesting that he was taking the company private once stock hit $420 per share. This has caused uproar with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The central concern for the SEC is that Musk made it seem like he already had the money lined up and the price confirmed, with a shareholder vote being the only thing standing between him and privatizing Tesla. (Irfan 2018). Since this tweet has caused so many issues, Musk has tried to backtrack but people are not letting it go. The Department of Justice has launched a criminal investigation and the SEC has now filed a suit against Musk. The SEC has gone through all of the aspects of this scandal including Musk taunting short sellers of company's stock months before the tweet was written. Because of this and many other bizarre turns the SEC has decided that Musk should be fined and banned from serving as an executive or board member of any public company. The main concern with Musk's tweet is that he already had everything set up to privatize the company. But this was not the case, few other people knew about the idea, no funding was guaranteed, and prices were not finalized. So Musk made this tweet without any evidence to back it up. This caused uproar for all investors and stakeholders for no reason.

Corporate social responsibility is defined as the conscious effort to operate in a manner that balances stakeholder interests. (Lussier 2018). Tesla's mission is to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy. (Tesla 2018). Telsa is socially responsible because it focuses on their mission and tries to make the world a better place. On the corporate citizenship scale Tesla would be rated Level 5: Altruistic. Tesla's primary corporate mission is focused on creating a better environment. They align all their products to fulfill their mission which is about creating a better environment. Tesla also tailors their marketing and communication towards their environmental protection efforts. Tesla, Inc. addresses stakeholders' interests through a corporate social responsibility strategy that focuses on sustainability and environmental friendliness of automotive, energy storage, and energy generation products. (Greenspan 2018). By having this approach, Tesla's stakeholders are benefitting and their brand image is improving. When the stakeholders benefit, Telsa benefits because the happier they are with the company the more they will put into the company. Tesla's main stakeholders, in order of importance, include: communities (highest priority), customers, employees, investors/shareholders and governments. Tesla and communities directly benefit from each other. Communities benefit through development strategies that are made with Tesla's cutting edge technology.

Tesla benefits from satisfying community needs because it boosts their image. Customers are a direct influence on Tesla's revenues so the company works towards creating a better quality product at a better price. Since these consumers have such a direct influence on the company, Tesla gears their corporate social responsibility efforts toward the needs on customers, such as minimizing costs and improving accessibility such as adding more charging stations. Employees are important to Telsa because they directly influence productivity and the company's performance. Tesla then compensates their employees by offering high compensation and offering new career opportunities. Investors and Shareholders are obvious stakeholders of the company because their funds directly helped the company. These investors and shareholders are interested in the profitability and growth of the company. Tesla uses corporate social responsibility to work towards these interests and aims to transform energy and automotive business. The environmentally friendly ideals in their corporate citizenship approach is in line with the current trend of being green. This makes Tesla more appealing to green consumers which in turn makes the investors and shareholders more profitable. The government is concerned with Tesla's legal compliance and their contribution to economic growth. Being corporately responsible not only benefits citizens and stakeholders but it benefits Tesla themselves. The benefits that come with being socially responsible are: enhanced reputation, customer loyalty, better employee relations, and awards. (Lussier 2018). So Telsa and the stakeholders both have many reasons to be socially responsible.

Elon Musk's tweet caused problems that are relevant in the economic and social spheres. By stating that the company would be going private once stocks hit $420 per share, Musk caused trading fever. The tweet pushed Tesla's stock price up 6% and Tesla's trading needed to be halted for an hour and a half until Tesla gave a formal statement. The company's stock price closed at $379.57 on the day of the tweet. (Irfan 2018). The tweet also caused social problems because it makes Tesla seem unreliable. Musk tweeted based off assumptions and contrary to facts that he was aware of. The tweet made it seem like Musk had all funding secured and he was only waiting on a shareholder vote when in fact nothing had been discussed. This impacted Tesla's stakeholders. Employees were impacted by this tweet because they were not aware of what was happening and thought that the company was making decisions without first informing them. Also, the tweet caused charges against Tesla which may impact the employees bonuses and might even cause a few to be laid off. Investors and stockholders were impacted by this tweet because the company they put their money into was changing without their consent. The tweet came as a shock to them because no definite plans of going private were discussed. The government was also impacted by Musk's tweet. Governments are interested in the legal compliance of companies and their contribution to economic growth, Musk's tweet went against both these interests. The tweet was illegal because companies and executives are not allowed to provide inaccurate information to shareholders about major corporate events. Also, the tweet caused an increase in Tesla's stock price and had trading halted for 90 minutes which impacts economic growth.

I believe this scandal happened because Musk has never been reprimanded for his actions. Musk accused a British cave diver of being a child abuser with no evidence to back up his statement. The diver, Vernon Unsworth, aided the rescue of 12 teenagers in Thailand from a flooded cave. In July he deleted the tweets but last week he appeared to repeat his allegation, tweeting that it was ""strange he hasn't sued me"" after Mr. Unsworth said he was considering legal action. (BBC 2018). This gave the diver a bad reputation based on crimes he did not commit. During a Joe Rogan podcast, Musk smoked weed and drank whiskey and this added to previous concerns about his drug use. This also angered Tesla employees who are subject to drug testing. This showed lower Tesla employees that they are held to a higher standard than Tesla executives. Even though Musk has engaged in these behaviors Tesla has not let go of him. They think that by letting go of Musk, they will lose some of their following. The cult of Elon Musk and the belief among many of the entrepreneur's fans that he is a genius who alone can lead Tesla has allowed him to keep a tight grip on the electric car company. Many investors are in Tesla because they believe in Musk, and if he were to exit, it's unclear what might happen to its stock price. (Stewart 2018). So they believe having Musk, even with all of his antics, is more important than the trouble he causes the company.

I believe that if Tesla punished Musk for his actions he would be more likely to change his behavior. He should be suspended from his company for a period of time or given a large fine. Also, a contract should be put in place limiting what he is allowed to discuss to the public. This way, he cannot leak any premature information and the company can be saved from fines and from legal action. This recommendation is relevant and effective because it will help keep him from damaging the brand further but the company can still keep him for the good publicity that he brings.

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Immigration and U.S. Citizenship

Citizenship is hard to come by for immigrants currently living in the United States. Immigrants, whether here illegally or not, make up for about thirty-five million of the population. Each individual or family came to the United States for their own reasons. Some left their own country due to war or hard times while others better lives. The immigrants who are already in the United States have an opportunity to become a citizen, but the process may take years. Should both legal and illegal immigrants be able to get citizenship?

Currently, there are two different types of immigrants. Those who came to the United States lawfully and those who came undocumented or illegally. Nearly 34 million lawful immigrants live in the United States (Krogstad 1) and in addition, roughly 1 million unauthorized immigrants have temporary permission to live and work in the U.S. (Krogstad 1). There is a program going on that is directed to the families who have lasting residency that allows a person from the outside to have a green card as long as they have immediate family members living as an actual U.S. citizen. This helps secure rights to safely live in the United States. Without it, becoming a citizen would become harder.

Illegal immigrants may have come for no bad intentions at all, but at the White House, they are [considered] [outsiders], criminals who [risk] American neighborhoods, take American jobs, [take] American resources and [take advantage of] American generosity (Yee 2). Those illegal immigrants just wanted to come to the country to get to a better place. To the people in the office, the immigrants are no more than taking everything America has to offer. The most common type people to be associated with immigration are the Mexicans. This is not true as almost a quarter are not even Hispanic (Yee 2). Despite all this, these immigrants tend to follow the laws and doing everything a typical American family does. The Trump administration still says just being in the United States without any clear authorization is illegal. The Obama administration had a different approach to this. Any illegal immigrant who did not do any major crimes would be allowed to stay; as long as those same immigrants check in with an immigration agent every year, they are free to stay and continue working.

The Trump administration is still going to deport immigrants with severe criminal records, but the new policies also take aim at immigrants whose offenses are limited to living here without permission or minor crimes that enable immigrants to work (Yee 6). The immigrants had no choice in getting what they need to work. They may have used fake Social Security numbers, but what other way would they get what they need to work without risking going back to where they originated? The immigrants have also been driving without a driver's license. They may have been doing something illegal, but they did it to support their families. To prevent this, visas are given to the immigrants that register for it. Visas tend to expire. Once they do, it may be difficult to renew them. Nothing may be done and [s]ome people think [the immigrants] come [to the United States] and overstay their visas intentionally (Yee 9). Overstaying the visas causes all the current families to risk deportation. There is little that can be done to prevent going back to where they originated. A person may have an expired visa despite having a good job and a steady life. Rebeca, whose last name remains hidden for personal concerns, was one of these victims of having her visa expired. She was originally from Venezuela working as a television reporter. In the United States, she found work as a nanny, then got a job as a designer at a clothing business in Southern California (Yee, 9). The only reason why she left Venezuela was so she can avoid all the death threats and attacks she was receiving. This is an example of how just one person, who got a better life, can have everything taken away from them.

One proposal to stop anyone from immigrating to their family for a green card is a sort of point-based system. How the system works is it prioritizes the admission of immigrants with certain education and employment qualifications (Krogstad 2). The system would favor more immigrants who would have a higher education than most other immigrants. Without a proper qualification in education, it is most likely they will not make it into citizenship. Being an optimal worker may counter education, but no matter the case there will always be someone left out. This system would help the American people keep their jobs by limiting the number of immigrants that come in. With constant complaints about immigrants taking their jobs, they wouldn't have to worry about it if the point-based system passes under the current administration.

Another method for immigrants receiving green cards is the visa lottery. This sort of lottery lets about 50,000 people receive green cards (Krogstad 3). Immigrants that benefit more from this are the ones who came from countries that aren't represented well. This means more well-known countries can't benefit from it. Two of these countries that can't benefit from it are Mexico and China. They are unable to gain any visas through the lottery because they have a bigger presence in America. Such situation isn't so bad as the population would go on to being diverse with lesser known countries. President Trump wants this sort of lottery to be gone. Removing a random lottery would stop more immigrants coming into the United States. Simply decreasing the population of the immigrants would be increasing any sort of jobs available. The Trump administration is focusing on making more jobs for the available public. Cutting out programs that are in place brings those jobs for the American people.

Simply getting a visa takes from ten to twenty years. During the 18th century, there were no illegal immigrants in the United States (Cohen 1). The only ones there who would be close to being illegal were the British Loyalists. These Loyalists were the very same ones who fought back the Americans during the Revolutionary War. When America was formed, the Loyalists wanted to be citizens. Surprisingly, they and their families made up approximately 20 percent of the population (Cohen 1). A case was held in the Supreme Court in the year of 1805. This case made the Loyalists citizens. Not only did the case provide citizenship for the Loyalists, they also provided the foundation to creating citizenship to the immigrants who would come into the United States on their own free will. This may be the case as of now, but the American people still don't want the illegal immigrants to be citizens. They are afraid that the undocumented or temporary workers who have lived [in America] for years will trivialize [the] immigration laws (Cohen 3). With so many undocumented immigrants and temporary workers in the country, immigration laws would start to seem irrelevant.

Immigrants should be given their opportunities to get citizenship. It shouldn't matter if they came to the United States illegally or not. These immigrants have left their countries to be able to escape their past or get away from war. Visas are helpful, but it would only last for a limited time; once that visa expires, deportation would be imminent. Everything they have worked for during the visa would be gone. Coming to the United States illegally is a risk in itself, so earning the right to become a citizen for both legal and illegal immigrants should be rewarding.

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The Dangers of Texting while Driving

Xzavier Davis-Bilbo is a normal kid who lives in Wisconsin, Milwaukee. He enjoys going to the park with his family and friends, and riding on his scooter. Unfortunately in October of 2010 while he was walking to the park with his older sister, he was hit by a woman who was texting and driving. Xzavier Bilbo was dragged 20 feet before the woman stopped. He ended up being put into the ICU for four and a half months. In the end he lost use of both of his legs and his left lung. The woman's text said I'm on my way, and she was fined $160.00 for this incident. This is just one instance where innocent people have been injured because of another person's selfishness. Alderman Willie Hines sums up how devastating texting and driving is when he says, You realize what can happen in a split second if you're behind the driving wheel. When people are driving down the street and not really paying attention but you can change someone's life forever and you can devastate a family."" The fact that this lady was fined $160.00 for taking the mobility away from a little kid is absurd. The fine is so low that people are not scared if they have to pay a simple fine.

Another example of a tragedy caused by texting and driving happened in Minnesota involving a teen, a father and his daughter. On July 21, 2015, 17 year old Carlee Bollig was texting and driving and sped through a red light. While running the red light she slammed into a car carrying a father and his 10 year old daughter who were on their way back home from a nearby library. Carlee was driving a pickup truck and when she hit the family she killed both of them. Today there are crosses at the intersection where the family died bringing recognition to this worldly problem. The Sherburne County prosecutors have now charged the 17-year old driver with criminal vehicular homicide, using a phone while in motion and driving without a valid license. Carlee is only 17 years old and is charged for vehicular homicide, just so she could try to post a picture on Facebook. This young teenager tore this family apart because of what she did for 20 seconds. It is unfair to this family that they had to pay the punishment for what another human did. These two family members were murdered and had to pay the ultimate sacrifice while Carlee gets to live her life. Schweigart from CBS News says,""That is a horrific trauma to go through, even as the driver who caused that incident, You have to live with that the rest of your life. When is this going to stop? People are dying everyday and nothing is changing.

In the United States, the average fine for the first offense of texting and driving is $296.41. This fine is too low to create an actual difference in the world and it does pose a threat to the people who regularly text and drive. A step that could be implemented to help this issue is a law that could be petitioned to increase the fine for people who use any form of cellular devices while they are handling a motorized vehicle. With the proposal for a law starting in a small town in the middle of nowhere, it could possibly become a nationally recognized law that everyone follows. If this law is nationally recognized people would be scared to break it because they will see that it is a serious problem. If the laws on texting and driving were increased more people would get scared to use their phones while they are driving, therefore decreasing the chances of accidents caused from texting and driving. In Alaska the fine for a first time offender is $10,000.00 and possible time in prison. Now although this sounds like an absurd amount of money to pay to use a phone, it gets the point across for how important and deadly texting and driving is. With the fine being so expensive in Alaska it does have a positive outcome. Out of all 50 states in the U.S. Alaska has one of the lowest amounts of property damage caused from texting and driving. The punishment for distracted driving is way to lenient. People who drive while on their cell phone put everyone else on the road at risk. Their chance of getting into an accident skyrockets and it is indignant to the other people on the road. These criminals are getting a tap on the wrist with these small fines that are put on them, but it could all change if they had to pay more for texting and driving. The families and friends of the people who get into accidents have to pay more than these people do and that is not fair. David from So Is Texting and Driving in Colorado Legal or Not says that The specter of a bigger fine is meant to deter the deadly act ” as if killing someone or being killed wasn't enough, this just shows that even he agrees that a larger fine will have a high probability rate to deter people from using their phone while driving. As the StreetsBlog says, Bottom line, according to Grunig, is that the old law wasn't working. A $50 fine compared to a much bigger fine in the new bill, [the $300 fine] seems like it would be a much bigger deterrent, he said.

Everyone knows how serious drinking and driving is, and the acknowledgement it gets far surpasses the acknowledgement that texting and driving receives. Texting and driving is just as dangerous as driving while under the influence of alcohol. Although these two types of distracted driving are just as dangerous, the two consequences both of them have are quite different. The ramifications for drinking and driving range from temporary driver's license suspension, fees and fines, high insurance premiums, court-mandated community service, participation in drunk driving education programs, and even jail time. These consequences already surpass the consequences for texting and driving by a long shot. Now the long-term effects range from driver's license revocation, background checks, employment, auto insurance rates, to personal and professional relationships. This does not make sense. In today's current society, there has been a decrease in drinking and driving and as it is seen the texting and driving popularity is rising each year. So why is it that the consequences for drinking and driving is more serious than texting and driving? Because people do not recognize texting and driving to be as severe as drinking and driving although they are just as dangerous.

If people are caught drinking and driving they have to do or go through many different types of punishments. One punishment that is very common is having to blow into a breathalyzer device to start their car. These devices are called ignition interlock devices and what they do is after someone blows into the mouthpiece it will analyze if there is any alcohol particles in their breathe. If the device does not detect any alcohol the person is then able to start their car. Now people who are convicted of driving under the influence have to install these devices in their car, but they also have to pay a fine. So even though texting and driving is as dangerous as drinking and driving the punishments are far different. That is why a device is needed to be installed into all cars to help stop the texting and driving epidemic. This device could consist of just a cord that someone plugs their phone into that will then turn their phone off and let them start their car or just an app that locks someones phone while they drive. This technology is something that could be so simple to invent but is not implemented in the world yet.

Texting and driving is also an extremely expensive form of distracted driving. In 2015 there was $10 Billion dollars worth of property damage in the United States caused from distracted driving. $10 Billion dollars is a lot of money. This money could have been used for so much more than property damage. If these people were focused on the road and not their phones this money could have been used for schools, public roads, or even charity programs. Back in 2015 two-thirds of the American population owned smartphones. In today's world, 98.81% of the american population aged 18-64 have cell phones. With this information it is probable to conclude that the amount of damage caused from texting and driving has drastically increased. Not only does texting and driving cost a lot of money each year, it also costs a lot of innocent lives. In 2011 there were 354 deaths, in 2013 there were 411 deaths, and in 2015 there were 452 deaths. As it is seen these numbers are only increasing over the years, and it is only predictable that they will continue to go up each day. In the end people are so selfish they would know the risk of sending or reading a text, but yet still do it.

This epidemic is not only affecting America, but also some nations around the world. In China texting while driving is something that is focused on a lot throughout the country. For example the Leqing court in Zhejiang province convicted a 22- year-old man to a year in prison and fined him 200,000 yuan($30,400 USD) for hitting a pedestrian with his car while he was trying to delete an app on his phone. This shows the importance that the Zhejiang province puts on texting and driving. This man did not kill the pedestrian he merely hit him and he was sentenced to a whole year in prison, if he was in the U.S. he would have been fined a couple hundred dollars. In China the process for receiving a driver's license is a lengthy and difficult process. The age requirement is the person has to be 18 years old, they have to bring numerous examples of identity, then they have to take a written exam that is 100 questions and if they do not get at least a 90% they fail. Now if you compare the process of how to obtain a license in China versus how to obtain a license in the United States, it is seen that the Chinese way is a lot more difficult. This could be a good thing though. In China if someone has their license it shows that they are mature enough and completely understand the rules and street regulations in China. This could be something that the United States might want to think about adopting into their licensing system because if less people had their license it would obviously make it so that less people are driving, therefore decreasing the chances of someone using their phone while driving. From January to October of this year there were 690 deadly crashes in Shanghai. Only 29.6% (204) of those crashes were caused because of texting and driving. If the population of America (325.7 million) is taken and divided by the population of Shanghai (24.18 million) the number would be 13.5. Then if 13.5 is taken and multiplied by the number of accidents that happened in Shanghai this year it would only equal 2,748. That is 752 innocent people who died compared to the U.S., thus showing that the punishment system in America is obviously not harsh enough to scare people into not texting and driving.

The distraction that texting and driving causes is unbelievable. When someone is texting while driving, the time they spend with their eyes off the road increases by 400%. Teenagers also have a 400% higher chance of getting into an accident while texting and driving compared to adults. When someone who is driving is texting they have a 23 times larger risk to getting into an accident caused by any type of problem. If someone was not texting while driving they could have stopped the accident by what their reaction is, no matter whose fault it is. In the U.S. the average speed limit is 55 mph. If someone took their eyes off the road for even five seconds they would be able to travel the length of the football field, all basically blindfolded. Now if there was someone traveling North and someone traveling South on the same road, both texting and driving, the chances of those two hitting someone goes through the roof. Lastly, but the most mind boggling statistic is that drunk driving is actually more safe than texting and driving. Texting and driving in fact is 6 times more dangerous than drinking while intoxicated. So why is it that the punishments are so different?

In the end, texting and driving is a very dangerous form of distracted driving that goes unnoticed. People are killed innocently each day due to people being reckless and immature while driving. The fines are way too low to scare anyone into not texting and driving, causing them to not care and break the law because they know the probability of them getting caught is super low and even if they are caught they won't be punished harshly. Something needs to change, whether it is a simple invention people can install in their cars that make it so that they cannot text and drive, the fines and punishments becoming a lot harsher, or even more police officers on duty, an adjustment needs to be made. When it costs a little boy more for innocently walking to the park more than it costs the woman who hit him, there is a problem. Other countries in the world have put the heat on their citizens to not text and drive, America should take some notes. Also the fact that there are different punishments in different states for the same crime is very confusing. In Alaska the fine for texting and driving is $10,000, but in Colorado it is $50 for someone's first offense. They should be the same throughout the country so that people will be just as afraid to break the law in Texas as they would in Florida. Sharon Heit is a mother of a victim to texting and driving beautifully said how, In a split second you could ruin your future, injure or kill others, and tear a hole in the hearts of everyone who loves you. This statement tries to warn people who text and drive that within 5 seconds of sending a text to their best friend they could end their own lives and the lives of the people in the other car. It is not a joke, and people do not take this seriously enough. Whether America decides to create a device that is mandatory in all cars, makes it so the fines are more expensive, or decide to have more police patrol the roads during daylight hours it will help this awful texting and driving epidemic."

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Citizenship: the First Amendment Right

Starting from the time of the passing of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, Americans gained liberties. These include freedom of speech, religion, press, petition, and assembly. With this came the questions of who is an American and who is deserving of the full rights of citizenship? The conception of who is has changed over time, including three major times periods from 1865 to 1900, 1900 to 1950, and from 1950 to the present.

The time after the civil war, late 1800s, was probably the time with the most open and broad debates of citizenship since the country's establishing. African Americans and Radical Republicans pushed the country to understand the Declaration of Independence's guarantees that "all men are created equal" and have "certain unalienable rights." To the point where African Americans and their partners prevailed in regards to obtaining citizenship for freed people, another battle started to decide the legitimate, political, and social ramifications of American citizenship. The House of Representatives endorsed the Fourteenth Amendment on June 13, 1866, which conceded citizenship and revoked the Taney Court's notorious Dred Scott choice. This guaranteed that state laws couldn't deny fair treatment or victimize specific gatherings of individuals. The Fourteenth Amendment flagged the central government's eagerness to authorize the Bill of Rights over the expert of the states. On July 9, 1868, the states approved the Fourteenth Amendment, ensuring birthright citizenship and equal insurance of the laws. There were effects on immigration and the socioeconomic status in America. A main example included California and the Chinese. The Chinese migrants were blamed for racial inadequacy and unfitness for American citizenship, adversaries asserted that they were additionally financially and ethically undermining American culture with unworthy work and corrupt practices, for example, prostitution. They thought migration confinement was essential for European Americans to protect and keep up their homes, their business, and their high social and good position. In May of 1882, Congress suspended the migration of every single Chinese worker with the Chinese Exclusion Act, making the Chinese the principal foreigner gathering subject to affirmation limitations based on race. They turned into unlawful immigrants. As James D. Phelan explains, Without homes and families; patronizing neither school, library, church nor theatre; lawbreakers, addicted to vicious habits; indifferent to sanitary regulations and breeding disease; taking no holidays, respecting no traditional anniversaries, but laboring incessantly, and subsisting on practically nothing for food and clothes, a condition to which they have been inured for centuries, they enter the lists against men who have been brought up by our civilization to family life and civic duty.

From 1900 to 1950, there were many effects on America's social system. African American's were fighting for their rights. Liberation disrupted the southern social request. At the point when Reconstruction systems tried to give freed people full citizenship rights, whites, on edge, struck back. From their dread, outrage, and disdain they lashed out. White southerners reclaimed control of state and neighborhood governments and utilized their recovered capacity to deprive African Americans and pass "Jim Crow" laws isolating schools, transportation, work, and different open and private offices. The restoration of racial oppression after the reclamation of the South from Reconstruction disagreed with declarations of a "New" South. Isolation and disappointment in the South rejected African American citizenship and consigned social and cultural life to isolated spaces. African Americans lived separated lives, while acting the part whites requested of them out in the open, while keeping up their very own reality separated from whites. This isolated world gave a proportion of autonomy to the locale's African Americans. Winning racial mentalities among white Americans ordered the task of white and African American troops to various units. Regardless of racial separation, many African American pioneers, for example, W. E. B. Du Bois, held up the war exertion and looked for a place at the front for the African Americans. They saw military administration as a chance to show to white society the eagerness and capacity of them to accept all obligations and duties. On the off chance that African American troops were drafted and battled, with white officers, at that point white Americans would see that they earned full citizenship. As W.E.B Dubois explains the insult of the situation, It decrees that it shall not be possible in travel nor residence, work nor play, education nor instruction for a black man to exist without tacit or open acknowledgment of his inferiority to the dirtiest white dog. The War Department banned African American troops from battle and consigned them to isolated administration units where they filled in as general workers.

From 1950 to the present day, citizenship has been closely related to religion, affecting the American culture. This began during the Cold War years, when Americans went to chapel and declared a faith in a preeminent being and focused on the significance of religion in their lives. Americans looked to separate themselves from pagan socialists through open showcases of religiosity. Legislators filled the government with religious images. The Pledge of Allegiance was modified to incorporate the words one nation, under God in 1954. Then, In God We Trust was embraced as the official national proverb in 1956. Many Americans began to believe that just believing in almost any religion was better than being an atheist. In numerous cases during the 1960s, African American Christianity pushed social equality supporters to motion and exhibited the importance of religion. They sang psalms and spirituals as they walked. Ministers mobilized the general population with messages of fairness and desire. Places of worship facilitated gatherings, petition vigils, and meetings on peaceful opposition. The ethical push of the development reinforced African American activists and stood up to white society. Lyndon Johnson, on the American Promise, To apply any other test“to deny a man his hopes because of his color or race, his religion or the place of his birth“is not only to do injustice, it is to deny America and to dishonor the dead who gave their lives for American freedom.

To this day, many still questions who is an American and/or who deserves the full rights of citizenship? It still causes conflict and debate. One of the latest arguments is should birthright citizenship still stand? Do you believe in birthright citizenship? What if the parents are here illegally? Should it still stand? Why I do not agree with anyone coming over illegally, I do believe it should, it has been in place since 1968, why change it now. Maybe we should require the parents to become legal citizens. So many changes, questions, concerns regarding American citizenship that continue today.

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The Role of Civil Society in Global Citizenship

Global citizenship or globalization is not a modern phenomenon nowadays. Actually, the term globalization was first appeared in the 1930s and widely used by economists and other social scientists by the 1960s. According to Dierks, globalization process includes technological, political, economic, and cultural dimensions that interconnect individual, governments, and firm across national borders (6). Globalization is the worldwide movement toward economic, finance, trade, and communications integration. Moreover, this phenomenon also refers to the transformation in the society, environment, and politic globally, which gives the signs or notices to individuals as well as communities on a universal scale. Therefore, global citizenship is not limited in a local area or in a national territory. Global citizenship has brought many advantages for people all over the world. These effects are to create the international teams of rescuing and financial aid; to diversify the products in the range of prices, qualities, and designs; to be able to easily travel around the world.

There are various external factors that influence global citizenship. Some factors are religions, economics, cultures, and environment. Since thousands of years ago, many missionaries of Buddha, Christian, Catholic, and Islam traveled to the other land far away from their hometown in order to transmit the values and the spirits of their religions. From the second century BC, the Silk Road was formed and developed abundantly from China to West Asia and even reached Europe. This very long road was considered as the biggest trade system in the ancient world, which connected two civilizations between the East and the West. The demand for exchange necessary products, valuable items such as silk, salt, or diamond and innovations like printing techniques, has overcome the country's boundaries. The rivalry stimulates the cooperation among international companies, organization, and governments. This demonstrates cooperation to preserve globalization (Allen 11). Moreover, the cultural differences between countries have attracted a lot of explorers. Each country possesses their own culture of cuisine, communication, and fashion. The curiosity stimulates the people to travel abroad, to exchange, and to learn new things. Furthermore, global warming issues have tightened the distance between countries. Only one country cannot make a big change to save the environment. It has to be the efforts of everyone, every country, from the First World to the Third World.

The author Paul Sherman in the University of Guelph-Humber stated three dimensions that involve being pro-global citizenship, which is awareness, responsibility, and participation. Global citizens aware themselves as a part of the world. They do not belong to one specific area, but they consider themselves as the citizens of the world. According to Madeleine F. Green, an author of NAFSA: Association of International Educators, global citizenship is initially the experience with different countries, peoples, and cultures. Then it creates a connection between the local and the global. Moreover, global citizens usually recognize their responsibilities following the important events and matters in their communities and in the world. International education is put on the priority. Traveling abroad to participate in the educational program has served a pivotal step in the lives of many self-described global citizens (Schattle 15). They take initiative to equip necessary knowledge, skills, and critical thinking to take action and protect their missions on the global scale. The Earth Hour campaign is a proper example of global citizenship. This is an annual worldwide event held by the World Wide Fund for Nature, which appeals every one's cares about our planet and our responsibility to protect it. Another picture of global citizenship is the LGBTQ community. LGBT people have existed in many communities for a long time ago. However, they are just the minorities that do not dare to stand up and gain the equality for themselves. Due to global citizenship, these people connect to each other and organize as a global community. This group becomes bigger and bigger, represents, and fights in order to gain justice for every individual.

While many aspects support the development of the intercontinental connection, there have been several certainly disadvantages of global citizenship. In the trend of globalization, a lot of free trade agreements are established to promote economic development among countries in the world. However, this also become a cause of job losses in developed countries. Big companies have moved their factories to developing countries in order to derive cheap labor. Therefore, they can reduce their product price and be more competitive in the global market. Based on the article of John Rennie Short from the University of Maryland, the living standards of the working class in the First World sloped downward because of losing jobs. Moreover, the globalization also an entry for immigrants to move easily from this country to the other country. This has raised many troubles for the local residents in America and Europe such as criminals, pollution, and unsafe status in politics and society. Jagdish Bhagwati in his book gave an argument that the anti-globalization sentiments on the right extend easily to anti-immigration attitudes because immigration adds to environmental problems (25). Consequently, several authorities of developed countries showed their actions to against globalization. For example, the intense regulations on the immigrant and border security issues of President Donald Trump since he was elected at the end of 2016. The Brexit vote in the United Kingdom and the rise of a nationalism in Europe are also an obvious reaction against global citizenship.

Global citizenship is not a new phenomenon, but it is still a controversial issue that the government and the experts keep discussing nowadays. In my perspective, I see the global citizenship has brought more advantages than its drawbacks. Hence, I am pro global citizenship. In ancient times, battles and wars occurred everywhere. That was also a reason why people traveled around the world. Moreover, because of traveling, Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the land of the Americas. It means global citizenship is obviously inevitable, and no one can stop it. The only thing that we can do is to develop and shape it in the appropriate way in order to minimize its disadvantages. Due to globalization, people have chances to use quality products with an affordable price. Furthermore, this world is created with a lot of fantastic landscapes, sightseeing, and mysteries. People have the rights to discover it. Besides, global citizenship help people from different sides of the world get closer to each other. Recently, in June 2018, Thailand youth soccer team were trapped in a flooded cave in the north of this country. A search and rescue mission was appropriately established. An extraordinary international operation included hundreds of cave and rescue experts and military force from several countries such as Australia, Britain, Japan, China, Myanmar, Laos, and America. Through this emergency case, we can see the effectivity of cooperation and global citizenship among countries, which showed the consolidation, not the division.

In the future, if the global citizenship trend continues the way it is, the global transactions and trade would be stretched out. Then the world might need to use a single currency and a single central bank: with perfectly functioning markets, there would be no need for currency adjustment (King 10). It seems like the future world might be operated as the model of the European Union. On the other hand, with the development of technologies and artificial intelligence (AI), human life will be more connected with the robots. Every house in every country would be controlled by the AI steward system. Most of the jobs would be lost, so unemployment rate will dramatically increase. Transportation will be more in high technologies such as self-driving cars and flying cars. Space tourism would be opened, and people would travel to the Moon and the other planets more often. Oil and fossils resources would be exhausted, and wars would happen because of the oil rival among countries. The world population would reach 10 billion. Skyscrapers will be built more in the rural areas. If global warming cannot control, people could move to live in the North and South poles. Super hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis would frequently occur. Moreover, many cities and even countries such as Maldives and Netherlands would totally disappear in the world map because the sea level increases.

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Citizenship – Highly Debated Throughout History

It's important to discuss citizenship because being able to define what constitutes as civic engagement can solidify the way we solve or discuss problems within our society. Some, like Aristotle, believe that citizenship is dictated by the power to take part in the decisions of a state or by possession of a government position. Others, like John Dewey, emphasized the idea of working as a whole for the common good and focusing on the public rather than a sole individual. Both takes on citizenship are flawed”Aristotle's is too alienating, and Dewey's concept is too idealistic”but both takes got certain points about citizenship correct.

Aristotle claims that the citizen () differs under each form of government, (Aristotle, The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2024) that is to say, a citizen in a democracy will most likely not be a citizen in a dictatorship. This is not because of birthright, but rather because different types of government systems have different principles and values. In terms of a democracy, he insists that citizens are those who hold a position in government or who have the opportunity to make administrative decisions. As a result, laborers cannot be considered citizens because we cannot consider all those to be citizens who are necessary to the existence of the state (Aristotle, The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2028). Since they have several responsibilities and obligations, they can't have the time to deliberate the issues and concerns of a society and thus cannot be considered a citizen.

Aristotle's requirements on who can be considered a citizen are much too demanding and, in this day, and age, a very few number of people are actually able to fulfill these requisites. In addition, Aristotle's views are also very elitist. It places citizenship solely on people that hold a government office, leaving the majority of society who cannot give as much time to leisurely activities or to things like education or political activism out of the running. This only works in forming an unfair hierarchy, with the upper class at the top and in control while the lower classes are forced towards the bottom. According to Aristotle, citizens should have little to no responsibilities, which is almost impossible nowadays since everyone has a job or a career that requires their time and attention. His demands are incredibly difficult to be met in today's world, which doesn't put his theory on a solid base. On the other hand, Aristotle's take on the qualifications needed to be considered a citizen encourage political participation. Citizens would be required to make well-informed decisions affecting the public. Political participation”or lack thereof”is an issue in today's world. It's fair to assert that only those actively engaged in making change are citizens. These citizens would be civic agents and they're the ones that work to improve our political community by starting discussions and bringing about change that will improve everyone's life and not just a single group's. Voting is an example of civic agency and it is the lack of voter participation that is a huge issue in our society now. People are not being as politically active as they can be either for lack of availability or apathy and it's affecting the way we are governed.

John Dewey argues that democracy should be embedded not only in our political community, but in every aspect of our everyday lives. Everyone longs for freedom and it's their search for it that can lead to conflict. Democracy, he believes, is the solution to these issues since it can serve as a moderator for individuals. A democratic government will ideally give everyone equal rights, as well as protect and defend them. Everyone will be entitled to stating their beliefs and interests. He claims that a good citizen finds his conduct as a member of a political group enriching and enriched by his participation in family life, industry, scientific and artistic associations, (Dewey, The Public and its Problems, 148) meaning that in order to be considered a good citizen one must not only be involved in the political community but said involvement will be improved by all other aspects of their life. As a result, they will be more well-rounded and prepared to take on the challenges that inevitably appear when in a democracy. If the public are deprived of education and knowledge, then they will be ill-informed and unable to make decisions that benefit the public as a whole. As a result, the society will no longer be a democracy since only those with enough power to receive an education will be ruling. Only when education and proper communication channels are adapted so that they're available to everyone will there be an ideal democracy. By using our intellect, scientific inquiry, and moral reasoning, we can solve our problems. In order to be a good citizen, according to Dewey, one must obtain an effective sense of being an individually distinctive member of society; one who understands and appreciates its beliefs, desires and methods, and who contributes to a further conversion of organic powers into human resources and values (Dewey, The Public and its Problems, 134).

Dewey's ideas seem more plausible than Aristotle's. For one, it's not as exclusive or elitist. He places tremendous importance on education for all, which is easy to support. The idea that everyone needs to have access to the same education in order to make decisions that will affect everyone is a good one. Today, a lot of people tend to vote or spout rhetoric without being fully informed and seeing the complete picture. This is an issue because if you vote without being knowledgeable on the topic, you could potentially be harming yourself and other people. Democracy is a system that permits everyone to have a voice. There are many issues with our society today. For starters, it's getting more and more difficult to hold a meaningful conversation with someone of differing opinions. The polarization of our society causes us to be forceful, rather than patient and understanding. The problem with Dewey's view, however, is that he is far too idealistic. There will always be a difference of opinion amongst citizens in a society and no matter how much we all communicate, there are times when no one can reach an agreement. If one is reached, there will always be someone that is unhappy with the compromise or decision. Not only that, but there will always be citizens that perhaps do not want to communicate. People tend to be set in their ways and can be very opposed to change. There's really not much that can be done to change the perspective of these people.

The best way to determine citizenship is through civic agency. As long as someone is actively engaged in their community and contributes ideas and actions that only serve to progress society, they can be considered a citizen. There is too much relevance given to whether or not someone who is part of the state can be a citizen. For one thing, change can be brought about by anyone”a part of the state or not”it's all about determination and dedication. Secondly, assuming that a political community is not necessarily an entire nation, then someone's relation to the state is irrelevant since a political community can be entirely local or perhaps completely separate from the state.

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Citizenship: a Comparative Study of India and Nepal

Contents

Introduction
Citizenship- A Multiculturalist approach
Nepal
India
Conclusion

Introduction

During the last century, the concept of citizenship has witnessed a growing interest after it almost went out of vogue. A plethora of literature during this period has been written during this period which has led to it becoming a 'cluster concept' by interaction of other similar concepts. This body of literature runs on the same undercurrent of redefining citizenship owing to the changed circumstances of its return. Earlier, the concept of citizenship was state-centric. Previously states attempted to consolidate themselves into a homogenous state in conformity of its ideal of a unitary character. However, owing to the growing presence of cultural diversity within states, they are forced to evaluate the traditional character of its citizenship to accommodate such cultural diversity. National homogenization has often led to violence among countries like in countries like the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, China, Burma, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan.

This growing sentiment of accommodation and tolerance towards group gave birth to the concept to of multiculturalism in the West. In Asia, due to its unique geopolitical and socioeconomic nature, each indigenous culture has its own recipe of unity among diversity. A common factor among these Asian countries is the legacy of colonialism which continues to shape the cultural and legal discourse in these countries till date. Therefore although originally a Western model, this rhetoric is now widely used in both western and non-western societies all around the world.

This paper focuses on a comparative study of the legal discourse on citizenship of India and Nepal from a multicultural approach. These two particular countries are taken due to a number of similarities share. Both the countries are democracies and have a similar for, of government. The legal system of both these countries are based upon the common law system. Both countries have faced legal issues regarding citizenship owing to the diversity in the composition of their population groups. Asian multiculturalism interconnected with democracy and a democratic state is needed to ensure equality of citizenship to all its members. Kymlicka's theory is particularly chosen because he is the most influential multicultural theorist. The paper compares the judicial discourse of both the countries to determine whether the legal discourse is sufficiently accommodates the idea of 'multiculturalism' as envisioned by Kymlicka in his theories.

Citizenship- A Multiculturalist approach

Since the mid-1970s, a trend was seen in Western democracies towards the concept of diversity by recognizing multiculturalist policies and minority rights. Earlier the idea of a homogenous nationhood had gained traction. But till 1990s multiculturalism continued to be an appealing concept altogether. Multiculturalist policies were endorsed at both the state and national level as well as by international organizations.

The crux of multiculturalism is based upon the notion of accommodating cultural diversity. This problem was solved to a large extent by Will Kymlicka the most influential multicultural theorist at present. His work is predominantly based upon a liberal account of when and how to accomodate multicultural diversity along with the cultural claims that stem from it. A state becomes multicultural by being either multinational or polyethnic. If the members of the state are from disparate nations then it's the former. If they have migrated from various nations it is the latter. In both cases such a factor must become a defining element of personal identity and political life.

As per Kymlicka's theory cultural diversity arises due to 'national minorities' and immigrants. These national minorities aim to preserve themselves separately from the majority culture and thrive for autonomy and self-government. National minorities in order to become a part of the society should not be defined by birth alone. Rather, national membership should be open in principle to anyone, regardless of race or colour, who is willing to learn the language and history of the society and participate in its social and political institutions . The other source of diversity consist of the immigrants who associate to form ethnic groups. They do not claim for self-government and instead thrive towards integration into the main society. Membership obtained by the immigrants is different from that given to national minorities. An immigrant may have left his home voluntarily or due to coercion i.e as a refugee.

Due to the difference in the nature of these two groups, Kymlicka differentiates between three types of rights afforded to the minorities. He justifies these rights by arguing that cultural membership ensures free choice. Since free choice is essential to the concept of liberalism, and due to the interwoven connection between free choice and cultural membership[citation needed, Gillian article], it is essential to grant minorities and immigrants rights in order to ensure their cultural membership.

The rights, as per Kymlicka could be divided into self-government rights, special representation rights and polyethnic rights. Self government rights ensure political autonomy to nations. Polyethnic rights are designed to facilitate integration into the society. These are positive measures on part of the state to inculcate the ethnic communities into the large scale society through various ways such as public funding of festivals , so that they are not disadvantaged in the face of the dominant groups. Special representation rights aim to give a say to severely underrepresented minorities in law-making and public policy fora[check for citation from Kymlicka's book].

Nepal

Nepal is a multi-ethnic country consisting Nepal consisting of more than sixty ethnic groups, half a dozen religions and a hundred languages has witnessed exclusion in many spheres in the past. Due to variances of culture, ethnic relations have witnessed very little balance amongst themselves. Such diversity in culture coupled with Nepal's history of migration implies that all inhabitants of the country are originally settlers. Exclusion has been a constant theme in the Nepalese population. For example, the socio-cultural-political hedgemony of Nepal or as Dor Bahadur Bista calls it, 'Bahunism' based on the Hindu caste system has led to the exclusion of other non-Hindu groups such as Dalits and other non-Hindu 'lower' caste groups. An oppressive form of discrimination faced by Madhesis is in obtaining citizenship which often happened due to the lack of citizenship certificates which could be attributed to such hill nationalism. Nepal has also faced the influx of Bhutanese refugees into its territory in early 1990s owing to state sponsored ethnic tension.

Under the Nepalese Constitution, a citizen is entitled to the enjoyment of certain fundamental rights. However, in this context an understanding of who is a 'citizen' is necessary particularly owing to the ethnic diversity in the country. Starting with its inclusion in the 1950's Constitution, the concept of citizenship has vastly changed since then. During the drafting of the Constitution of 2015, rights of greater state representation along with recognition of language and culture were put forth by marginalized sections. Thus, the Constitution of Nepal which came into force in 2015, through its Preamble recognizes multiculturalism and seeks to establish an egalitarian society through 'proportional inclusive and participatory principles'.

Article 10(1) of the Constitution of 2015 guarantees citizenship as a right of all Nepali citizens while article 10(2) talks about provision of single federal citizenship with provincial identity. Any person, who has acquired the Nepali citizenship by descent before the commencement of the Constitution 2015 or any person, whose father or mother was a citizen of Nepal at the time of the birth of such a person and has his/her permanent domicile in Nepal, will be deemed to be a citizen of Nepal.A child found in Nepal whose paternity or maternity is not known shall be deemed to be a citizen by naturalization until his/her parent(s) is traced.

Certain articles have been deemed to be discriminatory towards the minorities. For instance Article 11(7) states that citizenship by naturalization will not be granted to child born out of the wedlock of a Nepali woman citizen married to a foreigner. Article 14 is also discriminatory since it denies non-resident Nepali citizenship to members of SAARC countries. Both these provisions have been criticized to be discriminatory towards Madhesis in particular. Persons living near the open border between India and Nepal may be adversely affected since cross-border marriage relations are quite common.

It is interesting to note that the Constitutional provisions is some places contradictory to the previously enacted Nepal Citizenship Act, 2006. There also has been some disputes regarding the obtainment of citizenship certificate. A major number of citizens mostly based upon gender or caste or religion lack access to such certificates. This generally is common among indigenous communities due to lack of ownership over land.

India

In India the concept of citizenship is closely connected with identity. A brief overview of the identities present in India. As per the census report of 2001, Hindus account for 80% of the population while Muslim, being the second largest minority account for 14.23% of the population. Chirstians, Sikhs, Parsis, Buddhists and Jains are the other numerically important religious minorities. At the commencement of the Republic, citizenship was rooted in the shared identity of sovereign self-governing people coming together as a community of equals with a 'national identity' which embraced not only the national community as a whole but also each member of the political community. This identity creation could be attributed to the Partition of 1947 which had a significant effect in framing the Constitution of India. In the words of Dr. Ambedkar the Constitutional Provisions on citizenship were intended to decide an ad hoc law for the time being and had intended to leave other issues concerning citizenship to the Parliament evident from the phrasing of Article 11. Hence the constitutional character of citizenship was intended to only deal with the context of Partition and not citizenship as a whole.

The Constitution came into force on 26th January 1950 and the provisions about citizenship came into force on 29th November 1949. Article 5 of the Constitution deals with citizenship by birth. It highlights the jus soli conception of citizenship that was envisaged during the making of the Constitution. On the other hand article 6 and article 7 were provisions reserved for 'extraordinary times'. During the debates, the most controversial discussions were held upon issues of migration, domicile and intention to settle. During the framing of the Constitution these became central to its framing. While Article 6 aimed to provide citizenship to those persons who migrated to India from Pakistan, Article 7 was inserted to exclude people who had migrated from Pakistan to India around the time of partition. A religious undertone may also be observed in the Constituent Assembly Debates when the Hindus were referred to as 'refugees' while Muslims were referred to 'migrants'.

Article 9 provides that people who had voluntarily obtained the citizenship of another state cannot be citizens of India. Article 10 deems with the continuation of rights of citizenship for anyone deemed to be a citizen as per the earlier provisions subject to any law made by the Parliament.

The term domicile was subsequently adjudicated in a number of cases owing to its ambiguous nature. In Louis de Raedt V. Union of India the Supreme Court held that residence must be accompanied by intention to make a permanent home i.e the element of 'animus manendi' must be there. This view was also reiterated in Central Bank V. Ram Narain where it was held that both 'factum' and 'animus' must be there to constitute domicile.

The Citizenship Act, 1955 governs the general law relating to citizenship. Under this legislation, a person can acquire citizenship through birth, descent, naturalization, registration and incorporation of territory. This legislation has undergone some very significant amendments owing to the changing socio-cultural scenario of the country. In 1985 in the aftermath of the war of liberation for Bangladesh the influx of migrants increased and continued steadily afterwards. Due to increase in refugees, massive protests by All Assam Students Union took place which culminated into the signing of the Assam Accord. Many people had acquired 'documentary citizenship' in the words of Kamal Sadiq via ration cards etc. The amendment inserted Article 6A to ensure that people who came after 1966 would be deleted from the electoral role and would have to wait for 10 years from the date of detection to become legal citizens again. By the amendment in 2003, two sub-clauses were added to section 3 which were also relevant to the immigrants from Bangladesh which excluded those born after the amendment with one parent as an illegal migrant at the time of their birth. In 2004, section 7A inserted provisions for Overseas Citizenship, but it excluded from its purview, citizens/former citizens of Pakistan and Bangladesh.

The Illegal Migrants(Determination by Tribunals) Act, was enacted in 1983 to detect and expel illegal foreigners as a response to the movements in Assam. However the Act was challenged in a writ petition filed by Sabarnanda Sonowal whose plea was that the Act made it impossible to detect the foreigners who were residing there. Consequently, the Act was struck down and the previous procedure of placing the onus on proving citizenship claims upon the accused under the Foreigner's Act was reverted back to.

Under the Constitution, all citizens are entitled to certain fundamental rights. However certain groups of minorities are given rights to preserve their culture under the Indian Constitution under the aegis of article 29-30. During the Constituent Assembly, this issue was highly debated and finally certain rights are granted to the minorities under this Constitution. Mahajan writes The path that India adopted self-consciously therefore was one that acknowledged persons as citizens of the state as well as members of specific cultural communities. While political rights of participation were extended to all, nevertheless on other matters due consideration was given to community affiliations and membership. The policy adopted by India is said to be two fold: On one hand it tries to prevent exclusion of communities from public sphere. On the other hand it tries to provide autonomy to the concerned communities.

The concept of jus soli has been slowly transforming to the concept of jus sanguinis owing to the changing socio-cultural circumstances in India. While jus soli remains the governing principle the current vision of citizenship in India has come to be shaped by jus sanguinis.Due to the increasing diversity in the population,

Conclusion

This research study is limited in its scope to conduct a varied study between the countries. Hence it will only focus on the multicultural aspect of the Constitutional concept of both countries. In Kymlicka's terms, both Nepal and India are multicultural states owing to a similar history of co-existence of minorities along with incoming refugees. Undoubtedly this has given rise to the ethnic diversity of both the countries. Both these countries have polyethnic and national identities. Neither of them can be exclusively said to be polyethnic or multinational, since refugees and minorities co-exist in both these states. The umbrella term 'multicultural' thus is more suitable in the context if these two states.

As per Kymlicka's theory on multicultural citizenship ,as discussed in the second section, the nature of rights afforded to citizens of a multicultural nation can be divided into self-autonomy, special representation as well as polyethnic rights. Both the Constitutions fail to guarantee such rights for minorities as well as immigrants in its Constitution although India's Constitution provides it in a some aspects.

Kymlicka formulated has theory of rights in order to establish that cultural identity is essential in a liberal society for its stability . This is to some extent in true to both countries. Perhaps, owing to the denial of such rights, the majority population hedgemonizes culture and the minority population is victimized. Gramsci had observed: the State renders the ruling group homogeneous, and tends to create a social conformism which is useful to the ruling group's line of development. This is somewhat tested in both countries. The Constitutional provisions carry firm undertones and fails to secure the rights of any minorities in particular especially in respect to citizenship. As a result a 'social conformism' is created where every community adheres to the ruling people's hegemony. In both these Constitutions, the predominance of on community is thus seen over the recognition of communal groups. Despite the seemingly neutral phraseology of the Constitutional provisions a strong exclusionary attitude can be detected from the constitutional provisions on citizenships towards foreigners. The Constitutions of both the countries are apprehensive of granting citizenship to foreign migratory groups and as such fails to integrate them in the nation-building process.

Kymlicka's theories were based on a Western model. However in some parts, such theory has been evidenced in India and Nepal as can be seen from the legal discourse of both these countries. Certain modifications in his theories may exemplify its apllicablity in the South Asian context. Betto Van Warden in his work identifies the absence of identity from the works of Kymlicka. He draws upon the concept of participatory rights from Sen's seminal work on identity pluralism and in the process tries to reconcile the works of Kymlicka with Sen. He argues that a state must promote 'particpatory rights' rather than 'accomodation' or 'self-autonomy rights' for the distinct group of identities. Identity pluralism' as he says does not mean a rejection of multicultural rights but it would emphasize on participatory rights for all minorities.

It cannot be ascertained for sure whether such a theory with such modifications would be applicable in a multicultural society like Asia. Such a notion exceeds the scope of this comparative work. However identity has played a major role in the nation-building process of both these countries and for any theory of citizenship to be applicable to both these countries would require the due acknowledgement to 'identity'. In conclusion it can be said that both Nepal and India conforms on some aspects with Kymlicka's theory but fail to incorporate the entirety of it in their citizenship discourse.

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Should Birthright Citizenship be Abolished

The Fourteenth Amendment was passed post-civil war on July 28, 1868. It states, all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside (Fourteenth). When it says all this is not excluding any individual based on their skin color, religious beliefs or background. This does not apply to illegal immigrants therefore, it does not make sense that President Trump uses these false facts to rally up and gain support from White Supremacists. The amendment then states the following, no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (Fourteenth). Then by simply acting against this amendment would be considered unconstitutional because it will be violating citizens' rights. Not only that but the Fourteenth Amendment was passed there were many court cases that provided and reassure people of their civil rights. It cancels the Scott v. Sanford ruling in which the Supreme Court held that African Americans were not U.S. citizens, even if they were free (Fourteenth). There was another case in 1898 in which, the Supreme Court held that when a child is born in America to non-citizen Chinese parents, that child is a United States citizen (Fourteenth). Cases like the ones listed above can be used to provide evidence that there have been previous situations in which individuals have wanted to abolish birthright citizenship to those born in immigrants families. Birthright citizenship is, the practice of automatically granting citizenship to a child born in a particular country, regardless of the citizenship status of the parent or parents (Birthright, 2010). Meaning that no matter what the parent's legal status these individuals is being automatically granted citizenship. And if we ponder on this sentence what makes us qualified to decide someone's legal status based on rules created centuries ago by immigrants who migrated here for a better life. What is the difference between a second-generation Irish American and an illegal alien that's lived here for over 25 years from Colombia? I mean both the Irish and Colombian are here for a better life, one just got lucky enough that they were provided legal status and the other one was not. What exactly makes someone eligible for citizenship most illegal immigrants do not have a criminal record not everyone is a thief, criminal and rapists as our dear President states.

If President Trump's wishes became a reality regarding the abolishment of individuals birthright citizenship. Without a doubt we are all aware who President Trump wants to eliminate from this country and the answer is immigrants specifically Hispanics. The following information was collected in Texas (2017) and it lists the numbers of births by race there were that year 127,533 White, 48,242 Black, 664 American Indian/Alaska Native, 20,385 Asian, and 180,216 Hispanic (Numbers of Birth, 2018). The targeted individuals will have to be the nonwhite ones. But how exactly will this whole shenanigan work? Will individuals be discriminated based on their skin tones? What about the individuals that were already born here and have been citizens all their life will their citizenship be taken away from them and if so, what citizenship will they own? Evidently, this will only impact immigrants and minorities in this country. We will be taking a step back in history and we will be faced with experiences we have seen before. Not only that but this will lead to racial tension nationwide. With President Trump victory of office, we have seen an increase in racial discrimination towards minorities. Indeed, racial discrimination has been tracked since the beginning of this nations, yet since the election of President, Trump people have become to discriminate others openly once again. Here's the thing when someone of power expresses himself in a way to diminish a certain group this gives a racist a way to target and begin to openly suppress that group freely since someone of power is. And that is exactly what will happen if this law became a reality this will be a gateway for those who look differently be targeted by certain racial groups etc. Not only would this affect us a country, but we have seen a decrease economically. For example, just as President Trump took office, how's the slump translates to a cost of $4.6 billion in lost spending and 40,000 jobs, according to an analysis by the U.S. Travel Association (Popken, 2018). This just an example of how actions within the U.S affect not only its people but the economy. This executive order will bring destruction to this country.

Who will be the beneficiaries of this executive order you may ask? Well, this will mostly benefit those who believe in white supremacy and all of Trump supporters that includes neo-Nazis and conservatives. These individuals believe that birthright citizenship has been the result of an accidental interpretation of the Constitution (Cevallos, 2018). The belief that this amendment has been misinterpreted for many years sounds absurd. And those who are making such accusations are those who will consider the beneficiaries in this situation since they will not be harmed by any means. Those who are losers would have to be the minorities and illegal immigrants who have no legal status here in the states. We must acknowledge that the Constitution has been amended to expand rights and increase protections. It is rarely amended to remove existing rights (Cevallos, 2018). The only known case in which an amendment was removed was, was the 18th Amendment, which imposed a federal criminal prohibition on alcohol (Ceballos, 2018). Removing this will not benefit anyone except those who are in full support of this executive law, however, they might not realize how much it would cause them personally. Americans would have to pay for this new bureaucracy, which would be tasked to decide the citizenship of some 4 million babies born in America each year (Stock, 2015). Not only that but because many Americans cannot afford legal help, therefore, Americans would have to pay a $600 tax on every baby born in the U.S. each year (Stock, 2015). Not only that it will also be such a hassle for the whole government first off since, America has no national birth registry, no squads of skilled government lawyers who can determine whether a person's parents hold a particular immigration status at the moment of a baby's birth (Stock, 2015). This will mean that the government would have to establish this. Perhaps, it may seem like this will fix our broken immigration problem, yet it seems like this will cause more problems than it will resolve. Sadly, this is not a solution and this executive order is being used to mask the bigger issue which is that the immigration system is broken. And that is the issue here we have benefited from these minorities and illegal immigrants and while it is said that immigrants do not contribute to this country but if you inform yourself you know that is a lie. Immigrants do not come to this country to steal jobs they come here to make a living in a country that will give them this opportunity, and they do the heavy jobs that most people do not want to do. Trust me if half of these people were given the opportunity to become a citizen they would. And do not believe that illegal immigrants do not pay taxes because there are ways for people without a legal status to pay their taxes.

By now you may know that I am against the abolishment of birthright citizenship. Why you may ask yourself? Well, let's just say I think that by depriving a baby citizenship based on their parent's legal status is monstrous and outrageous. This has been the first time I have heard that, and I never thought that I would hear this from a great nation like ours. This frightens me because if a nation such as this one is starting to decline what assures me that the other nations will not start following our steps. It also saddens me that a nation that has been known as the land of opportunities is only wants to provide those opportunities to a certain individual and discriminating those who do not meet those standards. Who is the president to decide who gets citizenship and who does not? If you are born in the United States this county will be the country, you will proudly represent and identify with. However, if this executive order becomes a reality then this will create a sense of confusion within these individuals because yes, they were born here yet, they did not meet the requirements for citizenship, therefore, they are not considered citizens. Just putting that into words makes it sound ridiculous and absurd it does not make sense to any individual and I do not know why people find this appealing.

In conclusion, this executive order that President Trump wants to pass is a cry help if we allow something like this to occur there will be no way of stopping him. As stated in the Fourteenth Amendment, all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside (Fourteenth). And ALL persons mean every single individual born here in the states no matter what their parents' legal status is period.

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The Not-So Golden Road to Citizenship

Mario Sarceno is an immigrant who is living what most dream about when they touch U.S soil. He has a large home and family, a successful career and peace of mind. Yet it was only three years ago that some of these options became available to him when he became a citizen of the United States. It took him 15 years, 6,000 dollars, a lawyer and a couple of court appearances, but now he basks in the privileges that come with being an American citizen. The road wasn't easy, he says, speaking of the time and effort he expended. And there is still more to go with my wife, who is also trying to become a citizen. For the Villaruel family, it has been a long process. Both Lucio and Pily Villarruel are residents and are currently waiting for the ability to apply for citizenship. The differences in their cases has made it difficult to go through the citizenship process, as both are undocumented immigrants. Though they have been more than willing to work and pay for the lawyer, forms and other fees, they mention that most immigrants do not have enough resources to be able to afford such things. We have been blessed, Pily remarks. But others do not have as much and cannot even begin to talk to a lawyer about their case.

This is the case for most people when it comes down to starting the process to become an American citizen. From amnesty to building a wall on the border, immigration reform has been nothing short of a highly debated topic in Congress. For the past ten years, proposals have been given and rejected, one after another. Most recently, President Donald Trump has been advocating for a wall to be built on the border between the U.S and Mexico, a wall that he claims as the only solution to this problem. (CITE THIS) There could not be more dissension among Congress members in how to deal with the 11 million people who reside undocumented inside the U.S borders.(CITE THIS) In February of 2018, because Congress could not come to a consensus, the government shut down for three days. (CITE THIS) Yet, while they argue and dissent, there are still people who are doing their best to become citizens within the system that has already been established in America. What it comes down to, though, is that this process is expensive, academically unbalanced and, at times. inflexible. When policies in the U.S change, so should the citizenship process. No reform will be able to completely stand on its feet if the process to become a citizen is too difficult or too precarious a situation for undocumented immigrants to even begin. While for some, the solution is to throw these unwanted individuals out, there are several things we can do in helping those who have been part of American society for years and who have established families here.

The typical process begins with applying for residency. According to the U.S Citizenship and Immigration services, any immigrant who wants to be a citizen must first apply for residency. If granted, the stipulations for residency is to stay in the U.S for a period of five years, with no extended vacations outside of the country during that period of time. Then, they may apply for citizenship, which includes a biometrics, or medical, appointment, an interview and an English and Civics test before the application may be submitted. This process can also last for about five years. If granted, the applicant moves on to take the oath of allegiance and becomes a U.S citizen at a naturalization ceremony. If denied, an applicant may also appeal the decision within 30 days before it is finalized. (CITE THIS) This may seem to be a simple process and for some, it is. Yet, for those who are not literate in legal matters and those who struggle with English and have very little education, this can be a difficult process. For example, an application can be denied if the applicant fails one or both parts of the exam. Individuals are allowed to retake it once, but if failed twice, the application is denied. (CITE THIS) Another difficulty presented can be the forms themselves. While some applicants may be able to speak English, many do not know how to read or write it. About 33% of the U.S population do not speak English as their first language. (CITE THIS)

The jargon of the paperwork can be difficult to understand and if there is a mistake in filing or in the information present on the forms, there could be legal consequences. There is also a chance of being denied and so the money paid out of pocket would be in vain. Many immigrants stay undocumented because of that fear.Some exceptions are given in wake of these difficulties, if the applicant qualifies for them. For example, an applicant over the age of 50 with a residency of 20 years is allowed to take the English and Civic exam in their native language with a translator who is fluent in both English and the applicant's native language. Those who are 55 and older and have been residents for 15 years are also given this consideration. While this is a thoughtful measure, this does not apply even if you meet the age stipulation but not the residency requirement. This also means that any U.S graduated high school students, who would have already learned U.S history in school would have to take the test. Because the exam is supposed to test the applicant's English and their knowledge of U.S history, it would seem unnecessary for them to have to take it.

Instead, if those applicants could prove that they had graduated from a U.S high school, they could bypass the test. This would leave more room for others to take the exam and could potentially reduce the overarching costs of administering the exam,What is not mentioned in this process are the fees that accompany the applications. For example, the application for residency, according to USCIS website, can go up to $1,140 and is a minimum $985 dollars. To apply for naturalization, the fee is about $595-$640. The addition of a lawyer jolts the total cost to about $5,000 and $12,000. The fees are not set and depend on the complexity of your case and if the applicant files on their own or with a lawyer. Unfortunately, with many immigrants living under the poverty level, this can be a deterrent for anyone trying to apply for citizenship. A clear example of this deterrent happened when the fees changed in 2007. 1.4 million applications were submitted that year, the highest number occurring before the fee change. Compared to the 500,000 applicants the year after that, we can see that price swayed many people to apply before it became even higher.(CITE THIS)Some solutions have been proposed, such as waivers, that cut the price of the fees in half. These waivers are only available to those who are below the federal poverty level, but someone who is earning $24,000 a year, which is just over the poverty level, would have to pay full price for any and all fees. Some would say the fees are high due to the fact that the United States Center of Immigration is mostly funded by the money collected from processing the forms. The cost of forms is also affected by the populations that are not required to pay fees, such as refugees. This could be rectified, and the prices lowered, if there were other ways to fund this agency such as government grants or perhaps donations from other organizations that are affiliated with them.

Another difficult aspect is time. For the average applicant, it takes about 5-10 years to be able to complete the full process and get to the naturalization ceremony. (CITE THIS) This wait can be made longer due to processing issues, lack of funds, or other preventative life events. (CITE THIS) While the longevity of the process may be a precaution for security reasons, it is easy for an undocumented immigrant to see this as another hurdle, because there is a possibility that they will be denied. The denial, in their eyes, would mean that their hard work and money have gone to waste. Many applicants also have families that depend on them for economic stability. Approximately 18 million children under the age of 18 in the U.S have or live with at least one immigrant parent. (CITE THIS) A denial could mean deportation and separation from their families, which could cause emotional distress and upheaval for the children, if any, that are involved. Many of these children are born in the U.S, which would make transitioning to another country, if they decided to relocate with their immigrant parent, difficult. For these immigrant parents and their children, these are fears that they have to live with every day. Yet, even so, there are many who attempt it. The dream of becoming an American citizen is enough to draw these people to pay anything to be able to enjoy the rights that every citizen of the United States of America has.

Policy changes can also affect who can or cannot apply for naturalization. Because immigration has become such a political upheaval, both republicans and democrats have different ideas on how to deal with this issue and who can apply. This divide caused the initiation of DACA (Deferred action for children arrivals) by former President Barack Obama and it's current termination by President Donald Trump. DACA stands as an example of how policy changes can affect immigrants and their ability to acquire legal papers in this country. This program was effected on June 15, 2012, as an executive order, it would allow those immigrants who had arrived in the U.S before the age of 16 and were as of than younger than 31, the ability to have temporary legal status and be relieved from the threat of deportation. At the time, a large portion of immigrants, about 1.7 million people, became eligible for this program. (CITE THIS) The program would require them to renew their petition every two years, which many immigrants were more than willing to do. In return, these Dreamers as they are called, would receive a social security number and a work permit. Many of them would be able to receive a higher education and other opportunities that were previously denied. They believed that through time, they might be allowed to apply for naturalization.

The pitfall of this program was how temporary it would end up being. While this was an executive action backed by several supporters in the Obama administration, many Congress members, who were mostly Republican for President Obama's second term, raised their voices against it. They encouraged states to file federal lawsuits against the executive order, claiming that it was unconstitutional. (CITE THIS) More recently, in September of 2017, President Trump announced that he would be ending this program and would be taking the next six months to phase it out. This left as many as many as 800,000 Dreamers in danger of deportation. For five years, the program functioned to bring stability to the lives of these immigrants, many who are young adults. They had come out of the dark and trusted the only government they have ever known, only to have the proverbial rug pulled from under them. While many lament the program's end, the true solution for these Dreamers and for other immigrants just like them is for a more permanent solution to be passed through legislation as part of a broader immigration policy. Programs like DACA, at best, are only a temporary fix and subject to change by other presidential administrations that do not believe in its value. The narrow scope of who can apply to this type of program is also something that could change in a immigration policy. Coupled with a more accessible and affordable naturalization process, it could change the lives of many immigrant families.

There are politicians and other prominent members of society that would argue that there is a disadvantage to letting so many immigrants be able to naturalize. They claim that that supporters of this type of reform are looking out for the needs of foreigners over the needs of Americans but the reality is that undocumented immigrants could be a great asset to the U.S Some incentive for changes to made can be seen in a recent study that showed the economical boosts that would be be available if all existing eligible immigrants became citizens, acquired jobs and could be subject to taxes. According to the Urban Institute in New York in a research study conducted in 2015, not only would the individual annual earnings increase for these immigrants, but it would also increase the employment rate and homeownership rates. Tax revenues alone would raise a whopping 2.3 billion dollars in 21 cities if naturalized and a specific study in New York City showed that government cost of public benefits, like SNAP or TANF, would decrease as well.

While this is the first study to demonstrate how naturalization can be related to government-funded programs, it is still a strong indicator of the economic benefit immigrants could provide. This great nation was built on hard working immigrants who sailed overseas, walked on foot and travailed many difficulties to live in a land of plenty and give their children the opportunity to lead better lives. The same dream still exists within the heart of every American but also the immigrants who sacrifice so much to come to a place they have only ever heard of, a place where they believe will provide more opportunities to their family members and where they could live in safety. Instead of trying to keep these people out, we should welcome them with open arms and provide a path that they can more easily become like us and benefit from the benefits we so often take for granted.

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The Latency Impact the Digital Citizenship and Educational Opportunities

Equity is defined as being opened or unbiased (Monroe 1). In legal terms, since the ancient time, it means everyone has equal opportunities to work, study, live and thrive. So what does it mean in the Information Age, the century in which the Internet, computer, and smartphone play an essential role? If the technical operations were so substantial, then people who know or use that technology have more advantages than people who do not. Though the Internet is essential for the exercise of the rights that associated with the digital citizenships (cyber market, trade, political and online information), the geographic and racial differences were the major obstacle. Digital citizenship includes more meaningful than political involvement, but also success opportunity. Online activities related to wellness, education, housing, government services. However, not many minor races and low-income people have the opportunities to access or use the Internet frequently, especially in isolated and rural communities. Therefore, created the invisible gap between the Black-Americans and White-American when it comes to using and profiting from the technological opportunities. This essay is the closer look into each separate fields to give the final overview of the problem and propose the necessary change to narrow the gap in the new century.

In a current statement, the NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce) concluded that the United States of America is swiftly adopting the mobile technologies. This rapid transformation described by the NTIA is technically replacing the old patterns of Internet usage, allowing more people to enter into the Information Age. However, exceeding the liability and simple connectivity, is what this change in Internet access may cause. Moreover, there is three big question: how does it impact on the digital citizenship? Does it open the more convenient network? Alternatively, is this change mark the warning in the lack of Internet access forms?

In the research of Caroline J. Robert, the professor at Department of Political science at the University of Iowa he stated: The data available from the Pew Research center in 2014 indicated that more than 70% Black-American and minor races group with the income less than $30.000 owned at least a smartphone and use it online. While only 60% of their White peers use or access the internet via smartphone. Is this mean the there are no ethnic inequalities in Internet access? Let take a closer look at the case. Because of the small form and portability, smartphones provide the more convenient Internet access. A user can easily access the Internet from the outside door, while he/she is traveling or even at work. It is more continuous use than home access. However, the Internet can access anywhere, anytime does not mean it has an overwhelming speed, but indeed, it is much slower than the average computer. It is obvious when we compare the size and parts of a computer and a smartphone. The fastest 4G LTE, most usual smartphone Internet access is 5 megabyte per second. It is nothing when compared with 60 gigabyte per second on the regular cable internet access- 1 gigabyte equals 1024 megabytes-(Lynn 1).

Further, the lower income individuals tend to pay cheap plan with limited access time and data. As we know, the average Internet bill for a good connection is about one to two hundred. Also, because the majority of minor communities is low-income people, they need to take more affordable plans. Also, these inexpensive plans have a higher chance of disruption due to the reservation for more expensive plans with more friendly experiment. The slow speed on the wireless connection is often causing the latency in downloading, uploading or searching for information, which leads to the disadvantages of online connection and dwelling the interest in using the Internet of the users. Also, it causes the troubles to practice digital citizenship which is the norms of appropriate, responsible technology use. Simultaneously, it also limited the opportunities to succeed and deprive of those community in term of academic usage.

For example, The research took place in Missouri's State University in 2014 showed the students who have high G.P.A. were more familiar with technology and educational programs. The majority of students which has high G.P.A are white and Asian ethnic compared with the students who have less than 2.5 G.P.A are Black and Minor races. It is not a coincidence when most of the research shows that the Black-communities have more inferior quality of education and science due to the lack of capital resources (money) in preparation for an academic career. In the other study conducted at the same time at Chicago University by the Chicago University Department of Science, a statistic revealed that only 30% of the Black students own a personal computer or have connection continually with the Internet, though the requirement of the school was one computer for one student, while that number was 75% of the White students. (Harris Poll 4)

Computer especially personal laptop is an indispensable tool in the college life. It means the students have a portable workstation which mean they can work anywhere at least they have an internet connection. They will have more control over their work and the time it takes. It is not doubted that smartphone has higher portability than a laptop, but the small screen, the touch keyboard, and slow data transition make it less valuable in term of the workforce than a laptop. Subsequently, there are not many digital devices that support the smartphone connection. So if a student wants to present his or her research with a smartphone, he or she needs to transfer it into another type of connection and then transfers it to the projector. Also, unfortunately, that type of transition can cause the extremely high latency and data corruption which can kill the whole research data, and ruin the presentation. Further, we can not deny the benefit of the school library with the computer and internet equipment. However, that is the limited number, a few hundred, when compared with the vast number, more than thousand of students who attended the school. Even if the school afford computers for all of the students, there will be a higher chance of online insecurity likely happen when a student forgets to log out after using, and also high maintenance fee.

The lower percentage of students own a personal computer proved that the lack of personal computer increases the struggle in the educational field and reduce the opportunity to succeed between ethnic indications. Black students understand the general science computation, graphs, translation, plus charts, but they did not have any sufficient skills for more advanced science courses. These lack of abilities of Black students might explain some of the reasons behind the low percentage of higher education in Black Communities. Black Americans received 8.1% of the associate degrees and only 6% of the bachelor's degrees in the past decade. On the other hand, Black females received 5.4% of the bachelor's degrees in the life sciences, 5.6% of the bachelor's degrees in mathematics, and 4.7% of the bachelor's degrees in the physical sciences (Atwater, Mary Monroe 3). Further, there is a possibility that the teacher acknowledges Black race as less intelligent or as not as other races. It is not entirely about bias and ethics. It is about how a majority of the students of that race perform.

Frequently, most of the Black Students did excellent at their high school, in term of G.P.A, but they did not participate in any technology science especially the courses that relate to computer and Internet usage. As a personal experiment, I used to see a Black Student who should be at the top of my class but being put down by physics classes. They know that the higher science courses will low down their G.P.A, also low their chance to get into college. Besides, they do not have adequate capital resources, so they tried to avoid the science sources, but when they get into college, and the high tech science courses become the requirement rather than a selective one, they immediately feel being overwhelmed because they lack experiment with the educational programs or tech in the past. There are still the Black students who regardless the technology and capital obstacles still complete the doctoral degree with a decent grade. However, that is a small portion of the whole picture. The process which took them to get a doctoral degree was much harder than usual. Also, the equality in degree accomplishment did not happen.

Research on academic-based inequalities has demonstrated that concentrated poverty and segregation affect individual outcomes in education. Additionally, the lack of Internet broadband grew a concentration in the Black America community. The study case, conducted by Chicago University, revealed an not new but unbelievable context: only 52% of the rural population have internet access, and 68% of the urban population has an Internet connection.(NTIA, 2014). More common sense than the high smartphone user or the lack of a personal computer in the college, the lack of Internet access significantly eliminates both social and psychological development of a group or individual. Without internet access, people tend to isolate themselves. Their knowledge and information only limit around their community. The employment opportunities and the market for their production will be narrowed as well as the profit. For instance, if a man/woman wants to find a job, he or she can only submit his or her resume to the local company or sometimes, in town stores. They are indeed, low-income jobs. Nationwide, the whites in all cities, they use the Internet at much higher rates in cities where the most population has access to the Internet. While African-American neighborhood characteristics live in the rural region, have influenced Internet use, result in the lack of central internet at home and living places. It is crucial to guide that portion of the population to join the digital access. Blacks are ignored the important to have their home computer. While technically, they can use the old traditional technique to transfer and receive information, but they will always slower and get behind the speed of the online connection.

In final conclusion, we are now having the answer to the previous questions. Though smartphone Internet access is enabling more people to have access to the digital information, in the long term, it will cause the saturation and slow down of technology usage due to the obstacles in utility, and the lack of supported technologies, plus the latency in connection. One can hope that as the Digital Age move forward with the vast production and regulation of the technology devices, the Black-Americans will have more choice when selecting their trustee Internet access. The further the Digital Age goes, the more critical the Internet, and technology become. Digital problems are not easy to fix problems just because people do not have the essential access to the digital information; indeed, they are the critical issues because the shortage of connecting the Internet creates illiteracy with innovation (Horton 3), which is so universal at the 21st century. Even if there is anyone can live without high tech devices, the life of that person will fall below the life quality standard. How can a minority of the population slow down the entire elevation of their society? That is unacceptable.

In the meantime, the people will not wait for the price of technologies to get less expensive. Black-American urgently needs a program that can show them the start and their direction to go along with other technologically advanced races in the development of human civilization. They will not have time to wait, so the possible solution is to utilize everything they have from many sources. Luckily, Blue Tech companies, technology companies which are on the top of their field, have any special program to make their tech more affordable with the low-income and minor races communities. For example, Apple and Microsoft have Tech foundation to support young minor college student with their pieces of equipment for the advance in the educational path. Though these devices are not the newest and fastest one, they still better than having nothing.

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Global Citizenship

The conflict between the Muslim and Christian communities within Egypt is probably not new news to the average American. According to a Breitbart news article, Egypt is home to the largest Christian community in the Middle East. Officially about ten percent of the ninety-five million population are Christian, although many believe the figure is significantly higher (Kent 2018). As a matter of fact, Coptic Christians are the largest religious minority in Egypt. It is because there is no exact distinction that is believed, that there is either a continuous hidden or public conflict of interest. More specifically, the attacks on Coptic Christian communities in Egypt.

For reference, the Christian Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt is based on the teachings of Saint Mark who brought Christianity to Egypt during the reign of the Roman emperor Nero in the first century (The Coptic Network 2006). The reason this was brought up was to offer incite to the beliefs of those who are being discussed. Being a religious minority, Coptic Christians are often persecuted as well as being repeated victims of attacks on their place of worship. Unfortunately they have also been known to suffer marginalization as well blame from the State.

The suffering and persecution of the Coptic Christians in Egypt does not stop in their history, many of these actions occur today. A prime example from an ABC news article would be that they are frequently openly discriminated against or lynched, and the predominantly Muslim Government is subsequently criticized for turning a blind eye to their plight (Viney 2017). They are even withheld from reasonable requests such as permission to build places of worship. An example of a more specific case would be two church bombings near Easter of 2017 killing 49 people. That does not even include the fifteen plus girls who were forced to marry Muslims and convert to Islam or be killed after they were kidnapped in 2017.

So, that the problems have been stated, what are some of the causes? Well, The Guardian reports that 128 Christians were killed in Egypt for their faith and more than 200 were driven out of their homes in 2017. It attributed the rise in persecution to the overspill of Islamic terrorists driven out of Iraq and Syria (Sherwood 2018). Based on the reasoning of this entry, one can believe that the recent increases in attacks on Coptic Christians could be based on the inflow of Islamic extremists from Iraq and Syria.

With the problems and causes have been covered, one may ask themselves what can I do as a global citizen to help? Well, there are plenty of things that one can do to help the relief effort. As an individual, one can fund support groups to aid in religious oppression relief organizations. There are multiple organizations raising money to aid in the relief of those directly impacted by these attacks, an example would be fondly.com with their Support the Coptic Christians in Egypt fund. If funding is not a very enticing option, there are mission trips that are offered both nationally and internationally to actively offer support to those who are in need. Mission trips are definitely a great way to have a personal investment in the service that you provide. If traveling is on the mind, what better way to see the world than to help those with a personal face-to-face connection.

If financial support or personal involvement is an intangible reality for some, there are still options to help out the cause. Offering public support and raising awareness is one of the many great tools one can use to be an involved global citizen as well as to help be a part of the solution. Ignorance is one of the biggest problems facing us as global citizens today. That is why we need to spread the word of what is going on around the world that we share. No one is expected to fund absolutely every, and all organizations because no one can feasibly be capable of doing that. However, that does not mean that there aren't plenty of people who have a personal connection with one issue or another. That is why we need to spread the knowledge of this major issue, so that those who are personally compelled, those who are closely related are able to know what is going on. It is very hard to do something about a problem that one cares about if no intel has been provided to make the problem known. That is why it is our duty as global citizens to spread the word and make these injustices widely known so that change can be implemented.

Works Cited

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-10/who-are-egypts-copts/8429634

https://www.breitbart.com/middle-east/2018/09/02/muslim-extremists-attack-coptic-christian-homes-in-egypt/

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/10/christians-egypt-unprecedented-persecution-report

https://www.coptic.net/EncyclopediaCoptica/

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Global Citizenship. (2019, Apr 12). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/17/

Institutionalized Stereotypes in the Simpsons

Bibliography

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Rethinking of Stereotypes

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Stereotypes of Black Female Actresses

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Cop and Robber Reinventing Stereotypes

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Stereotypes of Fraternity Members

Stereotypes of Fraternity Members

Works Cited

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The most Common Stereotypes

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An Influence of Stereotypes

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Stereotypes in Today’s Society

Stereotype-resistant commercial

Stereotype supportive commercial

Conclusion

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Oratorical Leaders and the Magic of Stereotypes

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The Acrions Behind Texting and Driving

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Why Texting and Driving is so Dangerous

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Stereotypes in Disney Movies about Princesses

Bibliography

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Stereotypes about Kentucky Residents

Stereotypes in Kentucky

Works Cited

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Texting and Driving Laws

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Texting and Driving a Problem in Nebraska

Introduction

Problem Statement

Solution

Supporting Arguments

Figure 1

Address of the Opposition

Conclusion

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Dangers of Texting while Driving

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Texting and Driving should be Stopped

Introduction:

Body:

Conclusion

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What are the Dangers of Texting while Driving?

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“Sex & Citizenship in Antebellum America” by Nancy Isenberg

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Corporate Citizenship Audit

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Immigration and U.S. Citizenship

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The Dangers of Texting while Driving

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Citizenship: the First Amendment Right

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The Role of Civil Society in Global Citizenship

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Citizenship – Highly Debated Throughout History

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Citizenship: a Comparative Study of India and Nepal

Introduction

Citizenship- A Multiculturalist approach

Nepal

India

Conclusion

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Should Birthright Citizenship be Abolished

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The Not-So Golden Road to Citizenship

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