Month: April 2019
Factors that Influence on Air Pollution
Air pollution is a very delicate issue and is the fourth-largest threat to human health nowadays. Many people believe that air pollution does not have any kind of impact on their lives due to the fact that it does not affect them on the daily basis. However, not taking good care of the air we breath can cause tragic consequences to the planet and to human health in the long run, and it might be too late to find a solution when it gets to this point. It is very important to think about the welfare of the environment in every single aspect because, at the end of the day, the planet Earth is our home. It is also where our kids and future generation will live, so we must take actions in order to prevent diseases and many other issues that come along with the pollution of the air. The most important question is: what can we do in order to protect our planet?
Air Pollution is the result of the releasement of large amounts of liquid and gases into the atmosphere that cause environmental impact and human health problems. These polluting substances include industrial dust, aerosols, black smoke, solvents, acids and hydrocarbons. However, the most serious damage that Air Pollution causes is certainly towards human health. We are often being exposed to a large amount of smoke and we do not realize that many diseases, such as cancer, are related to this excessive exposure. This type of pollution is related to the decreasement of effectiveness of the mucociliary system of our nostrils. It also deteriorates asthma symptoms, upper respiratory infections, and incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Also, research shows that children and the elderly are the most vulnerable, and are often being hospitalized, mainly with respiratory diseases.
One of the biggest parts of the air pollution is caused by means of transportation. Cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles and all sorts of boats and planes cause two types of environmental problems: it contributes to the greenhouse effect because it emits carbon dioxide (CO2), and puts public health at risk by polluting the atmosphere with extremely toxic gases and particles. In order to increase the number of transportation, it is necessary to seek solutions that discourage the use of individual transportation, such as cars. A good beginning would be to invest more money on the infrastructure of public transport technology, as well as providing incentives to increase walking and cycling. Therefore, decreasing the number of vehicles of transportation we see on the streets plays a big hole on the amount of pollution we are releasing into the air we breath.
Another factor that plays a huge hole in air pollution is the emission of fossil fuels by industries. The presence of these pollutants in the air can cause various respiratory disorders in humans. Depending on the type of pollutant and its intensity of contact, people can even develop a cancer and have their reproductive and immune systems damaged. In the nature, the emission of sulphur aggravates the risk of acid rain. Also, other gases increase the average temperature of the earth, which can lead to the melting of the polar ice caps, among other problems that threaten fauna and flora.
Cite this page
Factors That Influence On Air Pollution. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
A Problem of Ocean Pollution
Growing up and spending most of my childhood in one of the most beautiful places Florida has to offer, you learn to love the ocean and its surrounding features. As a little girl pretending to be a mermaid in the Florida Keys water, was such a thrilling experience, until you see trash floating beside you. This was a saddening and painful feeling knowing the affects that are occurring as you are trying to soak up the sun and view the beauty of the ocean. The ocean is a gift to the citizens that occupy two-thirds of the world. Ocean pollution comes from various land activities. These activities may involve, people, machines, companies, and chemical spills. The ocean was once a phenomenal view that society enjoyed without the trash. Imagine reversing society’s actions and recreating something we can enjoy, litter free for thousands of years, once more.
Imagine living in a picture-perfect environment at the beach. Trash is nowhere in sight and your view of the ocean is breath taking as you watch the sea gulls and dolphins travel. This could be a possibility if society would stop polluting the ocean. If money was no object, I would create a nonprofit organization that would bring this dream into fruition. First, I would create a mission statement, that would be to recruit philanthropists with a like-minded vision and love of the ocean. Next, would be to hire workers “top-dollar” to get local beaches into “top-notch shape,”. The beaches would not be littered with cigarette butts, those filters can take decades to decompose after the cigarette butt has been discarded. As they break down the chemicals can be consumed by wildlife.
According to environmental researchers by NBC news, scientists have found traces of these chemicals in roughly 70% of seabirds and approximately 30% of sea turtles. Plastic can holders, which are found around the necks of many sea creatures that cause irreplaceable damage, along with plastic bags. These deaths are noted as death by plastic for sea life, these deaths have increased every year. According to National Geographic, over 5.25 trillion pieces of trash have been discovered in the ocean. Plastic debris really took over our planet. The worst part about this is plastic is not biodegradable. The plastic we use daily should be turned into paper. With the “non-profit organization” taking place this company would supply restaurants and grocery stores with the necessary paper products, such as, straws, cups, and grocery bags. Consumers will be able to dispose of them and recycle these all back into paper products. An alternative solution for restaurants’ and stores, are biodegradable products such as dinnerware and utensils.
Additionally, as a human I love to eat. I am not a picky eater when it comes to tasty food. Whether society intends to take up this knowledge or not, pollution causes humans to ingest contaminated fish and mammals from our polluted oceans. Human health seems to be less important to individuals as they age. With the non-profit organization created, this would help fishermen catch nontoxic seafood for human consumption. Along with enjoying the beauty of the ocean and creating harmony between man and nature.
Loving the ocean as I do, it is disappointing to see such beauty being destroyed.Society as whole needs to think how the ocean is a gift and a privilege to behold. Sadly, over the years, it is becoming harder to preserve our oceans due to its beauty being demolished by the actions of our citizens. Ending ocean pollution starts with the man in the mirror.
Cite this page
A Problem Of Ocean Pollution. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
About Health and Fitness
Living a healthy and fit lifestyle has many key components in achieving the optimal way of living. If you were not to focus on your diet or working out habits then it could affect your mental and physical health causing you to gain weight or maybe even potentially become obese, being able to do certain physical activities or make your social behaviors decline. It can also have an impact on your children later down the road causing them to be at risk for certain diseases that are passed down from you to them when born.
Even though the benefits of improving your way of living sounds phenomenal, going from unhealthy to living your best life can be a struggle and frustrating at times but can be achievable with time and patience. But an important note to take is that even though a certain study might tell you to do one thing in your lifestyle and another study will tell you something completely different even though it is over the same subject as well. That goes to show you that no one person is the same as you, so you will not have to do the same numbers as the book tells you to do.
Having a proper diet is the hardest part of living a healthy lifestyle. We live in a society today where a fast food restaurant is around every corner that we adventure off to and knowing how great it tastes, how easy it is to access whenever you want it, and inexpensive it is, it is still terrible for you. Knowing the sodium and fat levels included in that meal are through the roof. That's why there are certain laws out to help protect us from the food chains from going overboard with the things that can affect our health in a negative way.
Eating good nutritional food is something you should include in your regular day to day bases. Dieting is your framework when it comes to the things you want to achieve in your healthy lifestyle. If you do not eat properly before you go to the gym, you will most likely have a bad day and you will not have an effective workout or cause you to get sick. Eating things like all of your vegetables especially your greens, red meats, and fish are needed. The major classes of nutrients are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. All these are needed to help achieve your goal of healthy living.
Drinking water, for example, is something that is one of those simple tasks that people ignore more often than not but is something that is so vital to your proper diet. Losing a low amount of water in your body could cause you to lose your life because 70 percent of your body is made up of water. Water can only be replenished back into your body only if you intake it properly. Water is also very important in activating our fiber intake. The recommended 20 to 35 grams of the daily fiber requires about six to eight glasses of water to be effective. Your daily water intake depends on the number of calories you expend. You need about one milliliter of water (1 ml = 1 cc=1/1000 L = 1/30 oz; 1 glass = 8 oz = 240 ml) for every calorie you burn. You lose water through sweat (24 oz), urine, feces, and breath air (12 oz) daily even when you are inactive. When you first wake, you have gone that whole night of sleep without water so the best thing to do is drink a bottle of water to kick off your day and it will improve your day majorly
When eating your foods that have carbohydrates in them that is how you get your body to function properly throughout your day. But know there are good and bad carbs. Good carbs include berries, apples, broccoli, grains, and dairy products. Bad carbs include sodas, cakes, mainly anything that includes loads of sugar.
Fats are what give you all of your energy and are broken up into four groups. You have two good fats, monounsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats which include nuts, seeds, and fish. These are usually easier to consume when snacking on them throughout the day. Your bad fats in Recent studies have shown that one's intake of saturated and trans fatty acids can be reduced by half by eliminating butter, margarine, dairy products containing 2 percent fat or whole milk, and meats with fat.
Proteins have amino acids and this is important because they repair, develop, and grow tissue. Eating eggs, meat with no fat, fish, and cheese are rich in protein and they are what make you grow. Proteins are highly needed for keeping our body functioning as well.
Vitamins are needed in lower doses but still very important to your health. If maintained in a poor manner the lack of vitamins could leave you in a world of pain by damaging your liver and kidneys. If you believe you are not getting enough of the needed nutrients then you can take a vitamin supplement. However, if taken accessibly then it could lead to blindness, kidney stones, and liver injury.
Having all of these different nutritional facts are a major key in you becoming more knowledgeable and now of a basis of what food to eat. Still dieting is what healthy living is framed around. If you can control what you eat, then you can do anything you set your mind to.
The secret to having a healthy lifestyle is balance. Without enough or too much of one thing still offsets certain parts of the body causing all these little ripple effects to be caused. You can not forget about the working out part of your lifestyle. It is important to work your body and build it back up. It causes you to even look better causing you to build your self-esteem to rise as well.
With all the different types of fitness there are out there, aerobic fitness is a way you can use to see and analyze how much oxygen you are getting to your muscles. Exercises included are walking, jogging, running, and even with you sitting and hearing this paper be presented. Incorporating this into your everyday routine for thirty minutes a day you will see an improvement in your breathing, feeling, and eating habits. Everything you do, you use oxygen and when you are delivering all the oxygen throughout your body it becomes easier to do a certain task. Achieving that weight loss goal of yours is very dependent on how many calories you are intaking. You slipped up and ate something you were not supposed to eat so you could go out and get your thirty to forty-minute walk in. Now you are back to your original goal.
Stretching and being flexible are here to save us from straining anything in our day to day basis when trying to complete a task. It is how well you can move your joints around in normal motion. For example, if you were to break your ankle and had been in a boot to keep your foot from moving around. All of your tissue, muscle, and ligaments are there staying in one spot. Once the boot is taken off, you try to move it around and all you hear are creaks and pops.
Your ankle is not ready to be stretched at its full capacity yet. Normal activities like walking are impacted by this. When stretching to get your ankle back to tip-top shape there are two different types of exercises, static and dynamic. In static stretching, you hold your certain muscle group at a point that is bearable for a couple of seconds, all while still controlling your breathing, then release. What this is doing is training your targeted area to reach that high point where you are stretching it too.
Motivation is a key component that is staying true to what you are wanting to accomplish. Taking pictures of your progress from the start to week four, to week eight, and the final result will give you that visible progression and show you that you are not just doing this for no reason. You are doing this, so you can look and feel better as well. Loving a healthy lifestyle brings along social status. If you look good and you know it, of course, the opposite sex will naturally gravitate to you.
You are now walking around with that confidence you once never had. It feels good to be able to do things freely with no repercussion from it. Whether it be you getting out of bed pain-free, going for a walk with your family, or throwing the baseball with your son. It all correlates with each other in the little everyday things we do. Do not take it for granted and take care of your body. It is the only one you have.
Cite this page
About Health and Fitness. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Knowledge on Blood Pressure and Workout Plan
Systolic(top number)pressure as defined in the text would be the "aspect of a blood pressure reading which indicates the maximum arterial pressure occurring during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart" (Hatfield, 2018, p.398).
Diastolic (bottom number) pressure as defined in the text is the "pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart" (Hatfield, 2018, p.398).
Many factors can influence blood pressure ranges. If you have a client who meets the criteria of a "smoker, has high cholesterol, has diabetes, or takes certain medications"(Mayo Clinic, 2018) then you will have to take that into consideration when developing their work out plan. It is important from the start to build that rapport with your client so you are on the same page with their health background.
Lacy(myself) Blood pressure is 128/88. The systolic is 128 and the diastolic is 88. I am 32 years old and work out five to six days a week. I have moderate stress in the workplace. My workout consists of thirty minutes of cardio on the treadmill or elliptical, then I target a specific muscle group each day for my strength training rotation. According to my systole and diastole range I can conclude that my systolic is in the normal range, but my diastolic is in the high normal range. Another variable that comes into play is that I take a blood pressure medicine daily and that keeps me at a consistent level. Typically I run 128/82 on a day I have worked out for an hour and a half, then before bedtime, my numbers change to 110/76 so they fall in the optimal level.
My co-worker Kim has given me permission to use her name for this study. Shehas a blood pressure reading of 98/70. The systolic reading is 98 and the diastolic at 70 to where she would fall into the level of optimal. She is 45 years old and has high stress as a single mom. Her workouts are considered therapeutic for heras she goes to the YMCA three to four days a week. She does not take blood pressure medicine. Her workout consists of thirty minutes on the elliptical at a pace of 4-5 mph, then she changes up the pace and walks at a pace 3 for two minutes. She then also targets a specific muscle group, and some days if she has time she will use free weights to switch up from the machine routine (Reuter, 2018).
A correlation I have with Kim is how similar our workout routines match up. We both agree that targeting different muscle groups on different days is a healthy routine so we can focus on that particular area on the body. We also agree that cardio is a good way to start our workouts and help loosen our bodies as a warm-up so we can reduce the chance of pulling a muscle. I did find it interesting that I am on a blood pressure medicine and have moderate stress, and Kim takes no blood pressure medicine but has high stress levels. I can see how hereditary traits can also play a role as high blood pressure runs on both sides of my family, and Kim's family does not have a history of blood pressure issues.
Having knowledge on blood pressure will help me as a personal trainer as it will help me develop a workout plan for clients who have this as part of their health background. I will be able to construct a workout specifically to where I am taking into consideration their limitations and help instruct them on the importance of listening to their body. I would help educate them that if they are"new to exercising, begin slowly and incrementally increase the length and intensity of their workouts" (Sullivan, 2014). I would also have them monitor there blood pressure readings and make sure they have consulted with their primary care doctor before starting a workout regime.
Cite this page
Knowledge On Blood Pressure And Workout Plan. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Biology IA Fitness
Analysis
As my partner and I conducted this experiment, we had noticed a couple of things and learned a couple of things throughout and after the experiment. As we conducted the experiment, at first we noticed how as the days went by, the exercises were becoming easier to perform. For example, the first two weeks we would begin to sweat heavily as we performed our exercises. After those the first two starting weeks, we began to sweat less and it took longer each time for us to start to drop a couple of sweat drops. Also, this meant that we would get less tired as we performed each exercise. The exercises began to be easier to perform, we would get less tired each time, we began to sweat after a couple of minutes more into the exercise, and we would be more energetic each time.
As we looked at our final data, we noticed the difference between our weights as we analyzed the way we began to lose weight. We noticed how the starting weeks of exercise were the most effective for us to lose weight while the mid and ending weeks of the experiment were not as effective. This analysis made us realize how starting to feel less tired, sweat less, and feel more energetic correlates to the fact that the beginning weeks of the experiment were the most effective. Together we began to lose weight the fastest and easiest around the first two-three weeks of exercise than the following weeks. We also realized how although we both weighted the exact amount of pounds, performed the same exercises, consumed the same food, and the same amounts of food, I began to lose weight faster and much more significantly than my partner Sebastian. Acknowledging the fact that I was consuming a full tea cup of black tea fifteen minutes before exercise and Sebastian was not, we came to the conclusion that consuming black tea before exercise does help reduce weight faster than not taking any related products.
Conclusion
Throughout our experiment, Sebastian and I attempted to complete it as perfect as possible by creating the habit of keeping our actions constant. As we began exercising, we noticed the change of us getting tired, the amount of sweat produced, and the amount of weight loss as we progressed. Although we failed to reach our goal ,which was to lose ten pounds throughout the experiment, I was able to lose eight pounds and Sebastian was able to lose 7.35 pounds. Taking a look at our data and analyzing it, we came to the conclusion that Black Tea does help reduce weight than not taking any related product for weight loss.
Throughout the experiment, Sebastian and I consumed the same amount of food per day, kept the same exercise routines, and exercised the same amount of times per day. One important thing we tried to keep constant and firm, was to keep our calorie per day goal of 1,200. We tried to consume 1,200 calories per day since we used the app named “My Fitness Pal” in order to achieve our goal. In order to keep that constant calorie consumption, we ate similar foods such as chicken, fish, lots of vegetables, fruits as snacks, and also drank lots of water.
I kept consuming a full tea cup of black tea fifteen minutes before exercise, and we kept recording our weights before exercising.
As mentioned before, we began to notice the change in several things such as the time we would get tired, the difficulty in our exercises, the sweat produced, and the energy we felt as we conducted the experiment. After taking a look at our data, we realized how after several days of exercise our bodies became used to the routine day after day. For that given reason, it was not surprising to see the change in our bodies by the way it reacted after two to three weeks. Regarding the change in difficulty after several days of exercise, we also realized why we felt fast change of our body’s reaction to exercise. Because Sebastian and I would play soccer back then and would always try to stay fit, it was not a difficult challenge for our bodies to adjust and get used to the exercise we conducted.
After taking a look at our recorded data, we noticed the difference in each other’s weight loss as we exercised every day. Because I was taking Black Tea and Sebastian was not, we came to the conclusion that Black Tea helped me lose weight at a faster rate than Sebastian. Acknowledging the fact that we kept the amount of calories, food consumed, and the exercises as a constant for each other, it was quite understandable why I was losing weight at a faster rate than Sebastian. In total, Sebastian lost 6.35 pounds and I lost 8 pounds throughout the experiment. That data gives us enough evidence to prove that Black Tea does help reduce weight during exercise than not taking any weight loss product.
Although Sebastian and I attempted to keep certain variables as constant as possible, there could have been certain limitations present during the experiment. Because we were not under high supervision, there could have been a given moment where either of us could have forgotten to record a certain food that we consumed. Keeping track of everything we consumed throughout the day was quite a challenge, maybe there could have been an easier way to keep track of what we ate at any moment. Also, another limitation that could have affected our experiment was the change of times we were able to exercise every day. As planned, sometimes we were able to exercise at 6:00 p.m. but there were times where we had to exercise around 7:00 p.m and 9:00 p.m due to the fact that there were moments in where we were both busy. Although there could have been certain limitations, it did not stop us from proving our hypothesis correct. We were able to find out that Black Tea does help reduce weight at a faster rate then not consuming any similar products.
Cite this page
Biology IA Fitness. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Using Ketamine to Treat Depression
I chose to read an article about depression treatment using Ketamine. Depression is highly prevalent in our nation but unfortunately its cure has yet to be found. According to Anand & Matthew, approximately ten percent of Americans suffer from depression. That may not seem like a large amount but when you look at the total population of the United States which is around 327, 582, 600 and growing, then ten percent is an extremely large number.
The article Ketamine as an Alternative Treatment for Treatment-Resistant Depression talks about how healthcare professionals are using Ketamine to treat depression that is resistant to antidepressants. They have found that it does help some people, but it is not a one hundred percent cure. There have been a lot of studies to find that one magic pill to cure this problem which disables people to the point where they are not able to function in the daily life.
They believe that some of it has to do with the amount of stress that we are under in our daily lives. The inability or the lack of resources that keep us from seeking help can push our body to the point where chronic stress and neurons are thought to atrophy, shrink, and die (Dowben, Grant, and Keltner, 2013).
I worked in a place where they used such treatment and, to be honest, I am not able to state whether it is a success or a failure. It does seem to help people for a short period of time but like any other drug, it does not last, and the treatment has to be repeated. The article talks about people having psychotic, manic, or dissociative symptoms (Dowben, Grant, and Keltner, 2013). I have observed that Ketamine causes people to hallucinate, see things or creatures that are nonexistent. The article states that this drug needs to be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional and the patient's vital signs need to be monitored. Ketamine was used as one of the anesthesia medications in the place where I worked, and it is not a drug to be taken lightly.
In conclusion, there is no real cure for depression at this time, but Ketamine does seem to help people that ordinary antidepressants are not able to help. I suppose they will continue to study this disease and maybe someday they will come across a complete cure for it.
Cite this page
Using Ketamine to Treat Depression. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Postpartum Depression
Postpartum depression is triggered by major hormonal changes and other factors such as strong mental tension, child's responsibility, and postpart physical discomfort. Inheritance also has a big influence. Postpartum depression is associated with a multiple decrease in the levels of female sex hormones, especially estrogen. How a woman will experience the postpartum period in psychological terms depends on her personality type, on the child its own, the child care experience, and the quality of partner and family support. Much of the psychological instability is due to the high demands on both herself and her partner, the pursuit of perfection, and the restless and still crying child. The psyche of a woman in a puerperium also affects physical problems like exhaustion after heavy labor, anemia, thyroid malfunction or infectious disease.
How does postpartum depression arise? Communication between nerve cells in the brain (on the nerve synapses) provides chemical substances called neurotransmitters. In depression, functional deficiency of norepinephrine and serotonin is a function of nerve synapses. In the woman's body, the synergism of serotonin and the female sex hormone of estrogen, occurs. In addition, synergism results in a situation where the final effect of the co-acting components is greater than the sum of the effects of the components. That is why women are more prone to depression than men, and postpartum when there is a multiple decrease in estrogen levels will make depression to occur much easier.
Postpartum depression suffers 10-15% of mothers, especially single mothers without family background. It may occur suddenly or gradually at any time during the first six months after birth of a child. The first risk period is after the arrival from the hospital when a woman has to take care of the child but also the household. Generally, however, it occurs 3 to 4 weeks after birth of a child. At that time, intensive of support from their family members declines. It may also begin when the woman stops breastfeeding or the first menstrual period occurs.
Depressed mothers are tired, crying and irritated, or have strong mood swings, when the excellent mood quickly changes depression. They are unable to take care of their child, suffer from anorexia, intestinal and biliary problems, and sleep disorders (insomnia or dreadful dreams). Some women are overly concerned, they are afraid of the health of their child. Other depressing mothers feel guilty about being bad and incompetent mothers. In deeper postpartum depression, a mother refuses to take care of her child, nursing her/him, the child is indifferent to her or, on the other side, is aggressive to him/her and may endanger his/her life. Also if mother suffers from more serious psychological disorder, postpartum or lactation psychosis may occur. Its occurrence is rare, affecting 0.1 - 0.2% of women. These are severe changes in mother's behavior accompanied by hallucinations. Women are not only depressed but also restless and disoriented (completely out of reality). Lactation psychosis usually breaks out from 3rd to 14th day after birth. Lastly, some mothers have suicidal thoughts.
Postpartum depression can lead to disruption of the relationship between mother and child. Untreated disorder damages and slows the child's psychological, emotional and intellectual development. It has been shown that children of depressed mothers have reduced cognitive functions in their fourth year of life, such as memory deficits, attention deficit disorder, unable to adequately process new information, etc. Mother depression can lead to an increased risk of depressive and anxiety in a later life.
Postpartum depression is not diagnosed in half of the affected mothers. Therefore, the gynecologist should evaluate the mother's psychic attrition at the first puerperium check. To find out what the mother's diagnose is the routine depression test is not recommended because women in the puerperium usually have depressive mood. A screening method is used to screen the Edinburgh scale of postpartum depression. This is a series of ten questions in which the mother assesses her behavior, moods and feelings with a four-point scale (0 to 3 points). If a woman reaches 12 or more points, she is probably suffering from postpartum depression. The treatment of lighter depression can be guided by a gynecologist himself. Women suffering from a heavier form of postpartum depression should be in the care of a mental health expert, a psychiatrist. If the mother or child is at risk, immediate hospitalization at the psychiatric clinic is required.
Postpartum depression requires therapy. Depending on the intensity of depression, medication, psychotherapy and hormonal treatment are combined. Mild and moderate forms of depression are treated with psychotherapy. For more serious conditions, a combination of antidepressants and intensive psychotherapy is appropriate. Hormonal therapy can strengthen the effect of both psychotherapy and medication in postpartum depression.
The specific drugs in the treatment of postpartum depression are antidepressants. In postpartum depression, SSRI antidepressants are selected to prevent serotonin reuptake. Individual antidepressants are excreted to the breast milk in different degrees. The most suitable antidepressants are Ascentra, Zoloft, Sertralin, Parolex and Fevarin, because their levels in breast-fed infant's blood are very low or almost undetectable. The lowest level of antidepressants in infant's blood is when given Sertraline (in Asentra, Zoloft, Sertralin). It is recommended to take the medicine immediately after breast-feeding. Antidepressants do not work immediately, the improvement of mood occurs after 2-3 weeks of continuous treatment, full effect after 4 weeks.
From psychotherapeutic methods, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is the most successful treatment. It is believed that psychotherapy makes changes in neural cell communication, including the influence of neurotransmitter function. In cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, the psychotherapist helps a woman to change her thoughts, opinions, and attitudes to induce a change in her behavior. It is assumed that the change of attitude will change the woman's view on the world. Interpersonal psychotherapy is based on psychoanalysis. During treatment, an ill woman tries to understand the relationship between current difficulties and past experience and their effect on mental health.
Because postpartum depression is associated with decrease of estrogen levels in women's blood, hormone therapy can be used in the treatment. Trans dermally applied estradiol in preparations Dermestril, Estraderm, Estrahexal, Estrapatch or Systen can enhance the effect of antidepressants and psychotherapy.
Cite this page
Postpartum Depression. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Southern Gothic Literacy in a Rose for Emily
Gothic can be characterized as "writing managing the abnormal, puzzling, and extraordinary intended to conjure tension and fear in the peruser." Gothic writing for the most part exhibits similar topics and themes: love, lust. Gothic writing investigates forbidden subjects; for example, murder, suicide and inbreeding. "A Rose for Emily", by William Faulkner, illustrates the Southern Gothic stories since the topics of affection lost, demise, and murder are available in it.
There are numerous components that allude to the Gothic idea of the story:Emily's depiction, her home, the toxic substance she purchased, lastly, the closure. William Faulkner mimics the affiliated Southern narrating style as an anonymous first-individual storyteller.
He represents the entire town of Jefferson, pertaining to what all the townspeople know or accept Emily. Emily is a baffling figure who changes from a lively and cheerful young lady to a women who became depressed. Crushed and alone after her dad's passing, she is a question of pity for the town people. Throughout the story, the creator depicts her as being unusual and lonely. "She looked enlarged, similar to a body since quite a while ago submerged in unmoving water, and of that pale tone. Her eyes, lost in the greasy edges of her face, looked like two little bits of coal squeezed into a chunk of batter." She is depicted as a living tragedy.At that point, later in the story, Emily denies her dad's demise and refuses to give individuals a chance to come in her home to get the body. "She revealed to them that her dad was not dead. She did that for three days; similarly as they were going to turn to law and power, she separated, and they covered her dad rapidly.
Faulkner's depiction of the Gothic is likewise portrayed through Emily's home. What used to be a major and wonderful home is currently a terrible and disheveled shack. It is depicted as being moist, substantial, vacant, and brimming with corners to conceal mysteries. The house and Emily are identified in a similar way, remnants of the past. Inside the house is an eerie reflection of her; vacant and dim like the dry and cool voice of Emily. Every one of these components tie to the surface layer, the Gothic setting. There is additionally something specific about the house; there is a ghastly smell leaving it. This smell includes the dull climate around the house.
Not to mention, the primary component that makes the story Gothic is the completion. Emily's mystery is uncovered; she has killed him to keep him with her and to keep a component of the past with her. Later on, when they found the body in a bed, they also discover a strand of her hair on a pad alongside him. This final scene proposes that she laid down with the cadaver. It leaves no uncertainty in the psyche of the peruser that "A Rose for Emily" is a Gothic story. It utilizes the topic of murder, which is a repetitive topic in Gothic stories.
All in all, "A Rose for Emily" is a Gothic story. Emily's character, her tremendous and rotted house, the arsenic scene, and the disclosure of her sweetheart's body are altogether occasions that demonstrate it. The presumption to the peruser is that something appalling will occur toward the end.
Cite this page
Southern Gothic Literacy in A Rose for Emily. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Depression has Destroyed my Life
Dear depression, Why did you have to come into my life? What was so special about me? Why couldn't you find someone else to bother and ruin? You have made my life a disaster and you have made it hell. You have put a pit inside of me and have made me sob. You have given me more anxiety than I thought possible and depression I am not done with you. Because you are still inside of me spreading like a virus multiplying and taking over my body. You are controlling my thoughts and my feelings and somehow you over power me? How is that possible? I can overcome an alcoholic father but I can't overcome you. You are my enemy I cannot beat and every single time I do destroy you. You come back stronger, you are taking away my sleep and my happiness you are a bottomless pit. You make me sick and anxious you give me pain. You are inside of me.
Depression you are a genius ticking time bomb. You hit me at my worst moment and give me the harshest level of pain. You have no mercy you have no soul you are ruthless and you are in me. You are mutating my DNA you are is indestructible garbage. Why are you doing this to me? What did I ever do to you? I never bothered you and you are attacking me. Why are you attacking me? Why are you not letting me come out of bed? Why are you making me cry all the time? Why are you making my mother not want to deal with me? Why are you doing this to me? Get out of my body, get out of my mind. You are not welcome. Get the hell out. I don't want you but you are overpowering me you are ruining me. You are ruining my friends you are destroying my self-confidence. And worst of all you are making me give up. Why? Get out, I need you to leave. You aren't letting me destroy you. You make me feel weak.
I have this feeling that you are giving me. You make me feel like there's a hole of sadness that doesn't ever seem to fill up. But once it reaches a certain amount and once I am that state you explode the bomb and make me scream you make me feel horrible. You make me sit on the floor and shake. And you are laughing evilly you find this comedy and I find it hell. How do you do this. How do you ruin my life? How do you take away my happiness? I never had this in my life. I never had you as a visitor I never asked for you to stay. You make people not want to be around me so you can make me feel lonely. Why do you want me to be lonely you are inside of me and you don't leave just leave? I'll pay for your ticket but I need you to leave. You are a genius you are well thought out. I don't know how I am going to destroy you. But somehow whenever I figure it out you release a poison to get me back under you. Why do you want to stay inside of me? I will not be a gracious hostess anymore. I will find out how to destroy you because you are no longer welcome in my body.
Depression I asked you this already I asked you to leave but you refuse and that's something I do not understand. You are inside of me and I cannot seem to get you out. There is not cure for you, there is no vaccine to prevent me from having to host you. You just welcome yourself in, you know the code into my body. When it is not for you to know. You make me farther away from my sister. You make everything fall and you make everything break. I hate you. I hate you so much. I know you will put out your best stuff and your best punches and I will fall and I will break. You might win but somehow, I will have to get back up. You will push me down put I will get back up. Because depression you are a visitor and it's time to say goodbye. You will have to find another place to stay because you have been inside of me for too long. I am done with you now leave because otherwise you will lose. It will be a hard lose. It will take time but you will lose because there is no way you are becoming a permanent resident. There is no way you are becoming a constant part of my life. Don't you have other people to tournament?
Aren't you sick of me because I am sick of you.
I will find a way to defeat you depression.
This is my body not yours.
We are not done here.
Make your reservations.
Time to go.
This is just the beginning so get ready.
I'm not giving up on you depression.
You will now see my best work
Game on depression.
Cite this page
Depression Has Destroyed My Life. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Southern Gothic in a Rose for Emily
Southern Gothic. A genre within Gothic literature with many presences of irrational, horrific, and transgressive thoughts. In the short story A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner is a strong example of what Southern Gothic literature is. In A Rose for Emily, the story is about the life of Emily Grierson, telling about the death of her dad, and her being trapped from dating and being in the real world up to her dad's passing. Emily gets visited by the aldermen of the antebellum South, for not paying her taxes on time. They also talk about her friendship with homer, who disappears in during the short story. Eventually near the end of Faulkner's story, Emily Grierson dies leaving the townspeople to discover the bridal tomb. Faulkner's short story wouldn't be known as American Gothic because it does t include little details in the setting. In American Gothic, you would see cathedrals, mansions, regular houses, and many churches.
While American gothic seems more up to date, A Rose for Emily is Southern Gothic because of its setting of plantation homes, old and being very run down. It was big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies. Describing the features of the plantation home (517). In the South during this time, there was also plantation homes for the many families that owned slaves. A Rose for Emily may also fall under the topic of Southern Gothic because of the amount of death talked about in the story. Within the story Emily's dad passes, Homer dies, and eventually Emily ends up dead. When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument. Talking about the death of the main character, Emily (517). In A Rose for Emily there is many times where death is mentioned, like the death of her father, death of Homer and the death of Emily herself. In the short story, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner, is a strong example of Southern gothic by creating a good setting of the South and also bringing in the dark, gloomy and transgressive thoughts of Gothic Literature. Faulkner also includes in his short story the death of many and the story behind how mortal the characters were.
Cite this page
Southern Gothic in A Rose for Emily. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Mood Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
As a registered dental hygienist, each work day will bring about new experiences and obstacles to overcome. Some of these hurdles will be pleasant and some will be more detailed oriented. As a working professional it is up to you to handle these instances will grace and proficiency in a timely and mature manner. As such, working with the public includes many avenues to navigate because each person is a unique pathway. Psychology can help us better traverse these pathways with more resiliency. One issue that many dental hygienists may come across in his or her career are people with mood disorders. Mood disorders may include: major depressive disorder, mania, or bipolar disorder. Knowing the causes, symptoms, and treatments of these disorders can help any working professional give adequate care and can ensure that the patient will come back for another visit to maintain their health.
Mood disorders are a mixed group of mental complexions characterized by extreme exaggeration and disturbance of mood. Major depression and other mood disorders, such as bipolar depression, can heavily affect a patient's dental health. The drugs used to treat these conditions can have significant side effects that dentists and dental hygienists should be aware of when treating a patient with such diagnosis. The dentist or dental hygienist should refer patients found with signs and symptoms of mood disorders for medical evaluation and treatment (Little, 2004). The most common diagnosis of mood disorders is what is called major depressive disorder. Major depressive disorders are diseases which are simply referred to as depression and represent a class of mood disorders. One of the main and more popular symptoms of people with depression is the lack of social activities, however, some patients with major depressive disorders can manifest common physical symptoms ranging from digestive and circulatory problems to libido and even respiratory issues. This lack of social interaction also leads itself to lack of personal care resulting in poor oral health care. The causes of mood disorders may exist from chemical imbalances in the brain due to genetic factors but could also stem from prescribed medication like the drug Reserpine (Yamada, Patent Issued for Therapeutic Agent for Mood Disorders, 2016). People with major depressive disorder feel extremely useless, worthless, and lonely making it hard for them to function normally, and studies have shown that women are twice as likely to suffer from depression. The reason for this is not quite agreed upon. Some believe that it is because women undergo more stress than men in areas of inequality in the workplace, abuse, and unhappiness in marriage. It is also noted that men more often turn to drugs or alcohol to cope with stress whereas women develop depression to deal with stress (Feldman, 2018).
Mood disorders are estimated to be one of the most serious causes of ill health in the general public. According to the National Comorbidity Survey, depression affects at least one-sixth of the population with the prevalence of major depression as the most common disorder. Although studies claim that one-sixth of the population has depression, many people with depression suffer without being diagnosed or medicated. Statistically, only a small amount of people actively seek treatment (Patel, 2004). With that said, it can be assumed that many dental patients could be dealing with depression. Some common symptoms of depression include: fatigue, lack of energy, trouble sleeping, trouble concentrating, loss of appetite, or pains that will not go away. As a dental hygienist it may be hard to spot these types of symptoms, but one important part of being a dental hygienist is to get to know your patients through rapport. Simple conversations with them before a cleaning may eventually open them up to deeper, more personal conversations, and as a trained professional it is up to you to recognize these certain signs (Watson, 2015). One simple way to get a patient to open up is to ask questions.
Ask questions that should have a positive answer such as, Seen any good movies lately? Any questions that normally require a positive response is a great way to gauge your patient's mood. Try asking more than one and if all answers are responded to with negativity then it is time to really start paying attention (Melinda Smith, 2018). Also, for many people who suffer from mood disorders, the side effects of medication results in xerostomia (dry mouth), which can further exaggerate the severity of many oral diseases. With dry mouth the reduction of saliva can increase the degree of dental deteriorations, mucosal dryness, and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). The result of dry mouth might also lead to a higher number of cavities because many will resort to candy or sugary beverages for lubrication. Dry mouth coupled with caffeine or smoking may also lead to yeast infections, fissuring of the oral commissures, and even trouble speaking (Clark, 2003). These are all physical signs to be aware of while examining the public.
Being a dental hygienist, you should use reassurance, motivation, and your knowledge of education about improving dental health to enhance the sense of identity and self-esteem for patients with mood disorders. Using positivity and knowledge of patient care will contribute in some way to their psychological rehabilitation. Also, as a dental hygienist, it is part of your job to detail treatment planning that encompasses the maintenance of oral health, as well as what preventions to take to avoid oral diseases. However, before prescribing any treatment, it is imperative to consult with the patient's primary doctor to confirm with or update any new information about medications that the patient might be taking. It is also important to note that patients with mood disorders may be uncooperative for even simple routine procedures. When a person is going through a depressive episode, they may not be aware of their lack of personal hygiene; showers may not be taken, teeth may not get brushed, and clothes may not be washed. These episodes tend to lead to more problems with cavities or periodontal issues. Contrastingly so, during manic periods (opposite of the depressed state) a result in an extreme use of teeth cleaning and over flossing may be associated with an increase in oral abrasions, as well as mucosal or gingival lacerations (Clark, 2003).
Cite this page
Mood Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Southern Tradition in a Rose for Emily
The tradition of the old south is very prevalent in the story of A Rose for Emily. It is the tradition of the people of the town that forces them to hold Emily in a very high regard because her father was a civil war hero. The town may not want to hold her above themselves but they have to because of the code of duty in the old south. Faulkner also uses the sense of the importance of privacy to great affect as the narrator hints towards knowing that there was some suspicious activity between Homer and Emily, like the fact that Emily gave no particular reason why she needed arsenic when she went to the druggist. There is also the tradition that people did not marry below their class in the old south and this shows when we learn that Emily's father had turned away a number of suitors for her because they were not good enough. It is also shown when Emily starts to form a relationship with a carpenter from the north, the townspeople are a bit shocked because of this. Some traditions from the old south have gone away like the sense of duty towards those of better class than you but some remain like the respect for privacy or the don't ask don't tell mentality. Faulkner uses very dark overtone or mood in the short story, A Barron would be in the center of the group. Presently we began to see him and Miss Emily on Sunday afternoons driving in the yellow-wheeled buggy and the matched team of bays from the livery stable. This shows the flirtatious or coquettish nature of how Emily felt about homer even if homer didn't feel the same.
Another word that might be used to describe the book is the word impervious, which is an adjective that means unable to be affected by. Emily could be described as impervious in the story, faulkner writes, Her voice was dry and cold. I have no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris explained it to me. Perhaps one of you can gain access to the city records and satisfy yourselves.'. Emily will not be affected by the town of Jefferson and does not allow the city to tax her. Finally Perverse is a word that one could use to describe the tone of the story. Perverse is a word that means showing a deliberate and obstinate desire to behave in a way that is unreasonable or unacceptable, often in spite of the consequences. in the final paragraph Faulkner writes Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair.. This shows that Emily was presumably performing the perverse action of sleeping with the corpse of Homer. Burduck, Michael L. "Another View of Faulkner's Narrator in 'A Rose for Emily'." Literature Resource Center, Gale, 2018. Literature Resource Center, https://link.galegroup.com.ezp.mesacc.edu/apps/doc/H1420022908/LitRC?u=mcc_mesa&sid=Lit RC&xid=4b26c162. Accessed 29 Sept. 2018. Originally published in The University of Mississippi Studies in English, vol. 8, 1990, pp. 209-211. Burduck writes in his article about the possibility that the narrator of the story is a woman instead of a man which is usually presumed. He writes about how reading the story knowing the narrator is a woman gives an interesting perspective of the story. He writes about how the men in the town do not care as much as the women do about emily and her story and so the narrator is trying to make sure that the story is not forgotten. Thomas Klein .
The Ghostly Voice of Gossip in Faulkner's A ROSE FOR EMILY. The Explicator, Volume 65, Number 4 (July 2007), pp. 229-232, Klein writes in his article about the narrator and the choice to avoid identifying his or her own gender. He writes that the use of the plural we or how the narrator's use of The men or The women in telling the story of Emily hides the true nature of the narrator's gender. Klein also writes about how the narrator avoids showing favoritism to either the women or men of the town as well as avoiding favoritism to the generations of the town as in the younger generation that tries to force emily to pay her taxes and the older generation that gave her exemption. Nick Melczarek . Narrative Motivation in Faulkner's A ROSE FOR EMILY. The Explicator, Volume 67, Number 4 (September 2009), pp. 237-243, Melczarek writes about a perspective of looking at how faulkner uses the narrator not necessarily for psychological effect that is in theme with the perverse and horror nature of the stary. Melczarek writes about the potential of the narrator to symbolize the way of thinking in the south and how the narrator may have known about the murder of homer and was complicit in that knowledge. Moore, Gene M. Of the Time and Its Mathematical Progression.. Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 29, no. 2, Spring 1992, p. 195. EBSCOhost, login.ezp.mesacc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A N=9705052047&site=ehost-live. Moore writes about the chronology of faulkner's A Rose for Emily. He begins by writing and summarizing the opinions of others that have read and written about the chronology of the short story. The examples of writing that moore quotes talk about how Faulkner destroys chronological time in his story Moore then goes to write about how the dates given in the short story are important to the chronology of the story and is important to understanding the story.
Cite this page
Southern Tradition in A Rose for Emily. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Geriatrics and Depression
When a person reaches the age of 65, their chances of getting dementia doubles every five years (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014). Once a person has an altered mental state, like dementia, they often exhibit agitation, passivity, and depression (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014). Since these interactions affect ones cognition, personality, and daily activities, the quality of life seen is often decreased, making engagement and perception of life also lessening (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014). As a person gets older, multiple factors can lead to a decline in the quality of life including loss of partners, siblings, or friends and even control of their everyday life events (Babatsikou et al., 2017; Kawamura, Niiyama, & Niiyama, 2009; Prosser, Townsend, & Staiger, 2008).
Age is an inevitable thing that brings health problems along with physical and emotional changes (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016; Gopi & Preetha, 2016; Kawamura, Niiyama, & Niiyama, 2009; Wang, Ying Chair, Mi Ling Wong, & Li, 2016). Depressive symptoms in the elderly population will continue to rise as the baby boomer population reaches the geriatric stage of their life (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016; Babatsikou et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2016). Unfortunately, most nurses admit to not knowing enough about geriatrics and that they would rather work with the patients who had easy and quick-to-apply interventions rather than the ones who had more time-consuming ones (Bleijenberg et al., 2016). A study done by Bleijenberg et al. (2016) shows that there is room for nurse to improve when it comes to how they divide their care and what quality they put into it.
Significance to Nursing
Depression is seen in 77% of older people with dementia, yet it often goes unrecognized even with its effects on the quality of life (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Mellor et al., 2008). Since some nurses feel like depression symptoms take longer to treat, appropriate medical attention is not achieved for these residents (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Mellor et al., 2008). However, caregivers often feel like they lack proper skills needed to recognize and help residents with depressive symptoms, so many feel like educational programs on the different types interventions would be beneficial, interesting, and used daily (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008).
Education provided to nurses and care givers is one way to improve care to patients (Mansah et al., 2014). When nurses were provided with educational material and assessment tools, completed training programs, and implemented reflection techniques, they felt like the care they provided to each patient was improved (Bleijenberg et al., 2016; Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008). When a nurse implements their skills, they were able to increase the care and communication they provide to the nursing home residents, gain knowledge about care, and accomplish a sense of self-efficacy (Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008).
With the geriatric population rising and nurses being the advocates for residents, an open mind and new innovative types of care need to be looked at to create an individualized treatment plan for residents (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Justine & Hamid, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014). Oftentimes, pharmacologic interventions are the first, if not only, line of defense used in patients with an altered mental state (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010), but they typically lead to medication intolerance, increased fall risk, and daytime confusion (Wang et al., 2016). There are multiple structures therapeutic interventions that nurses can lead and implement to impact the geriatric populations quality of life (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016; Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Justine & Hamid, 2010; Sampoornam et al., 2016). Since every person is different though, it is important to remember to keep interventions individualized to the patient/resident. The purpose of this paper is to compare how structured versus nonstructural interventions affect the quality of life in geriatric nursing home residents.
Review of Literature
Structured therapeutic interventions that nurses can apply
Initiating a personalized exercise program for each resident based on needs and abilities. As time passes and a person ages, the perception of the quality of life tends to decrease (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Justine & Hamid, 2010) and the presence of insomnia increases (Sampoornam et al., 2016). Exercise has been shown to have positive effects on an older persons' perception on the quality of life, while also decreasing fall incidents that can lead to morbidity and mortality (Babatsikou et al., 2017; Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Sampoornam et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Some studies done show a positive correlation between exercise and the perception of quality of life, sleeping patterns, and the meaning of life experiences (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016; Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Justine & Hamid, 2010; Sampoornam et al., 2016).
Changes in the central nervous system from age can cause a person to lose balance, muscle strength, and mobility all together (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016). There are many types of exercise training techniques that can be implemented to improve the overall quality of life and slow the physical limitations down. Some of these implementations include, but are not limited to, walking (Sampoornam et al., 2016), cardiorespiratory endurance, strength and balance training, flexibility (Justine & Hamid, 2010), cross training (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010), resistance training, Tai Chi, and dancing (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016). Dancing was implemented in a study done by Adam, Shahar, and Ramli (2016) that allowed the residents to be themselves, have fun, and enjoy the exercise while they were partaking in it.
Providing animal interaction opportunities or ability for residents to have pets. Companion animals can help minimize the feeling of loneliness and assist with transition of the normal aging processes by providing a companion, being someone the older person can to talk to and have physical contact with, and being a topic that can be brought up with a stranger (Kawamura, Niiyama, & Niiyama, 2009; Prosser, Townsend, & Staiger, 2008). By animals increasing social interactions, a positive effect occurs and decreases agitated and depressive behaviors (Kawamura, Niiyama, & Niiyama, 2009; Moretti et al., 2011; Prosser, Townsend, & Staiger, 2008; Thodberg et al., 2016). Pets also allow the older patient with something to touch and since older patients have a more positive response to touch rather than communication, animals can be a perfect addition to those who have lost loved ones (Prosser, Townsend, & Staiger, 2008).
In a study done by Moretti et al. (2011), pet therapy was able to decrease symptoms associated with depression by 50% and increased the quality of life measured in long-term care facility residents. During the post-intervention interview in the study done by Prosser, Townsend, and Staiger (2008), many residents wanted the companion program to continue because they enjoyed contact with the animals, they had more social interactions, and it brought variety to their lives. Participants often found pleasure knowing the animals were coming and felt like it provided them with a positive experience at the nursing home (Kawamura, Niiyama, & Niiyama, 2009; Moretti et al., 2011; Prosser, Townsend, & Staiger, 2008). Using pets as therapy for elder nursing home residents is often implemented when the animals are brought in by a volunteer, but nurses can help encourage protocols to be developed that motivate animal therapy as a common occurrence (Kawamura, Niiyama, & Niiyama, 2009; Prosser, Townsend, & Staiger, 2008; Thodberg et al., 2016).
Offering music and singing programs that residents can be involved in. Music and singing therapy can be used to manage the effects aging has on health maintenance, daily functioning, and the quality of life (Gopi & Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Through the use of music and singing, depressive symptoms can be decreased and the meaning of quality of life can be more significant to residents (Gopi & Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Since music interventions are safe, easy, and generally effective at decreasing depressive symptoms, along with increasing the quality of sleep, music could be a simple implementation to add to a nursing home resident's daily activities (Gopi & Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016).
Music that has tranquilizing effects have been thought to calm the body and suppress the sympathetic nervous system and turn on the parasympathetic nervous system (Wang et al., 2016). In addition, music also lets the mind focus on something other than thoughts, which allows the mind to relax (Gopi & Preetha, 2016) and can even initiate sleep (Wang et al., 2016). When music is blended with different tones, restoration of emotions, physical relaxation, and spiritual wellbeing is met (Gopi & Preetha, 2016).
Implementing different massage and relaxation techniques that residents can partake in. There are many types of massage and relaxation techniques that can be used on nursing home residents daily (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016; Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018). In a study done by Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi (2018), the use of footbath on joint pain was tested. A foot bath was given to the residents in the experiment twice a week and the effects were tested based on the amount of joint pain the residents felt afterward (Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018). The footbath is able to cause blood vessels to dilate, which then increases the blood flow to other parts of the body (Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018). When the dilation occurs, the blood movement causes the muscles to relax and release tension which leads to pain being relieved (Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018).
Relaxation therapy is another technique that has been used for a while to treat stress and anxiety (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016). This type of therapy has been used to restore harmony in the body, reduce physical and mental tension, decreasing depressive symptoms, and creating an overall positive outlook (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016). There are many different types of relaxation techniques that can be used, but some of the most common ones are breathing, meditation, and progressive muscular relaxation (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016).
Perception on the quality of life for nursing home residents
The depression rates decreased in geriatric residents. In a study done by Buettner, Fitzsimmons, and Dudley (2010), agitation, passivity, and depression were all measured at the start and after two weeks of exercise treatments for each patient. This measurement showed that agitation in patients with depression was lowered after the individualized treatments were performed and went hand in hand with changes in passivity (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010). Contrary, Justine and Hamid (2010) found that participants had an improvement in their life satisfaction, but there was no change when it came to their levels of depression.
Dancing however was shown to have a positive outlook for resident's with depression and anxiety (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016). This exercise not only implements movement, it also incorporated music, which allows muscles to be worked, stress to be released, and fun to be had (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016). Since music is so easy to implement and use, it is a simple thing to add to an exercise routine (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016; Gopi & Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Music therapy is able to allow relaxation of the mind and body to occur, which in turn has a positive effect on mood and feelings (Gopi & Preetha, 2016).
Ensure that residents obtain a more consistent sleeping pattern. When quality of sleep is measured after walking exercise is implemented, a decrease in chronic insomnia was seen and sleeping habits were improved (Sampoornam et al., 2016). Sleeping disorders are common as age increases as falling asleep becomes harder and waking up early happens more often (Sampoornam et al., 2016). Circadian rhythm problems have been thought to go hand in hand with cognitive issues (Sampoornam et al., 2016). If cognitive issues are able to be assessed and put in check, sleeping problems could be resolved also.
Slow the onset of dementia for nursing home or long-term care facility residents. Since dementia is a progressive brain disease, reversal of this disease is not likely, but some interventions were able to slow the onset down or minimize symptoms (Thodberg et al., 2016). When resident's affected with dementia are able to engage in animal interactions, improvement in cognitive functions, motivation, and emotions was seen (Moretti et al., 2011). Meaningful life experiences are important for residents with dementia and these events can change both passive and agitative behavior (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010).
Conclusion
Summary
When a nurse is able to work with other healthcare professionals, the resident, and their families, stronger therapeutic communication skills are gained, interpersonal relationships are improved, knowledge about personal events are shared, and multiple assessment tools are looked at to create an improved and individualized treatment approach (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008). When nurses have the proper knowledge and education needed to help care for residents (Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008), implementations like exercise programs (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016; Justine & Hamid, 2010; Sampoornam et al., 2016), animal therapy (Kawamura, Niiyama, & Niiyama, 2009; Moretti et al., 2011; Thodberg et al., 2016), music and singing (Gopi & Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016), and relaxation techniques (Adam, Shahar, & Ramli, 2016; Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018), can be implemented and individualized for each elder. All of the interventions talked about previously can be applied into a resident's activity schedule based on what their interests are and their physical ability. It would also be beneficial to educate nurses on how to properly implement structured therapeutic interventions and provide nursing homes with the ability to offer those interventions.
Areas for Future Research
Most study researchers felt like they needed a longer adaptation period during their study so they could have more observations (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Justine & Hamid, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014; Moretti et al., 2011; Sampoornam et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). This longer period might allow more time for the positive impact on the quality of life to occur and ensure that the participants are comfortable and familiar with their new interventions (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Justine & Hamid, 2010; Moretti et al., 2011; Sampoornam et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). It was also a common that authors thought there needed to be a larger test group with more diversity in a future study done (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, & Dudley, 2010; Justine & Hamid, 2010; Kawamura, Niiyama, & Niiyama, 2009; Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018; Moretti et al., 2011; Sampoornam et al., 2016).
Research can also be done to test the effects on younger children visiting and interacting with nursing home residents. This would provide the resident with someone to talk to that they can teach and do activities with. Gardening and cooking might be other areas that can be looked at. It might be hard for aging residents to partake in activities like this that they once enjoyed, but if modifications could be made to help them adapt to physical changes, these activities might be achievable.
Cite this page
Geriatrics and Depression. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Narration Analysis of “A Rose for Emily”
A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner a short story about the life of South America at the beginning of the 20th century, which illustrates an attitude to women during the period described. The author gives interesting outlook of the social structure of the society of the time described. In this short story Faulkner manages to express the spirit of changes, which influence the lives of his characters. Society, described in this short story, differs from the one we face today. Deprived of basic rights and freedoms, women of those times were physically and emotionally subdued to men. The study of gender relations and importance of social influence of these relations became the main idea of Faulkner's writing. Gender relation is one of the main themes of a short story A Rose for Emily written by Faulkner. The story is written in a form of third-person narration and, what is notable, there is no one definite narrator. Third person narration and multiple people, who tell the story, is a special device used by the author. It helps him to pass the point of view of town folks to his readers. The readers get not only an opinion of one separate person, but a combined idea of what people think of the town described.
The narrator, speaking in the first person plural that represents the entire town, recalls that, when Miss Emily Grierson died, all the townspeople of Jefferson, Mississippi, attended the funeral held in her house, the interior of which no one save an old black servant had seen in ten years. This house had once been grand, located in a respected neighborhood, but both neighborhood and house have since fallen into decay. In death, Miss Emily has gone to join all the respected dead who used to inhabit this once-respected neighborhood, in the cemetery ranked with the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers who perished in the battle of Jefferson during the Civil War.
The townspeople attend the funeral both out of respect for Miss Emily as a monument to their aristocratic heritage, and out of a kind of curiosity, even nosiness. The sense of the town as interested in, invested in”and always watching”Miss Emily is suggested by the odd third person plural narrative representing the entire town. The house is, like its owner, a monument on the outside and a curiosity on the inside, a building that resists modernization even as it decays. The mention of the cemetery, another monument to the past, reminds us that”as is often the case in Faulkner's works”to understand the present, we must also understand the past.
When alive, Miss Emily had been respected and cared for by the townspeople. In fact, in 1894, the then-mayor of Jefferson, Colonel Sartoris”who made it illegal for black women to go into the town streets without an apron on”excused her from paying taxes, dating from the time her fatherdied on into perpetuity. Miss Emily would not have accepted this excusal were she to think of it as charity, so Sartoris invented a story about how Emily's father had once loaned money to the town, claiming the excusal of Miss Emily from paying taxes was the town's preferred method of repaying the loan.
Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town
The first narrative leap back in time. Colonel Sartoris is a gallant Southern gentleman (and former Confederate Army colonel) who chivalrously, if condescendingly, excuses Miss Emily from paying her taxes as though she were a damsel in distress. He knows that Miss Emily is a proud woman of genteel upbringing, though, and that in her pride she would refuse charity, hence the story he invents. The narrator chauvinistically suggests that Emily believes the story because she, like all women, is na??ve.However, the next generation of town leaders came to find the tax arrangement with Miss Emily dissatisfactory; so one January they mailed her a notice of taxes due. By February, however, there was no reply. Miss Emily was subsequently sent a formal letter inviting her to the sheriff's office, then a letter from the mayor himself. The mayor received a reply note from her explaining that she no longer went out at all; enclosed without comment was the tax notice.
A narrative leap forward in time. The chivalric traditions of the Old South become diluted as time passes; so it is that the newer generation of town authorities attempt to exact taxes from Miss Emily”these leaders are not gallant, but they arepragmatic and democratic.In response, the authorities of Jefferson dispatched members of the Board of Alderman to Miss Emily's house. Tobe showed the men into the dusty interior; a crayon portrait of Miss Emily's father stood by the fireplace. Once Miss Emily entered”a bloated-looking woman leaning on a cane”the deputation's spokesman informed her that her taxes were due; but Miss Emily countered that Colonel Sartoris excused her from paying taxes long ago, and that the town's authorities should speak to him. Miss Emily then instructed Tobe to show the dissatisfied gentlemen out.
So Miss Emily vanquished the town authorities in the matter of her taxes, just as she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before”two years after her father's death, and shortly after her sweetheart had deserted her”in the matter of a bad smell issuing from her house. Miss Emily had become reclusive.
Cite this page
Narration Analysis of "A Rose For Emily". (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Geriatric Depression Assessment and Plan of Care
It is difficult to imagine approximately 5.6 to 8 million Americans 65 years or older are diagnosed with a mental health or substance-use disorder (Bartels & Naslund, 2013, p. 493). Furthermore, it is estimated by 2030 these numbers will not decrease, rather, increase. It is estimated 10.1 to 14.4 million geriatric patients will be diagnosed with a mental illness by 2030 (Bartels & Naslund, 2013, p.493). Specifically within the geriatric population, mental health providers recognize depression is a common mental health concern worldwide.
Depression has several factors that are disabling. Depression has a significant impact on a patient's physical health, emotional health and general quality of life. For some, just waking up to see a new day of life could be a difficult challenge to overcome. Older adults are normally characterized as happy and satisfied with their quality of life. However, research proves this is not always true.
Depression is common among the geriatric population, however, it is most prevalent among older residents living in nursing homes. In a randomized controlled trial, researchers in the United Kingdom evaluated residents among care homes. The geriatric population assessed were that of those 65 years or older. Researchers excluded all residents who they deemed "too ill" or diagnosed with a terminal illness. Together, historical data shows individuals susceptible to developing depression have other health related co-morbidities of which commonly include macular degeneration and stroke according to researchers Bartels and Naslund (2013). Other related health conditions collected within the historical data assessment includes urinary incontinence, dementia, anxiety, cancer, osteoporosis and chronic lung disease (Underwood et al., 2013). Those who are affected by depression also reported during historical data collection their lack of education, unemployment status and their lack of personal financial stability (Nair, Hiremath, Ramesh, Pooja, & Nair, 2013). In other words, the geriatric population does not actively seek mental health care, as the affordability is an issue. If a patient were required to choose paying for their much needed diabetic supplies, versus seeking medical treatment, they would without hesitation spend their funding on their diabetic supplies. After all, they could die if their diabetic supplies are not refilled adequately.
Assessment data recorded amongst the geriatric population was a major component within depressive research. Collectively, it was important to gather assessment data such as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), European Qualify of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), current pain level and the individual's "fear of falling" score (Underwood et al., 2013, p. 43). Demographic data such as the patients' age, race, height, weight, mid-arm circumferences and hip circumferences were also proven to be beneficial for researchers. It was important to assess the level of malnutrition among the geriatric population. When assessed for depression, a 24-hour diet food recall was completed (Ahmadi et al., 2013). It was also found beneficial to gather data including how many years of education the geriatric patient received and how many years were spent living inside of their home (Underwood et al., 2013).
Mental health is often viewed as a forgotten part of healthcare. Unlike physical illnesses, mental health illnesses cannot always be diagnosed and determined by an x-ray or abnormal lab value. Rather, they are often evaluated by questionnaires and surveys. In determining the depressive findings among older adults, researchers must examine the above mentioned tests.
The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) ranges from a score of 0 to 15. Furthermore, the scoring of the exam is classified as 0-4 normal, 5-8 mild depression, 9-11 moderate depression and 12-15 severe depression (Greenberg, 2012). If a patient scores greater than 5 points on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), depression is warranted (Greenberg, 2012). If a patient scores greater than 10 on the GDS, this is clearly indicative of depression.
It is statistically proven the Geriatric Depression Scale provides an accurate account of the level of depression amongst the geriatric patient population. The scale consists of series of questions compiled into a questionnaire. Researchers have developed a long form and a short form. The geriatric population is able to simply answer "yes" or "no" to questions such as, "Do you feel that your life is empty?" (Greenberg, 2012, para 8).
Although this tool cannot be replaced by a complete and thorough evaluation by a mental health provider, it can provide a baseline of their mental illness. Nurses and caregivers can easily perform this test in order to assess whether or not further mental health care is indicated. Research demonstrates the scale should be performed regularly amongst older adults in resident care homes and community centers. The short 5-7 minute form could potentially save an older adult's life.
The GDS score is typically the depression diagnostic evaluator for the geriatric population. However, healthcare professionals should also evaluate the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score thoroughly, as it may provide other rationales for the patient's behavioral and/or emotional concerns. Further, the GDS score does not present information on the patient's assessment of suicidal ideation. That crucial piece of information should be meticulously examined at the time of the examination.
Other scales mentioned in assessing depression among geriatric adults are Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Cooney et al., 2013). The type(s) of scales used are dependent on the healthcare provider's choice of preference.
In evaluating for a physiological reason as to the patient's emotional concerns, labs such as a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, thyroid stimulating hormone, vitamin C and vitamin D should be drawn, as a part of the assessment procedure. A urine analysis should also be assessed. Depending on the sex of the patient being assessed, testosterone and estrogen levels should also be evaluated. Often, a slight abnormality within the lab workup can cause irrational, abnormal behavior.
If a patient meets the criteria for the diagnosis of depression, it is important to explain to the patient what their diagnosis means. Most patients have heard of the word depression, but have never developed any thought into what it might entail. The word depression for some can be shameful to hear. This can make the patient feel even more saddened, after learning he/she has been diagnosed. After the patient has a grasp on what depression consists of, and how the provider came to their diagnostical decision, options for treatment should be explained.
Antidepressants may be the first intervention implemented by the mental health provider. Antidepressants are known to be an effective type of therapy for those suffering from depression. However, before pharmacological techniques are introduced, a change in the patient's lifestyle could be a simple and effective treatment. Exercise therapy has been suggested by researchers in the past, as being as effective if not more effective than antidepressant medication (Cooney, et al., 2013). Although ultimately an antidepressant medication may be required in order for the patient to live a happy life, exercise therapy can be suggested in conjunction to the medication. If the patient would rather attempt natural remedies for treating his/her depression, proper nutrition, exercise therapy and peer support would be beneficial for their plan of care (Bartels & Naslund, 2013).
A team approach must be taken to initiate the interventions suggested in the patient's plan of care. The patient, their family, nurses, physicians, social workers, physical therapists and pharmacists should work together as a team to strive for one common goal: maintaining a happy and fulfilling life for the patient in need. The team should suggest non-pharmacological interventions such as joining a social club, going on a walk, visiting with friends on a regular basis and eating a balanced diet. These are just a few of the many suggestions the team could suggest the patient attempt, prior to prescribing an antidepressant. If these techniques are unsuccessful, the team should evaluate the medication regimen the patient is currently prescribed and consider the safest antidepressant available to administer.
If the patient is at risk for suicidal ideation, family members and/or staff at the care home should be notified and preventative measures should be taken immediately. The patient should be informed of the serious side effects of the medication. Mental health patients often believe they are cured after noticing significant improvement after taking an antidepressant for a prolonged period of time. However,if used for longer than six weeks, all antidepressants have the potential to cause withdrawal syndromes if they are stopped or rapidly reduced (Keks, Hope, & Keogh 2016, p. 76). Therefore, the risks of abruptly stopping their medication should be emphasized by the patient's health care team.
Conclusively, as the baby boomer generation continues to age, physical and mental health illnesses will rise. The geriatric population may actively seek medical help in order to treat their physical illnesses, however, healthcare personnel from all areas of the field should be cognizant of unrecognized depressive symptoms. A diagnosis of depression should be taken seriously and acted upon. After recognition, healthcare teams should act quickly and implement non-pharmacological and if needed, pharmacological measures immediately.
References
Ahmadi, S.M., Mohammadi, M.R., Mostafavi, S.A., Keshavarzi, S., Alikooshesh, S.M., Joulaei, H., Sarikhani, Y., Peimani, P., Heydari, S.T., & Lankarani, K.B. (2013). Dependence of the geriatric depression on nutritional status and anthropometric indices in elderly population. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 8(2), 92-96. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3796300/pdf/IJPS-8-92.pdf
Bartels, S. & Naslund, J. (2013). The under side of the silver tsunami-older adults and mental health care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(6), 493-496. Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1211456
Chang, C.F., Lin, M.H., Wang, J., Fan, J.Y., Chou, L.N., & Chen, M.Y. (2013). The relationship between geriatric depression and health-promoting behaviors among community-dwelling seniors. Journal of Nursing Research, 21(2), 75-82. doi: 10.1097/jnr.0b013e3182921fc9
Cooney, G.M., Dwan, K., Greig, C.A., Lawlor, D.A., Rimer, J., Waugh, F.R., McMurdo, M., & Mead, G. E. (2013). Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6
Greenberg, S.A. (2012). The geriatric depression scale (GDS). Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 4. Retrieved from https://consultgeri.org/try-this/general-assessment/issue-4.pdf
Keks, N., Hope, J., & Keogh, S. (2016). Switching and stopping antidepressants. Australian Prescriber, 39(3), 76“83. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2016.039
Nair, S.S., Hiremath, S.G., Ramesh, Pooja, & Nair, S.S. (2013). Depression among geriatrics: prevalence and associated factors. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 5(8), 110-112. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/730e/5946fb4d126fd54512bd8a6c1472ed53160c.pdf.
Underwood, M., Lamb, S.E., Eldridge, S., Sheehan, B., Slowther, A.M., Spencer, A., Thorogood, M., Atherton, N., Bremner, S., Devine, A., Diaz-Ordaz, K., Ellard, D., Potter, R., Spanjers, K., & Taylor, S. (2013). Exercise for depression in elderly residents of care homes: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 382(9886), 41-49. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673613606492
Cite this page
Geriatric Depression Assessment and Plan of Care. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Depression in Emerging Adulthood
Depression takes a toll in today's world of emerging adults because of being depressed in the past or currently going through it. Emerging adults are those who are currently entering adulthood; ages 18 through 25. Many teens and soon to be adults are already going through depression and don't like to mention it. Others may like to be open about their depression and receive help. However, for those who remain quiet about it allow their depression to eat them alive. Not literally, but it is unhealthy for their well-being. Depression may occur from genetics, transitions in life, not getting support from friends and family, abuse, and not getting enough sleep. Everyone's depression may be major and some are minor. However, no one should ever be going through depression. Help can be found anywhere for those who are currently going through it and no one should keep quiet about this mental illness. In today's world of emerging adults, some may have received their depression from the transition from high school to college, going from dependent into learning how to grow and become independent, or from making big life decisions that predict their future. Also, their depression may have occurred when they were in high school or back when they were younger. Depression affects many aspects of an individual's life such as their cognitive, emotional, social, and physical identity.
The cognitive aspect of an emerging adult consists of their intelligence, perception, attention, memory, and the ability to think and solve problems. Depression blurs all of these aspects and messes up the way a person perceives things. As emerging adults become depressed and unconscious of their depression, they begin to feel hopeless and unsure about their life. The choices they make aren't wise and don't contain any thought into the situation. Eventually, they face the consequences of their bad choices and it makes them more depressed. When depression takes part into life decisions, emerging adults are given so much pressure. They are entering adulthood learning how to be independent and have to make choices on their own without the parents help. Once they make these life decisions, it's like rolling a die, you either make the right decision or you make the worse out of the situation. As bad as it is, we have no other choice but to jeopardize any life decision. Likewise, a study shows that stress from the transition of high school to college leads to distortions cognitively, and general health among college students. Their health can be affected from stress, high blood pressure, and becoming emotionless (Dhanalakshmi 2014). As a result of the transition to college, emerging adults have distortions cognitively. Meaning they perceive things the wrong way. They begin to feel hopeless even though it's just the depression talking.Maybe they think they made the wrong decision which leads to being depressed. As depression affects the cognitive aspect of emerging adults, so do the emotions of an emerging adult.
Emotions are what define a person's personality and everyone has them no matter what they say. Emerging adults, and everyone else, can either show their emotions towards something, such as for a person, their desire, or what they like or dislike. However, some like to box their emotions and never express them. People would consider them cold-blooded. Sometimes an emerging adult would hide their emotions because they don't want to look vulnerable. Also, they don't want to be judged by people because they don't want their problems to be someone else's. For those who like to reveal their emotions and show it, they have no problem on what others think. Sometimes it's better to pour out your emotions to let it out instead of not expressing them at all. When depression affects an emerging adults emotions, it sucks. Everything about them makes them feel like they're not good enough. If an emerging adult fails at one thing such as not making time with their friends then it makes them depressed and messes up their emotions. They feel like they fail at everything and that one person over not spending time with them. That is why people need to watch what they say to others because they never know if they are going to hurt their feelings. Growing up, my mom told me if I don't have anything nice to say then don't say it all. People don't put any thought into their actions or words without putting other people's emotions into consideration. In a study, emerging adults were examined and distinguished between their depression with positive and negative emotions. It consisted of 30 people, 15 were depressed inpatients and the other 15 were normal, and they displayed schematic faces to test them. The depressed patients were significantly slower to respond to positive faces than normal subjects (Suslow 2001). As depression messes up the emotions of an emerging adult, so does their social life.
Emerging adults always have to go socialize to do day-to-day tasks. Talking is mostly what every individual does on a day-to-day basis. Depression and the social life of an emerging adult is greatly affected. When emerging adults make big decisions such as moving away and going to college, their friends back home and the friendship are greatly impacted. Sometimes the emerging adult may cut them off or hardly socialize with them. As terrible as it sounds, it's life and we have to make decisions. Communication goes both ways with friendships and if one person doesn't put in the effort then what is the point. It makes the emerging adult depressed when they have to stop talking to their best friend because they have made the decision to move away to pursue their dreams and ambitions. However, they will eventually make more friends once they're off to college so they won't be as depressed. In a study, they mention that emotions occur frequently and often intense in situations at college and university (Pekrun 2007). College students tend to be peer pressured to do things and give in. They end up hurting themselves and their emotions at the end of the day which makes them depressed. What people need to know is that the strongest thing to say is no. Not only does depression affect the social life of an emerging adult but they destroy their physique.
Everyone is given one body and it is our job to take care of it to the best of our ability. Depressed emerging adults have troubles of taking care of their health. Their depression makes them either lack sleep or get too much sleep. Either or is terrible and adults should range of getting 7-8 hours of sleep a night. Irritation and being tired happens when emerging adults don't get enough sleep. If lack of sleep keeps occuring, adults are at risk for heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. A study reveals the side effects of being depressed and long-term depression. It showed that depression affects the brain and the heart. Being depressed long-term can make you get blood clots and risk a heart attack (Tracy 2018). As scary as it sounds, emerging adults need to take care of their body or else they will face the consequences. To take care of their physique, they can go to the gym or go for a run while playing pumped up music. This takes their depression off their mind and at the same time, they are taking care of their health. Being depressed affect emerging adults physically with their body and it makes them sluggish. The worst thing an emerging adult can do with their depression is just being sluggish and allowing their depression to control them.
Depression affects an emerging adult mentally, emotionally, socially, and physically. Basically, everything that an adult needs to take care of since they're constantly going through transitions in life. For instance, when an adult has to make a decision on how they want to plan their life, they have no other support but themselves. Family and friends can agree with your decisions, but if the decision doesn't end up great then it's the adults fault. This leads to them being depressed over making the wrong decision and it messes with their head. They begin to think they're not good enough or they made a complete fool of themselves. However, that is just the way life is. We make decisions based on what we think is right and sometimes we're right or wrong. Emerging adults have to learn how to learn from their mistakes. That is how we grow as individuals. An adults mental state by self-criticism affects them poorly, their emotions become twisted, they may feel socially rejected at times, and their physique may not be up to par. Adults need to stop allowing depression take control of their lives and take control. Emerging adults need to know their self-importance and fulfill their dreams and ambitions.
Cite this page
Depression in Emerging Adulthood. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Depression through the Different Developmental Stages
Depression is a condition that persists over time and increases in intensity that can impair one's ability to live the way they want to. Within each developmental stage, the signs and causes of depression are different. The three developmental stages that are being discussed are childhood, adolescence and the elderly.
The difference in depression for each developmental stage is different. For childhood depression, children as young as four are being diagnosed with depression. The episodes are shorter with more physical symptoms because children cannot always verbalize their feelings. With adolescences, they feel physical changes within themselves and their bodies, separation from parents or guardians, social network, education goals, and sexual orientation. Those who suffer depression late in life often describe a sense of emptiness and that the world is closing in on them.
Some of the causes linked to childhood depression are biological, genetic, psycho social causes. Depression runs in families, children have about 20% chance of developing depression if one or more members of their family has been experienced depression. Other causes for childhood depression are social and cultural reasons, bullying, technology, internet, and poverty. Those causes can also be seen for adolescence depression as well. But teenagers are also trying to be liked everyone else and fit in the right crowd. Adults just view it as a phase they are going through. Depression in the elderly may be as they are get older that they feel like they are no longer needed, they may have lost their spouse, or their children and family may hardly visit them or not at all.
Depression is hard to diagnose in each developmental group and have specific symptoms. Symptoms in children it will be more physical, such as tummy aches, headaches. Not feeling well, clingy, separation, and anxiety because they are unable to verbalize what they are feeling. With adolescence, they start to have feelings of hopelessness. Some even try to hurt themselves on the outside to make them feel the same pain they feel inside. The elderly want to keep their independence. They do not want to show that they can no longer take care of themselves and have to rely on others.
The most common treatments for depression are biological, social, cultural, and psychological treatments. Treatment for children may include play therapy, one on one sessions with therapists introducing dolls or other objects to help children act out their feelings. Adolescence may need biological therapy or medication, but only in extreme cases. The elderly may do well in group sessions so they know that they are not the only ones who feel lonely or empty inside. By knowing the symptoms of depression in each developmental stage can lead to treating the person and getting them the help that they need.
References
Big Think. (2011, June 14). Why teenagers are so depressed [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEOP2V0sg0E
Emory University. (2012, August 12). Fuqua Center for Late-Life Depression 10th Anniversary [Video file] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPMeAOBtfpw
Feldman Robert. Essential of understanding psychology Access Card 12th Edition
Tvoparents. (2012, April 27). Childhood Depression: A Parent's Primer [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnVbZm20YQ
Cite this page
Depression Through the Different Developmental Stages. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
What does Depression Feel Like?
No matter what you're thinking right now YOU ARE IMPORTANT. Many have been there before so there is no reason to be ashamed. If you are thinking of hurting yourself at this moment, call an emergency hotline.
You've probably read so many stories about people who have been through it and you think that you're expected to follow that model to get better. That doesn't always work. It's OK to read them, but understand that that is their experience, not yours. Everyone has a story, a path to where they've been and where they are headed. Look ahead to find your next step. It's OK to only see one step at a time. Things will be revealed as you keep going. And, you must keep going because everyone has a purpose. Life has meaning. Maybe yours is to share your story, use a talent that you have or something else. You can only find your passion if you are here.
I know that you may feel shame. Depression makes people may think:
- No one will understand
- I have responsibilities so I can't do this right now
- I can't tell anyone because it would ruin my life
- I'm supposed to be the strong one
- I have to take care of someone else
- My spouse or children can't know
- I don't want to set a bad example
- Maybe he/she will leave me
- No one will understand
- A parent/leader is the strong one, I shouldn't need help
- I don't have insurance, how am I going to afford this?
- I can't lose my job, I'm the only one who takes care of my family
- They will never stop bullying me
- No one will accept me the way that I really am
- Nobody loves me
- I'm all alone
- This pain will never end
- I have no friends
- Someone abandoned me and it's my fault
- No matter what I do, I don't fit in
- This is too stressful
- I have to get an A
- They say that they love me, but they don't
- I just want to cry all of the time
- I can't let anyone see
- I should feel lucky but I don't
- I have too many responsibilities
- Why is this happening to me?
- I have to escape
- If I had money I would be happier
There are probably a hundred things that aren't listed. If yours is different, know that it is just as important as all of the above.
Nothing is more important than your life. Think of the people will be left behind. It doesn't feel like it, but you will get through this. Your death would destroy the people who are in your life. They want you to get help. You are not a burden to them. They truly care. The pieces will have to be picked up if you leave. Without you, nothing will ever be the same. Family and friends will be devastated. According to medicaldaily.com, People bereaved by the sudden death of a friend or family member are 65% more likely to attempt suicide. It doesn't feel like it, but you will get through this. Your death would destroy the people who are in your life. They want you to get help. You are not a burden to them. They truly care.
Died by suicide rather than natural causes. In other words, your death will cause a trickle down effect. No one will ever be the same.
Young, old, rich, poor, famous or not, no one is immune to this disease. When someone has cancer, we acknowledge it and treat it. Depression is as dangerous as cancer. It needs to be addressed and treated. That can't happen if you don't tell anyone. If you don't reach out, you can't grasp your future.
There are many more that aren't listed but each of those is equivalent to the ones above. Choose a person that you are comfortable with. Tell them they you need help. Have them help you seek a professional. If there is no access to one, call a hotline for referrals. There is a way for you to get better and improve your life. Take that first step.
Cite this page
What Does Depression Feel Like?. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
A Rose for Emily Literary Analysis
In the reading A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, expresses a story of a lonely woman who has suffered from being stuck in her older ways of life. Over thirty years before the depiction of Emily's story, her very strict father passes away, and she was left by herself with no real guidance. In the prime years of her life, the home and street where she lived was very prominent but is now considered an eyesore amongst the community. A once luxurious building with a beautiful white coat of paint and plantation styled balconies, now sat covered in dust and corrosion. During the collapse of the once idolized household, the community began to talk amongst themselves about how they sympathized for her. Through time, Miss Emily meets a young man from the North who was overseeing the construction of the sidewalks on her road.
His name was Homer Barron. In eyes of the neighborhood he was considered a bachelor. This gave the community more to pity Emily about since the newly found couple began to be seen publicly together on buggy rides. As time passed the two are seen together less and less, and the towns people become concerned when she suddenly purchased deadly arsenic from the local drug store. Not too long after this, no one sees the younger bachelor Homer ever again. Upon Emily's death, the towns people investigate her home to find the deceased Homer Barron's body in the bed of the upstairs room with a body imprint next to it. What they discover on the adjacent pillow is unnerving for they find grey strains of hair. The story A Rose for Emily tells a classic derivative of how the southern characteristics of people are obstinate and will eventually die old or lonely from the pressure of not adapting to change.
The author made it clear that Miss Emily was afraid to think for herself and make adaptations with the change of time. The first and most obvious example of this was when Faulkner described the decay of the once beautiful home. Faulkner writes, It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires. Emily's house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay (Faulkner 2). The decay of her home represented the time that has passed through the community, and her failure to adapt to cultural changes. Though Miss Emily and her father, while younger, were very well respected in the community; behind closed doors she faced oppression most of her life. The oppression that she faced from her father greatly contributed to her unnatural spirit and attitude. She had come from a once well-respected stature, since her father had allegedly given a large amount of money to the community; which exempted her of future taxes, but now the community looked at her in disappointment. This is seen when Faulkner writes, Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town (Faulkner 3).
As time passed with Miss Emily never having to pay her taxes, curtesy of Colonel Sartoris, the new dwellers of the government office decided that it was time for her to begin a new tradition of paying. This represented the growth with time that the rest of the southern community was displaying, but with Miss Emily being lost in her old tradition, she still refused to pay upon the arrival of the newer government officials. This situation later became a lost cause and they gave up hope of ever receiving any funds. Faulkner confirms this when he writes, "I received a paper, yes," Miss Emily said. "Perhaps he considers himself the sheriff . . . I have no taxes in Jefferson" (Faulkner 10). This was a perfect example of how she was determined to keep her old-styled tradition.
The oppression that she faced from her father as a child began to appear within his death. The only thing that Miss Emily truly ever had in her life was her father. The several denials of his passing opened the eyes of the community and let everyone know that she suffered with letting things go. Faulkner writes, She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the ministers calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body (Faulkner 10). Faulkner continues, She would have to cling to that which had robbed her (Faulkner 11). After her father passed, she was not seen for awhile due to sickness. All of the communities' thoughts of her never changing quickly deceased once she was seen again with a different haircut and peculiar glow.
Once the young man Homer Barron appeared in town, the sidewalk pavement was seen with Miss Emily taking chariot rides across town. A spark of hope seemed to have returned to her. She wanted nothing but someone to claim as her own again, but when the pavement construction was complete, she took matters into her own hands to claim the young man as her own by poisoning him with arsenic upon his re-arrival. Faulkner lets the readers know this when he writes, 'Arsenic,' Miss Emily said. 'Is that a good one?' (Faulkner 40). And that was the last we saw of Homer Barron (Faulkner 49). This action reclarified the insecurity that she faced of being alone especially upon her death once the towns people found Homer's corpse still in the bed with her body imprint and hair next to it.
In this piece William Faulkner depicted multiple flawed characteristics of the small community in which Miss Emily resided, but my primary focus of this literary analysis was the main character herself. Her unremovable southern characteristics, from an oppressed childhood, cause her to have a front row seat to the decay of her social status which enviably led her to take the life of her love. With time comes change and it is a human instinct to protect the things we value the most, but just because something is perfect in our eyes does not mean that it can not be improved. Overall, I believe the message that William Faulkner was trying to relay to the reader. Just because something is perfect in our eyes, does not mean that it cannot be improved.
Cite this page
A Rose for Emily Literary Analysis. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Resons to Stop Water Pollution
Unsafe water kills more people each year than war and all other forms of violence. Water pollution has become a very big issue in countries all over the globe. Water is definitely the most valuable resource, but when it becomes contaminated, it is not only useless, but dangerous as well. Water pollution is defined as the addition of harmful chemicals to natural water. According to the World Health Organization, millions of people die each year due to the consumption of contaminated water (Denchak, 2). Although the Earth is made up of about 70 percent water, only about three percent is freshwater and is drinkable. This is already a very small amount and is continuing to fall. Water pollution is very harmful and must come to a stop because it is detrimental to aquatic ecosystems, leads to poor water quality, and causes diseases.
Animals that many people adore such as dolphins, whales, and sea otters are falling rapidly due to the poor quality of the water they live in. Dangerous chemicals such as copper, lead, and arsenic from factories seep into rivers, lakes, oceans, and even our tap water (Denchak, 3). Over a 100,000 sea mammals are killed each year due to the poor quality of their ecosystems. This number continues to increase at an exponential rate each year. According to the EPA, approximately 80 percent of the world's wastewater is dumped back into the environment. When this happens, the chemicals seep into the water and are consumed by small fish. These fish are then eaten by larger fish, and the chain goes on until even the whales are affected. This ultimately leads to the death of all these poor animals that are affected by humans. This cycle will continue to happen and lead to more death until proper action is taken to protect the aquatic ecosystems.
Another reason why water pollution must stop is because it leads to poor water quality. An excess of sewage is one of the major problems. With billions of people on this planet, most of the sewage just gets disposed back into the lakes, rivers, and oceans untreated, as many treatment facilities are not able to keep up. Another cause is chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus that are released from factories. These chemicals end up in the groundwater and spread the pollution to other bodies of water. Because of these reasons, over half a billion people do not have access to clean drinking water (World Health Organization). Studies performed by the World Health Organization displayed that this number is on the rise as the population continues to increase and very few solutions have rose to tackle this issue. One might object that the exposure of nitrogen and phosphorus is good for the water as it promotes the growth of algae. Algae is an important resource for many ecosystems as it is usually the main food source for many sea mammals. It is said to produce an estimated 70 to 80 percent of the oxygen humans breathe (Spalding, 6). However, when these chemicals are exposed, it results in an algal bloom, which makes the amount of algae grow exponentially and blocks out sunlight from entering the water. The blocked out sunlight causes the oxygen level within the water to decrease and makes the ph level rise. This makes the environment very dangerous for the animals that live there and deteriorates the water quality.
The final reason is that water pollution leads to life threatening diseases to humans. Diseases such as lead poisoning, typhoid, dysentery, and hepatitis. Waterborne diseases cause close to 3.5 million deaths every year, and the majority of these are children (CDC). Drinking contaminated water is not the only way these diseases are contracted. They can occur through the consumption of seafood that may have been in contaminated water previously. Chemicals such as lead and arsenic are present in most contaminated waters and can lead to many permanent problems if consumed. These diseases could very well be considered man made as factories continue to disregard the damage that is being caused and do not act towards the issue. While many are privileged enough to have access to clean water whenever, there are people who not as lucky. They continue to die due to issues that have can be resolved if action were taken. Similarly, in the book Night by Elie Wiesel, it talks about the poor sanitation in the camps. There was not much access to water and when there was, it would be avoided because it was very dirty and could do more harm (Wiesel). The factories in the camps all had harmful chemicals that the Jewish people were exposed to and the waste just flowed out into the bay, polluting the water and affected the life in it (Hoyt, 4). This was over 70 years ago, yet water pollution continues to be a problem even today.
To reiterate, water pollution must be come to an end as it is harmful to aquatic ecosystems, causes bad water quality, and threatening diseases. It is a major problem that has been around for decades and causes harm to humans as well as animals. Too many people have struggled and lost their lives because of this. I strongly urge you all to take all of this into account and think hard about what you can do to fight against water pollution and make this Earth a better place.
Cite this page
Resons To Stop Water Pollution. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
The Impact of Depression on Society
Society has always done an amazing job in molding and shaping the thoughts of individuals. Throughout time, a person's behavior, way of thinking, dressing, and even interaction has always been influenced by whatever society approves of. Unfortunately, although times have changed, many beliefs continue to stand firm; these range from gender, age, and even to race. A woman is to act in a certain manner while a man is to think in another. Now, although women have reforms, activists, and various avenues of support and change, men on the other hand do not always have as many. Even at that, their masculinity may or may not always 'encourage' them to always be a par. There is a stigma that a man is to be strong, manly, bold, unemotional, and numb to many girl-like feelings. Unfortunately, this same stigma has caused many men to have to hold unto so many feelings and act outside of who they really are. Among men, research has found a relationship between adhering to traditional male roles and depression, and studies have found a significant association between gender role conflict and depression (Chapman, Delap, & Williams, 2018, p.16). This causes a major concern especially when dealing with certain mental illnesses in which symptoms are not entirely outwardly expressed. Certain mental illnesses slowly take over a person's life and affect them before it is unfortunately too late. Depression can be seen as one of these mental illnesses.
According to Castonguay and Oltmanns (2016), depression is defined as a disorder of mood or affect. Symptoms vary and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as weight/appetite disturbance as well as sleep disturbance, fatigue, feeling of worthlessness or guilt and so much more (Castonguay & Oltmanns, 2016, p. 18). A serious disorder than can get to the extreme of even causing a disability to individuals, depression has been estimated to have impacted 16 % of the general population and is even seen as a financial burden for many (Castonguay & Oltmanns, 2016, p. 18). Men with depression may be more likely to distract themselves, less likely to seek help, increase conflict and anger in interpersonal relationships, use more alcohol or other mood-altering substances, and express concern about productivity and level of functioning in employment domains (Castonguay & Oltmanns, 2016, p. 18). Now, although there are studies done mainly on age and even gender of the disorder, there is much discrepancies about race. Race is an unfortunate battle in society today but when mixing it with Mental Health, as well as various stressors including social economic status, age, and sexuality, so many other considerations are made.
Race/Equality/Discrimination
In the African American community, like others, there are many challenges that are faced but one stands out among the rest; discrimination. The Cambridge dictionary defines discrimination as being the treatment of a person or particular group of people differently, in a way that is worse than the way people are usually treated (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d.).This relates so heavily to mental health because of the simple matter that discriminating against one could make their mental health worse and stop a person from getting the treatment that they need (NAMI, n.d.). This already is a problem in the African American community in that many do not make the effort to seek out that necessary help; mental illness stigma is a prominent barrier to seeking mental health treatment among African Americans (Cheers, 2018). It is said that there is evidence from studies which show higher rates of depression found in those living in poverty and those in less education (Castonguay & Oltmanns, 2016, pp. 20-21). But it should make one only wonder that if there is doubt and unbelief and unbelief even amongst the people, what the field in general is doing to diffuse such?
It is known that clinicians are to receive multicultural education, but even with the education, it unfortunately does not always stop misconceptions and discrimination. If clinicians continue to view minority groups such as A.A men through the lens of a European-American lens, it would be to no surprise that A.A would hold a greater distrust of both the medical and mental health care because of the racist attitudes of certain establishments (Chapman, Delap, & Williams, 2018, p.16). African Americans are diagnosed less accurately than non-Hispanic Whites when suffering from depression (Chapman, Delap, & Williams, 2018, p.18). Even when considering medications, A.A were less likely to receive an antidepressant, even the newest form, when first diagnosed unlike White patients (Chapman, Delap, & Williams, 2018, p.18). One important aspect to note is that if the research is not being completed on minority groups, there will always continue to be a lack of structure, consistent trust, and assistance to provide. Studies could go a long way but unfortunately much have not been tested, especially when it comes to race. For example, a recent review identified only 17 articles between1980 and 2004 that explicitly examined depression risk factors among African American men (Hammond, 2012).
Although very little research has been done about the beliefs of mental illness in African American men, even with the little that has been done, it is said that men tend to report symptoms congruent with traditionally masculine norms, such as preoccupation with work failure, social withdrawal, avoidance of affect, and self-medication (Cornish, E. K., Bergner, E. M., & Griffith, D. M., 2017). There was a study constructed to understand mental illness, perceptions of stigma, and help-seeking barriers. Researchers attempted to determine the barriers specific to African American men as well as their beliefs and attitude toward mental illness (Ward & Besson, 2013). The study found that participants believed the negative portrayal of African American men in the media can intensify the stigma of a mental illness (Ward & Besson, 2013). One participant stated,
We feel like we are already at the bottom because we're Black and showing everyone that you may not be stable in your mind is out of the question. You got many things against you because you're a Black man (Ward & Besson, 2013).
This speaks much volume to the individual and what he experiences as a man of color. To believe that in this world, he already has various troubles to deal with, therefore, even making it known to a person that mental illness is a problem, to an African American man, in his eyes, is unacceptable. In totality, the results of the study proved that the A.A men believed that having a mental illness can result in negative outcomes including social, psychological, and financial problems (Ward & Besson, 2013).
Social Economic Status
There are many mechanisms that explain why SES is linked to better mental health (Assari, Lankarani, & Caldwell, 2018). High SES promotes a variety of positive things such as education enhancement, reduction of risk behaviors, access to healthcare, promotion of human connections, and even an increase in psychosocial asses such as having a sense of agency and mastery (Assari, Lankarani, & Caldwell, 2018). Yet having a high SES is not universally a protective factor (Assari, Lankarani, & Caldwell, 2018). There was an empirical data done that revealed a high risk of Major Depressive episodes in African American males of high social economic status. Study proposed perceived discrimination (PD) as an underlying mechanism for the positive association between SES and risk of depression in African American males (Assari, Lankarani, & Caldwell, 2018). In fact, for several A. A men in the study, having a high SES meant a high cost of upward social mobility because the residual effect of income beyond employment, marital status, and education became a risk factor for African American men (Assari, Lankarani, & Caldwell, 2018). As described by the Minorities' Diminished Return Theory or MDR, education, income, and employment had smaller protective effects on the physical and mental health for whites more than African Americans (Assari, Lankarani, & Caldwell, 2018). African Americans with high SES did not report better mental health than their low SES counterparts. In contrast, SES was positively associated with the risk of depression in African Americans, particularly African American males (Assari, Lankarani, & Caldwell, 2018).
Age & Stress
Younger A.A males are said to have a more dramatic increase in suicide rate and disproportionate premature mortality from both diseases and intentional injuries with high depression comorbidities (Hammond, 2012). Younger African men tend to follow through to masculine role possibly because of developmental limitations in affect regulation. Masculine role strains and conflicts are robust predictors of diminished psychological well-being among men (Hammond, 2012). There is higher restrictive emotionality associated with more depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 and 30 to 39 years (Hammond, 2012). Self-reliance was also associated with less depressive symptoms among the same age group (Hammond, 2012). Because depressive symptoms have been linked with African American men's educational attainment and career development, family- and mentor-based intervention programs have the potential to help young men find meaningful career pathways during a particularly difficult transition (Kogan, S. M., & Brody, G. H., 2010). In older men, we see again discrimination and depressive symptoms at correlation in that there is high restrictive emotionality in men in the 30 to 39 years and 40 or older age group (Hammond, 2012).
One thing to keep in mind is the fact that African American men certainly perceive depression differently (Cornish et al, 2017). While some may perceive it as stress, others may also see it as feeling extremely sad or sorrowful at a period. So then, what exactly is the difference between stress and depression? In one study, a 45-year-old participant noted that I'm Black. I'm born into depression and stress. I was raised it's nothing unusual, it's just what it is (Cornish et al, 2017). This participant stated this almost as if both stress and depression were part of his normal, everyday life. Regardless, many men in the study had a strong belief that stressors impaired their ability to manage their everyday lives. This significantly distinguished a mental health problem that researchers managed independently from one that may benefit from professional treatment (Cornish et al, 2017). Even in that same study, African American men who had been diagnosed with depression never directly spoke about their diagnosis. They instead downplayed the diagnosis, making it seem more so as if depression was a manageable problem, almost like stress (Cornish et al, 2017). This goes to show that yet still, there are some African American men who have been misconstrued about the seriousness of depression.
Like the findings linking work stress and depression, a series of studies showed that employment, earnings, job stability, and other work-related issues were connected to depression. Work stressors influenced depressive symptoms, but the direct effects of work wore off over time for all groups, except for African American men, whose levels of depressive symptoms remained elevated by work stressors 2 years after their occurrence. Additionally, poor health elevated depressive symptoms among African American men. Whereas retirement decreased depressive symptoms in other groups, it increased depressive symptoms in African American men. Income was found to be a significant protective factor against depressive symptoms among African American men.
Sexuality
Men who have sex with men (MSM) experience greater mental health problems as compared with heterosexual populations. Informal social support plays a critical role in emotional well being (Yang, Latkin, Tobin, Patterson, & Spikes, 2013). Homosexual men are not only discriminated against by others but are often discriminated against by their own; African Americans. Research has suggested interconnections between psychosocial factors, mental health, and HIV risk among MSM, and the high prevalence of depression among African American MSM may have contributed to the health disparity in HIV rates (Yang et al., 2013). With the lack of support from others, as well as medical problems, it would be to little surprise that homosexual A.A men would experience depressive symptoms. Compounded stressors associated with racism and stigma and limited resources available to African American MSM may lead to greater reliance on social support from network members as compared with those who are less marginalized (Yang et al., 2013).
Studies show that women are diagnosed with depression at twice the rate of men, yet men have higher rates of suicide, substance abuse, and externalizing behavior (eg, risk taking, violence, aggression), which suggest that depression may be underdiagnosed in men (Cornish et al., 2017). While African American men tend to experience lower rates of depression than African American women, the high rates of morbidity and mortality from stress-related chronic illnesses suggest that depression and mental health may be underappreciated as a problem in this population.6-8 African American men are exposed to several varying stressors, ranging from social economic status to sexuality, that increase their risk for poor mental health (Cornish et al, 2017). There is a cultural barrier to seeking psychotherapy involving the perception that seeking psychotherapy was associated with weakness and diminished pride. Men are more likely to endorse cultural beliefs such as the need to resolve family concerns within the family and uphold the expectation that African Americans demonstrate strength. Additionally, A.A men believed that in selecting a psychotherapist, the psychotherapist's race mattered.
Considering the negative impact of stigma on treatment seeking among African American men, there is a critical need for educational outreach programs to reduce stigma (Ward & Mengesha, n.d.). For example, local educational outreach programs tailored specifically for African American men at the local or grassroots and national levels could include dissemination of educational materials in community settings such as community centers, churches, barber shops, and men's athletic clubs (Ward & Mengesha, n.d.). Also, using a family-centered approach focusing on Black families could be useful, because marriage and perceived social supports are protective for this group (Ward & Mengesha, n.d.). Lastly, a great source of help and support would be faith filled. Because A.A men trace back depressive symptoms to a variety of things such as both environmental and social factors, the faith community outreach programs would be beneficial to addressing and alleviating the problems experienced by African-American men with depression (Bryant, Haynes, Greer-Williams, & Hartwig, n.d.). Because community services are usually free and very open, that would be a great source for educating A.A men and families on the benefits of seeking-help.
There are organizations however, that work on promoting decreasing mental health stigma and educate the public about mental illness therefore there is hope for progress in years to come (Cheers, 2018).
References
Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M., & Caldwell, C. H. (2018). Does Discrimination Explain High Risk of Depression among High-Income African American Men? Behavioral Sciences (2076-328X), 8(4), N.PAG. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8040040
Bryant, K., Haynes, T., Greer-Williams, N., & Hartwig, M. S. (n.d.). Too Blessed to be Stressed: A Rural Faith Community's Views of African-American Males and Depression. JOURNAL OF RELIGION & HEALTH, 53(3), 796“808. https://doi-org.proxy-ub.researchport.umd.edu/10.1007/s10943-012-9672-z
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Definition of ""discrimination"" - English Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/discrimination
Chapman, L.K., R.C.T. Delap, & M.T. Williams. ""Impact of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture on the Expression and Assessment of Psychopathology."" Chapter 5 of Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis. Ed. Beidel, D.C. & B.C. Frueh, eds. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. Pages 131-156.
Cheers, A. (2018). The impact of contact-based stigma reduction intervention on stigma and attitudes toward treatment seeking behavior among African Americans. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. ProQuest Information & Learning. Retrieved from https://proxy-ub.researchport.umd.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2017-23163-259&site=eds-live
Cornish, E. K., Bergner, E. M., & Griffith, D. M. (2017). They have said that I was slightly depressed but there are circumstances that bring that on: How Middle-Aged and Older African American Men Describe Perceived Stress and Depression. Ethnicity & Disease, 27(4), 437“442. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.27.4.437
Hammond, W. P. (2012). Taking It Like a Man: Masculine Role Norms as Moderators of the Racial Discrimination-Depressive Symptoms Association Among African American Men. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S2), S232“S241. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300485
Kogan, S. M., & Brody, G. H. (2010). Linking parenting and informal mentor processes to depressive symptoms among rural African American young adult men. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(3), 299“306. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018672
NAMI. (n.d.). Stigma and Discrimination. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Policy-Platform/Stigma-and-Discrimination
Ward, E. C., & Besson, D. D. (2013). African American men's beliefs about mental illness, perceptions of stigma, and help-seeking barriers. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(3), 359“391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012447824
Ward, E., & Mengesha, M. (n.d.). Depression in African American Men: A Review of What We Know and Where We Need to Go From Here. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, 83(2), 386“397. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12015
Yang, C., Latkin, C., Tobin, K., Patterson, J., & Spikes, P. (2013). Informal Social Support and Depression among African American Men Who Have Sex with Men. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(4), 435“445. https://doi-org.proxy-ub.researchport.umd.edu/10.1002/jcop.21548
Cite this page
The Impact of Depression on Society. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
William Faulkner’s a Rose for Emily: a Southern Heritage Reflection
In William Faulkner's short story, A Rose for Emily, the reader acknowledges the rude reality of Emily Grierson's inability to be receptive of a new, dynamic and ever-changing world. Emily is not only lonely but also a mysterious lady, who lives in a large, post-civil war era home with her father. William Faulkner narrates this old and lonely lady's story, precisely explicating how she remains stuck in her own timeframe. Although her autocratic father died over thirty years earlier, Emily remains rigid and still holds onto her the way she lived her life before her father's demise. According to Perry, Emily's house, formerly luxurious white with scrolled balconies, has is now an excellent example of the most ghastly looking abode on the once most revered square in the town. Encroached with decay and dust, the house has left people in her city gossiping about her while at the same time pitying her lost soul. Perhaps due to loneliness and desperation, she soon gets in a romantic affair with Homer Barron, a young bachelor who works in a construction corporation paving footways on Emily's city streets, Jefferson. The more the townspeople see them taking rides together, the more they talk and sympathize with her. In a dramatic twist of events, Emily's public appearances with Homer lessen. One day Miss Emily is seen acquiring poison from a drug market.
"A Rose for Emily is fundamentally a tale of old versus new and tradition versus non-tradition. Faulkner brings these aspects into the limelight through the story's main characters, Miss Emily and Homer. Right from the exposition of the text, it is clear that the story revolves around old versus new. Emily Grierson signifies the Old South. This essay will consequently discuss the cultural and historical significance of her character while drawing its examples from the traditional southern heritage.
Faulkner successfully creates a gloomy tone of "A Rose for Emily" particularly at the beginning of this epic tale chronicling the requiem of Miss Emily. With the story's progression, the author takes the readers through distinctive moments in Miss Emily's life, explicitly detailing how she was lost her own world as everything around her kept moving forward. Faulkner additionally employs foreshadowing, narrator point of view, and the southern gothic writing technique, to aid the reader form a visualization of Miss Emily, as well as the town. According to Rodgers, these elements also give the reader an insight into her environment a clear glimpse of her sanity.
Faulkner's application of the southern gothic writing method is significant in the understanding of A Rose for Emily, as it helps the reader develop a mental depiction of the main character, Miss Emily. For instance, the town administration commissioned their envoys to discuss the levies that were owed, the author describes her as bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water (2182). A depiction such as this presents the reader with the impression that Miss Emily is not well. His witty elucidation that she seemed bloated accomplishes his desired effect on the anthology's reader to attest how disgusting she emerged. This photographic representation, merged with the Faulkner's dismal portrayal of the parlor (2182), creates in the reader the image of death. Moreover, the reader gets the feeling of being in an interment parlor. This is crucial as it helps to reinforce Faulkner's narrative and depiction of Miss Emily..
A significant theme in ''A Rose for Emily,'' is the deterioration of the Old South, which connects to the southern cultural values and economic structure before the eruption of the Civil War (Beyer 34). In the prewar South, society consisted of slaves, tenant farmers, merchants, and the landed nobility. Throughout this time, aristocrats abided by the southern codes of honor. While men took up their positions as providers and protectors, women had to keep the highest levels of morality. The Griersons in "A Rose for Emily,'' belong to the landed gentry class. They exhibit the superiority complex and arrogance that befits their status (Perry, 161). Emily's father, for example, clearly displays this stance by deeming no local suitor deserves his daughter as a wife. Emily too displays the same attitude, shunning society from her life even long after her father's death.
Miss Emily's reaction toward her tax obligations, association with the townspeople, and her understanding of death are explicit examples that she is stuck in the past although the south has embraced modernism. With the passing and retiring from civil service of older generation members, the younger generation expects Emily to pay taxes to the local government as there was no written rule exempted her from doing so. She responds that Colonel Sartoris clarified to her that she did not owe any tax to Jefferson. Although Sartoris died ten years ago, she still clings to what she believes "Colonel had given his word, and according to the traditional view, his word knew no death. It is the past pitted against the present-the past with its social decorum, the present with everything set down in 'the books ( Rodgers, 121). With this, she passes as an excellent representation of a superb keeper of the southern customs and traditions. Despite the modern industrialization characterized by large-scale crop production, motorized vehicles, and the construction of the railroad, Emily remains stuck in the old south, rigidly holding onto the old social values and oblivious of the fact that modernity had grossly decreased the power and influence of the landed gentry.
In conclusion, William Faulkner just like other Southern Gothic novelists concentrated on portraying southern experience and history in the United States particularly in the periods following the Civil War. They employed grotesque imagery, themes, and symbolism. Faulkner uses all these in A Rose for Emily to highlight the text's primary concern, traditions versus change. His portrayal of Emily brings into sharp focus the struggles the old south conservatives went through in their efforts to preserve their cultural values amidst widespread modernization and industrialization. William Faulkner ultimately shows that failure to acknowledge change leads to peril as Emily, the epitome of tradition remains lonely throughout her life, incapable of even accepting the death of her father. She presents those who would not abandon the customs whose time had passed and this subjects them to dire consequences. Her rigidity finally leads to her death as she kills the handsome Northerner Homer, and later, submits a tremendous deal of condemnation and succumbs. By her murdering homer she endorses the fact that the conservatives could do anything to ensure they do not acknowledge industrialization, represented by Homer.
Cite this page
William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily: A Southern Heritage Reflection. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Major Depression Disorder by Anna Grace Tadlock
Hi my name is Anna Grace Tadlock, and I have major depression disorder. I am 17 years old and my life is going good now. I found out I had major depression disorder when I was four years old. My mom walked out on me when I was two years old and my real dad began abusing me mentally and physically since then. I haven't had the best of childhood, but I make the best of it now. I am still struggling with my past today. If I see something that reminds me of the things that happened to me, I have flashbacks, so bad to the point where I play it back in my head. I feel so worthless at points my life feels fake, and I believe it's a fantasy that's soon going to end. I feel as if my whole life is just a dream it's never going to end, as if my entire life is a lie, nothing really happened. As I look in the mirror, I realize this is real, this isn't my imagination.
The way he hit me, the way he touched me, and the way he spoke to me, changed me instantly. I wasn't an innocent quiet girl just trying to keep hidden, I was trying to survive the terror and hurt I was going through, I knew if I talked I wouldn't of have been safe any longer. Even though, all this happened the biggest depression that I went through was losing my siblings. I tried my best to keep them safe, but it looks like I have failed them. I always wondered, what it would of been like if I was never born, or if I was born to a different family. The challenge that I took leaving them was hard, I still cry at night when no one is watching, or I think about the good times we had, it makes me more mad at myself than I am at my real parents. It's a struggle not harming myself everyday, living with this burden on my shoulder is hard itself. I don't know whether to forgive them and try to let it go, or confront them about the pain they put me through. Sometimes I think, I believe it's more of my fault than it's there's. When I hear someone talk about my past, I think of hurting myself, like there blaming it on me for what I went through. Just hearing about what they did sends chills down my spine, like i've been shot but really haven't.
Everyone says I need to talk to a counselor, but I feel like talking about it just makes it worse than it already is. Now i'm in a home where they tell me they love me but know one can truly love me unless I love myself, and I can't honestly say I don't love myself because my life isn't where I want it to be. I question God even though I know I shouldn't, but the questions I ask is serious, like why did I go through this, how come I don't see other families go through it. I guess the real question is WHY ME? Why can't anyone answer that question, no one has a suggestion on the situation. When I hear someone yell at someone it reminds me of the yelling that went down in my home, how I used to run to other peoples house begging them to help me. The cops couldn't even save me, I was alone, no one to call for a shoulder to lean on. I needed help at the hardest time and not a soul to come. When I finally had the courage to tell, no one believed me. Not a soul to lend a hand to pick me up. Depression is not a phase, it's a disease. It's like screaming when nobody hears. It's to be falling apart, without anyone noticing. Depression is a serious disease, over 5,000 teens, ages 15-24 kill themselves every year over major depression.
The more we suffer today is worse than the 1960's it's more pain not spoken out like its supposed to be. Depression is living in a body that fights to survive, with a mind that tries to die. Depression is like drowning, except you can see everyone around you breathing. It feels like everyone is moving on with their lives while I am stuck here, in this hole that I can't climb out of. When you see my scars, don't tell me to stop hurting. Don't tell me it is stupid because you do not know what I am going through. No one will ever understand the pain that I feel everyday of my life. Every thought is a battle, every breath is a war, and I don't think i'm winning anymore. Everyday it gets harder. Everyday its like a nightmare progressing on. Everyday is another prayer echoing through my bones asking god to take me now. Everyday I hurt more. Everyday it gets more unpredictable. Everyday I feel inside like I'm dying more and more. Everyday as I laying in bed, i'm wondering when's the day god was going to take me home. I've never felt so much pain that it has caused me these past years. I think god for being on earth and for letting me to continue to tell my story. THE END.
Cite this page
Major Depression Disorder by Anna Grace Tadlock. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Sadness and Depression
Sadness isn't an inclination nor is it a feeling. It is a dysfunctional behavior that influences numerous individuals. It has been around for a large number of years. Melancholy comes in numerous structures. It influences all Races, ethnicities, and religions. Despondency is a serious psychological maladjustment that influences Millions around the globe. Misery is characterized as "a state of mental aggravation described by such emotions to a more noteworthy degree than appears justified by outside conditions, commonly with absence of vitality and trouble keeping up convergence of enthusiasm forever". It is a psychological instability that influences the manner in which one may think, carry on, and feel. It's anything but another condition; indeed, it has most likely been important since the season of Hippocrates and previously. In his works, Hippocrates makes reference to Melancholia, which he calls an indication of sorrow. He composed that it was in truth an unmistakable infection, which had mental and physical conditions. The genuine term misery start to seem later, in the nineteenth century. Researchers clarify that low Melancholy and gloom synonymous, the term Melancholy incorporates a more extensive scope of feelings, for example, trouble, outrage, dread, daydreams, and even fixations. In any case, beside that, there are a wide range of kinds of discouragement.
There is significant sadness, which is so serious as to handicap. Fortunately, most just endure one scene of this specific sort of misery. There is additionally Dysthymic Disorder, or gentle endless dejection. This is analyzed simply after a man has languished misery over something like at least two years. Another type of despondency is crazy gloom. This is the place one may encounter snapshots of outrageous highs and lows. A few types of explicit misery are post birth anxiety, where the ladies May build up a solid instance of sadness half a month, or months in the wake of conceiving an offspring. At last, regular full of feeling issue, is normal in territories from the equator this is the place sorrow is created just in the colder, Darker long periods of winter. It leaves in the mid year. Shockingly, a large portion of the general population with a considerable lot of these sorts of miseries go undiscovered and can't get help. Sorrow is definitely not an uncommon disease. Truth be told, the measure of individuals who have the infection is stunning. All things considered, 6.7% of American grown-ups have had some type of burdensome sickness over the most recent a year. 30.4% of those cases, or 2% of the whole grown-up populace, have had extreme side effects ( National Institute of Mental Health) contrasted with grown-ups beyond 60 18 29 years old, multi year olds are 70% bound to have encountered dejection eventually amid their lifetime. 32-multi year olds are 120% bound to have encounters melancholy.
Lastly, 45-multi year olds are 100% almost certain. Moreover, with a year commonness, 18 to multi year olds are 200% more probable and 30-multi year olds are 80% almost certain. (National Institute of Mental Health) no misery is otherwise called "feeling dismal" it isn't generally an inclination. Notwithstanding, it very well may be described by sentiments of misery, void, sadness, negativity, blame, uselessness, defenselessness, peevishness, or potentially fretfulness. Individuals with sadness regularly lose enthusiasm for exercises once adored, and wind up with weariness and low vitality. They may experience issues holding focus, deciding, or recollecting explicit points of interest. Issues with rest, for example, a sleeping disorder, early morning attentiveness, or intemperate dozing are normal. Indulging and craving misfortune, and throbs torments, issues, cerebral pains, or stomach related issues that don't stop, even with medicinal help, asymptomatic. In spite of the fact that ladies are bound to feel pity uselessness, and extreme blame, and men are bound to feel worn out, bad tempered, loss of enthusiasm for once pleasurable exercises, and inconvenience resting, every one of the indications can be stretched out to the two sexual orientations. (National Institute of Mental Health)
Sorrow is a genuine disease. On the off chance that a man hints at melancholy, help ought to be given instantly. A few strategies for help are; putting forth enthusiastic help, conversing with them, and listening painstakingly to what they need to state. Different techniques are; starting open air and fun exercises, ensuring medical checkups are kept, and continually keeping expectation. It is likewise basic that remarks about suicide are never overlooked or disregarded.Depression is difficult to watch in a companion or relative, unending help and direction are vital. Sorrow is an extreme psychological instability. It is found in millions around the globe, and all ages and races. In spite of the fact that it's causes indeterminate it tends to be treated by an assortment of choices, for example, medication and treatment. In spite of the fact that there is frequently a disgrace around psychological instability, the individuals who are discouraged must get bolster. Melancholy is a ghastly disease, in any case, with Innovations in prescription and science, a fix is being found.
Work Cited
NIMH RSS. N.p.,n.d.Web 12/12/13
"Significant Depressive Disorder Among Adults." NIMH RSS N.p. n.d. web 12/11/13
"What are the Symptoms of Depression "
Restorative News Today. MediLexicon International 2/17/12
"What is Depression? What Causes Depression?" Medical News Today 4/7/09
Cite this page
Sadness and Depression. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
A Rose for Emily Figurative Language
The rose dedicated to Emily tells the story of a child in the southern aristocratic family. Emily is a child of a southern aristocratic family. Under the overprotection of her father, Emily became a lonely and weird woman. After the death of her father, Emily met Homer. She paid all the love for Homer, but Homer had the thought of leaving. So Emily killed him and put him on the bed in the bedroom for more than ten years. This secret was discovered only after Emily left. This story is a metaphor for the failure and decline of the Southern tradition.
There are many metaphors in this story. For example, Emily's father, the Southern society in the United States was a patriarchal society, and women were excluded from a dark corner. They were just a shadow that could not exist independently. Emily's father is a typical representative of this patriarchal society. He was overbearing, and he used a whip to drive away all of Emily's pursuers, making Emily miss her best age. At that time, Emily had no independent status and no free will. "The portrait of her father's charcoal is hanging on the morgue, and her face is musing." The father seems to be the shadow that Emily can't get rid of. It is as if in the American Southern society at the time, all women were assimilated into the shadow of men.
The black slave Toby in the text is actually a symbol of the slavery in the South. Although the author did not use too much ink to describe him, he was the last person to accompany Emily, and waited until Emily died. It shows that the old culture of the South has passed and slavery no longer exists. So Toby also left people's sight. The last sentence in the article describes his sentence as "He walked through the house and walked out of the back door, and he never disappeared." At the end of the novel, "the ruined rose curtains, the rose shades, the dresser" suggests that Miss Emily is like a long-lost rose, inserted in a dusty vase. Together with that gorgeous and morbid era, it will always be fixed on that day.
Cite this page
A Rose for Emily Figurative Language. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
Postpartum Depression Critical Analysis
I selected postpartum depression (PPD) for my critical analysis paper because I wanted to increase my knowledge and awareness surrounding PPD. While I participated in the direct care of many individuals at high risk for PPD, the patient I selected for my critical analysis was a case that surprised me, as I felt she was not given the holistic care that she needed. My selected patient was a 38-year-old, G3P1111, who had a planned cesarean birth at 37 weeks 1-day gestation. Relevant medical history included a current diagnosis of major depression without treatment due to pregnancy, as well as a history of stillbirth in the third trimester and a traumatic past pregnancy due to preeclampsia and pelviectasis. The patient denied substance use during pregnancy, was currently employed as a teacher and had an intact support system. The patient had given birth at 0535 the day prior and was quite fatigued throughout the bedside report and morning assessment from lack of sleep. During bedside report, the night nurse for the newborn, the float pool nurse for the mother, the oncoming nurse, and I were all cramped inside the patient's room along with the spouse and the newborn. Each nurse exchanged pertinent information and the oncoming nurse asked the patient what concerns she had for the day.
The mother then discussed, in front of all us, her frustration with her lack of breastmilk production and hopelessness with the breastfeeding process. The nurse encouraged the mother to continue breastfeeding and suggested addressing the problem after the mother had some rest. After leaving the room, the nurses discussed how she was a difficult patient and was going to be trouble for the day. An hour later, the patient's physical health was assessed. The nurse again asked the mother again if she had any concerns or questions and the mother replied just as before, expressing frustration with the lack of progress amidst two prior lactation consults and bedside education from multiple nurses. She refused another lactation consult out of exasperation. The nurse did not assess psychology health at that time and instead encouraged self-care and suggested ways the spouse could help ease some stress. Later, the nurse mentioned she was worried about the mom due to her anxiety and lack of bonding with the newborn. This assessment surprised me, as the nurse had not seemed empathetic during conversations with the patient. As far as I observed, the nurse's concern was not documented or discussed with the treatment team. Later that day, the nurse had a conversation with the lactation consultant about mom giving up on breastfeeding, but I perceived the discussion to be one of complaint rather than concern.
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was provided to the patient and completed. There was no discussion of the purpose of the EPDS or review of warning signs and symptoms of PPD. The only education provided concerned self-care, newborn care, and breast feeding. The nurse provided the patient with the postpartum discharge packet which included A New Beginning: Your Personal Guide to Postpartum Care. This packet contained a section on PPD, including warning signs and what necessitates the need for treatment. However, the packet did not include a printout for local psychosocial support options, although support resources for breast feeding were included. Literature Review The Association for Women's Health and Neonatal Nursing (AWHONN) released a position statement in 2015 that advises any health care facility serving women, mothers, and newborns to require policies surrounding patient education and screening for PPD. Due to the fact that health care providers, especially nurses, play a key role in PPD screening and intervention, AWHONN also suggests appropriate education, training, and referral resources are provided for staff. Not unlike general mental health disorders, PPD is diagnosed on a continuum, ranging from mild to severe.
Signs and symptoms of PPD include baby blues that are more severe and last for more than a week (sad, anxious, or overwhelmed feelings, crying spells, loss of appetite, difficulty sleeping) and thoughts of causing harm to self or baby or lack of interest in the baby (Alderman, 2016, p. 749). Mild cases of PPD can be easily overlooked, as the symptoms can reflect what most individuals expect from parenthood. While severe cases of PPD can put the lives of both the mother and the baby at risk, even mild cases of PPD can have a lasting effect on the woman's health, her ability to connect with her child, her relationship with her partner, and her child's long-term health and development (AWHONN, 2015, p. 687). Symptoms of PPD may present for up to ten years after diagnosis, placing the women at increased risk for infanticide and non-compliance with future pediatric care. Potential adverse effects for children of those affected with moderate to severe PPD include increased risk for behavioural problems by age 3-5 years, and lower mathematics grades and depression during adolescence (Meltzer-Brody et al., 2018, p.1068).
The long-lasting adverse impact that PPD can have both mother and child highlight the imperative need for early intervention and rapid-acting treatment. Furthermore, nurses are a vital part of the intervention process, as they able to help encourage, assess, screen, educate, and provide resources throughout the spectrum of pregnancy. AWHONN recommends that nurses should encourage an open environment for patients to verbalize their fears and concerns surrounding pregnancy (2015). By providing a judgment-free zone, and taking care not to dismiss or misattribute symptoms, women are more likely to open up and gain more from the intervention (Hadfield & Wittkowski, 2017, p. 733). At this time, it is important to focus on the woman rather than the infant to avoid the perception that their needs have been overlooked (Hadfield & Wittkowski, 2017). Secondly, nurses should acquire a detailed patient history upon admission and provide a thorough assessment for PPD during each stage of the pregnancy. In order to provide an accurate assessment, nurses must first be aware of risk factors for PPD as well as presenting signs and symptoms (AWHONN, 2015).
Common risk factors include prenatal depression, prenatal anxiety, child care pressure, infant temperament, life stress, lack of social support, single marital status, marital dissatisfaction, history of depression, postpartum blues, low self-esteem, low socioeconomic status, unwanted and pregnancy (Kim & Dee, 2018, p. 23) It is important to assess for potential post-traumatic stress due to traumatic childbirth, reviewing high levels of medical intervention during labor, long and painful labors, or a perceived lack of support" (AWHONN, 2015, p.687). Symptoms of PPD. One of the most concrete nursing interventions for PPD is screening throughout, pre, intra, and postnatal visits. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is the most widely used tool in the prediction of PPD. Other tools used alongside the EPDS include the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R) which quantify PPD risk factors (McCarter-Spaulding & Shea, 2016, p. 3).
A deficit in knowledge concerning PPD limits mothers and their support system from recognizing symptoms, decreasing stigma, and accessing treatment. To help overcome this barrier, nurses should include education for patients and families on self-monitoring for symptoms of PPD at various stages (Hadfield & Wittkowski, 2017). McCarter-Spaulding and Shea suggest that education is most effective when initiated and highlighted during the prenatal period, briefly addressed before discharge after delivery, and revisited during postnatal care visits. Post-delivery is a time full of many distractions for a new mother, as she is recovering and focused on care her newborn, as a result, education about PPD during the busy hospitalization might not be an effective use of nursing time, and may reduce attention to important priorities such as infant feeding and maternal care as well as rest (2016, p. 6). Finally, nurses should be aware of local resources for the treatment of PPD and have materials ready should their patient need them (AWHONN, 2015; Alderman, 2016).
Offering printed resources may be a more effective intervention as this helps empower the individual, allowing more opportunities for control in their plan of care. Hadfield and Wittkowski found that women who felt as though decisions were made by health care professionals rather than themselves experienced greater distress than women who had voluntarily sought a referral (2017, p. 732). Recommendations for treatment of PPD are determined by the severity of the diagnosis, with both therapy and antidepressants as effective treatment options. Mild to moderate cases of PPD typically involve peer support, counseling, or psychotherapy. While moderate to severe cases may indicate both psychotherapy and antidepressant treatment (AWHONN, 2015). The current standard for PPD pharmaceutical treatment consists of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which are approved for use with breastfeeding, however, some argue that the ability of SSRIs to prevent post-partum depression is also unclear (Alderman, 2016; Meltzer-Brody, S. et al., 2018, p.1060).
There are new trials for PPD specific medications, with promising drugs such as Brexanolone, a rapid onset intramuscular injection, on the forefront. However, pharmaceutical treatment for PPD is not without its own barriers, as some women felt ashamed for not being able to cope on their own and stigmatized for taking medication (Hadfield & Wittkowski, 2017, p. 732). Additional barriers to generalized treatment of PPD range from transportation and for care to fear of judgment from family and healthcare providers. Furthermore, preservation of self-image can prevent some women from seeking help, as they internalized the stigma surrounding PPD. Some mothers associated PPD with poor parenting, a label that was perceived to be worse than the label of 'depressed' (Hadfield & Wittkowski, 2017, p. 732).
Cite this page
Postpartum Depression Critical Analysis. (2019, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/page/10/
