Month: April 2019
Child Labour in 19th Century in England
The 19th century in England is also well known as the Victorian Period because of the long reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). The characteristic of this period was the changing of the economic, political, and social views as the result of the Industrial Revolution. The poverty and exploitation increased due to drastic changes in the demographics of England.
Amid the multitude of social and political forces of this age of democracy, it was an age of popular education, of religious tolerance, of growing brotherhood and of profound social unrest. The multitudes of men, women and little children in the mines and factories were victims of a more terrible industrial and social slavery. Child labour at the time was synonymous to slavery. Children were subjected to inhuman torture, exploitation and even death. These child labourers were forced to work in factories and workhouses at the insistence of their parents and workhouse guardians.
The reputation of Elizabeth Barrett Browning as a poet of liberal social conscience is chiefly based on her widely known 'The Cry of the Children'. It is less well known that after the publication of that poem in 1843 Barrett Browning continued to champion social progress in England, the liberation movement in Italy, and abolitionism in the United States. While The Cry of the Children was a kind of poetical echo of Chartism. Child labour, in Victorian England, was part of a gruesome system which snatched children of their childhood, health and even their lives, which is picturized in the lines of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, which is as follows:
Do ye hear the children weeping, O my brothers,
Ere the sorrow comes with years?
They are leaning their young heads against their mothers,
And that cannot stop their tears.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning uses a theme of politics along with rich imagery to draw her readers into the plight of the children forced into working in the mines and factories of industrial England. She writes to expose the horrific conditions under which these children are forced to live and die. The poem is a detailed description of the thoughts and wishes of the children paired with an outsider's pleas with the public to change the lives of the children. The poet brings out her female perspective of child abuse and child labour in the work which is published in 1843 in the Blackwood's Magazine, was written after she had visited an urban factory and was shocked at the children's pitiful state. The poem was read in the House of Lords and influenced legislation to protect working children. It is obvious that the poem is a personal response to the exploitation of children as cheap workers, especially in factories and mines, and a call to the society for reform. Within the poem Barrett Browning made use of repetitions and a plea to the reader is constantly present, as in lines such as:
But the young, young children, O my brothers,
They are weeping bitterly!
They are weeping in the playtime of the others,
In the country of the free.
This poem addresses and pleads with the reader directly as if begging to cease the cruel practice on the spot. This urgency, apt imagery "The young lambs are bleating" and emotional description of the children's "weeping" is the poet's strength trying to make even deaf ears hear the message. Elizabeth Barrett Browning shows the direct cause and symptoms of social distress in her best social verse in the fourth stanza, where the speaker tells us about a young girl by the name of Alice, who died last year and the children try to hear her cry from her grave, but discovered little Alice never cries, so the children reason that Alice must be happier there. The verses provide an effect of pathos, piety and passion as the sentimental artistry to the poem, Barrett Browning's disintegrating effects of social suffering is delved in the fifth stanza lines which are as follows:
Alas, the wretched children! they are seeking
Death in life, as best to have!
They are binding up their hearts away from breaking,
With a cerement from the grave.
Go out, children, from the mine and from the city “
Sing out, children, as the little thrushes do “
Pluck your handfuls of the meadow-cowslips of the meadows,
Laugh aloud, to feel your fingers let them through
But they answer, Are your cowslips of the meadows
Like our weeds anear the mine?
Leave us quiet in the dark of the coal-shadows,
From your pleasures fair and fine!
Barrett Browning's penetrating insight finds the source and the only remedy for her social distress through writing this poem. It shows her deep concern about the affection caused by the Industrial Revolution happened centuries ago. Browning emphasizes a lot about the child labour victims and made even lively by using dramatic monologue. She pretends that she talks to the children in real life talking about their pains. Obviously, the subject matter of this poem is the misery lives of children back in the Victorian period who faced miserable lives as labours. Browning shows her concern to them who cannot enjoy their childhood lives due to the Industrial Revolution. Like mentioned above, the Industrial Revolution plays a very big impact on the country's development during the period. Therefore, they are too seeking low-cost employment of under-aged children happened to be their last and cruel decision. During the period, under-aged children who are in the midst of their teens even younger were forced to work in mines with ridiculous working hours. They suffered from tiredness and depression. They couldn't play like how youngsters should be, instead, they had to work for the country's own good. In this case, Browning clearly shows how painful it was for the children by providing a pessimistic feel towards the readers since the stanza 7 of the poem.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poetic vocation in the stanzas 8 to 10, finalizes the poem with a bit sign of warning to the nation that as the country's revolution is getting better, the social life in their country seems to be ignored. Browning wants to emphasize her protest to stop child labour in the stanzas 11 and 12. Browning thinks that the pains of the children seem to be deeper rather than the strong man's wrath as she uses several poetic devices to support her style of writing. ; the repetition of verses Let them weep! Let them weep! tries to emphasize that the pains can actually make the children die faster at a very young age so everything needs to be stopped which picturizes the peak of her protest.
For all day, the wheels are droning, turning, “
Their wind comes in our faces, “
Till our hearts turn, “ our heads, with pulses burning,
And the walls turn in their places
Turns the sky in the high window blank and reeling “
Turns the long light that droppeth down the wall, “
Turn the black flies that crawl along the ceiling “
All are turning, all the day, and we with all! “
And all day, the iron wheels are droning;
And sometimes we could pray,
?O ye wheels,' (breaking out in a mad moaning)
?Stop! be silent for to-day!'
The political imagery employed in the above lines as a criticism of the society and the government is almost scary, in which the children's "hearts turn" and their heads "with pulses burn" are becoming one with the "droning" and "turning" of the wheels of the machines. It creates the impression as if the children and machines are interchangeable; the children become machines and the machines are more alive than the children. This impression of the unity of children workers and the machines, with which they work, is underlined through the poet's use of plosives like "t" and "p". The staccato-like rhythm of the poem, along with the repetitions of words like "turn" and "all" and the dashes (end-stopped poem) at the end of many lines create a sensation of the noise in a factory, which indicates too that it is by this rhythm that the children live and not only work. On a broader view one can also say that the verses also voice the sentiment and anxiety of the Victorian Age, as people felt that with the mechanization of work, people also lost their ability for kindness and emphatic feelings for others and became themselves more heartless.
The poem ends with the children's angels speaking for them since no one else seems to do it, No one is exempt in the address of "O cruel nation" where Barrett Browning directly put forwards her distress and poetic vocation to criticize the Parliament. The poet opens up her anger by saying that, No one can point the finger at only one person or group of people, we all are to blame if today child labour is found in our nation, which we call Mother Earth so ironically if we neglect her children. The last two lines seem to have the purpose to haunt the reader, as the lines are:
How long, they say, how long, O cruel nation,
Will you stand, to move the world, on a child's heart,
Stifle down with a mailed heel its palpitation,
And tread onward to your throne amid the mart
Our blood splashes upward, O our tyrants,
And your purple shows your path;
But the child's sob curseth deeper in the silence
Than the strong in his wrath!
The Cry of the Children is a revolutionary and strong poem that is against the mistreatment of children and puts in doubt the belief in society, in nation and in God where Barrett Browning with her skillful use of political imagery, sound devices, repetitions, anaphora and caesura, along with the personal, emotional, haunting and colloquial style of the poem, in which all concerned ?parties', the children, adults, preachers and angels, get their share of dialogues, she is able to reach the heart of her readers and powerfully provokes a response in them. Browning, in her own individual ways of using Child Labour as an instrument of Social Criticism, gives voice to the unheard cries of the children of her age and try to stir the readers.
Will you stand, to move the world, on a child's heart?
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Soccer Players Fuel their Bodies
Mention that when soccer players fuel their bodies with good food, this does not make them the MVP, but rather, it ensures, along with bodily things, that they perform to the best of their abilities. Yikes gotta get a better sentence than that.
The Physical Demands of Soccer
If there was a list of all of the sports played across the entire world, and if you went further to say how physically intense, soccer would be very near, if not at, the top. (Davis) For the spectators who have never played the sport, they may not realize the intense requirements the player's body performs, perhaps thinking it easy.
Whether positioned on defense or offense, players are constantly performing various moves, such as jogging, sprinting to open space, back peddling, running laterally up the field, kicking, shooting, and doing throw-ins. Throughout a ninety-minute soccer game, players expend 1,500-2,000 calories-that's a day's worth of calories for some people! (Davis) Players need plenty of energy to execute the various tasks needed to play a great game. Players need to make sure they are consuming enough calories in order to keep up with the physical demands of not only the games played throughout the week, but also the demands of the practices and separate workout sessions.
What happens if a soccer athlete is malnourished, meaning that a player consumes too few or too many nutrients for their lifestyle. (Boyle) While a player may not get to the extreme of undernutrition or overnutrition (both are dangerous forms of malnutrition), a player can definitely suffer from lack of nutritious foods to fuel their game. If a player consumes too few nutrients, they can become lethargic and develop slow reflexes, whereas if a player consumes too many nutrients, they can
Introducing the Nutrients just introduce
These various tasks require fuel, however. There are many misconceptions about what one should eat before an elite game. It is, however, very important for a player to consume a variety of nutritious foods before a game. Some of these nutrients include: Carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Although carbohydrates have very little energy, compared to fat and protein, the human body uses carbohydrates as the most important type of fuel during an intense game. Carbohydrates are used during quick, strenuous times in a game, such as sprinting; it gives energy to the muscles in this short time frame. (Davis) Carbohydrates contain about 4 calories. (PER WHAT)??(Boyle)
Fat supplies the body with energy during the longer, less-intense levels of the match. (Davis) It contains 9 calories per gram, making it supply over half of the energy that it would receive from a gram of carbohydrate. (Davis) In addition to providing a hefty supply of energy to the body, fat also acts as an insulator to vital organs, protecting them from any dangerous play involved during the match. Specify which type of fat. Healthy fats are monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and omega fatty acids.
Protein is essential in any diet, especially that of an elite soccer player. It serves to grow and maintain muscles, tendons, teeth, bones, ligaments, hair, and nails. (Davis, is this list plagiarism?) Some more info on this topic. How many calories per what??
How much and what does that look like?
It is one thing to know what to eat, but how much of that substance is another story. 60-65% of a soccer player's plate should be carbohydrates. (davis) What does this look like? Foods that are good sources of carbohydrates include rice, pasta, whole-wheat breads, cereals (high-fiber), potatoes, ect. (plag? Or could I just look up good sources of this nutrient?) (davis) Sample meal plan? 20-25% of a soccer player's plate should include healthy fats, like mackerel, salmon, olive oil, avocado, nuts. (again. Plag?) (Davis)
The final 10-15% should come from protein, such as fish, poultry, low-fat milk, and lean, red meats. (davis) Many people believe the misconception that if you consume more protein, then you will grow more muscle. This is false. No one should consume excess protein unless they are elite athletes or are just starting to workout. (Boyle) Your body does not use the excess to build muscle, unless you work your muscles. Muscle building is a supply and demand process, which means that in order to grow your muscles, you must work them. Protein should be consumed scattered throughout the day, rather than all at one sitting. (Boyle)
Timing is Everything
In order to for a player to excel on the field, timing is everything. It is not enough to just eat right. Eating at the right time can make or break how you play. It can be the difference between excelling on the field or falling flat. This goes hand in hand with your glycogen stores. What is glycogen? (explain) Glycogen loading is when you decrease your time at the gym and increase the amount of carbohydrates consumed in the days leading up to a game.
(Garret) The recommendation for glycogen loading is consuming 5-6 grams of carbohydrates for every kilogram of body weight. Doing this within twenty-four hours will ensure proper glycogen loading. The days leading up to a game are the most important for players to fill their bodies with the right foods.
What should a player eat on game day? Although the food consumed by a player the day of the game is important, it has little effect on performance, compared to the effects of the meals consumed several days before. Nevertheless, what a player eats the day of is still important. Some important tips to remember while fueling up before a game are that you should try not consume food within an hour of playtime, but more importantly, strike carbohydrates from the menu before this time.
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Experience of a Soccer Player
Does the experience of a soccer player, play a big role on the number of juggles their able to conduct under thirty seconds? Introduction As a passionate soccer player and a fanatica of the game of soccer, the Math Studies Project is aimed to conduct an investigation into the amount of juggles a soccer player can conduct under a 30 seconds, experienced and recreational athletes.
In order to carry though the experiment and figure out what influences the amount of juggles per second a soccer player can conduct, data will be collected and critically evaluated. Comparisons between experienced and recreational athletes will be conducted in order to analyze if whether a soccer player’s experience influences the amount of juggles they can manage under a 30 seconds.
It is expected that experienced players are able to conduct more juggles per 30 seconds, because they are often placed in tight situations and gain more control during different scenarios of a soccer game, for that reason is the aim of the project and will be evaluated through chi-squared. Forty-four subjects will be participating, twenty two of which were experienced soccer players and twenty two were recreational athletes. I will evaluate if experience and number of juggles follow a normal distribution.
To do so, I will examine the total of juggles each individual is capable of completing in 30 seconds and later complete a grouped frequency table. With the given information, I will draw a histogram to find out if it makes a normal distribution. so, I will find the mean juggles and standard deviation of the juggles. After finding the values, I will find the percentage of juggles per minute of each player, within one, two, three, standard deviations of the If mean and compare each value to the normal distribution. Then, I will use percentages to compare the performance of the players tests.
Using both values (the observed and expected frequencies) I will construct a chi-squared at the 5% significance level to figure out if the data connect the normal distribution. Data Collection In gathering my results, there will be a total of forty-four participants. First each individual will have to juggle the ball for 60 seconds using only one foot and remaining the other on the ground. Secondly, the same technique would be repeated but this time on the other foot.
Lastely, they are given 30 seconds to juggle the ball in the air with both feet only. The number of touches is what is recorded. Two trials will be performed to compare the results of the investigation. The test scores is compared to the reliability level, using the Pearson correlation and the coefficient of variation.
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Soccer and Stock Markets
Many papers have linked the winning final or even the pre-final to the improved performance of the stock market in the following days. For honesty, this assumption has some logic. It is so normal when a team from a given country wins the final or even semifinal; to have the good mood of investors involves a sense of pride and glory that they belong to the country of champions, but the results obtained did not always produce this result.
Starting with the Champions League, we will divide the results into 2 main parts: when the two teams competing in the final of the same country, when the two teams competing in the final from two different countries.
Table 1 explains that when two teams from the same country reach the Champions League final, their arrival will be reflected positively on the performance of the stock market the day after the final regardless of the winning team, this result is clearly repeated each time the final is made up of two teams belonging to the same country. Where the result could be seen in all the studied finals in Spain, Germany and Italy, "which are often dominating the most precious European title" except in England where the results are quite opposite to the rest of the European countries.
On the other hand, Table 2 tells us the results were not expected at all. The results of the analysis showed that every time a team wins from wins the title in the final, a downfall will affect the stock market to which the country belongs to. Looking at Table 2, we will see that this result is always repeated every year except the years 2005 and 2012, strangely enough in both years, the winners of the UEFA Champions League were from the same country.... England!!!!
Indeed, to interpret these outputs, we must accept the third hypothesis or so-called "the loss effect"
The fact that a Spanish club won the title does not at all mean the joy of the Spanish fans in general. On the contrary, it would mean the sadness of a large segment of them in exchange for a small percentage of "fans of the club only".
Bleacher report, a specialist site in sports reports, has made many questionnaires asking fans all over the world about whether they prefer to watch their team win or the scenes of a team they do not like; most of the answers favored the second possibility, which explains the extent of people's football obsession, It is not surprising that according to many questionnaires, "Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, Barcelona, Manchester United, AC Milan, Juventus, Chelsea and Liverpool" are among the most hated teams in the world internally and externally, and in the time they are the most dominating clubs of the UCL's final since 2000.
Thus, this could explain the decline in stock performance in the days following the victory of any European team in the final, this also explains the results of Table I, since the arrival of two teams from the same country to the final and the victory of one means that the title will be for this country before the start of the game, which means that the leadership of Europe predetermined for this country, where national sentiment will overcome any other personal feeling.
To explain the adverse results we got when an English team won the title, we had to return to the ownership of the English clubs that won the titles of the three Liverpool, Manchester United and Chelsea, and we will note that foreign funding was the main reason for the decline in financial performance of England after the English domination either in the final or semi-final of UCL, where the first title in the new millennium of an English team was in 2005 for the club Liverpool, and coincidentally that the previous year, "2004" the chairman David Richard Moores expressed about his willingness to consider a bid for his shares "51%" in Liverpool but the sale was not officially announced until 2007 for American business men George Gillett and Tom Hicks.
As for Manchester United ownership of the club belongs to the United States of America, especially for the famous businessman "Malcolm Glazer" who, in addition to being the owner of the most famous English club, he also owns Club "Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the "National Football League", Finally, for Chelsea, there is no secret of the Russian ownership of the famous businessman "Roman Abramovich", who you can see in every single game for his club in his cabin in "Stamford Bridge stadium" where the photographers are very fond of monitoring his reactions during the match.
Regarding the semifinals the results were not clear enough, there are no consistent change every time the team qualifies in the semi-finals and are one step away from the final "See Table 3". This is normal, because the victory of a teams in the semi-finals means that they make a step forward and does not mean they have won the title, In the event of loss, the impact will not be too great because the tournament is held annually, and the loss of the opportunity in this year can be compensated in the next year and not after 4 years like continental and global championships, but what can be clearly observed is that each time two teams from the same country face the semi-finals, the performance for the same country will inevitably fall the next day "with the exception of England of course" and exception both of Italy in 2003 and Spain in 2014 and can be justified in these particular years the second side who reached the final were Italian in 2003 and Spanish in 2014, which confirms the results of Table 1.
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Impact Technology has in Soccer
Abstract
This research work is about the technology in soccer. We will see how it integrates into different areas of soccer from the preparation of players, the decision making of refs, to the view from a fan perspective. It will also contribute to the elimination of corruption within the sport. Our experiment compared games with and without technology as well as interviews with referees and players. The results showed a lower percentage of errors during a match and a higher satisfaction from everyone involved. The conclusion is that, with the inclusion of technology we can guarantee fairness in a match, eliminating the accusations of corruption. We can also conclude that technology has made sports more competitive enhancing the spectacle.
Introduction
What would happen if during a game your favorite team scores a goal and the referee does not count it, because the player was supposedly offside? Or because the ball entered the goal but the goalkeeper took it out before the referee noticed it? Or maybe because someone paid the referee not to count it? We can avoid all these injustices by using technology to help the referees to perform a better job, and to end the corruption that FIFA has been involved recently. A recent study shows that “For accuracy of all potential offside situations, according to a new definition (with the attacker 2 m in front or behind the second-last defender), the error percentage was 7.6% (17 flag errors and 9 non-flag errors out of 342 situations)” (Catteeuw, 2010, p. 1030). This topic will be very pleasing to all those people who have an interest in soccer, or any team sport.
This research will deal with various issues related to the technology applied in soccer. We will see how technology helps soccer, from players, referees and fans themselves. In the player area, we will implement it in their physical preparation as technology helps them maintain or improve their physical condition and excellent health. In the case of referees, we will focus on how technology allows them to have a communication at a distance with the other referees to know if the ball goes over the goal line and to support the decision-making. The other benefit we will explore is presented by means of video, allowing fans and referees to review plays and ensuring fairness in all stages of the game.
Technology advances
Sports biomechanics, analyze sports practice to improve their performance, develop training techniques and design accessories, materials and high performance equipment. The overall goal of sports biomechanics research is to develop a detailed understanding of specific mechanical sports and their performance variables to improve performance and reduce the incidence of injuries. This translates into the investigation of specific sports techniques, better designing the sports team, clothing, and identifying practices that predispose to an injury. Given the increasing complexity of training and performance at all levels of competitive sport, it is not surprising that athletes and coaches are turning to the biomechanical research literature aspects of their sport for a competitive advantage. Thanks to Lees (2010) “the focus of this review is biomechanical in nature and builds on and extends previous reviews and overviews”.
A scientific specialty that applies methods for measuring the size, shape, proportions, composition, maturation and gross function of the body structure. It is considered a basic discipline for the solution of problems related to growth, development, exercise, nutrition, and performance, which constitutes a quantitative link between structure and function, or an interface between anatomy and physiology or performance. Described the morphological structure of the individual (whether this athlete is competitive or recreational) in its longitudinal development, and the changes caused by growth and training.
It offers the player a complete scientific study of their physical performance.
Weight, height and skin folds are measured to obtain the percentage of fat. The muscle perimeters are calculated to know the muscle mass. Even bone diameters are also the object of study. With these data, the player are evaluated to see if he is having an adequate growth for his age and if he gets too tired, since weight loss is a symptom of fatigue. These data is compared with the rest of the group and the educator is oriented to obtain the maximum performance of the player.
Applying it to soccer, we can get a better understanding of the biomechanical parameters of the player, through a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the player's movements. This allows assessing the individual technique of the player and compare it with other elite athletes. This science focuses on the kinematics and dynamics of the sports movement, that is, the description and explanation of this movement through biomechanical systems.
The process is simple: the movement to be analyzed is recorded in video, and then digitized; this data is transfer into a computer program that performs a three-dimensional calculation. Subsequently, a biomechanical calculation allows obtaining data of angulation, speed, force, power or supports.
Tito and Severgnini (2011) had previously examined this subject “Episodes uncovered were connected with two of the largest match-fixing scandals in Europe involving criminal organizations, soccer players, team managers, and referees. These investigations, also known as Calciopoli and Scommessopoli, offer unique case studies to understand the mechanisms behind match-fixing in professional football and opportunities to fix it” (p. 355).
VAR is a system of video review that referees can use to analyze match-changing situations such as goals, penalties, and red cards. If there is a debatable incident, the referee on the field is notified by a team of off-field officials watching the game from a video control room. The on-field referee then has the option to stop the game to watch a replay on the sideline. If the referee chooses to review the play, he can overturn or confirm his original decision. With this technique with can guarantee fairness in all stages of the match.
Video recording allows you to record a whole workout to be able to analyze it later. This tool of work is used often, as educators realize that, it is very difficult to appreciate everything that happens in the field. After carefully viewing the images, the appropriate conclusions are obtained. Another usefulness of video recording is the self-assessment that players can do when they see themselves performing a specific exercise. It is an important correction tool for any educator, not only in games but also in training. The good use of this technique is very motivating for the player, since he realizes where the error is and how to correct it. It also has the advantage that you can watch it repeatedly, in slow motion and even freeze the image when necessary.
Catteeuw et al. (2009) found “Two hypotheses for explaining incorrect decisions were investigated, namely, the flash-lag effect and the shift of gaze. Performance differences between skill levels were also examined. First, results showed a bias toward flag errors for national ARs as expected by the flash-lag effect. Second, ARs fixated the offside line before, during, and after the precise moment the pass was given, implying there was no shift of gaze from the passer to the receiving attacker. Third, no differences were found in scan patterns between international and national ARs” (p. 787).
Arbitral Intercom System allows the audio conference between the referee team, has a range of more than one kilometer, is light and easy to use. In addition to the technology used, it allows to isolate the voice, avoiding the introduction of external noises, such as the crowd and even the whistle of the referee. It uses an encrypted frequency system, which prevents communication from being interrupted or from having the signal intervened and is the same as that used in the UEFA Cup, Champions League, Premiership, First and Second Division of France; and it was the one that was used in the World Cup.
The Electronic Flags system supports the assistant referee to get the attention of the referee by sending a signal via radio, which directly affects a receiver that the central referee carries on the arm. The Flag (Transmitter) is integrated into the flag handle of the assistant referees and sends an encrypted signal to the referee's receiver.
The receiver is mounted in a small black box carried by the referee, tied with a strap on the upper arm. The signal transmitted by the assistant is by means of vibration, in addition to emitting sound. To prevent interruption or disturbance due to other sources of transmission, a complex coding system is used. The Swiss referees have tested the system since the beginning of 2004 during the Swiss national competition, the international events of the Euro Cup, the European championship of the UEFA in England and the Olympic Games, in all with very satisfactory results.
The Goal line technology, which contains an integrated 1.5 cm electronic circuit, sends a radio signal when it crosses the line that delimits the football field. This signal is transmitted by a system of 12 antennas that are located in the corners of the football field. The signal reaches a computer that, in less than a second, sends a message to a wristwatch worn by the referee. International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA), Sepp Blatter that outlined eight reasons why GLT should not be used in football. The reasons given by FIFA can be broadly separated into three categories; those dealing with the nature and value of the game of football, those related to issues of justice, and those concerned with the practical implementation of GLT (Ryall, 2012, p. 443).
Method
Participants in this study included 15 referees, 20 professional players, and 5 elite managers. Participants were all male between the ages of 19 and 54. All participants in this study were volunteers.
We are going to develop a survey that will focus on a series of questions intended for players, referees and managers, about the different technologies being use in the field. we are going to analyze the data from each batch of subjects to determine if technology in soccer is improving the game or deteriorating it, and what could be done to improve the sport.
We will use the past world cup where technology advances were included to determine if this advances had help the referees in the decision making.
The objective is to evaluate the amount of mistakes that are being prevented in a match, to find out if the inclusion of technology is helping the decision-making, or in the contrary is taking away from the show.
We will be also conducting interviews with qualify specialist on their point of view about the VAR (video assistant referee).
Information about the study, purpose, and privacy were part of the consent form.
Results
According to the survey 15/15 of the referees, 18/20 players, and 4/5 managers agreed on technology improving the game, but also agreed that technology needs to become faster, Sometimes the game stops for over a minute, this means that the players and fans have to wait this time for the game to resume and pray for the time to be added at the end of the match. This disrupts the rhythm of the game and destroys the nature of soccer.
VAR is soccer’s first attempt at using video technology to aid refereeing decisions at a World Cup. During the World Cup 455 moves were reviewed, of which there was a 95.6% arbitration success, changing the decision on 17 moves. 9 penalties were awarded thanks to the VAR and the identity of a player was detected after a play that ended in expulsion.
Here are some of the comment that we got from the interviews about the VAR in soccer:
The Spanish coach left with this appearance of video arbitration. "I really liked the introduction of the VAR, the possibility of re-arbitrating the plays is one of the best things that has happened, speaking about football, I am left with equality without any doubt", says the highest Spanish technical manager.
Maradona, Argentina’s former playmaker, supports VAR: “Technology brings transparency and quality and it provides a positive outcome for teams who decide to attack and take risks.”
Former referee Gianluca Colina who was accused of corruption 10 years ago but found innocent, said: “if technology would’ve been around 10 years ago, the corruption scandals wouldn’t exist, because technology does not only help us do our job, it helps soccer guarantee absolute fair play.”
Conclusion
In carrying out the research we have seen how technology is implemented in different areas of football, it should be mentioned that the implementation of technology in different areas of football have been very beneficial because we see that referees can be assured when making their decisions. With the implementation of technology in soccer that does not take us by surprise that we could soon look at things of even better quality to carry out the practice of this
We are in the times of greatest technological revolution in our history, advancing at a very fast pace that is constantly accelerating. But we have to consider that these new technologies that are appearing must be appreciated with the utmost respect, since they have facilitated and improved our lives.
Now that a thorough and exhaustive analysis of the research has been carried out, we have managed to conclude the following, it has been possible to achieve a greater degree of precision and equity in the refereeing, allowing a greater approach of the public and the spectator in general. On the other hand, the technological possibilities appear endless and this is due in large part to the constant updating of said devices.
The technology has been gradually influencing the sport, for its improvement, in terms of precision, efficiency, performance, etc. This has allowed a greater accuracy in goal scoring.
Taking into account that despite all these technological advances that have been coming and will continue to come with the passage of time, we can not afford to lose the essence of sport.
References
- Catteeuw, P.,Helsen, W., Gilis, B., Van Roie, E., &Wagemans, J. (2009) Visual Scan Patterns and Decision-Making Skills of Expert Assistant Referees in Offside Situations . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 31:6, 786-79.
- Catteeuw, P., Gilis, B.,García-Aranda, J., Tresaco, F.,Wagemans, J.,&Helsen, W. (2010). Offside decision making in the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28:10, 1027-1032.
- Creswell, J.W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (5th Ed., pp.26-60). Twelve Oaks, CA.
- Emily Ryall (2012) Are there any Good Arguments Against Goal-Line Technology?, Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 6:4, 439-450.
- Kermarrec, G. (2015). Enhancing tactical skills in soccer: advances from the naturalistic decision making approach. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 1148-1156.
- Lees, A., Asai, T., Andersen, T. B., Nunome, H., & Sterzing, T. (2010). The biomechanics of kicking in soccer: A review. Journal of sports sciences, 28(8), 805-817.
- Philippaerts, R. M., Vaeyens, R., Janssens, M., Van Renterghem, B., Matthys, D., Craen, R., Malina, R. M. (2006). The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 24(3), 221-230.
- Tito, B.,&Severgnini, B. (2010). Match rigging and the career concerns of referees. Labour Economics, 349–359.
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Shaolin Soccer
Anna Corbitt Film Appreciation Film Final November 23, 2018 A Review of Shaolin Soccer Since the beginning of the film industry, it seems that Hollywood films have dominated the movie world. Whether it's due to lack of advertisement or reluctance, many Americans (myself included) have watched very few foreign films in their lifetimes. However, there is a plethora of films made outside of the United States that deserve recognition.
Foreign films can give audiences an insight into the culture of the country the film originates from. Even films that are not quite as serious contain a certain charm and uniqueness that isn't found in Hollywood. Shaolin Soccer is one of those films. The plot of Shaolin Soccer takes the audience on a journey of actioned packed laughter. The story begins by introducing Golden Foot, a permanently crippled former soccer star, who dreams of redemption by coaching his own soccer team and taking down his nemesis Team Evil. Golden Foot meets the film's financially struggling protagonist; Sing. Sing is trying to reunite his brothers and revitalize the art of Shaolin Kung Fu. The pair eventually decide to team up to accomplish their goals and ultimately create the heart of this chaotic comedy. Sing and his reluctant brothers form a soccer team with Golden Foot as the coach.
Their plan is to use their special martial art abilities to win the million-dollar soccer championship and promote Kung Fu globally. After several intense sports montages and some adversity due to Team Evil's drug enhanced athletes and injuries, the band of Kung Fu misfits finally conquer evil. Shaolin Soccer takes the classic underdog sports story and twists it into something comedic and jam packed with action. The only thing relating this film to actual soccer is that there is ball and a goal. However, the crazy high flying Kung Fu style version of the game is what makes this movie so silly, unique, and endearing. The heart of this film makes it impossible not to smile throughout even with the predictable plot developments and occasional dumb joke.
Cinematography plays a significant role in this film. Specifically, different camera angles and movements are used to break from and intensify the action sequences. During one of the action scenes near the end of the film, one of the Shaolin soccer players gets injured. The camera quickly zooms into the concerned faces of his teammates making the scene much more intense. The film uses lighting the same way. Most of the scenes in the film are shot with very bright lighting. However, the movie occasionally uses dim lighting during flashbacks or particularly intense moments.
The movie starts off with a flashback showing how Golden Foot became crippled. It is shot in black and white with darker lighting because it is meant to represent the darkest moment of Golden Foot's life. This scene set in the past contrasts greatly from the movie taking place in the present. These are just some of the examples of how cinematography is present. The film uses cinematography to frequently shift from a lighthearted comedic triumph to an overdramatized yet equally hilarious trial. Another factor that plays a key role in the success of this film is the acting. The dialogue of this film almost entirely consists of humor. However, the actors never make the storyline line seem like a joke. The comedy filled lines are delivered seriously and with emotion.
The actors perform well enough that the audience can easily get behind the outlandish characters and their goals. The ridiculous dialogue never gets boring or annoying because of its delivery. The chemistry between the characters is natural and does not seemed forced. The actors do a fantastic job of portraying the memorable afflictions and demeanors of their characters. The Kung Fu brothers' strengths and weaknesses make the story more interesting, and the actors stay true to what makes each brother distinctive. It is easy to believe that Golden Foot and the Kung Fu brothers care about their goals and that they care about each other. The small amount of romance never seems forced or frustrating.
The actors' interactions with each other make it believable. Overall the actors in this film do an amazing job of making the Kung Fu fantasy seem realistic and relatable. Auteur theory is the theory in filmmaking that the director is the major creative force behind a movie. The directing of this film is the perfect example of auteur theory. Stephen Chow is the film's director, but he also co-wrote the script and starred in the lead role. Chow, as director, oversees the audio and visual elements of the film, but as co-screenwriter he also wrote the story. Starring as the protagonist, Sing, he can easily make sure the emotions he wrote in the script are portrayed accurately. He is certainly the undisputed creative force behind Shaolin Soccer. His directing style perfectly showcases the crazy Kung Fu scenes and the comical, yet heart felt, moments that make this film so wonderful.
With a delightful cast and near perfect set placement, it is difficult to criticize Chow's direction of this film. Stephen Chow is a very talented actor, writer, and director. Without his creative influences the success of this film would not have been possible. Chow is a cinematic genius and his direction of Shaolin Soccer showcases this. He plays a huge role in the production of this motion picture and is definitely a major creative force. The final elements that I find to be a critical part of this film are the editing styles and visual effects. Even though this is a high-flying comedy, the pacing of the film never feels rushed. The film is fast paced throughout, but manages to slow down at the correct time for dialogue.
The cuts between scenes always seem to happen at appropriate intervals and allow for a smooth change in settings. The screen fades in during the action sequences making the scenes seem more intense. The camera zoom allows the audience to get a close view of the actors' facial expressions and emotions. The scenes then fade out after the soccer games which creates a smooth transition between the Kung Fu and the character dialogues. Though the visual effects in the film can seem cheap and cartoonish, they only add to the film's wild comedic value. The soccer kicks with enough velocity to create a tornado, crazy flaming backgrounds, and high flying athletes are what helps distinguish this film from other underdog sports stories. The post production of this film is crucial. Without the computer generated imagery and editing, Shaolin Soccer is dull and pointless.
Overall I found Shaolin Soccer to be a wonderfully goofy comedy. Although the audience is unable to relate to being a martial artist with super power like abilities, one can relate to the story of being an underdog with the hope of overcoming adversity and achieving the seemingly impossible. I would recommend this movie to anyone looking for a ridiculously good laugh. Shaolin Soccer is a noteworthy movie that takes the audience on an amazing roller coaster ride. The film contains an attention-grabbing plot, dynamic cinematography, outstanding acting, remarkable directing, and brilliant post production. The movie promises to make the audience laugh, and it delivers exceptionally.
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Soccer Headers Cause more Damage
This article talks about how headers in soccer affect male and female brains. Michael Lipton, a neuroscientist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, led this research project. He gathered a sample group of 98 athletes who he tested and gathered data from. 49 were female and 49 were male. All were adults, but they varied in amount of headers they hit in the past year. Previous research states that women take longer to recover from brain injuries than men. They also suffer five times more than males in brain injuries. The article talks about why females are more likely to suffer from brain injuries due to heading the ball than males.
Michael Lipton and his research group used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look into the heads of the athletes and get a better look at the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging is a machine that works like an transmission electron microscope (TEM), except it uses technology to look inside our body rather than electron beams. MRIs cover a bigger surface. The MRI results stated that females' white matter regions of their brain signal carriers structure were progressively getting worse.
Whereas, in males there were only three regions whose structures were getting worse. In addition to this, males only had a 400 cubic millimeters average of brain tissue damage. While, females had an average of 2,100 cubic millimeters of damage. The data supports the hypothesis that women suffer more brain damage than males. In addition, females are more prone to brain damage than males.
There isn't enough scientific evidence to explain why there is a difference between male and female brain damage. However, Michael Lipton has two reasons that may be able to explain why there is a sex difference. Women tend to have less support from the neck to the skull, which in turn means that women have less stability than males. Females usually have less muscle mass than males, that is why they suffer more from whiplash. During certain times in the menstrual cycle, females have less progesterone.
Progesterone is a hormone that helps with swelling in the brain and protection. Therefore, women are more likely to suffer from brain injuries during their menstrual cycle.
Researchers want to continue and see whether or not there will be long term effects to the white matter regions. Since there isn't enough research and data on this matter, it is highly recommended that extra head protection be worn during games and practice, especially for the youth. This research can lead us into doing more in order to secure the protection of the brain. It is a vital organ, and we must take better care of it.
The way that this article relates to exam two is due to signaling. We learned about cell signaling and receptors. In order for a cell to accept and run through the signal, there must be a receptor to pick up and relay the signal. In addition, we learned about local and long-distance signaling. In the article it talks about progesterone which is a hormone.
I know that hormones are a long-distance signal. The way they travel is by specialized cells releasing the hormone progesterone, and that travels to the target cells through the circulatory system. That is how the brain gets progesterone and is protected from swelling. I also related the TEM to an MRI. I know that they are both different concepts, but they work in a similar way. MRI looks inside your body (brain and intestines), and TEM looks inside a cell (chloroplast and mitochondria). That is how I was able to understand what and MRI is.
I chose to go with an article that talks about the brain. I find it amusing to learn about. There is so much research on the brain, but it is such a complex structure that the current research isn't enough. We continue to learn more and more about the brain. I love learning about how it works and how there are differences between males and females.
I was also drawn to this article due to the fact that I play soccer. I want to see if I did cause any damage to my brain through soccer. My coaches made us wear headgear during games and practice. It is one of the most uncomfortable things you will ever wear. I never wore it at practice because I didn't think it was that big of a deal. However now I know the risk involved of not wearing head protection. I am confused on why headgear isn't mandatory. We aren't sure of the effects are long term, but when it comes to the brain, I am taking no chances.
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Physiological Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
- Physiological Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
- General Physiological Characteristics of High Athletes Yield
- Anthropometric and Body Composition Characteristics of Soccer Players
- Functional and Metabolic Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
- Cardiovascular Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
- Neuromuscular Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
Physiological Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
The development of sport and exercise research has provided scientific and practical support for the total evolution in this field. The constant overcoming of limits and records gives the competitive sports scene a need for in-depth knowledge in order to increase the understanding and possibilities of planning of all aspects involved in the sport. The exercise physiology, through the techniques of anthropometric, physiological, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular evaluation, constitutes a singular and important basis in corroboration of this reasoning.
McArdle (2003), emphasizes the importance of measuring the human energetic capacities for sports, saying that the principles of performance and the principles of training must respect the specificity of the sport.
For him, speed, power and endurance must be applied accurately within the context of specific patterns of movement and metabolic demands and activity. The planning of the routines of evaluations referring to specificity of each sport is an optimized model for sports success, and with soccer it is no different. Silva et. al (2002) emphasizes the importance of establishing a plan of evaluation routines in controlled environments, such as in a laboratory of exercise physiology, to rule out possibilities of interference of external factors harmful to soccer performance.
For the author, it is important to perform functional tests in controlled environments, constituting a safe, precision and secure means of control for the scientific development of training. Within this context, the characterization of the parameters relevant to the physical requirements of the sport becomes essential for the success of the sports field. Garret Jr. (2003) briefly describes the physiological aspects and general principles relevant to soccer and points out as important the following characteristics: aerobic power, anaerobic power, body composition, strength, flexibility, agility and speed.
According to Silva et. al (2002), it becomes essential for professional soccer team to periodically systematize on the athletes' schedule. This author further stresses the importance of conducting tests in controlled environments in order to avoid that intervening factors impact the reliability of the evaluations. Stolen et. al (2005) states that soccer is not a science, but that science, through assessments and training control, can help an optimized performance in this sport. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to demonstrate the anthropometric, physiological, cardiovascular and neuromuscular factors that impact professional soccer players.
General Physiological Characteristics of High Athletes Yield
The application of assessments of the performance capacities of an athlete is one of the main characteristics in the development of sports training science, both in research and in its practice. For Silva et. al (2002), evaluations should occur before the athletic season begins, as well as during the competitive phase, and must obey a consistent planning and in accordance with modern techniques, used and proven internationally through experience and technical scientific support.
McArdle (2003) argues that appropriate physiological measurements and performance tests assess the ability of each energy system, according to the specificity of each sport. In this sense, the specificity of the sport is not only a fundamental principle of training, but equally important in the evaluative aspects of the sport. The author further states that the concept of specificity has been recognized in attempts to adapt the assessment task to the specific characteristics of the different sports modalities.
According to Garret Jr. (2003), one of the major challenges facing researchers in the field of sports medicine and physiology of exercise is to understand the factors that contribute to a successful performance in the sport. In this perspective, the author emphasizes that it is extremely important to be able to measure these capabilities and incorporating the data into training, planning, and performance analysis for athletes and coaches. According to the author, the use of tests implies evaluating the athletes' current capacity and comparing with established standards, as well as monitoring physiological changes as a result of training, providing guidance on the sporting event to be selected, and serving as an instrument of motivation.
Based on these considerations, Stolen et. al (2005) identifies the relevant physiological characteristics employed in high-performance soccer. In his study, the author reviewed 843 scientific articles on the physiology of soccer, and described, among the physiological characteristics of soccer, the main evaluations that permeate modern professional soccer. Among the most important aspects are, the laboratorial evaluations of maximum oxygen intake, anaerobic threshold, body composition, muscle strength and power, speed and agility field assessments. Adopting an evaluative approach, Alves et al. (2015) states that analyzing the level of urea and creatine kinase concentration in the blood, a few hours after training, helps to determine if the volume of the load was adequate.
In the same evaluation perspective, Schneider et al. (2018), with reference to studies on soccer training and game monitoring, suggests the use of the heart rate monitor as a general training load detector. In this regard, it is expressed the importance of knowing one's heart rate during games and or training, with how the game load influences the physical state of the soccer players.
The author also considers the individualized evaluations of the maximal oxygen consumption and maximal heart rate as an important factor for the organization of a team. In the same line of reasoning, Silva et. al (2002) emphasizes the importance of establishing a periodic planning of soccer specific evaluation routines, as well as in any sport. In order to achieve success in the sports field, these three aspects need to be present: assessments necessary for the specific modality, exploring the specificity of this sport and establishing an organized evaluation routine that accompanies the periodization and schedule of the athletes. In soccer, according to the above authors mentioned, some anthropometric and body composition characteristics: functional and metabolic, cardiovascular, biochemical and neuromuscular, constitute an optimized and satisfactory test battery that can and should be applied in professional soccer teams, seeking the evolution in all directions.
Anthropometric and Body Composition Characteristics of Soccer Players
The techniques of body composition evaluation are of great importance for the individualized control of athletes' training. Heyward (2000) argues that the anthropometric method is a cheap and effective field method (in terms of validity and reliability), which has been used in all population, sex and age groups. The author points out that athletes' body composition has been of considerable interest on the part of exercise scientists, since the athletic population generally has considerably lower fat indexes than sedentary populations. In addition to formulating a guideline for weight determination ideal for an athlete to determine a minimum plateau or floor for maximum fat loss in an individualized athletic program, provides absolute and percentage data on athletes lean mass, as well as provides data on athletes' dietary performance, among other relevant characteristics .
The wide variety of body composition and size characteristics among elite athletes demonstrates the importance of the physicist's potential for high-level performance in various sports (Garret, 2003).
In this regard, McArdle (2003) points out that the evaluation of body composition quantifies in absolute terms and percentages the main components of the body. The current assessment of body composition separates body mass into two main components - body fat and fat free mass.
The author also states that it is of great importance to evaluate body composition, since athletes in general have unique somatotype characteristics for their specific sport, and since the specific requirement of each sport largely determines the anthropometric profile of the athlete. Garret (2003) reiterates this assertion by postulating that high-level performance seems to be improved by specific physical characteristics in terms of size, composition and body structures, as seen in the profiles of athletes of various sports. Based on the above arguments, it is clear the importance of establishing a routine program for assessments of body composition in athletes in general. In soccer, available literature indicates that the soccer athlete tends to be tall, strong and thin, with an average height of 180cm, average weight of 75 kg, and fat percentage usually ranging between 8 and 12% (Garret, 2003).
Functional and Metabolic Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
In exercise physiology, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 maximum) is a variable considered extremely important for most sports. For McArdle (2003) conception, maximal VO2 is a fundamental measure of physiological functional capacity for exercise, since it represents a high integration of pulmonary, cardiovascular and neuromuscular functions. According to Garret (2003), the maximum VO2 is physiologically defined as the highest rate of transport and oxygen utilization that can be reached at the peak of physical exercise. According to the author, the high capacity to consume oxygen is a prerequisite for success in endurance sports.
Likewise, Weineck (2000) explains that a well-developed aerobic resistance causes the soccer player to have an increase in the physical performance, a good capacity of recovery, decrease of injuries and contusions, increase of psychic tolerance, prevention of tactical failures in fatigue function, reduction of technical errors, maintenance of high-speed action and reaction, and maintenance of health. The author concludes that the maximum VO2 represents a fundamental prerequisite for the performance of soccer players. Corroborating this idea, Godik (1996) affirms that the fundamental role of aerobic capacities in soccer is undeniable.
According to McArdle (2003), a considerable research effort was able to develop and standardize tests capable of determining maximum aerobic power and to provide normative standards related to age, gender, training status and body size. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out periodic evaluations of the maximum VO2 in professional players. Silva et. al (2002), justifies the importance of these assessments by reiterating the above statements and adding that knowledge of these data is necessary for the evolution of athletes.
For Weineck (2000), corroborating the above statements, the soccer player is required a satisfactorily developed aerobic resistance. However, in no way should this resistance be comparable to that of a long-distance runner. For the purposes of practical applicability, the development of aerobic power (VO2 maximum) does not represent the valence of greater interest in professional trainings, since according to Weineck (2000), for soccer players, the goal will never be the maximum development of resistance aerobic training; the training of this capacity should be directed, as a priority, to meet the specific requirements of the modality.
Thus, aerobic resistance must be optimally developed, but not maximally, so as not to overwhelm the volume of aerobic training, as this culminates in decreased hormone testosterone, responsible recovery and anabolic metabolism of proteins. In this perspective, the knowledge of the anaerobic threshold, as well as of the speed played in this level of intensity, receives great attention on the part of the coaches, physical trainers and scientists of the sport.
According to McArdle (2003), the anaerobic threshold corresponds to the maximum intensity of exercise that can be sustained by aerobic metabolism, without excessive production of the metabolite lactic acid, due to the degradation of the glucose molecule. Garret (2003) expresses the anaerobic threshold as a probable indicator of the highest intensity of exercise performed at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation without extensive use of the anaerobic mechanism for obtaining energy. The author also explains that the importance of knowing the level of load reached at the anaerobic threshold, as well as its absolute value, lies in knowing the level of intensity that will determine fatigue.
Cardiovascular Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
The knowledge of cardiovascular aspects in the soccer athlete is also an important parameter within the optimized control of specific evaluations and exercise prescription to look for the evolution in the sport. According to McArdle (2003), the cardiovascular system acts as an integrating agent of the body, as a unit providing the active muscles with a continuous stream of nutrients and oxygen in order to maintain a high level of energy transference. Weineck (2000) argues that for a successful aerobic performance in soccer, there is a need for an effective transport system by the cardiovascular system, so that the performance of the musculature is not limited.
The author further states that the heart representativeness works as the engine of this system, pumping blood through the vessels into the muscle cell. The physiological adaptations induced by the training depend mainly on the intensity of the overload, and the heart rate (HR) is an effective way to express the intensity of exercise (McArdle, 2003). For Godik (1996), it is necessary to know how the game load influences the physical state of the athletes in soccer, and the heart rate composes an evaluation index of the physiological stress represented by this load. In this regard, it is accepted that evaluations of the cardiovascular components related to physical fitness are of great relevance in order to achieve evolution and success in the sports environment in general.
In soccer, the evaluation of maximum heart rate and subsequent monitoring of maximum heart rate percentages during training and games have been shown to be an effective characterizer of exercise intensity (Hoff et al., 2002). McArdle (2003) postulated that endurance training places the sinus node of the heart under a greater influence of acetylcholine, the parasympathetic hormone that slows the heart rate, with the concomitant decreased sympathetic activity. The author uses this explanation to justify the lower values of resting heart rate found in endurance athletes, or of mixed modalities that share the continuous aerobic requirement, as in the case of soccer.
To emphasize the relevance of evaluation routines, it is recommended to perform periodic ergospirometric tests in the athletes, in order to verify the individual cardiovascular and physiological alterations by the progressive increase of workloads, as well as the determination of resting heart rate and maximal heart rate values. For McArdle (2003), the knowledge of the resting heart rate and maximum heart rate values allow the establishment of the exercise intensities in percentage terms - percentage of the maximum heart rate and percentage of the frequency (Karvonen method) - with wide use for training control.
According to Weineck (2000), the monitoring of the heart rate during the games and trainings reflects the magnitude of the work performance physiological (in estimation) and cardiovascular stress in athletes. Based on these considerations, it is concluded that the evaluation of the cardiovascular profile of athletes is of paramount importance to professional soccer, as well as in most sports, and according to Silva et. al (2002), one should incorporate a routine of evaluations in the preparation of the periodization of the athlete's soccer players.
Neuromuscular Characteristics of Soccer Athletes
As with all categories of assessments described so far, neuromuscular assessments are also of great importance for any sport. A widely used test for high-level soccer players, according to Krustrup et al. (2006), is the Yo-Yo Recovery. The author reports that this test has shown to have great reproducibility and to be sensitive to the adaptations of training, within the soccer scope. According to the author, the Yo-Yo Recovery test is an option for the 20-meter alternating-run test and was designed to reflect as closely as possible, the intermittent state of activity in sports such as soccer, as it interweaves moments of exercise with recovery periods. Bangsbo (1996) classifies the test as an important tool in determining the individual's level of conditioning.
Each sport modality has a specificity of corporal requirement, in order to trace a characteristic profile in all possible biological aspects that can be modified through training stimuli, such as body composition and maximal oxygen consumption. Just as for all sports, for soccer there is the making of a physical profile considered standard among athletes, which can be slightly altered according to the specific position and function of each athlete. Besides, the specificity of the sport is not only a fundamental principle of training, but equally important in the evaluative aspects of the sport. In order to achieve success in the soccer field, it is necessary assessments for the specific modality, exploring the specificity of the sport and then establishing and organized evaluation routine.
References
MCardle, W.; Katch, F.; & Katch V. Fisiologia do Exerccio: Energia, Nutrio e Desempenho Humano. 5 ed. Rio de Janeiro. Guanabara Koogan, 1113p. 2003.
Silva, Paulo S.; Pedrinelli, A.; Teixeira, A.; Angelini, F.; Eures, F.; Galotti, R.; Gondo, M.; Favano, A.; Greve, J.; & Amatuzzi, M. (2002). Aspectos descritivos da avalio funcional de jogadores de futebol. Revista brasileira de ortopedia. V. 37, N6, P. 205-210.
Garret Jr., William E.; & Kirkendall, D. A cincia do exerccio e dos esportes. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 911p. 2003.
Stolen, T.; Chamari, K.; Castagna, C; & Wisloff, U. Physiology of soccer an update. Sports Medicine. V. 35(6), p. 501-536. 2005.
Alves A., Garcia E., Morandi R., Claudino J., Pimenta E., & Soares, D. (2015) Individual analysis of creatine kinase concentration in Brazilian elite soccer players. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 21. 112-116. 10.1590/1517-86922015210202167.
Schneider, C., Hanakam, F., Wiewelhove, T., weling, A., Kellmann, M., Meyer, T., Pfeiffer, M., & Ferrauti, A. (2018). Heart rate monitoring in team sports-A conceptual framework for contextualizing heart rate Measures for Training and Recovery Prescription. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 639. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00639.
Heyward, V.; & Stolarczyk, L. Avaliao da Composio Corporal Aplicada. ed. Paulo: Editora Manole, 2000. 243 p.
Weineck, E. O Treinamento sico no Futebol. Ed. Guarulhos, SP: Editora Phorte, 2000. 555 p.
Godik, Mark. Futebol “ Preparao de Futebolistas de Alto Nvel. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo Palestra Sport Editora, 1996. 182 p.
Hoff, J.; Wisloff, U.; Engen, C.; Kemi, J.; & Helgerud, J. Soccer specific aerobic endurance training. British Journal of Sports Medicine. V. 36, p. 218-221, 2002.
Krustrup, P.; Mohr, M.; Nybo, L., Jensen, J., Nielsen, J., & Bangsbo, J. The Yo-Yo IR2 Test: Physiological response, reliability, and application to elite soccer. Medicine and Science in Sport ad Exercise. V. 38 (9), p. 1666-1673, 2006.
BANGSBO, Jens. Yo-Yo Tests. 1st edition Copenhagen, Denmark: August Krogh Institute, 1996.
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Physiological Characteristics of Soccer Athletes. (2019, Apr 15).
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Causes and Effects of American Imperialism: Economic Drive, Cultural Motives, and Global Power
Origins
America at the turn of the century was booming with new life and new opportunities. With rapid growth of population, big businesses, and consuming added with the pressure of immigration and labor laws the country was at the brink of bursting. It wasn't hard to tell that America was looking to expand its borders. As agriculture and factories improved productivity, they were able to make a greater abundance of products and began to look to expand their markets. But these resourceful reasons were not the only thing that started the expansion. Many people inspired americans to push for an expansion.
One example is Reverend Josiah Strong who preached that it was religious americans duty to spread their gospel to other nations. Other examples are Aggressive Americans such as Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt whose belief in social darwinism led them to believe that since America was the fittest and strongest nation, it deserved the earth. Others in nations across the world believed the same causing Europe in 1880 to explore uncharted Africa and in 1890 many other powerful countries took land from China pressuring the U.S. to keep up (Kennedy & Cohen, 2016).
Impact
Imperialism shaped our world today in both positive and negative ways. Some examples of positive impacts are an increase in trade, new technology, educational and medical advancements. America signed Bilateral Economic Treaties which opened doors for trade and involved countries with American business. Some of the countries involved with these treaties were Cuba, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, the British West Indies, Mexico, El Salvador, and, Spanish-dominated Puerto Rico.
These countries would export raw goods to the U.S and in return would receive America's Manufactured goods. (Raymer, 2014). Often times America came in to the country bringing with it new technology that changed the society, such as telegraphs and printing presses. Americans set up road and canal systems along with industrial farming methods increasing the amount of product yielded from local workers. Missionaries also entered new american territories, they educated children and set up schooling systems along with giving medical aid and improved local sanitation ( Muscato, 2003). These all, in theory, improved the way of life for the newly annexed.
But in addition to these seemingly positive outcomes there were some extremely negative effects as well. Often times civilizing natives meant forcing a new way of life upon people who had different cultures and beliefs rather than giving them a better life. Natives were often exploited for cheap labor and left to do grueling hard physical labor. They worked long hard hours on fields that were once their own and received little in return. In addition to economic injustices they were also severely discriminated against, as missionaries flocked into the newly annexed land forcing natives into a new religion and to do away with their own cultural beliefs. Congress cared little for the rights of these natives and did little to make sure they were being treated reasonably and fair. Although America was reaping the benefits of their land, the annexed did not get to enjoy the blessings of America.
Impact on America
America reaped multiple benefits from their Imperialistic feats. One main benefit was the economic growth they experienced. As they expanded their markets foreign trade became a key part in economic successes. As of the 1900's America made $1.5 billion in exports and by 1914 10% of all American made products were being shipped overseas (Raymer, 2014).
Countries such as Mexico and Cuba began to rely on America. Mexico during 20th century relied on the U.S. for over half of their oil supply and Cuba relied of U.S. for much of its manufacturing, exporting nearly all of their sugar, a staggering 90% (Raymer, 2014) This gave the U.S. economic power over many countries helping them eventually become a world power. America also with their increase in land was able to establish a more powerful naval and military empire. With newly annexed Hawaii's Pearl Harbor and Cuba's Guantanamo Bay the U.S. had two new ocean access military bases. Americas immense military force not only assisted in our imperial agenda but in our eventual rise becoming a world power as well.
Conclusion
American Imperialism in the 20th century had a broad impact not only on America but on the world. It expanded economies, increased trade, and brought both good and bad results to countries that were annexed but there is no doubt that America left it's footprint on the annexed. The imperialistic views of America and their ability to effect the land around them through trade and military power set the stage for america to become the world power it is today.
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New Imperialism Essay
The New Imperialism was a spread of colonial expansion by European powers. However, it gained its powers from economic, political, religious, and re. The New Imperialism colonized in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It also had an effect on Western colonization for native people.
In the New Imperialism European affairs grew tense and many countries wanted to expand their territory for political and economic powers.
As the European power grown, competition was steady increasing and this provide more natural resources. As a result this led to countries needing more natural resources for the economy. The New imperialism controlled people lands too. The New Imperialism gained its power from military, economic, and humanitarian reasons. The economy countries spent there money on natural resources for there country and the new imperialism caused crucial acting military leaders. Lastly, humanitarian was the cause of many believing in the colonization against other countries. To illustrate, the new imperialism had many reasoning towards colonization and wanting to expand there land to other countries natural resources.
In the New Imperialism it caused Africa to have shortages of natural resources and an increase of wars. Three effects Africa encountered because of the New Imperialism lead countries to shortages of natural resources, and increase of wars. The New Imperialism exported raw materials like diamonds and gold, but the mining caused a lack of resources for Africa which had affected the economy. As a result, to this diseases killed many people in Africa so this caused an uprising and civil wars struck out. Factors that lead to Europeans colonization in Africa were economic and military reasons. The New Imperialism required economic material resources in Africa. They also thought military was caused from the flow of goods and migrants and the Europeans military was very strong. Furthermore, resources, military and economic causes were a huge part of the new imperialism in Africa.
In the New Imperialism trade was a huge part of colonization. The Imperialism of Southeast Asia was influenced by the excessive trade between countries. Many countries wanted to provide more of their trade, to colonize Southeast Asia which made trading safer. As a result, to this countries wanted Southeast Asia to let them as in other countries use their ports while colonizing other countries. Nationalism was a big part of colonization in Southeast Asia. By reason of, nationalism was an cultural and religious movement.
The cultural and religious movements were for western colonization towards Southeast Asia. In addition, Southeast Asia had many motives towards colonization.
In the New Imperialism Latin America was seeking economic and political powers over all countries. The economic and political intervention of Europe had major influences on Latin America culture as well. May be true, Latin America needed to keep natural resources than turning them in products. Latin America wanted their country to have natural resources to have a good country and economy. Colonization brought an quick spread and influence of people into the land.
As a result, Latin America was mining nations and this called most countries independent. In addition, after Latin America gained independence they started to receive little natural resources.
To conclude, the New Imperialism had many effects on Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America with expanding land, shortages in natural resources, increasing in wars, and seeking political and economic powers which was an huge problem for all the countries.
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Imperialism in the Bahamas
Imperialism
Imperialism is the cause and or the secondary reason for many confrontational periods in the history of not only America but the world. Imperialism is when a country forcefully takes control of another nation whether it is through a territorial takeover or by extending political, economic, and religious practices and policies. Imperialism can also be a strong influence on another nation. This aspect of Imperialism is called Neo-Imperialism/Neo-Colonialism. This is where a country that is well developed controls another less developed countries in non direct ways.
Imperialism is caused by many things such as nations wanting the raw materials that the country they are invading can provide, to spread ideals government and or religious, for the point of expansion to gain land, Nationalism(an extreme loyalty or devotion to a nation), the need for new transportation routes, and the spread of christianity. Imperialism can be seen in very many ways as it can be very good in developing new technology for expansion and discovering new crops to cultivate but it can also lead to violence, conflict with the people that reside within that territory , and it can also lead to slavery as we have seen in history before. These all depend on who is taking over the area.
The Bahamas
The Bahamas was first discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. He landed on San Salvador and it immediately became a location of interest because of the shipping possibilities but the spanish made no attempts to settle the island. In the late 1600s this Bahamas became a place of piracy because the oceans were so busy during the time. The pirates caused the area to become very unsafe and was seen as an dangerous place so the Spanish destroyed one of the places located in The Bahamas (Nassau) and Nassau was rebuilt after with reinforcements. The first sight of interest to settle in the Bahamas were by Great Britain in 1629 but they made no effort to settle or colonize the area and other various islands located near the Bahamas. In 1644 the first signs of true British colonization were for the sake of religious freedom by captain williams Sayle.
They sent two ships but one didn't end up making it through the full journey. They named the island they landed on Eleuthera. As the years passed the settled area began to progress. They created a constitution and along with that constitution they gained access to the natural resources and the ability to vote. Their population also increased from the 70 settlers they arrived with to around one thousand settlers at the time. Majority of the population were white people while the rest were the indigenous people who had become slaves. They didn't proceed without any trouble though . At this time The Bahamas became plagued with absurd piracy to the point where they were not trading with other places because cargo ships were being sieged constantly when they were trying to exchange with and then In 1720 Spain tried to invade Nassau for war advantage but were unsuccessful.
Then In 1729 is when the area started to progress economically even though they can't grow crops Because of weather problems. one of the first major acts of imperialism in the Bahamas was during the American revolution. During the revolution the Americans raised the British controlled Nassau. America raided and gained control of Nassau because they were holding a large amount of gunpowder because they in desperate need as they were in a shortage during a time of war. After this event a few years later they were taken over again by the spanish during another war in 1781-1782. The island was returned to Britain as a part of the treaty of versailles.
One of the many reasons why the Bahamas was such a target during the time is because they had salt. Salt is a very valuable resource. The Bahamas was mostly captured during a time of war and salt is one of the components needed to make gunpowder. The Bahamas has produced cotton and large quantities of it. They had large plantations with slaves where the shipped out a large quantity of bales. They also of course an amazing area for trade and food considering they are surrounded by nothing but water. This was also another reason why they took over the area. They Bahamas overall was taking over for purely economic benefit of whatever country had possession of them at the time.
The Bahamas were definitely struck in many different ways by imperialism. They lost a lot of economic value after the abolition of slavery because no one was available to manage all the cotton fields. The years before the bahamas gained their independence in 1973 is when they economically started to boom. Britain started to used the bahamas as a tourist attraction in the 1940s. So after they were no longer a british colony they already had business and by the 1980s they were using tourism as their biggest attraction. This turned the Bahamas into a majority market type economy. Britain kick started the economy of The Bahamas.
After the separation from Britain The Bahamas went from a monarchy and became a parliamentary democracy. They also kept the british monarch (Queen Elizabeth the 2nd) as their head of state. The Queen is now represented by a Governor. They joined CommonWealth( an association made up of former territories controlled by the the british empire) this association promotes peace and provides several benefits such as the commonwealth games which bring increase the tourism rates every 4 years. Britain still has political influence on the bahamas because they both have the same head.
They also developed their own political parties such as the P.L.P( Progressive Liberal Party) they played a vital part on the process of gaining independence. They also formed the F.P.L.P( Free Progressive Liberal Party) which was the opposite of the F.L.P. The F.P.L.P then merged with United Bahamian Party to form the F.N.M(Free National Movement) and the party proceeded to take over.
The main language spoken being english is also an effect Britain because they should either speak their indigenous language that they created themselves before Christopher Columbus came to the islands or they should speak italian or spanish because those are the two languages he spoke and they would also be the first language the indigenous people were exposed to at the time.
The education in the Bahamas began to become better after they gained independence because they wanted citizens to be able to perform in the new nation. Education became one of the largest shares of the national budget after they seperated. Them seperating from Britain gave them a push to become better. In 1974 They got rid of entrance exams so that all students could go to college and they also opened the college of The Bahamas next to 4 other post-secondary institutions .
They also started to provide tertiary school which is just basically college all over the nation and not in just select areas. The Bahamas also started to look for funding for their education development. The Bahamas ministry of Education were sent representatives from commonwealth to help them come up with ideas for making the education system better overall.
They also came up with several policies to ensure school material was mastered such as the no social promotion policy and how graduations will always be linked to the academic performance of a student and not based on their participation. They introduced new studies such as tourism studies in post-secondary school(college). They introduced a new curriculum over all of the Bahamas that was created solely by the teachers of the Bahamas.
This was all done over a span of 25 years. They changed all these things and even changed their whole education system because of imperialism. Great Britain was not deeply involved with the education in the Bahamas while they were under their control so after they were freed they basically had to play catch up to compete with other nations that already had good education systems. Britain only helped through a commonwealth representative after they separated from each other.
Things were also starting to change in less major ways such as religion and other things. Majority of people lived in the city and the main religion at the time was christianity but there were still people who had other beliefs but the christianity stayed from the people who came to the islands for religious freedom. The ethnic groups in The Bahamas were mixed they had people of slave descendent and british descendent. They als had people who are asian that ended of migrating to the area. They also introduced a national flag. The cultural quickly became associated with Africa, More specifically West Africa. The African heritage comes from the african slaves that were brought to the Bahamas by the British as a slaves and the traditions were passed down to the descendants to the keep the culture alive.
InterCultural Understanding
Intercultural understanding is destroyed by imperialism because it completely gets rid of the opposing culture of the land you are invading. You are immediately pushing your culture upon them without trying to figure out how the opposing cultures works or the morals that come along with it so you also end up mistreating or being extremely disrespectful towards them. You can understand something unless you take the time out to actually sit down and learn it.
Imperialism is basically destroying culture. The whole point of cultural imperialism is to convert and or change the way people do things such as the way the speak or religion. That is basically what European expansion is. The objective is to destroy native culture and replace it with your own. The problem with imperialism is that there is no coexisting. Imperialism not only ruins intercultural understanding but it also ruins cultural diversity because they are trying to change everyone to their culture.
The thing about cultural imperialism is that it doesn't actually truly work the way it is expected to work by the nations that attempt it because people aren't letting there cultural slip away from them completely. Just like in the Bahamas how their prominent religion is Christianity and how they were shown those European customs during the time they were being controlled. They still ended up keeping pieces of heritage through the cultural that they kept alive slightly by telling stories and passing important cultural things down from generation to generation.
In conclusion, imperialism isn't necessarily bad idea.
It just isn't good for the place that is being invaded because they lose their culture slightly but on the other had the nation that's taking over culture will start to thrive as the culture is being vastly expanded because it is being exposed to brand new people and who is to say that these people wont prefer this culture over their current one but it is all based on the perspective you have of the situation and how the situation is handled.
Works Cited
Our History. The Official Site of The Bahamas, www.bahamas.com/our-history.
Bahamas Colony. The British Empire, www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/bahamas.htm.
The Bahamas, countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/116.htm.
Bahamians - History and Cultural Relations. Countries and Their Cultures, www.everyculture.com/Middle-America-Caribbean/Bahamians-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html.
Saunders, Gail, and David Russell Harris. The Bahamas. Encyclop?dia Britannica, Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc., 25 July 2018, www.britannica.com/place/The-Bahamas/Government-and-society.
miller_bethel, www.educoas.org/Portal/bdigital/contenido/interamer/BkIACD/Interamer/Interamerhtml/Millerhtml/mil_beth.htm.
Bahamas.", "The. The Bahamas. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations, Encyclopedia.com, 2018, www.encyclopedia.com/places/latin-america-and-caribbean/caribbean-political-geography/bahamas#POLITICAL_PARTIES.
Bahama Islands. Countries and Their Cultures, www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Bahama-Islands.html.
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French Imperialism
Imperialism is the action of a country expanding its power to another nation or region by means of militarization and managing colonies from afar which was done by numerous European countries, particularly in a wave of colonization of Africa occurring in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. From 1800 to 1914, France imperialized numerous colonies in Africa, including the Northwest regions and Madagascar. The sudden rush of French colonization was caused by the need to promote the sense of French nationalism, an expansion and advancement of technology, and to guarantee France's future in a continent of new powerful countries.
The motivation to colonize Africa began with France's preservation of nationalism because they, as all European countries which included those newly introduced, were growing in military power and were in a race to gain African territory. Firstly, France remained in competition especially with England when the colonization of Africa began, competing to own more land to ensure its national pride. In 1803, France transferred land in the Louisiana Purchase regions to the United States, losing a great deal of its former claims. This lead to deterioration in France's place in the world during a time of mass colonization.
Following soon after, the Congress of Vienna ordered a redrawing of the European map along with restrictions to political and natural rights which caused a strengthening in nationalism as the nations of Europe rose up against the new orders. In the succeeding years, the French were forced out of Canadian colonies, and fully removed as Canada became a country in 1867. In the image of France's foe, Britain, France was losing its place in the world outside of Europe, and along with it, its citizens' sense of nationalism. To restore French patriotism, France expanded its empire into Africa, the continent closest to home. Secondly, with various advancements of technology and medicine, especially those that resulted from the Industrial Revolution, France was motivated to further its mass colonization across Africa.
When the colonies in North America were no longer those of France's funds for colonization in Africa was available. This required shorter distances for ships to travel, or other non-naval methods, therefore allowing a great deal of money to be spent on enforcing militarization in the African colonies to be taken. With the leverage of newfound investments, the troops, weaponry storage, and medicine to fight against diseases uncommon in Europe, France was capable of colonized a great expanse of Northwestern Africa. Lastly, as the new countries of Italy and Germany arose, France gained surrounding threats, producing the necessity that was expansion. The French were fearful of their new and old neighbours, so pushed to win the competition of African imperialism, as demonstrated in a map in which France holds nearly one third of the continent. Overall, the formidable motives of French imperialism in Africa were a great sense of nationalism, the progression of technology, and the requirement of empowering the country in fright of countries only a stone's throw away.
Throughout French-African colonies, the native people, such as those in Algeria--a country near the Northern border of Africa--fought against the imperialism which threatened their own nationalism. The French which had taken land once owned by the African people would eventually leave its former colonies in a financial crisis. As demonstrated most significantly by the indignant Algerians, French imperialism was widely and greatly loathed.
The impact of French colonization in Africa was negative overall because after the rush of imperialism French-African countries were left with little funds to continue the life as created by European rulers. Left without the autocracy to secure the economy of the African colonies, they struggled without the former money from the major European country of France at the turn of the nineteenth into twentieth century. Without assistance from the French, the financial systems crumbled. In addition for the African population which resisted colonization, the debt of battle struck painfully to the economies of various nations. In the end, the cons substantially outweighed the benefits of France's imperialistic actions in Africa.
Although some may believe that the colonization of African nations as done by France was positive because it proved for the expansion of western culture, bringing with it schools and aid to the African people, the advancements and help would come to a devastating end nearing the end of the 1800s. The improvements had diminished as the French retracted its people, troops, and funds, leaving its colonies in a poor position.
France's motivations to beat other European countries in the race to imperialize Africa caused it to seize a massive portion of the continent, but as it left nearing the conclusion an era of colonization, the French enabled economic distress throughout the Northwest regions of the continent. The imperialistic actions of France may not have been entirely necessary because although it had been recently invaded by the Austrian Empire, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain in 1815, it did not need to expand its land to remain a powerhouse. It could have focused its sources on the current French regions, therefore strengthening what it already had than what it would come to lose. In a final statement, if the nucleus of France's economic focus were itself, the African people affected could have avoided an economic decline of its own, therefore allowing itself to improve throughout the century.
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US Imperialism on Panama
Faith Ann Hawkins Mr. Collins World History and Geography 3 November 2018 In history, it is a common theme to see that sacrifices must be made, but can some be too drastic? Many people today know of the vital waterway called the Panama Canal. Opened in 1914, the Panama Canal was one of the greatest engineering achievements in the world.(Alfaro, 2018). It was first a project started by France in 1881, but they quit due to engineering problems and a high worker mortality rate. The U.S took over the project in 1904. This canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama with a 51-mile long waterway, turning a ship ride around a continent into an 8-10 hour cruise through the canal. This canal has seen many owners, including Columbia, France, and the United States.
Though, the way America got this canal is still a controversy. Was it right for Americans to do whatever it took to make this strategic waterway? The wrongdoing of this is summed up in the word imperialism. Though the Panama Canal is very important, how the U.S obtained it was not right. Imperialism is quite a strong word. At the time the canal was built, most countries sought to imperialism others for power. Imperialism is the control of one nation over another. Though, in this time era, the late eighteenth century, there was a different form of imperialism, New imperialism.
This started when countries wished to have complete control over colonies instead of just setting up trading ports and such. America, even though people don't hear it much, was an imperializing nation too. What was so wrong with imperialism? There are many periods in history that are strong examples of to why imperialism is corrupt and wrong. There were three continents in which imperialism was very popular, Africa, India, and Asia. In southeast Asia, Great Britain was the first to start imperializing using the concept of new imperialisation. They wished to take Burma but failed.
Instead, there constant influence in Burma caused the monarchy to fall and they took over. Many countries soon heard of this and started following so they wouldn't fall behind. New ways to rule an area appeared such as indirect rule, direct rule, and making protectorates. This colonialization caused many indigenous people to suffer. Colonizers didn't want the colonies to make industries, this policy often led to the development of plantation agriculture (Spielvogel 229). In this system, peasants worked as laborers on others plantations. The workers were kept at the poverty level for profit increase and many died due to the unhealthy conditions. Things like this continued in many areas of the world as they were colonized.
The process usually was that colonizers took the area, colonists moved in, natives were treated unfairly, they colonizers try to change the culture, and then revolts pop up. The reason that the imperialist counties gave for these terrible actions was that Western powers were bringing the blessing of Western civilization to their colonial subjects, including representative government.(Spielvogel 229). Even then, not many native people were allowed to be in the government or even educated because the idea of political rights to the people scarred the colonizers. This example of imperialism doesn't show the full suffering of the native people. In India, people would hold parties at the Taj Mahal, a grave burial for the king's beloved wife. They would even chip pieces off as souvenirs. Imperialism corrupted many cultures and caused enormous amounts of hate and racism.
Now, is it possible to see that imperialism is unacceptable? The U.S is no exception. The United States intruded onto Latin America and became known as the Big bully to the north(Spielvogel 243). The U.S imperialization of Latin America included Panama. People had dreamed of building a canal across Central America to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans ("President Roosevelt Decides To Build The Panama Canal." VOA. N. p., 2006. Web. 4 Dec. 2018.). This included President Theodore Roosevelt. Two places in North Latin America caught the eye of Roosevelt and the U.S; Panama and Nicaragua. Engineers claimed that in the 1880s, Panama would be the cheaper choice. Though, at the time, they would have to buy land and building rights from the French company who was already there, through imperialism. With these two purchases, it could easily cost a hundred million dollars just to own the land. Congress approved of the building of the canal in Nicaragua. A debate soon sparked however because France had lowered the price of Panama. Roosevelt supported the Panama plan, but it was clear Nicaragua would win this debate.
But as volcanic action destroyed homes and killed thousands, Panama became the only choice. The people in this area of Colombia wanted to separate themselves from the Columbian rule, so the U.S gave them a little shove. The United States was intrigued so much by Panama that they convinced rebel groups to take arms against the Colombians with the support of American troops and resources.("Effects On Panama - Imperialism In Central America." Sites.google.com. N. p., 2018. Web. 6 Dec. 2018.). The Panamanians successfully won their independence from Columbia with the support of the United States.
Though, the US only helped for one reason, the location to build the canal. Almost instantly the Americans restrained Panama with a treaty that gave the US the land where the canal would be built. The treaty was almost an exact replica of the treaty the US tried to give Colombia. Expect that the canal zone was now 16 meters wide instead of 10 and the US got permanent control of the canal ("President Roosevelt Decides To Build The Panama Canal." VOA. N. p., 2006. Web. 9 Dec. 2018.). Panama signed it just 15 days after their declaration of independence from Colombia in 1903. Many Columbians and Americans protested and resented the actions of Roosevelt. Many saw him as a pirate. However, Roosevelt continued to build the canal. He said, I took the canal zone and let Congress debate. And while the debate goes on...so does work on the canal. After ten years, the canal was finished in 1914.
Panama, from 1903 to 1939, became a US protectorate. In 1921, Colombia and the United States entered into the Thomson“Urrutia Treaty. ("Panama Canal." En.wikipedia.org. N. p., 2018. Web. 9 Dec. 2018.). In this treaty, paid Colombia $25 million and granted Colombia privileges to the canal. Colombia, in return, recognized Panama as an independent nation. Through all of the troubles of the imperialization a Panama, the US decided to return the canal. In 1977, US president Jimmy Carter and Panama leader Omar Torrijos signed a treaty that promised full control of the canal to Panama by 2000. Panama got full authority on December 31, 1999. The previous paragraph represented how the US controlled Panama and built the canal through the years, but what was the most important was how the people felt and were affected by this stage of imperialism.
At first, once America had helped Panama lead a successful revolt, the leader of the revolution, Manuel Amador, said, "Yesterday, we were slaves of Colombia. Today, we are free. President Theodore Roosevelt has kept his word. Long live the Republic of Panama! long live President Roosevelt!". This shows that at first, Panama found the US as an ally that had helped lead them to freedom. Soon, however, they realized this was not true. Colombia protested. It said the United States had acted illegally in Panama. Many American citizens protested, too. ("President Roosevelt Decides To Build The Panama Canal." VOA. N. p., 2006. Web. 9 Dec. 2018.). As stated earlier, Roosevelt was widely seen as a pirate. Despite all these protested, Theodore Roosevelt didn't care. He stated, I took the Isthmus, started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal, but to debate me."
Panama was utilized as a tool for America's growing economy. Once the canal was finished, The US attempted to control all the profits made from it. The US propaganda that was directed toward the Panama government promised that the Panama canal would be profitable for their citizens. However, this was a complete lie on the US's part. America's only interest was to imperialize Panama and take control and use the country as a source of profit exclusively("Effects On Panama - Imperialism In Central America." Sites.google.com. N. p., 2018. Web. 9 Dec. 2018.). Truly, wealthy American businessmen were the profiteers. The attraction to the Panama canal was for economic growth, but instead, it aggravated tensions between Panama and the Us. Eventually, it leads to thousands of injuries and riots. Many other Latin American nations grew to fear the idea of American imperialization. Roosevelt, however, claimed that the US would only take action on nations who had debts to European countries.
Despite the unjust sides of this, there were some ups. America brought in railroads, sewage, electricity, and schools. No matter what, the cons overpower the pros. What the US did was wrong. Many unfortunate things befell on the people of Panama, and it happens to be America's fault. In the end, America shouldn't have imperialized Panama or any Latin American nation. After Roosevelt left office, the United States signed an agreement that showed America's regret and gave $25 million to Colombia. Even though Roosevelt was out of office, his friends in the Senate rejected the proposal in his place. After his death, another agreement was signed. It still included the money but didn't include a statement of regret as the previous one did.
This agreement was approved by the Senate. The engineering of this canal is something that should strike awe into anyone. The canal has a total of 3 locks and 3 chambers on each side of the ocean. The locks lift and lower ships from the Gatun Lake, an artificial lake to reduce excavation for the canal. This waterway is very important today. However, the imperialization that took place has left a permanent mark on the history of the US. People can hope that the US isn't seen as a nation who conquers others for wealth and resource, but instead as an ally to other nations across the world.
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Comparing Experiences with and Legacies
Europe having the combination of political and economic transformations began within the 1400s-1700s era converged between the 18th, 19th and 20th century allowing the west to dominate the rest of the world. This includes China, West African states, Japan and Iran. Western powers dominating these states influenced major changes not only politically and economically but socially, culturally and within military.
Western imperialism took shape in Africa politically, economically, socially, culturally, and technologically. An event that describes all these factors is The Scramble of Africa. The Scramble of Africa also known as the Partition of Africa was the invasion, occupation colonization of African territory by Euorpeans powers during the period of New Imperialism between 1881 and 1914.
In 1870 barely one tenth of Africa was under European control; by 1914 only about one tenth “ Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia “ was not. There were different motivations for imperialism within Africa. As European countries established themselves on Africa's land making it open to western exploration, the development of industrialization developed. Western industrial powers wanted new markets for their manufactured goods as well as cheap labor.
Africa was very abundant in natural resources, she was known for rubber, cotton, copper, slaves and other raw materials but these resources put Africa at high bid. These political and economic factors had major downfalls to the African communities. These resources were exploited by European imperial powers, causing a lot of African's to become laborers in mines or workers on plantation fields picking cotton that were owned by the Europeans. Within How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Rodney Walter wrote The changeover to warlike activities and kidnapping must have affected all branches of economic activity, and agriculture in particular. Occasionally, in certain localities food production was increased to provide supplies for slave ships, but the overall consequences of slaving on agricultural activities in Western, Eastern, and Central Africa were negative.
Western imperialism wasn't all good, as Rodney stated the African community was affected by slavery itself. Yes, western imperialism introduced new technology such as steamboats, quinine, and changes in weaponry, communication but European countries divided Africa into different sections and no regard of linguist, cultural and religious border of the people who lived there.
Japan and China had different reactions to the changes of Western influences. Both these countries felt they should have a long-distance relationship with the outside world because they didn't want their own cultures to be changed or influenced by the west in anyway. Both countries wanted to keep their traditional ways because they saw no reason for change. British didn't agree with China not wanting to open trade ports with them. So, they decided to use opium, grown and processed in India, to cover their persistent trade imbalance with China.
By the 1830s, British, American and other Western merchants had found an enormous, growing, and very profitable market for this highly addictive drug. When China found out that the British were smuggling in drugs and causing harm to their people, the government made opium illegal and banned it. British opposed this decision and not long after, took China to war (The Opium War). Following the war, The Treaty of Nanjing was signed which was considered the first of the unequal treaties, which basically forced China to open more ports and allow outsiders in. Once China opened more ports, they were exposed to westernization.
Japan become more guarded and concerned about Europeans when they got news about incursions in China. Changes started to occur for Japan when Matthew Perry arrived from the east in 1853 forcefully demanding that they open up to more normal relations with the world. They demanded for them to open to trade with the US through an unequal treaty, just like China. But instead Japan didn't put up a fight like China because they didn't have enough military strength. This was an advantage for the US, outside influences were coming in and they couldn't do anything to prevent it.
While Europe and the United States experienced scientific and industrial as well as political revolutions, and adopted expansionist policies, Japan turned inward ”embracing seclusion and, at least at official levels, venerating tradition. Once Japan was forced to open its borders, they recognized the need for technological and military advancement. This is when the Meji Restoration came about. The goal was a rich country, a strong military. This lead Japan to start learning from the west. They abolished the Samurai class, opening opportunities for the lower class to advance and grow, to building modern industries. They studied different military strategies and learned that understanding laws would help them to avoid any more unequal treaties.
Another country that western powers dominated was Iran. When changing the name of Persia to Iran in 1935, this was seen as more modern. Reza Shah was influenced by the west and was very ambitious to make Iran modernized. His plan was to regulate religious rituals, establish a dress code (women were not allowed to wear veils, men were ordered to wear western suits/hats). When Reza passed his son Mohammad Reza Shah replaced his father on the throne. He continued modernizing and improving Iran. The country had great oil, a powerful military, a well-educated elite, and a solid alliance with the US.
Also, the shah's White Revoultion, intended to promote the country's modernization, had redistributed land to many of Iran's impoverished peasants, granted women the right to vote, invested in rural health care and education. Even though modernizing Iran was a success there were still some Iranians that didn't like nor approve western ways. Like religious leader ulama, they were offended by the state bypassing Islamic schools within education programs. So even though the Shah was supported by the US, he happened to be disliked by his people. This caused the Iranian Revoultion which caused the Iran Hostage Crisis. On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students stormed the US embassy in Tehran, taking American hostages. Iranians responded to how they felt about western influence and they weren't accepting of it.
In conclusion, the era of the 18th, 19th and 20th century was clearly a growing power and domination of the world by the Europeans. Western powers created out of the ordinary wealth, and new western political ideas that lead to centralizing states. I think these new political ideas within Africa, China, Iran and Japan encouraged nationalism which strengthened the industrialized countries but also caused a lot of people to take back control. For instance, the Iranians and African Americans, they voiced how they felt about what they knew was wrong within their countries. Either way I think Western powers both bettered and damaged each one of these countries.
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Comparing Experiences with and Legacies. (2019, Apr 15).
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Physics of Soccer
The sport of soccer has played a huge part of my life since I could remember. Beginning at the age of 5, I began to play recreationally and loved it. Taking in that it was apart of my small town's culture for everyone and their dog to play soccer, it was no question that I would begin at such a young age. However, as we grew older and players began to be weeded out or shift their focus to other sports and activities, I remained loyal to the game and played until I was 17 years old.
Being that this a sport that depends on the idea of kicking a ball into a net to get points, I wanted to dive a little deeper into the basics of how it is possible to even play this sport using concepts from physics.
The game of soccer itself is a team sport with 11 players playing on the field for each team, making that 22 players playing at any point over the course of the game. The sport requires both mental and physical ability, as it requires skill, strategy, speed and strength. The overall purpose is to score as many points possible by kicking the ball into the opposing team's goal, whoever has the most points by the end of the regulation time wins. Now, since Newton is known for his large part in contributing to our fundamental knowledge of physics, it makes sense that his laws would carry over into the basics of soccer.
Newton's three laws are known as Newton's 1st, 2nd, and 3rd law. The 1st law says, an object that is free from all outside forces travels at a constant velocity, covering equal distances in equal times along a straight-line path (How Things Work). The 2nd is, an object's acceleration is equal to the force exerted on that object divided by the object's mass. The equality can be manipulated algebraically to state that the force on the object is equal to the product of the object's mass times its acceleration (How). The 3rd states, For every force that one object exerts on a second object, there is an equal by oppositely directed force that the second object exerts on the first (How).
It is also vital to acknowledge that the concept of friction is a recurring element in these laws. Friction is, the force that resists relative motion between two surfaces in contact. Frictional forces are exerted parallel to the surfaces in the directions opposing their relative motion (How). As we see Newton's 1st law applied in the sport, spectators can see that if no outside forces are applied to the ball, then it will continue moving at the same speed and direction it was before. Knowing that friction is always at work, we know that it will not be the same speed like mentioned in the 1st law, but it will remain in the same direction unless intercepted by another player or obstacle on the field.
Newton's 2nd law is observed when kicking a soccer ball which, notably, occurs quite often. When applying the force of the players foot on the ball, the force causes it to change its speed whether that is from stagnancy to tens of miles per hour, or slowing or speeding the ball's speed up from the first touch. It is important to note that once the ball leaves the player's foot after being kicked, it immediately decelerates no matter what the force applied was as it is instantly affected by friction.
The 3rd law is seen most at work when the spectator's take a closer look at the player's required uniform. Soccer players are required to wear cleats as apart of their uniform. Having cleats at the bottom of their shoes allows the players not only to prevent slipping, but move more quickly since the cleats can cut through the friction applied to them from the grass allowing them to go faster. Newton's 3rd law can be seen at work here since when the cleats are implanted in the ground for that brief moment of time when moving throughout the game, there is equal force applied from the cleats to the ground and the force from the ground being applied to the cleats (The physics behind Soccer Kicks).
When taking all three laws into account when playing the beautiful game, it is also important to remember that friction is a key element as well in the sport. This is since the force applied to the soccer ball needs to be applied with quick, good judgement because due to friction applied to the ball from the ground or air it will gradually slow down as it continues to move.
After covering the basics of soccer, it is essential to show how physics can impact the technical side of the game as well. While the technique you can see physics at work with most ease is known as the banana kick(The Physics), you cannot cover this without further explanation of how to lead up to this advanced move. First of all, the two ways to kick a ball are known as toe kicks and sidekicks. The names note the part of the foot the player uses to kick the ball with. Sidekicks are typically used more with younger players as it has a larger surface area to kick the ball with and more accuracy for beginners, however it exerts less power on the ball. Toe kicks on the other hand, have less accuracy but more power.
Depending on where you kick the ball, really anywhere outside its center, it can cause the ball to spin on its axis, which leads us into the magnus effect (The Physics), the effect that allows the banana kick to occur. Kicking the ball utilizing this technique can cause it to change direction while in air as it spins more and more rapidly. As this occurs, the ball undergoes a top-spin. It causes the velocity of the air around the top half of the ball to become less than the air velocity of the air around the bottom half (Real). This technique is useful when making large passes from player to player in order to switch the field, or, especially when trying to score a goal because it is a difficult shot for the goalie to judge since its path is largely unpredictable.
The beautiful game demonstrates many of the foundational laws of physics clearly, making hold aspects that are educational while most see it solely for its entertainment value, as it is the most popular sport in the world.. Newton's laws, friction, and the magnus effect all add up to create a game that many have such passion for, including myself. And it is connections like these that make the subject of physics much more tangible and interactive among its students. While there are many facets of the game of soccer that apply the laws of physics, this can also be said for everyday life. Many tasks we perform daily could not be accomplished without the assistance of physics which is something greatly overlooked.
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Why my Grandmother was Right all Along
Why My Grandmother Was Right All Along
As we stepped off the field all we could think of was getting to the shade. People had begun spraying water over the fields, and steam started rising from the ground. As we got ready to play our next game one girl had to change her cleats because the one’s she had been wearing had melted over the course of the previous game. Another girl was begging the coach not to force her back on the field. We had been familiar with playing soccer in very high temperatures but none of us had experienced this while playing on artificial field turf. These, however, are not only dangers that come with being an athlete forced to play on artificial field turf. In recent years disquietudes have risen about possible dangers related to exposure to artificial field turf among athletes, specifically both the immediate and long term ramifications turf can have on one’s health.
Concern related to the use of artificial field turf connects to the different materials turf is comprised of: backing material, which provides support; plastic blades, which make it a form of grass; and infill, found in the form of rubber beads. These beads comprised of recycled tires, which include: lead, benzene, mercury, arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, along with a number of others, as reported by Hannah Rappleye (NBC). But these are just a few of the many possible ingredients used in the turf beads.
It is difficult to know exactly what potentially harmful materials an athlete is being exposed to due to the variety of tires being used to make turf. Without testing every individual bead of grass there is no way to know with absolute certainty what athletes are being exposed to as they play. In 2011 a study was conducted by Stuart L. Shalat to determine how much field turf is inhaled by athletes while on the field. A machine called a PIPER was used to sample the air of five different fields throughout New Jersey. All of the tests took place during the summer at temperatures higher than eighty degrees fahrenheit.
The results proved that the wipe samples of lead measured in ng/ft2 ranges from thirty on fields two and five to ten thousand three hundred thirty on field one. Field one is the only field in the sample to be over five years old. This data suggests that even limited activity can cause the turf to be inhaled by the athletes present. Considering the number of other materials used, this has just reason to raise consternation (Shalat). All of this data also excludes the fact that turf beads can easily be swallowed and ingested, according to Jordan Swarthout, a former soccer goalie, who had spent multiple days a week playing on artificial turf for several years.
Other apprehensions pertaining to artificial turf include the possibility of turf causing cancer. While there is no data to prove that turf is carcinogenic, one coach is collecting data to support the theory. A soccer coach, Amy Griffin, was heartbroken when she learned that one of her players had been diagnosed with cancer. The young girl was a goalie for the team and was the fourth goalie in the area to be diagnosed with cancer, according to one of the nurses. Griffin found this worrisome and decided to look into it further. Of the thirty eight young soccer players in the area diagnosed with cancer, thirty-four of them were goalies.
Although it seems staggering to have eighty nine percent of the patients playing the same position on the field, upon further analysis it begins to make sense. Goalies make the most contact with the surface of the field. By diving to make saves, they often tear up their arms and legs during both games and practices. This results in direct exposure to turf. One patient, Jordan Swarthout, claims that she would, “clean [turf beads] out of the abrasions and burns she got as a goalkeeper on turf” everyday (Rappleye). While there is no present evidence to definitively prove turf to be carcinogenic, there is a high correlation between the number of girls diagnosed after playing on turf, and the amount of contact each girl had with the turf.
In recent years there has been a growing apprehension related to the number of concussions athletes are sustaining, as shown through the amount of attention the media is giving the topic. In football, this could be between two players crashing into each other; in soccer, this could be when the player goes up to head the ball. Few people realize that another way players could be getting concussions could be when they fall and hit their head against the ground.
This is painful on a real grass field, where the player hits their head on the dirt, but it could hurt far worse to land on turf. Artificial turf is made on top on a much harder concrete foundation. This would be a much harder surface for players to hit their head against. A study was conducted to calculate just how much damage falling on artificial turf could do to athletes. The Gmax of an array of turf fields was collected using a CIST machine and F-355, machines made specifically to calculate how hard surfaces are. According to Penn State Gmax is considered, “the average reported of the second and third drop in the same location.” Six trials were collected using the CIST machine. The maximum Gmax for this machine was 135.
The astroturf field that had already been used proved to have one Gmax of 113.5 and another of 118.6. This is between 84 and 87 percent of the Gmax allowed for athletes to slam their head against the ground and still be considered safe. During the three F-355 trials the highest allowing Gmax for safety became 200 (Penn State Department of Plant Sciences). Although none of the trials came close to reaching the maximum Gmax of two hundred--the highest safety Gmax for this machine-- there was a direct correlation between the Gmax of the field and how old the field was. The older the field, the higher the Gmax. All of these trials were reported by Penn State and relate to the increase in attention head injuries are receiving in current media.
Members from the United States Women’s soccer team were outraged in 2015 when they learned they would be playing their World Cup games on artificial turf (Alba NBC). Throughout the qualifying games, quarter-finals, and semi-finals, players from multiple countries complained of the negative side-effects that came with turf. A star of the United States team, Abby Wambach, explained that field turf took away her ability to trust her own skills. The turf would cause the ball to spin differently than grass, which would make it difficult for her to know when to head the ball. Additionally, she began to hesitate before she would slide for the ball because all she would be able to think about was the cuts and burns it would leave on her legs. Players from various teams, such as America’s Sydney Leroux, Germany’s Nadine Angerer, and Australia’s Samantha Kerr, posted pictures on social media platforms displaying how bloody their legs become after playing in a game on turf (Alba NBC).
Leading to the World Cup many countries banded together in an attempt to play on natural grass opposed to turf. Their claim was that, as the best players in the world, they should be able to play on the best fields as well. They were denied this right and were still forced to play on turf throughout the entire tournament. Wambach claimed the turf caused her to, “second guess whether to slide tackle or go for a diving header,” due to the possible injuries it would result in (Alba NBC).
One fact that has been proven about field turf is the amount of heat it emits on an already hot day. Data was collected from the 2015 Women’s World Cup played in Canada. Temperatures on the field during the Canada v. China game reached 120 degrees an hour before the game had started, and the Ottawa field reached up to 130 degrees (Alba NBC). It has been recorded that artificial turf creates a hotter surface for athletes to play on. On sunny, clear days turf can average up to thirty five to fifty degrees fahrenheit above the temperature the same field would have been had the grass been natural opposed to artificial.
A study in the 1970s proved that field turf grew up to fifty degrees higher than natural grass and very little had been done in the following decades to change this issue (The Sportsturf Scoop). In 2002 in Provo Utah, a turf field was once recorded to have a temperature of two hundred degrees fahrenheit, when the actual temperature of the area was only ninety eight. While these conditions are dangerous to all people, they can be incredibly harmful to children who spend hours each week playing on turf. It is much harder for children to adjust to these extreme temperatures compared to adults. It can cause dehydration and even heat stroke (The Sportsturf Scoop). The reason turf is so much hotter than natural grass is because natural grass, unlike artificial grass, has the ability to transpire; plastic blades cannot perform this same task.
Measures, such as spraying the fields with water between games, have been taken to try to solve this issue; however, this is not very effective and for the most part a temporary solution. At Williams and Pulley it took thirty minutes of watering for a field to drop from one hundred seventy degrees fahrenheit to only eighty five. Yet, in only five short minutes, the temperatures had risen back up to one hundred twenty degrees, and in twenty minutes the field was one hundred sixty four degrees (Penn State). Although precautions are being made, they are not adequate in ensuring the health of the athlete playing on the fields.
Many parks and recreation departments, along with schools, are not swayed by these facts and still want to use artificial turf on their athletic fields. According to the Synthetic Turf Council, turf has numerous attributes that would ameliorate entire communities. Turf uses an overall average of less water than natural grass (Synthetic Turf Council). This can help communities conserve their water supply, which is particularly useful in times of drought. Turf fields are also more easily sustained.
After three games on natural grass, a field begins to get torn apart, leaving a clear view of all the places that will require maintenance. On the contrary, turf can be played on all day without showing any signs of wear. This can allow towns and schools to rent out their fields and increase their revenue. Many towns rely on this money to fund their events, which is one of the many advantages of artificial field turf for communities.
Although there are benefits to using turf opposed to natural grass, they do not outweigh the negative consequences. While a tournament would be able to have more games on a turf field rather than a grass field, it is during these long tournaments that the field would heat up on sunny days. There is no time during a tournament for the fields to be watered sufficiently which would compromise the heat on the field. This could harm the athletes health. Additionally, the field is easier to maintain, but the materials that make it so easy to maintain are tearing, burning, and cutting players’ arms and legs whenever they touch the surface of the field. Professional female soccer players have been speaking out against this for years and have documented evidence to prove the harm that turf can cause to a person's body. The turf beads and the concrete foundation have been shown to correlate to both patients that have been diagnosed with cancer and the number of concussions young athletes are getting. A turf field might be a financial investment, but there are some tests of higher cost than monetary value.
The use of artificial field turf is growing throughout the country and the world. It has become a versatile way for athletes to play their sport in places where natural grass may not be available. This does not mean the athletes should sacrifice their health, both at the present and in the future, simply for convenience. People who play sports know that there is always the risk of getting injured when they step on the field; they usually are not aware the field could be the cause of the injury.
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William Golding’s Novel
In William Golding's novel,The Lord of the Flies,Ralph and Jack are both leaders. Leadership is when someone sets a great example for others and is being confident in what they do and say. A leader is important because they got people to where they have to go . Ralph and Jack are different leaders. Jack is childish,impatient,dictator,set in his ways,rude,mean,and can get very disrespectful. Ralph is caring, gentle, confident, smart,respectful of others and their opinions, and supportive.
Ralph and Jack are leaders in the Lord of the Flies.Ralph is orderly, he made sure everyone knew what to do when the ship came and that everyone knew how to hunt.Shown in the first chapter,Jack only picks his favorites to go hunting with him and leaves the others behind.He speaks very clearly and is not afraid to say what he thinks should be heard and what is a good plan. He let everyone do what he did. He let whoever wanted to speak or have an input say what they had to say. On pages (66-67) Ralph was very angry because the rescue mission failed l. Also, on page 32, Ralph cleared his throat and got ready to speak in front of the group of boys. He waved the conch around on page 35 . He was willing to let anyone speak. Ralph also made sure that the boys knew the island belonged to all of them not just one.
Ralph is very outgoing , friendly, loves people, kind, and supportive. Ralph was supportive of the boys naturally. For example, Ralph came forward and stood by Piggy when he was down. Jack doesn't care about how he makes the boys feel. In the first chapter, he made fun of Piggy and made him feel like he didn't belong. Ralph's leadership is valuable because he always supports his friendships with all of the boys. Ralph is also very smart and friendly. He cares deeply about the boys thoughts and he wants them to all work together. Ralph tried his hardest to make everyone comfortable with saying how they feel or what they think is right.
Ralph is a team builder, brave, and dedicated. He works hard to make the island a better place and that everyone is on board. For example, on pages (66-67) the authors indicates how at the drop of an amendment Ralph attempt to organize the boys and get them ready to work something . Ralph teaches the boys to say their opinions and say what they need to say if they want to. Ralph wants to see the boys be successful. Jack just wants to run everything and boss everyone around. Ralph actually cares.
Ralph takes charge, gives hope, sensitive, and smart at all times. He gives delegateddeligated orders to his team by giving jobs. Ralph gave a lot of hope to the boys by letting them know that help would come. He gave them a plan and made them excited for when the ship came to rescue. Ralph gave sympathy to the boys who were scared and who were down. Jack didn't understand what it was like to be down because he always ran stuff and nobody ever told him anything bad. Ralph knee what it was like to be on top and to be on bottom.Ralph was a smart boy , he always was always impulsiveimpursive . He always thought about what he should do , he never just jumped to actions he made sure it was the right thing to do.
Leadership is when you guide people to the right direction. Jack is the ruthless and disrespectful leader, but Ralph is gentle and confident leader. It is evident that Ralph is the stronger leader in the novel.
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Lord of the Flies Argument Essay
A helpless twelve year old girl was stabbed nineteen times by her two friends before leaving her to die. This may seem like a mysterious plot to a horror movie, but sadly this is real life. What caused the attackers to do such a horrible thing? While some people suggest that a person's behavior is affected greatly by personal morality, others choose to believe that the greatest impact on a person's behavior is the society in which they live in. A person's behavior can become taken from peer pressure in a group, from setting, or from parental influences.
One of the most common social interactions that powerfully affects a person's behavior is peer pressure. CNN reported in an article that a drum major was beaten to death in a hazing gauntlet. Reporters show that Robert Champion, the victim of this cruel hazing, did not want to go along with the hazing but he did anyways. He believed that in order to gain respect from his peers, he had to go through the barbaric initiation. Champion's roommate, Keon Hollis, told the police, If you want to be somebody you have to do it (Mallory Simon). Peers caused Champion to believe that in order to be accepted by society and to no longer be a nobody, he would have to go through with the hazing. Even the band members fell into peer pressure, being forced to hurt Champion.
Text two says, Some people tried to help push [Champion] through, while at least one girl tried to hold him back, the way a linebacker would, to make the gauntlet more difficult (Mallory Simon). Yes, people could say that this girl did not fall into peer pressure because she tried to hold him back. However, if she didn't succumb to peer pressure, she should've tried to get help to try and stop the beating. She fell into the trap because she didn't want to get shut out from society , and therefore decided to join in on Champion's initiation.
Parental influences also greatly affect a person's behavior. Many parents pass down their religious beliefs, political views, and so many other things to their children. One girl named Irena Sendler took her parents teachings to heart.
Text 3 states, Though she lost her father at the age of seven, Chana Kroll writes in her article, His dedication to others - reinforced by her mother's example and words - made a deep impression on her.' Irena absorbed the lessons she was taught by her parents and put them to use. During World War II, Irena helped to save over 3,000 Jewish families and a multitude of Jewish children. The combination of different influences from Irena's parents, as well as her peers who helped her save the Jewish family caused her behavior and actions to differ from other people during this time. Some people may conclude that because Irena stuck with her beliefs, she was influenced by her personal morality even when most of society believed otherwise.
However, this is incorrect because society and people she grew up like her parents and her peers, all had similar beliefs that were passed on to Irena. The way she acted was because it is all she knew, it isn't by choice. The personal morality she adopted was from how her parents and peers acted. She was always taught by everyone around her to help others in need whenever she could. Her father was very dedicated to others, so Irena was as well. However, parental influence is not always good for children. In 2014, two twelve year old girls, attempted to murder one of their friends as a sacrifice to Slenderman.
Shortly after this attempted murder occurred, much focus turned to the parents and what influences they might've had on their children. Soon after, Morgan Geyser's parents instagram was found with graves and skulls. Jane Mendle, a clinical psychologist specialist said, It's easy to say, ?These are bad parents' (Abigail Jones). The dark atmosphere of death growing up greatly impacted Morgan's life. This disturbing influence on Morgan caused her to do such an gruesome crime. Parental influences have a big impact on children, which nobody can deny.
It is extremely clear that social dynamics have a large impact on a person's behavior and actions. Parents may not realize it, but they can push their beliefs onto their children. Which could cause them to act in a different manner because their personal morality is shaped by what they are taught while growing up. Peer pressure also causes people to have different behaviors because people desperately want acceptance from others even if they subconsciously know what they are doing is wrong. People should be more aware of their actions and how they can affect others around them because social dynamics powerfully influence others.
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Leadership is Commonly Defined
Leadership is commonly defined as somebody who inspires people, rather it be strong non-verbal communication or standing up for someone in their team. Leaders are important because without a leader you'd be lost or misguided. With a leader you'll have somebody to show you what to do and how to do it. Ralph and Jack are very different in their approach to leadership. Jack is impatient, strict, and harsh. Ralph on the other hand, is cooperative, patient, and less-harsh. Both leaders should be, in my opinion, strict which they both are but on varying levels. Ralph is the better leader of the two.
Ralph took control of the situation on page 67, where they were unable to start a fire. The children on the island know that they need fire, but are unsure how to start one. Ralph has the idea of using Piggy's glasses to ignite some flammable materials. Ralph is also very confident in his leadership and is sure of his ideas or orders. Ralph is fair as-well, he came up with the idea of using a conch shell for speeches. The conch rule is simple yet effective, whoever holds the conch is able to speak. Those who aren't holding the conch don't speak.
Ralph is outgoing and friendly, such as when he stood by Piggy instead of letting Piggy stand alone. He is able to recognize Piggy as being less-than able than the others. Ralph is also smart and responsible by giving Piggy his glasses back, when he could have kept them and started as many fires as he wanted too. Ralph displays his confidence by being able to speak fluently in-front of the other boys, and gets what he needs to say out.
Tough, smart, and independant are words you could use to describe Ralph. He doesn't seek validation from his peers, instead they seek validation from him. He's also able doubt others who are not as capable as him. Ralph has leadership qualities and knows he must order the others around for certain things, otherwise they will not be completed. To quote pg 52 we need shelters in case it rains which proves he has his priorities set and knows what he must do. He also has a natural talent in certain aspects of life such as when he got into the water he was already an experienced swimmer and appeared to belong there. The book says on pg 65 Ralph who slid into the water, of all the boys he was the most natural there.
Ralph is a strong leader, he is able to communicate with the rest of the group very well to finish whatever task they need finished. He is also able to complete tasks on his own, instead of sitting back and letting everybody else do all the work. Jack on the other hand does not do his own work other than hunting. Jack didn't help build the huts even after Ralph asked him too.
Leadership is the ability to lead and gather your followers to complete whatever task must be completed. Jack is a very tough, strict, and lazy leader who doesn't show professionalism when he should. Ralph is the opposite, he shows professionalism when he must, he's also tough and strict but he's not lazy. He'll tell somebody to do something and if they don't he'll make sure the task is completed one way or another. It's evident that Ralph is the stronger leader in the novel.
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The Power of Others
The power of others is what drives people to do the things they do. However, that power is a difficult concept and much confusion can be centered around it. In William Golding’s novel, Lord of The Flies, the group of boys must quickly decide on a chief; someone to lead them. After not much debate, Ralph is named chief but the rest of the book shows that he alone is imperfect for the job. In fact, while most key characters show traits of being a great leader, they also have some drawback.
First, there is Ralph who, while he is smart and rather confident, lacks a true spine to control people. The there is Piggy, who is incredibly smart but gets overlooked and made fun of. Lastly, there is have Jack, who has what it takes to control people but can go way overboard and is highlyconclusive. All three characters show some righteous traits, and some rather disagreeable traits as well, indicating that no one person is going to be a perfect leader.
The book is trying to show that one person alone is not enough to lead the people in the best way possible and that power needs to be spread out among several people. One character who has both favorable and inauspicious qualities when it comes to leading is Ralph. For about ? of the book, Ralph remains chief meaning that there is something that makes him last that long and something that ends his rule. In Ralph’s case, what made him a leader is also what ends his rule. As the boys realize that they ought to have a leader, they start to immediately call for Ralph. They even recognize that the obvious choice would be Jack and that any sign of intelligence had come from Piggy. However, “there was a stillness about Ralph… that marked him out” and that makes the boys drawn to him (Lee 22). He looks and presents himself as a natural leader.
The boys are naturally interested in Ralph and he is perfectly willing to be chief. This is exactly the reason why the boys lose interest in him later in the novel. As Jack begins to make plans, people wake up and realize that they are only rooting for Ralph based on surface promises he had made. He wants to keep the fire going but fails to do so almost the whole book. He has had plans for making shelters but is unable to get others to help him. Not to mention, he never even went through with getting a list of names. Though Ralph confidently presents himself like a chief, his inability to get things done is what makes him an imperfect leader. Another one of the characters who is promising in some ways but who would not be a perfect leader is Piggy.
Piggy’s intelligence is recognized throughout the book and even in thefirst chapter. While this automatically makes him a strong candidate to be an effective leader, his pudgy frame and the fact that he wears glasses is enough to get made fun of for. This shows how the boys are unable to look past even appearance to select a reasonable chief. Also, Piggy’s insecurity about “what [the boys] call [him]” makes him vulnerable to bullying regarding his nickname (11).
Piggy simply cannot be chief because of people not takinghim seriously. Even though that’s not necessarily his fault and he is vt, it would be impossible for someone like Piggy, who is an easy target for bullies, to be chief. The last character who makes an attempt at being a good chief is Jack. While he unequivocally has the spine and the authority to be a leader, his decisiveness and thirst for power does not work in his favor. The boys quickly realize that Jack is the only boy on the island who can truly rally them together and provide them with food, all necessary things for them to survive on the island. The end to his rule only happens because they are rescued. He would’ve quite literally burnt the island to the ground if that hadn’t been the case.
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Popular Piece of Modern Literature
The Lord Of The Flies is a popular piece of modern literature by the Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding, red by many students to this day. The Nobel Prize-winning British author William Golding was born on September 19, 1911, Newquay, Cornwall, England and died on June 19, 1993, Perranarworthal, Cornwall, England at the age of 81. In 1940 Golding temporarily abandoned teaching in Bishop Wordsworth's School in Salisbury to join the Royal Navy to fight in WWII.
Upbound the Lord Of The Flies publish in 1954, the Lord of the Flies did not have great success after being released, it was Golding's first novel. During time was after the war of WWII that is why there is a war element in the book of Lord Of The Flies The book sold about three thousand copies in the United States during 1955, before the Lord Of The Flies was going out of print it went on to become a best-seller of that year. The critics, some thought that Golding's novel [Lord Of The Flies] has a remarkably complete and solid structure"(Kinkead- Weekes and Gregor 15). This shows that for the readers it took time for them to appreciate Golding's work after a year. Critically they agree that Golding's work was solid and complete, which these are the reasons why Golding's book Lord Of The Flies is a popular book till today. The Lord Of The Flies follows chronological order.
It starts with all characters arriving on to the island. There are sequences of dreaming like the kids dreaming about the beasty or when Simon daydreamed about the Lord Of Flies near the dead body of the pilot. Throughout chapter 1-4, the tension rises between Jack and Ralf, the two leaders. At the end of the book, every one cried when the adult came to save them. The comparison of the start and the end is the process of becoming savages and reverting back to kids when the adult came.
The similarity between the start and the end is that they all revert back to a kid in the end, just like they got there. The book is told on a deserted island following the character after they crashed on it, the story is most likely take place during WWII because the mention of war and the book is published 10 years after WWII. The Lord Of The Flies is told from a third person omniscient and present term view. The point of view throughout the story did not change. Because this allows Golding to follow and talk about any of the characters at any point of the story.
This is done to distances the reader as to allow Golding to judge the characters actions at any point of the story. Golding's use of syntax of long periodic sentences when describing the peaceful coral island shaded with greens and purples. And some time shorter sentences like when Golding describes moments of violence or high tension. For an example, for the all pig's death, Golding uses great detail and imagery to create stress an tension. All these is to create a full image for the reader to feel, see, and imagine that part of the event.
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Novel Lord of the Flies
I think that this novel Lord of The Flies could have tons of appropriate themes but this novel has one main theme/moral. I think that the most appropriate theme for this novel should be the dangers in mob mentality. I reason for why I stated that statement is because in on page 160 in chapter 10 that Jack says they must challenge everyone, and further down the page on page 160 it says that Jack and his hunters try to scare Piggy and attack the others and these specific events in the book lead up to the boys to split into two groups and they were now enemies and Jack and his hunters turned savage in page 179 because it says that Jack and Ralph fight again and that Jack told his hunters to tie up samneric because they told Ralph whenever they got close to him. After this everything was just chaotic and everyone was turning savage. These pieces of evidence clearly indicates that the appropriate them for this book is the dangers in mob mentality.
The abstract concept being addressed is that the bigger the group is the bigger you power is and if you are too overpowered then things can start to get out of hand like it did in this novel. Also a more in depth piece of evidence is stated on page 152 Immediately after their first successful hunt, Jack's hunters chant as a group, showing that they prefer to enact violence as a mob, rather than as individuals. Their chanting shows their cohesion, and their delight over killing becomes ritualistic. This indicates that after their first successful hunt they basically turn savage or think that they are superior in the group and they tried to get people into their group and they would give them meat in exchange.
Another piece of evidence that can prove that the theme that I chose was the most appropriate for this novel is on page 69 which states, Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood. This is another example which proves that Jack and his hunters went savage because they started to chant Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood which indicates that they were doing the most to show that they wanted to kill the pig.
Yes universal truths are revealed, supported, or challenged by this theme because this can supported in many ways but it can also be challenged in many ways too because people make big groups that lead up to no good and there are some big groups that lead up to a positive thing and still become successful.
One example that can prove that the theme is supported is when there is a big group of people and then they lead up to no good because it is one simple bad decision that can change a whole group's perspective of seeing thing.Then everyone can turn savage like Jack and his hunters. This is one way that I can relate the book to the theme that I thought was most appropriate.
One example that can challenge this theme is when a big group is not overpowered and that they help out the society and don't damage or harm the society of the people in their society.
One way that I can relate this example to the book is when they had barely crash landed and they were all cooperating with each other and they were all making shelters and they all united with each other but due to some conflicts they all separated into two groups and just started to turn savage and fight against each other instead of cooperating with each other just like they did in the beginning of the novel. These are some abstracts that support and challenge the theme that I chose.
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Order Leadership Power and Moral Consequences
Order, leadership, power, and moral consequences. These are some concepts needed in society to maintain civilization. Lord of the Flies by William Golding explores these ideological struggles between two main characters: Ralph and Jack. With different perspectives about how one should rule, they both challenge each other from the start. The novel begins with a plane crash in the middle of an unknown island where a group of young English boys are stranded without any adults, and are thus tested on survival and morality. Ralph, our protagonist, steps up right away after being elected leader.
He is portrayed as a democratic character that is quick to enforce rules, manage, and provide assistance to the group. He is the primary representative of civilization, order and authoritative leadership from the traditional school structures. Jack is Ralph's antagonist who represents the savagery and dictatorship that a tyrannical would have. His selfish desire is to gain power and control over the group. Jack never thinks of the moral consequences to the island, leading him to a dominant nature. He believes a leader should be obeyed given any order. By the end of the novel, he develops exactly into that leader. Although Jacks use of coercive power is accepted when the boys descend into their animalistic behavior, only Ralph's referent power can be truly accepted as legitimate by civilization and society.
In the beginning of Lord of the Flies, we are introduced to the powerful conch which is the most important symbol from the novel and the first discovery. Although Ralph finds it, Piggy comes up with the plan to blow on it to find the others on the island (Golding 8). Piggy's action shows his expert power; however, Ralph's tool of referent power takes over and because of the conch Ralph is elected as the leader of the group, As Ralph is described it ts pointed that [M]ost obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch (Golding 22).
Showing us not only the power the conch really possesses, but also showing us that the boys are aware that electing a leader is the only way for things to work out.
Ralph even gives the boys the idea of voting and freedom by raising the conch and saying they have to have a chief to decide things (Golding 11). This shows his intuitive thought of law and order; a main trait of democracy, where the boys have the opportunity of choices. It is decided later on that whoever holds the conch in their meetings has the right to speak, and everyone has to listen (Golding 33). Giving not only the conch power but also giving the boys the power to be heard; Thus, the conch is what made the island a civilized society from the start. Considering the rule was enforced by Ralph and Piggy, it told us that from the start he tried to preserve the civilized living principle, that we were granted in humanity (Golding 22). By having this conch it is representing the order and law in their island, because of the right they are offered from this conch which of course, is freedom of speech.
In William Golding's epic, Lord of the Flies, the guiltless young boy named Jack has started to change into the enemy of the story. He paints on an undermining red and white face thickly striped with charcoal that connects backwards right ear to left of his jaw, and when he sees his reflection he begins to laughing forebodingly around a pool of water (Golding 63-64). Jack sees the impression of himself in this manner in the pool and changed absolutely. His dubious side was at present coordinating all his reason and strategy for thinking. Despite how Jack's age isn't clearly imparted all through the novel, it is shown that he is a standout amongst the most settled among the get-together of youthful colleagues on the island and is around the age of twelve or thirteen. This prompts the conviction that Jack's presentation of confirmation inside this front of war paint is a trademark one.
Golding contends that individuals are on a very basic level of savagery, when drawn toward delight and brutality; they will have effectively figured out how to make flourishing civic establishments for a great number of years. So that discredits Golding's hypothesis about human instinct being savage, correct? Not exactly. Golding goes on to make a comparable contention; he delineates progress as a cloak that through its guidelines and laws veils the wickedness inside each person. So even while civic establishments flourish, they are simply concealing the monster. They have not annihilated it.
The nonexistent monster that scares all the young men represents the basic intuition of brutality that exists inside every person. The young boys fear the beastie, however just Simon achieves the acknowledgment that the fear the monster since it exists inside every one of them. As the young men develop increasingly savage, their confidence in the monster becomes more grounded. At the end of the novel, the young men are abandoning it forfeits and regarding it as a totemic god. The young mens' conduct is the thing that brings the beastie into reality, so the more brutally the kids act, the more genuine the monster appears to turn into. The young men turn intothe monster when they murder Simon.
Golding portrays the savages' conduct as creature like; the savages dropped their lances (man's instrument) and shouted, struck, piece, tore. There were no words, and no developments yet the tearing of teeth and paws (Golding 153). This depiction is fundamentally the same as Sam and Eric's portrayal of the brute on the mountain. The Beast is a danger, be it envisioned or genuine, to the general public that has been shaped on the island and is treated all things considered by every one of the characters with the exception of Simon. This danger is at initial a unifier of the young men and after that separates them, all looking for security in the clan and its military power.
Jack is the controller here, he utilizes the Beast as a method for picking up and looking after power, utilizing the Beast also to the purposeful publicity of authoritarian states. So the mammoth can be viewed as an instrument whereby Jack keeps up his capacity, a portrayal everything being equal and a method for imparting trepidation and regard in the people. With regards to the book, whenever took a gander at generally, the Beast is the danger from Soviet Russia utilized by governments to control their kin and increment military spending or correspondingly any promulgation utilized by any legislature to undermine majority rules system. Likewise, Simon acknowledges there is no monster and says perhaps it's solitary us (Golding 155).
This shows how Simon understands the "murkiness of man's heart" influences every one of us.
Throughout the novel, Ralph does many things that represents his leadership over having a civilized society. One of the most astonishing approaches he takes is when all the boys build the shelters. As the elected leader, Ralph is shown to be altruistic as he quickly thinks of the groups safety before his. Ralph knows to maintain civilization, and overcome their fear, they would have to have something they can feel safe in and call it home.
This is seen when Ralph gave the feeling of hope to the boys, when he talks about the queen's maps. It gave the assembly of boys a sense of safety by his words and the respect towards him (Golding 29). Bestowing even more legitimate power to Ralph. Without the feeling of hope that Ralph gave to the boys, the island would have formed in utter chaos; Furthermore, building the shelters didn't just provide safety, but it also created the bond with each other; and that is teamwork. It's where everybody felt the need to participate, showing us that leadership and order is needed to maintain a civilized society; Therefore, Ralph's authority over his legitimate power is what kept the island civilized and secure from the start.
Regardless of Ralph's altruism and positive expectations, he encounters many obstacles at a young age through respectfulness, which uncover his inborn crude nature. Although Ralph is imperfect like the rest of humankind, he is depicted as a moderately empathetic leader, who is a defender of civilization and wishes to build up an organized, agreeable life on the island where a great possibilities of the boys being rescued is present.
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Imagine being Stranded on an Island
Imagine being stranded on an island. Your first instincts would be to get shelter, find food ,and to find a way out the island. Being marooned can be a life or death situation. It can bring up new challenges and self discovery. When a group of young boys gets stranded on an island together with no adults, they must learn to live and survive as a group.
Not only must they worry about food and shelter, but they also have to worry about each other and discover what it takes to work together. In Golding's Novel, Lord of the Flies, the contrasting literary themes of civilization vs. savagery are illustrated through the use of symbols, the dialogue, and visual imagery. William Golding uses many symbols throughout his novel to illustrate the contrasting themes of civilization versus savagery.
In this novel, the use of the conch represents civilization and order. When the boys first land on the island, Ralph uses the conch to join everyone together. Signs of life were visible now on the beach. The sand, trembling beneath the heat haze, concealed many figures in its miles of length; boys were making their way to the platform (page 18). This shows that at the beginning, the conch automatically brought everyone together, and joined them as a community. Later in the story, the lord of the flies represents the savagery by symbolizing chaos and disorder. After the boys kill a pig, they leave the head as an offering to the imagined beast. As Simon begins talking to the head, it tells him that it itself is the beast.
Later, Ralph encounters the skull of the pig. A sick fear and rage swept him. Fiercely he hit out at the filthy thing in front of him that bobbed like a toy and came back, still grinning in his face, so that he lashed and cried out in loathing. (page 185). This shows that the lord of the flies brings out the beast in the children themselves, and shows that all along, they in fact were their own beast. Golding also uses pieces of dialogue to illustrate the contrasting themes of civilization vs. savagery. In the very beginning, Piggy proves to be the most knowledgeable of the group by trying to keep them in order and civilized. When the group is talking about building a signal fire to be rescued, Piggy says, 'How can you expect to be rescued if you don't put first things first and act properly? ' (page 45). This shows that from the very beginning Piggy thinks there should be ordered, and a clear plan for anything successful to happen on the island.
Also around this time, the theme of savagery through dialogue begins with Jack. After hunting for the first time, Jack explains to Ralph that he sent his group back while he continued to hunt by himself. 'I went on,' said Jack. ?I let them go. I had to go to go on. I”? He tried to convey the compulsion to track down and kill that was swallowing him up. ?I went on. I thought of myself”? The madness came into his eyes again. ?I thought I might kill. ' (page 51). This is the beginning of Jack's transformation from civilized to savage. At this time killing becomes his main priority over everything. Lastly, William Golding uses visual imagery throughout his novel to illustrate the contrasting themes of civilization vs. savagery.
In the beginning, Golding uses visual imagery to represent civilization when Ralph uses the conch to unite everyone together. At last Ralph ceased to blow and sat there, the conch trailing from one hand, his head bowed on his knees. As the echoes died away so did the laughter, and there was silence. (page 19). This shows that at the beginning, everyone came together in a civilized manner and was silent so that they could listen to the conversations that they were going to have. Later in the book, Golding yet again uses visual imagery to represent savagery during the killing of Simon.
The beast struggled forward, broke the ring, and fell over the steep edge of the rock to the sand by the water. At once the crowd surged after it, poured down the rock, leapt onto the beast, screamed, struck, bit, tore. There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws. (Page 153). This shows that by this point, the only thing the boys cared about was hunting, and they would hunt anything they could. This act was only the beginning of murder in this story, and later led to the murder of other boys. In Golding's Novel, Lord of the Flies, the contrasting literary themes of civilization vs savagery are illustrated through the use of symbols, the dialogue, and the visual imagery. Though in the beginning many things joined the boys together on the island, in the end, things tore them apart more than they would have expected. Overall, this book conveys that human beings are savage by nature, and are moved by primal urges toward selfishness, brutality, and dominance over others.
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Lord of the Flies Essay Nature V. Nurture
Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space around Henry... Here invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life... Roger's arm was conditioned by a civilization that knew nothing of him and was in ruins. (Golding 62) Our environment has much to do with the way we react during different situations, yes, but is it the main reason for our behavior? In the book The Lord of the Flies, a group of young boys are stranded on an island without any adult supervision. The author takes us through the story by demonstrating what happens when adolescents must depend on themselves without the comfort of civilization. The boys' actions throughout the novel are not so much impacted by the environment, but the fact that their inner savages are finally able to roam free due to the absence of authority figures.
During our upbringing we learn the ways of life from authority figures present in our childhoods like parents and teachers, but during our teenage years is when everything starts to change. Amanda Leigh Mascarelli's article, The Teenage Brain, discusses the many different factors of the human brain that contribute to our everyday thinking and actions. During the risk-taking and rewards-based tests, one region deep inside the brain shows more activity in adolescents than it does in children or adults, Crone says. That one region is called the ventral striatum and is often called the reward center of the brain.
This is because it moves us to repeat actions that receive rewards. In the boys' case, their horrific actions resulted in one major treat, staying alive. Another region of the brain called the prefrontal cortex plays an important role in our decision making too. The prefrontal cortex is sometimes referred to as the master planner; it gives instructions and enables chatter among other brain regions. In the heat of the moment ” even when they know better, the reward system can outmuscle the master planner. That can lead to poor decisions, Casey says. This further explains the reason why the boys' always give into temptations like playing instead of building a rescue fire.
Adolescents are particularly sensitive and responsive to influence by friends, desires and emotions, researchers say. The sense of an authority figure played a large role in the sequence of the book. Nearing the end of the book, Jack takes matters into his own hands by creating his own tribe. Jack offers food, protection, and play, which all appeal to the ?bigguns, resulting in them leaving Ralph's side. He's a proper chief, isn't he? He's going to beat up Wilfred He got angry and made us tie Wilfred up. He's been tied for hours, waiting (Golding 159) Jack decided to assert his power onto his tribe and treat them as if they were his minions.
Of course, his tribe didn't mind because the boys were under the impression that Jack was the closest thing they had to a parental figure on the island. Prior to adolescence, the master planner isn't quite advanced enough to guide all the other brain regions. That's because it still doesn't know the rules of the game. So that's why you have parents to act as your prefrontal cortex, During their time on the island, the boys' closest thing to a parent figure was Jack, which explains why they made such rash decisions under his control. Some might say that the boys' actions on the island were the result of long-term exposure to such a harsh environment.
Kendra Cherry's article The Milgram Obedience Experiment states, "The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act." This statement can be refuted. Although environment does play somewhat of a role in bringing out our evil natures, biological factors and our individual ways of thinking have the biggest say in all of this. Dopamine levels in general peak during adolescence. In teenagers, the strength of this feel good response helps explain why they often give in to impulsive desires.
To sum things up, the boys' actions at the end of the book The Lord of the Flies are due to biological and mental factors as opposed to their surrounding environment and upbringing. The environment around us doesn't contribute to the making of our inner evil, but aids in bringing out the savageness within us. Our mentality and state of mind are the biggest contributors when it comes to decision making and the course of our actions.
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Individuals that Misuse Animals
Individuals that misuse animals often convey their acts onto abusing people. Cruelty is defined as pleasure in causing torment. In the novel Lord of the Flies, cruelty is revealed from lack of civilization amongst the boys. Golding stated the overall theme of the novel as an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature. The moral is that the shape of a society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual and not on any political system however apparently logical or respectable. Increasing acts of cruelty in the novel reflect the boys' inner evil overtime.
One incident where an act of cruelty was shown took place in chapter 4 when Jack and the hunters killed a pig. At first, Jack didn't have the boldness to hunt down a pig, and he failed at it the first time in chapter 2. However, when he finally hunted down the pig, he became so fixated with the sentiment of killing that he felt the urge to repeat it again. Jack's exact words were Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood (Golding 145). He felt a sense of power once he painted his face as a sort of camouflage.
Later on, his camouflage implies something other than a disguise, it gives him a chance to conceal himself from the other boys too. Jack and Roger got joy from this slaughtering. This binds back to the topic since it gives additional proof to how the boys are moving away from human progress and more onto their own particular manner of living openly. This mercilessness uncovers Jack as a savage and having certain qualities of a dictator.
Another incident where an act of cruelty was shown took place in chapter 8 when the boys killed the mother pig in a horrific way. In this scene, Golding presents striking character headway for Jack and Roger, advances the topic, and foretells a later occasion. As a matter of fact,this scene showed a clear example of the boys beginning to receive pleasure from brutally killing. The boys get wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase while chasing the wounded sow (Golding 297).
The sow alludes to a female pig that was a mother to child pigs. The depiction of the manner in which the sow was murdered appeared to be more brutal than butcher, it was assault. The main boy that didn't make part in this move was Simon. Unexpectedly, the most terrible occurrence that happens later on in the novel happens to Simon, the one boy that didn't participate in this explicit activity. This cold-bloodedness uncovers Jack as a sickening kid with uncontrolled brutality.
The last demonstration of pitilessness was the most horrendous, occurring in part 9. This is the scene that was foreshadowed from the horrendous killing of the sow, aside from this time the killing was toward one of their own, Simon. His death happened as a result of a wild desire to execute, horrible planning, and confused personality. One shocking quote that stood out to me was ...Simon's dead body moved out toward the open sea (Golding 341).
This uncovers the pitilessness in Jack explicitly on the grounds that it never entered his thoughts that he really murdered Simon in a butchering way until the point that his body was seen streaming out away from any confining influence ocean.
At last, murdering pigs prompts the thirst of executing a human. The young men are roused by excite than by logic. The way that these demonstrations of pitilessness are being displayed by kids adds to the awfulness of its world. As George Bernard Shaw once said, Man's inhumanity to man is only surpassed by his cruelty to animals.
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Civilization Begins with Order
Civilization begins with order, grows with liberty and dies with chaos (Will Durant), If a civilization does not have order within it or liberty for the people then it is bound to end in terrible chaos. In the novel, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, a group of boys get stranded on an island and there are no adults with them but even though they have each other they lose a sense of what is real and what is not. As the story progresses civilization is lost and chaos rises. Jack is a very interesting character who shows a lot of change in the story; from eager little boy to savage young man.
Also, the way the author writes the story with such a simple style but with deep subject matter plays a role in how the story is understood. Jack starts the story as a very refined boy who could never bring himself to harm anyone, but as the story progresses all that is lost and he starts to clearly represent the destroyer. This archetype is, a paradoxical character whose destructions reflects a death drive and an inner fear... their quest is to let go of anger or whatever force drives them (Changing Minds). Jack had not been able to kill a pig earlier in the story but then, Look! We've killed a pig- we stole up on them- we got in a circle- (Golding 69).
After killing the pig, hunting was all that Jack was left thinking about and he let his shadow side of self- destructive and addictive behaviors get the best of him. Jacks transformation into such a savage character results in his barbaric and animalistic behavior, and his savagery grows because of the lack of authority beyond just the conch. The conch is a symbol for order and power that all the boys get a chance to have, but Jack never cared for that because he lets his savage behavior and governance with violence get in the way of a civil state. Nature versus nurture is a very strong but indirect theme in the story.
Nature refers to one's hereditary factors who influence our person while nurture refers to the environmental factors which influence one's growth. Jack in the story appears to be a natural born leader who always wants to step up, Ralph- we need meat even if we are hunting the other thing (Golding 111). Here Jack tells Ralph what needs to be done and the nature he has of being a leader later drives him to be the leader of a violent group of boys. The new environment he is placed in nurtures him to the point where a great change is caused within himself and all ideas of civilization are lost, and his nature plays a role here because he feels that he has to be leader otherwise things will simply not go his way. Jack has a very strong motive to dominate the boy and have complete power over them because he feels that he is the most suitable for it. Jack is a great example of an Id.
Very similar to the Id, Jack cares about survival rather than rescue. The ids central point is immediate pleasures no matter the repercussions. Jack found the throat and the hot blood spouted over his hands (Golding 135). Jacks desire to kill and please his personal desires are shown here. He shows the boys that nothing will hold him back from completing his own needs, much like the Id aims to please itself by taking over one's mind. Furthermore, William Golding's writing style is very deep within subject matter but still very simple throughout. This is the writing structure portrayed in the story because there are certain parts where there would be many details about quite unnecessary things and other parts with not enough. For example, You got your small fire alright... the heart of the flame leaped nimbly across the gap between the trees and then went swinging and flaring along the whole row of them (Golding 44).
This is the part of the story where a forest fire starts and here, the author goes into such a descriptive state for the fire and in the next starting chapter it is suddenly resolved and never talked about again. This was quite confusing when it came to reading because it would be expected that such a descriptive section of the book would not just suddenly end and just be done with for the rest of the story, but that was the case with this certain section of the story. Another section of the story that was explicit without much necessity but ends up being quite simple to the story is when Ralph thinks about how ungroomed he is, The folds were stiff like cardboard and unpleasant; noticed too how the frayed edges of his shorts were making an uncomfortable, pink area... he disliked perpetually flicking the tangled hair out of his eyes (Golding 76-77).
This enhances the understanding of the story because of how descriptive the author is hinting to how long they've been on that island because of how the boys now look and that helps simplify the story. Lastly, in chapter 9 the author goes deep with the subject of the story, but again it is not talked about again. The beast struggled forward, broke the ring, and fell over the steep edge of the rock. At once the crowd surged after it, poured down the rock... and screamed, struck, bit, tore.
There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws (Golding 153). The author goes into so much depth with how the boy's savagery made them lose sight of what was going on and it is confusing because after this scene the murder was never really talked about again and the boys just go on and continue being themselves as if nothing had happened. It was not as simple to the story as other parts were because this section doesn't infer or make anything else clearer.
Overall, Jack started the story as a very decent young man and ended as a very uncivil and uncultured boy. He let his desire of wanting to kill and be leader get in the way of the civility of the rest and soon brought them down with him. Also, the authors writing structure not only affected the way that the characters were seen or what inferences were made but also the way that the story was understood. All civilization was lost as well as liberty leading to terrible chaos that ended with pure savagery.
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