Month: March 2019
Police Brutality against African Americans
Many African Americans become victims of police brutality due to the systemic racism and criminalization of people of color. African Americans are unfairly targeted by law enforcement and not afforded the same rights and privileges as other races in America. There have been many historic events in our current society surrounding police brutality such as the incidents surrounding Rodney King, Tamir Rice, and Eric Garner. After constantly hearing in the news about unarmed African Americans becoming victims to the police, it is clear that African Americans are directly targeted by the police, more specifically black men.
According to U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) statistics from 2014, for all age groups, black male individuals are arrested and have the highest rate of imprisonment in state and federal facilities which rate is 3.8 to 10.5 times more than the rate for white men and 1.4 to 3.1 times more than the rate for Hispanic men (Carson 23). The primary factor that explains these statistics is the fact that Africans Americans as a race are racially profiled by the police. The frequencies of which African Americans have been murdered by the police are not accidental situations, nor are they reflective of the excuses that have come to be standard police responses to these situations; fear of personal safety. Police brutality and racially profiling is also not just about individual officers, but a culture that allows prejudice and violence against communities of color to go unchecked. With the use of new and updated technology like body cameras, these statistics could be reversed because they would show proof that majority of these incidents are not justified and prevent officers from targeting black men.
On March 2, 1991, an African American man named Rodney Glen King was watching a basketball game and drinking 40-ounce beers at a friend's house in suburban Los Angeles. Upon leaving his friend's house, he ran a red light and nearly caused an accident. When four officers arrived on the scene, they ordered him to get out of the car and get on the ground. At first, he did not comply and just smiled at the scenery around him. The officers described him as having bizarre behavior and a spaced-out look, which they used to try to justify their actions. King was able to successfully avoid a swarming maneuver that the officers tried to use still able to rise to his feet despite being hit twice by an electric stun gun. This is when the officers started to strike them with metal batons and kick him repeatedly, even after him repeatedly saying please stop. A year later, on April 29, 1992 four Los Angeles Police Department officers were acquitted on the beating of Rodney King. There was an 81 second video of the beating, that showed a group of officers kicking, stomping, and beating on him with metal batons in an intersection in South Los Angeles.
Since it was caught on video, it sparked a national debate about police brutality and injustice. Despite the videotape being shown in court, a jury in Simi Valley concluded a year that the evidence was not sufficient to convict the officers (Owens and Browning 153). Within hours of the jury's verdict, Los Angeles erupted in riots. When it was over, fifty-four people had lost their lives, over 7,000 people had been arrested, and hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of property had been destroyed (Deitz 74). Angry crowds gathered in in cities all across the country. When the officer was not indicted in the beating of Rodney King, that represented the usual outcome of cases involving police and unarmed black man.
Twelve-year-old Tamir Rice was fatally shot by and killed by a police officer in at Cudell park in Cleveland, Ohio on November 22, 2014. There was a call to the police department stating that there was an African American male in a park brandishing a firearm, and the caller made sure to say that the suspected firearm was presumed to be fake. The police dispatcher who took the call failed to notify the officers of these details. Within seconds of arriving on the scene, one of the officers fired two shots into Tamir Rice's abdomen. For 4 full minutes after being shot, he was not given any first aid. He was with his 14-year-old sister at the time, who the officers pinned and handcuffed, preventing her from comforting her bleeding brother. The officers claimed that Tamir didn't respond to them shouting and him and was reaching for a gun in his waistband, although he was unarmed. The officer that fired the gun, Timothy Loehmann, was an officer in training at the time at claimed that he had no choice but to shoot and kill the twelve-year-old. In the investigation it was noted that Tamir had a toy gun. Days after his death, a video went viral showing that Tamir's body fell to the ground immediately after the police cruiser arrived on the scene. This video along with multiply witness testimonies contradicts the officers' claims that they were shouting at Tamir, since they gave him no time to react to any warnings that may have been given. Activists and community leaders appealed to the courts to have the two officers arrested and indicted on the charges of murder and negligent homicide, with the video evidence providing probable charge. On December 28, 2015 a grand jury in Cuyahoga County of Ohio decided not to indict the two white police officers, Timothy Loehmann and Frank Garmback, in the death of Tamir Rice.
On July 14, 2014 a 43-year-old African American man named Eric Garner died after being detained by police officers of the New York Police Department in Staten Island, New York. Initially, he was arrested for selling individual cigarettes on the streets, which is illegal. The entire arrest was captured on video and showed Garner being held in a chokehold for at least 15 seconds and pinned to the ground. While pinned to the ground by an officer named Daniel Pantaleo, he repeatedly lets him know that the choke hold is impairing him by saying I can't breathe. He wasn't provided any medical assistance, nor did the officers let up on their choke hold. The New York City Medical Examiner's Office autopsy report concluded that the chokehold was responsible for his death since he suffered from asthma. Garner's death was ruled a homicide by compression of neck (choke hold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police (Sparrow 25). The grand jury failed to indict the police officer who killed Garner, which started many civil protests. Protesters chanted I can't breathe, in support of trying to get justice for his death.
These are just a few of the hundreds of incidents that have occurred, and as a response to the highly publicized police killings of unarmed black men, many civil rights movements have risen. One of the most known is Black Lives Matter, a movement and national organization whose mission is to build local power and to intervene when violence was inflicted on black communities by the state and vigilantes. It was founded in 2013 by Alicia Garza, Opal Tometti, and Patrisse Cullors, therefore it wasn't around during the time of Rodney King's police encounter and others around that time. Instead of one large organized movement, there were many separate civil rights movements in the 90's. Unlike those previous civil rights movement, Black Lives Matter is decentralized, and encourages leaders from communities all across this country rather than one leader. One of the three founders, Alicia Garza describes this movement as an ideological and political intervention in a world where black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise (Garza).
The enragement surrounding the death of Trayvon Martin after he was shot and killed, then put on trial for his own murder, is what led to the Black Lives Matter Movement. The creation of this movement was a response to the anti-black racism that permeates our society, and also unfortunately previous movements. After the death of Trayvon Martin, it became more prevalent to how many African Americans become victims to police brutality, without receiving any justice. Trayvon Martin's case differed than most other cases because he was killed by a civilian, not a police officer. After Trayvon's death and the verdict of his case was publicized across our country, other cases became widely publicized as well. It ignited an urge in the black community to organize and fight for a change. As more unarmed Black men and women continued to be killed by police officers in cities around the country, the movement utilized social media platforms, primarily Twitter and Facebook, to organize protests in response to police violence against African Americans . By the end of 2015, the ratio was 6:1 of unarmed black men dying as a result of being shot by the police in the United States. Out of the 102 cases that that took place in 2015 that dealt with unarmed African Americans, only ten resulted in police being charged with a crime (Geller et al 2325). The Black Lives Metter movement aims to changes these statistics and unify our society. Groups associated with Black Lives Matter have advocated for a wide variety of policy changes including body cameras, independent special prosecutors, greater transparency in policing (Fasching-Warner and Hartlep 5). This movement has drawn enormous attention from all sides of the political spectrum at the local and national levels.
After hearing about the several incidents surrounding police brutality inflicted on African Americans all around our country, there is a clear pattern. After each story breaks out to the public the police release a statement, officers get placed on leave, protests break out, and the case goes to trial with an outcome of no indictment for the police officers. In each of the cases, white police officers were involved and none of them were held accountable for the beatings or deaths, regardless of them being at fault. This is because they are going around killing unarmed African Americans when it is not necessary and claiming it as self-defense. None of these officers are getting indicted on these crimes and it continues to happen, since they know they can get away with it.
If these officers truly felt as though their lives were in danger, they could have shot the victims once in the leg to make them unable to get away or even use a taser to make them fall to the ground. The outcome should never be to take a life, unless they propose an actual threat to the officer's life. In order to prevent further deaths, the police department should be held accountable. The department has to accept what the officers are doing and hold each officer accountable, as well as be willing to fix the problem. In each case the police officers claimed that they feared for their lives, yet the evidence proved that there was no definitive justification for them to feel threatened. Police officers sign up for a job that ensures the safety of others, so when something goes wrong, they have to be able to admit fault. Law enforcement leaders should promote a vision in which the use of excessive force is the least desirable outcome.
To decrease the rates of African Americans being killed, officers should be under audio and video surveillance. They should be required to wear body cameras, in addition to their dashboard cameras, while on duty. This is a way to decrease all forms of police brutality and protect the civilians. In an 18 month study ran in Rialto, California fifty-four officers were randomly assigned to wear a Taser Axon body camera system .The results of the study showed that shifts without cameras experienced twice as many incidents of use of force as shifts with cameras, and the rate of use of force incidents per 1,000 contacts was reduced by 2.5 times overall as compared to the previous twelve-month period (Ready and Young 447) . This proves that body cameras increase transparency and police legitimacy, improve behavior among both police officers and citizens, and reduce police use of force. If more officers wore body cameras, they would be less likely to shoot African Americans as quickly as they do now, thus preventing deaths. Officers are often not held accountable for their misconduct, and the cameras would provide accountability for both the officers and the civilians. They would be held accountable for their actions because there would be clear proof of what happened.
The videos from these cameras would serve very useful for criminal proceedings, as they often show the ugly truth of interactions between black people and the police. The outcomes of the cases previously discussed show that videos from bystanders recording from their phones don't result in indictments or convictions because they are considered circumstantial evidence. Body camera footage is much more powerful and indiscriminate when it comes to presenting evidence in court. The footage from the body cameras could also be beneficial to use during training to show examples of how they should and shouldn't conduct themselves. The body cameras should be worn when responding to a 911 call or when they are making a traffic stop, since that is when most of the problems occur. If the cameras only record these particular moments, this will decrease the amount of footage that's being reviewed for a case. It would also bring down the cost of storing these footages. There are currently no federal rules for when an officer should and should not turn on their cameras, so it would be up to the police department. All departments should make the firm decision of making the police wear cameras during the times they are interacting with people. If the police officer purposely never turns on their cameras, they should be subject to consequences. If a civilian ends up getting hurt in any way during the time their camera is off, the officer should be suspended as opposed to administrative leave.
One issue that may arise is who gets access to the cameras. The public does not necessarily need access to the video footage unless they are a part of the victims' family or on the team of detectives. Everyone who is in the courtroom, if it makes it to court, should be able to watch the video because it would be considered evidence. If the officer attempts to fabricate the story in any way, the body camera video could easily settle it. Most police departments are funded by the city council. They can receive a grant from the federal government and give details as to what body cameras can do for the country as a whole in order to increase the chance of receiving funding. Some may also argue that making police wear body cameras is an invasion of privacy since all of the police surroundings while arresting someone will be shown. Faces in the surrounding can be easily made anonymous by being blurred out.
There is clear tension between police forces and black communities. Violence being inflicted onto black people by the police is one of the predominant traumatic events that consistently affects the lives of young black youth and our communities. The impact of police brutality is much broader than simply affecting the individuals who have experienced racialized violence, it is a constant reminder of the historic and current devaluing of Black lives (Alang et al. 664). It sends a signal that there is little hope for justice. Police used to be thought of as protecting us, but now they are thought of us the ones who kill us. Since 2005, only 54 officers have been charged in the thousands of fatal shootings, and the vast majority of those officers were exonerated or acquitted (Carasick 4).
These targeted victims are often exploited through their criminal records, physical appearances, or misperceived attributes and that has been used to justify their unlawful deaths. Way too often, police officers take away our lives in a flash due to a perceived threat, although the victims that they deemed to be a threat were unarmed, physically subdued, or lying on the ground.
The result of this is the tension and lack of trust within the police and black communities throughout America. Police officers have been abusing their powers and our judicial stem has let them get away with it. Holding these officers responsible for their crimes and using body cameras to prove that they are using unnecessary force can turn these statistics around and lower the rates of deaths due to police brutality.
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Police Brutality Against African Americans. (2019, Mar 29).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
Struggle with Police Brutality
A simple traffic stop can turn deadly in the matter of minutes when you're a man of color. Officers are there to serve and protect but if you're a man of color it might often feel like you're the one needing to be protected from an officer that has gained a talent for racial profiling. Our society in an unconscious way has been made to feel that somehow people of color are naturally more dangerous and commit more, often worse crimes than whites.
African Americans and Hispanics only make up 32% of the US population. They are the most frequently incarcerated group and face more cases of police brutality, often ending in murder. In 2015 these two groups made up 56% of the total US incarcerated population. Both black and Hispanic men and women are incarcerated at a more rapid rate than whites while receiving longer sentences for the same crimes committed.
A study showed that black women's sentences double those of white women who were guilty of the same crime. (NAACP 2018) Why is it that society has this attitude towards people of color and jail sentences are harsher on them than their fellow white citizens who commit the same crime? Why are our men of color dying at the hands of officers? Prior studies done show that black citizens are 3 to 4 times more likely to experience non-lethal force by police than white citizens and 24% more likely to have a gun drawn and pointed at them. (pg 51).
Eric Gardner was one of the 1st cases in recent years to trigger a wave of modern-day police brutality force ending in death. Eric, a man who stand over 6 feet tall was selling untaxed cigarettes in a corner of Staten Island, NY where he lost his life after pleading with the officers to let him breathe. I can't breathe were the words he repeated to the officers while on a choke hold before losing his life. (Baker, Goodman, Mueller) Gardner was a fallen victim of police brutality. It could have been easily prevented by handling the situation in a different matter. Perhaps if he weren't a big man of color, he wouldn't have been a threat.
John Paul Wilson, PhD from Montclair State University said: Unarmed black men are disproportionately more likely to be shot and killed by police, and often these killings are accompanied by explanations that cite the physical size of the person shot, Our research suggests that these descriptions may reflect stereotypes of black males that do not seem to comport with reality. Dr. Wilson and his team conducted a survey of more than 950 people where he showed photos of the faces of black and white men and asked them to judge them by height, weight and strength. Although participants could only see the person's face, they concluded that black men were bigger and stronger than white men although both black and white subjects were the same size. These let to prove Wilson's theory that people tend to see black men as more of a threat than the white men. The study also concluded that the darker the skin of the individual was and the more stereotypical black facial features he had, the more he was associated with being larger.
In his research, Dr. Wilson concluded that the false labeling of a black men's larger size contributed to an officer's decision to shoot the individual since he was seeming as a bigger threat. This misconception of black men that society has made, puts the life of men of color in heightened dangers when confronting a police officer.
2012-2016 data reports that black males receive on average 19.1 percent longer sentences than while males who committed the same crime. This study found that judges tend to give shorter sentencing to white males than they do black males without advice from the prosecutor. 21.2 percent of black males were less likely to receive a reduce sentence from a judge without request from a prosecutor. While with the request from the prosecutor to reduce the sentence given, black men still receive a sentence 16.8 percent longer. America has a history of seeing black men inferior to white men. From the time of slavery to present day, American has blanketed its white citizens, leaving their minorities unprotected. Perhaps America's culture still looks at black men to be less than white men, therefore making them pay longer, harsher sentences for the same crimes a white man commits.
A conflict theory would be that police need to protect themselves and others against all situations that could put their lives, or the lives of others is danger. By thinking this way and at times making decisions out of fear, they endanger the life of the party or parties involve. This can be very dangerous, harmful and even deadly to the individual involved in a police altercation. It is in human nature to defend yourself when one feels threatened, especially when you feel like you have done nothing wrong. We give officers the power to rule over us and they at times forget that they we are just trying to keep ourselves safe, free of harassment.
It seems like today the country is very divided for various reasons. Many people have never faced an unfair police altercation. Many people who are not people of color have never felt what it feels like to be looked down upon or be profiled by authority because of the color or their skin. These people who have never experienced such things cannot allow their sociological imagination to see what the minority is facing; to get into their shoes for a day and see the hardships and unjust treatments they face simply by being of color and walking around a predominantly white neighborhood or fancy store. When we don't allow ourselves to see life in another perspective, the people suffering don't receive the sympathy and justice they deserve. Many people fail to see police racially profiling. Many fail to responsibly admit that police are not always right in the way they handle situations and abuse their power of authority. If we can't get in each other's shoes, we will remain divided and minorities, especially black men will keep falling to their death under the care of police officers.
Another example of unfair sentencing is Bill Cosby. I am not here to argue whether he did commit the crimes of sexual abuse he was accused of or not. The purpose of this paragraph is to compare how society handled the accusations held against Cosby, a black man versus the same accusations held against Brett Kavanaugh, a white man. Both men were accused of sexually harassing and assaulting women back in their earlier years of their lives. Bill Cosby received very little support from the media and the public while a great deal of people stood behind Kavanaugh, calling his accuser a liar. Bill Cosby was found guilty of all charges and sentenced to prison. His whole life and extensive career ruined within months while Kavanaugh rose to be a supreme court judge. This is another case of racial profiling, intentionally or not. We cannot give two men accused of the same crimes, completely different sentences. Why is it that one man's career was ruined while the other rose to the top? Both should have paid for their crimes equally. Think back of earlier on the paper on how society sees a black man.
In conclusion, both minority men and women receive longer and harsher sentencing than their white counterparts for the same crimes committed. They are more often victims of unjust and unnecessary police force and brutality. Often ending in the premature loss of life of an innocent until proven guilty individual. We are a country that prides itself in many things, one of them being their justice system where everyone has the right to an equal and fair trial. Our most vulnerable citizens often fall through the cracks of the justice system, being sentenced to years, even life in prison for the same crimes committed by white men. Some might not even make it to trial at all because they die during the arrest. Our society needs to get into the shoes of those who are falling victims. See the struggles and lack of justice people of color face simply because of the color of their skin and what stereotypes society believes those darker characteristics make the individuals fall on. Power is not something that should be abused. One's race cannot be the factor that sets the tone of your experience with law enforcement. A simple traffic stop should not turn deadly because the person is a person of color and are perceived to be bigger and more dangerous.
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Struggle With Police Brutality. (2019, Mar 29).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
History of Police Brutality
Police Brutality
Police brutality has played a major role and has left a big impact on today's society. For example, on September 16, 2016, nearby recordings of Officer Betty Jo Shelby clearly shows her firing an unexpected gunshot at Terence Crutcher, an unarmed black man, ultimately striking him in the chest. Sadly, Mr. Crutcher later died from the painful wound given off from the bullet. Despite this tragedy, Officer Shelby was eventually acquitted by several jurors for the crime she commited. This case gained national attention with some saying this has demonstrated both the increased pressure to hold officers responsible for using lethal force and the difficulty of convicting them of a crime (Walinchus, 2017, para. 2). There has been an increase in the amount of cases where officers have used excessive force and have not been held responsible for using their power in a corrupt way. For many years there have been many opinions on this idea stated in ways such as, Law enforcement killings of black men that have prompted a national debate about race relations and the use of force (Walinchus, 2017, para. 1). Sad to say, many Americans are blind to the fact that police brutality towards certain races has been a problem for a long time. Considering recent incidents, it can be concluded that police brutality is racially motivated.
History of Police Brutality
History always finds a way to repeat itself when it comes to the topic of police brutality. In one instance, Marquette Frye, a black man, was pulled over for driving reckless in a black Watts neighborhood in Los Angeles. Frye was harassed by officers, while bystanders gathered around and witnessed an argument turn into a physical altercation between a black man and police officer. Nevertheless, they grew angry noticing that what they witnessed was just yet again another racially influenced incident. The riots that became stronger were reportedly spurred on by residents of Watts who were embittered after years of economic and political isolation (A&E Television Networks 2018, para. 1). They began to attack the police until reinforcement came along and started arresting hundreds of displeased people. Throughout the day, riots rose and began to damage and cause fires at many local stores and buildings in the area until National Guardsman were ordered to cease them. Shown by statistics, The five days of violence left 34 dead, 1,032 injured, nearly 4,000 arrested, and $40 million worth of property destroyed (A&E Television Networks 2018, para. 2). Before the riots struck, the Watts community already struggled with unemployment rates rocketing , housing becoming unstable, and schools continuing to struggle. Once the riots broke out, these issues became more of a problem for the community. The outcome of this devastating bloodshed left a deep scar in American history.
Another nationally well known incident occurred near the end of the civil rights movement on a warm summer day, July 23, 1967 in Detroit, Michigan. Around this time, people had strong beliefs of things stated as Accusations of racial profiling and police brutality among Detroit's black residents (A&E Television Networks 2018, para. 2). William Scott, an African American late night after-hours club owner, operated at the wrong hours during that day. The club was raided by the police in the early hours of dawn. Hundreds of onlookers watched as nearly 90 people were being taken into custody by police. As the police were finishing up their task, a fight broke out between them and the hundreds of observers. While bottles were thrown, police attempted to flee as the small war began to start while thousands of onlookers crowded the streets nearby (A&E Television Networks 2018, para. 8). Statistically shown, 43 people were dead, 342 injured, nearly 1,400 buildings had been burned and some 7,000 National Guard and U.S. Army troops had been called into service (A&E Television Networks 2018, para. 1). Paratroopers were even called upon to patrol the Detroit streets. This devastating chaos lasted for five days and caused many people to lose their loved ones and lifetime earnings.
A similar incident happened in March of 1991, when an innocent taxi driver by the name of Rodney King was pulled over by police for speeding. Moments later, he was severely beaten by many on-duty police officers. From the footage police were seen kicking and clubbing King 56 times (Matiash & Rothman, 2016, para. 1). This was the spark for the beginning of L.A. Riots. As a result of the unnecessary beating that King received, a heavy impact was created as the brutality was filmed from inside a nearby apartment building. Since blacks have already been a target in the past, history is only continuing to repeat itself, while now there is proof such as the footage being broadcasted on national television for everyone to see. After the shocking news, Congress made it mandatory for the federal government to pay more attention to police departments. Many plans have been taken into action in ways such as The Justice Department has launched 70 investigations into state and local law enforcement agencies and has negotiated 40 reform agreements, half of which are court-enforced consent decrees (Patterson 2018, para. 2). As a result of the case, the officers who were visibly seen on tape beating King, were found innocent of any criminal charges.
Recent Incidents
A hot summer day, August 9th, 2014, eventually turned to be a saddened day gaining much national attention. On that day, Michael Brown, an 18 year old black teen, was gunned down that day by an on-duty police officer. Not only was Mr. Brown killed that day, he was also unarmed and accompanied by his friend, Dorian Johnson, who witnessed the altercation go downhill. Mr. Brown and Mr. Johnson were walking in the middle of the street, headed to Browns grandmother's house right before the incident happened. As the two men and officer were disputing, two women named Tiffany Mitchell and Piaget Crenshaw were watching the altercation. Due to the incident, reports say Mitchell and Crenshaw concurred with Johnson, saying Brown appeared to be trying to pry himself away from the officer's grasp (McLaughlin 2014, para. 22). While they were tussling, the first shot rang out striking Brown. As Brown broke free and began to flee, the three witnesses said that the officer got out of his vehicle shooting (McLaughlin 2014, para. 25). Bullets struck Brown's body as he ran, he turned around with his hands up and the officer fired several more rounds at Brown until he fell face first onto the concrete. Not only was a life taken, but many witnesses saw the incident and the jury still decided not to charge the officer with the crime that he committed resulting in the death of Michael Brown.
Along with the continuous injustices of falsely accused officers, there was many counter arguments on why these officers decided to shoot. This was shown in the case of Tamir Rice, a 12 year old clever boy, who was murdered in broad daylight due to lack of details and experience. It started on the day of November 22, 2014, when officers received a call through dispatch, that a black man at a park was taunting people with a gun. The information that wasn't given from the dispatcher to the officer was what the caller included about the individual probably being a juvenile and the gun possibly being fake.
During the beginning of the fatal moments, Officer Loehmann said that he gave commands to Tamir with his gun out and visible as he was approaching him. Officer Loehmann explained that he had to think fast because he and his partner were in immediate danger and were easy targets (Ali 2017, para. 10). The Rice family attorney stated that surveillance video shows Loehmann shooting the boy mere seconds after the officers' arrival (Ali 2017, para. 8). Officer Loehmann took the life of a little boy without full sight of what was really going on and having little experience on the force. Not only was this a miscommunication act that went absolutely wrong, it has also been used as an excuse for Officer Loehmann who fatally shot and killed a brilliant young man. As a result of the incident, the grand jury decided not to charge Officer Loehmann criminally liable for the death of Tamir Rice.
Another sad case in recent times happened on July 17, 2014, when a young black man by the name of Eric Garner was killed while unarmed on a corner on Staten Island, after being thrown on the ground and choked to death. Garner sold untaxed cigarettes on a street corner for a living, providing to the people in the community who were looking for a cheaper way of living. He was confronted by police and told officers, including Officer Justin Damico, to get away from him and would not allow them to detain or arrest him. Garner did not understand why he was getting harassed, so he then asked the question, "How can you arrest me now when I wasn't doing anything?" (Gross 2017, para. 15). After refusing, the officers let go of him and did not come back that day. Officer Justin Damico returned to the same corner with a partner by the name of Daniel Pantaleo. That is when the infamous 15 second chokehold was put into action against Mr. Garner. As Officer Pantaleo held onto Garner's neck, his last gasps of air were used saying the three words I Can't Breathe.
Laying on the concrete and fighting for life, Mr. Garner was given no oxygen by emergency paramedics from the Richmond University Medical Center. Just as many officers before it had been stated that Although the coroner's report listed the cause of Garner's death as "homicide," no police officer has been charged in the case (Gross 2017, para.7). This was another case added on to Michael Brown's saddening death while getting no justice for them. This gained much national attention and began many debates on the issue of police brutality. Daniel Pantaleo stayed on payroll of the New York City Police Department after he murdered young Eric Garner. Pantaleo continued to be free, get paid, and live with the same benefits while Garner will never be able to experience living ever again due to the officers actions.
Officers not Indicted
One of the incidents that left a major impact on the world happened on February 26, 2012
in Sanford, Florida and was not performed by a police officer but a neighborhood watch coordinator. George Zimmerman was a 28-year-old neighborhood watch coordinator for his gated community that turned the good guy with a gun scenario upside down. A young man by the name of Trayvon Martin was walking back to the home of his father's fiance from going to 7-Eleven to get a snack. On his way back to the home, he encountered Zimmerman who was dialing the local police due to him seeing a real suspicious guy. Zimmerman went on to tell the dispatcher This guy looks like he's up to no good, or he's on drugs or something. It's raining, and he's just walking around(Botelho 2012, para. 10). The dispatcher told Zimmerman not to follow Mr. Martin but he took issues upon himself to continue following him. As he came face to face with Trayvon, they had a dispute which escalated into a fist fight. There were not many witnesses but the few that were there heard arguing, loud talking, and eventually a gunshot which came from Zimmerman's 9mm semiautomatic handgun. The bullet that was let go from the gun pierced Martin's left chest and stayed there.
The police that did arrive were coming from the initial call that Zimmerman made. At 7:30 p.m. that evening, Trayvon Benjamin Martin was pronounced dead. After the tragedy, Zimmerman claimed Martin had attacked him, hitting him in the nose and knocking him back into the pavement. It was only then, in self-defense, that he'd taken out his gun and shot the teen (Botelho 2012, para. 21). Investigation had shown that Zimmerman did touch the gun, yet Trayvon did not. Eventually, George Zimmerman was taken into custody with his wife who was charged with perjury in June of 2012. After a bond was set for $1 million, he was released from jail, posting his required 10% of the money owed which was $100,000. After all of the back and forth of this trial eventually came to an end on February 24, 2015, when it was announced by the US Justice Department that George Zimmerman would not be held criminally liable for the death of Trayvon Martin. This brought many racial tensions throughout the United States. Florida placed a law called the Stand Your Ground Law saying that a claim of self defense must have evidence and not just words. Many people continue to understand that life as a African-American man is threatening to many people in this world no matter where you are. These incidents are starting to increase tremendously as the characters changing, but the script remaining the same (Smith 2012, para. 8).
Although many people are against what police officers have done to African Americans, there are some people who agree with the police officers who have committed these crimes. People who agree with those officers, believe that they were just doing what they could to protect themselves from a potential threat but in all honesty the only threat that they saw was the color of the African American skin. Several movements have been started by people against what those officers have did such as Hands Up Don't Shoot, I Can't Breathe, and the very famous Black Lives Matter. Meanwhile, people who agree with the officers who have created so much damage are campaigning against these movements. For instance, the Blue Lives Matter movement was a bill passed that if a crime is committed towards a police officer than it is stated that could lead to harsher penalties for people who commit violence against police than for those who hurt civilians (Dolan, para. 1).
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History Of Police Brutality. (2019, Mar 29).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
Police Presence in Minority Communities
What is the perception by residents of the police presence in minority communities?
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the research done on police presence in minority communities based on the articles done by McKeon, Wolverton, and others from magazines called The Christian Century and The Economist. All focus on some aspect of police brutality however from differing viewpoints as well as how they affect the citizens they're meant to protect instead are seen brutally attacking the supposed suspects under false charges they had written up in order to enact such a innate bloodthirsty desire or possibly a warped sense of justice to beat confessions out of the suspects regardless of whether they were guilty or innocent of their made-up crimes. It mainly can affect the person's psyche and trust in law enforcement especially when they're the one in trouble from someone or something else such as the death threats, robberies and other crimes one could experience over their lifetime.
What is the perception by residents of the police presence in minority communities?
Numerous articles have shown what levels of fear many have towards police and their presence within neighborhoods regardless of whether it could be positive or negative based on other influences such as the local news or other forms of media. With McKeon (2014), the police tried to set up a Mobile Crisis Intervention Team in Toronto, Canada with only two police officers registered with the psychiatric nurses. However, it is now set up in only 12 of the 17 divisions but the fact is how small each of them are in which it's only 4 officers per division whereas the problems grow in size and are enormous in some scenarios showing how limited they are with the program leaving them unable to deal with every call that comes in needing their help. They're more similar to EMT or rather paramedics and respond to mainly mental health crises that are very vague since it's unclear what is designated as such a case and they only come in after actual police officers have arrived to scene first before they can do anything to help. Although there are some exceptions to this in which they can't respond to situations where the person is either intoxicated or on a drug trip/overdose, also armed with weapons as well as acting violent are some of the mentioned situations they can't be involved in.
Most of the time the blame is set on the police due to the fact they're only prepared with 12 hours worth of information on Mental Health issues and only worry about weapon first rather than person first since they've been trained in dismantling the threat as soon as possible which means shooting the person holding the weapon to end the threat quickly instead of trying to talk them down and lower their weapon especially since they've been trained to see all people with weapons as threats only and nothing more. This also went to show that a persistent stigma continues to show all mentally ill are dangerous leading to more tragic outcomes than safe ones for the victims of police shootings.
Wolverton (2015) focuses on how false charges affect the reputation of police whether they're the ones behind the false charges or if it's against them. For example, at one time in 2015 there was a civilian arrested on the account of drunk driving and as he was being booked, he was supposedly beaten to an inch of his life by four deputies who had left him with a swollen face and a gash as well which he supposedly claims happened.
Most of the time, cases like these make the headlines of newspapers but this specific one didn't reach it due to the video evidence showing that the civilian came in with the gash before being booked into the county jail leading to his claim being dis-proven before any of the anti-police crusader groups come down as soon as there is any news of police brutality charges. As mentioned in the article, the sheriff Scott Mellinger handed the case to the Indiana State Police and removed his own as to not show any bias to his officers and allow the investigation to show whether the claims of the deputies abuse towards the victim was true or not, which as a result showed the injuries were already there prior to the booking and caused the victim to retract their claim and said it was most likely their imagination.
However, most claims are actually real and true rather than the person's imagination or simple dreams and aren't as easily disproved as it was noted further into the article where it mentions the deadly force used by an officer named Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri who was involved in the death of Michael Brown in last August but was cleared of charges of violating the victim's civil rights but it didn't sit well with many as a result and it was continually challenged leading to a potential combustible interactions between the police and citizens.
Another event was in Denver, Colorado where a video showed evidence of police being cleared of charges though it showed the dark side of things especially how brutal it was in reality. This was around the time deputies subdued and handcuffed 4 women whom had later claimed that they were thrown to the ground and sprayed with mace, all the while being continually beaten by the officers. The women filed a formal complaint against the department on account of two things of which one was the fact they didn't nothing incorrect to receive such savage beatings and secondly over the use of excessive force. Officers denied the charges and the public mass supported them through the entire way until the video came to light a few years later proving the women's claims which led to the city awarding them $360,000 and causing a fury from the public against the officers who used such brutal force against them. Although, once the angry mobs died down, the accused policemen returned to duty on the streets.
The most notorious time was in Cornelia, Georgia against people who didn't deserve any level of abuse given by cops in which a grenade was thrown through the window and landed exactly by the 19 months old sleeping child right next their face and exploded leaving the child horribly injured and disfigured as well as requiring 10 surgeries to repair the damages. This was all done on a supposed tip on an alleged $50 drug deal that was occurring within the household executed through a no-knock warrant which gave no warning to the sleeping family members who were unaware and not fighting against the cops invading their home.
Finally, police are consistently and falsely accused of misconduct under the notion of racial profiling whether it'd be from a celebrity or a simple citizen. In those charges, many have been proven incorrect due to evidence by voice and video recordings that have shown the accuser's claims to be falsely made even though the damage was already dealt to the officers' reputation.
In the article taken from the magazine called The Economist (2018), police confronted a man named Johnnie Rush, who had just finished his shift at the Cracker Barrel and brought himself beer, on the charge of Jaywalking which was known to be an offence within the state. Johnnie had argued and ran away after being accused of the charge, they knocked him down, tased him, and punched his head which rendered him unconscious as a result. Later, this lead to a lawsuit which then led into the use of body cams so neither side can lie over contested encounters and show evidence of what actually occurred during each confrontation. Yet such an invention still brings with it controversy where supposed evidence of body cams helping in reduction of bad behavior done by police officers remained unknown. However, the facial recognition programs can be more abused since it does give the ability to be used as a tool of deep real-time surveillance leading to less comfort and safety rather than more comfort and safety from how the public's thoughts on such a concept.
Even with the body cams, it did nothing for the damages done to Mr. Rush especially since the cameras were meant to increase good behavior from both sides rather than show the dark side of what cops do to citizens regardless of whether they fight back or not. Although in some studies, it showed that complaints have dropped since cops have begun wearing the body cams. While in other studies, some have shown that activating a body cam led to an escalation in the encounter versus those who weren't wearing one whereas in others, equipping a body cam led to no significant effect whatsoever, neither positive nor negative influences. Lastly, most of the time this information can end up being misused in the wrong hands especially when used for extortion crimes and blackmail towards innocent people just because of who they are or where they were parked on the street and the location of the area.
In the article taken from the magazine The Christian Century (2018), it talks about the protests done against police brutality and racism through many people such as Colin Kaepernick and Eric Reid whom had begun protesting back in 2016 and continued by many other NFL players. Their protests were shown to be powerful on the account of taking a knee since it demonstrates solidarity, empathy, and remembrance of the dead. It goes to show the fundamental identity as a person not just a football player from the player's posture as they step out of the role they play within the game as well as the other reason as it was noted in the article, that black football players have an emotional effect since they took a knee while the National Anthem was playing.
Many NFL fans objected to the protests and demanded they keep it to themselves and just play the game the fans paid for, also add to that, they should act like soldiers and keep opinions to themselves as well as accept all the debilitating injuries they receive from the sport even though no one asked them to do so without any complaints. Because of this, NFL league decided to outlaw the protests in which they gave the choices of either standing during the Anthem or be fined for their actions as a form of damage control to keep those fans happy and supporting them while minimizing the player's rights, opinions, and protests over a controversial subject.
References
- McKeon, L. (2014, March-April). Police, brutality, and mental health. This Magazine, 47(5), 2. Retrieved from https://link-galegroup-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/apps/doc/A360993949/GPS?u=mcc_sctsd&sid=GPS&xid=8522c721
- NFL players and other vulnerable bodies. (2018, June 20). The Christian Century, 135(13), 7. Retrieved from https://link-galegroup-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/apps/doc/A545566531/GPS?u=mcc_sctsd&sid=GPS&xid=5cd85549
- Walls have eyes; Street-level surveillance. (2018, June 2). The Economist, 427(9094), 4(US). Retrieved from https://link-galegroup-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/apps/doc/A540936985/GPS?u=mcc_sctsd&sid=GPS&xid=518ba081
- Wolverton, J., II. (2015, September 21). What about police brutality? The New American, 31(18), 33+. Retrieved from https://link-galegroup-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/apps/doc/A431081259/GPS?u=mcc_sctsd&sid=GPS&xid=d8bea259
Cite this page
Police Presence In Minority Communities. (2019, Mar 29).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
A Case of Police Brutality
Police brutality is the use of excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Police brutality comes in many different forms and ways with the clearest form being physical, the other forms include improper use of tasers, political repression, racial profiling, police corruption, sexual abuse, psychological intimidation, false arrests, and verbal abuse. To better understand, for example, DJ had a long day at work and drives to his house. He has a branch with a few leaves on it stuck in between the windshield wipers and the hood of his car. On his way home from work he is stopped by a police officer who asks him for his license and registration. Thinking this is just a quick stop DJ complies and gives the officer what he asked for, and asks
What did I do wrong officer? The officer replies Well there's vegetation stuck to your car and I suspect that it's a marijuana leaf, so I stopped you. DJ looks at the officer in disbelief and the officer walks back to his car. Thirty minutes later three more cop cars filled with officers arrive on the scene making the whole situation bigger than it is. Finally, after two and a half hours of sitting there the officers let DJ go home. This is a form of police brutality; the officer did stop him to see what was on his car but calling in more officers and wasting time wasn't at all necessary. Despite this example, police brutality has more of a history than what has been broadcasted into the news the last decade or so.
Police Brutality has been around since the Industrial Revolution when the workers were harmed physically by policemen because they went on strike. Police brutality was at its peak during the Civil Rights Movement where all forms of police brutality was used to stop the protestors which included high powered water hoses to knock the protestors down, German Shepard's to attack protestors, attacked the protestors with intent to kill, tear gas, etc. Since then it has calmed down just a little with a new generation being brought up, but the flames of police brutality were lit up once again. When the death of Trayvon Martin, in 2012, started to make its way across
all social media platforms and makes it way onto various news stations that updated the people of America what was going and what was going to happen. After that many more cases of police brutality started to make its way onto the news and across social media over the next few years.
There have been many victims of police brutality over the last one hundred years, and after all this time the most common target for the police has been African American males. Some of the victims include Rodney King, Philando Castile, Michael Brown, Stephon Clark, etc.
Rodney King was born on April 2, 1965 in Sacramento California to parents Ronald and Odessa King. Rodney King was one of the five other children his parents had together, but his father died at the age of forty-two leaving all the children to his wife Odessa. At 24 years old, Rodney robbed a store that belonged to a Korean in Monterey Park, California. He stole 200 dollars in cash and hit the owner. He was convicted and put behind the bars for a year().
On March 3, 1991 Rodney King and his two friends were chased by LAPD after Rodney refused to pull over after he was caught speeding. The high speed chased got intense as many other police cars got involved as well as a helicopter which was also chasing Rodney and his friends. After getting stopped they were told to get out the car, Rodney's friends listened and got arrested, Rodney refuse and when he finally got out of his car he was dragged out by officers and brutally beat Rodney King. At the same time Rodney King was getting brutally beat George Holiday recorded the entire incident. A few days later George sent the video to a television station and the clip of Rodney King getting dragged out his car and beat by police officers was broadcasted nationally for a few days. This tape was used in the trial that lasted three months, however a predominantly white jury acquitted the officers, inflaming citizens and sparking the violent 1992 Los Angeles riots(). Eventually Rodney King was awarded 3.8 million in a civil trial for the injuries he sustained from the beating. Two decades later Rodney King died in his swimming pool on June 17, 2012 in Rialto, California he was forty-seven at the time of his death.
Philando Castile was born July 16, 1983 in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated from Saint Paul Central High School in 2001 and got a job working for the Saint Paul Public School District from 2002 until his death in 2016. 'Castile started his career as a nutrition services assistant at Chelsea Heights Elementary School and Arlington High School, both in St. Paul, Minnesota. He then moved on to a higher position at J. J. Hill Montessori Magnet School in St. Paul in August 2014().
What led up to the shooting according to the article On July 6, 2016, Castile was pulled over as part of a traffic stop by Officers Jeronimo Yanez and Joseph Kauser in Falcon Heights, a suburb of St. Paul. According to officers, Castile and the passenger allegedly resembled suspects involved in an earlier robbery. Castile and his girlfriend, Diamond Reynolds, were returning from grocery shopping earlier in the evening. He had gotten a haircut, had dinner with his sister, Allysza, and picked up Reynolds from his residence in St. Paul. Yanez walked up to the side window and requested that Castile hand over his license and proof of insurance. Castile did and told Yanez he had a gun in his possession.
Moments later Officer Yanez told Castile not to take it out. Castile said he was not pulling out the gun. Yanez yelled, Don't pull it out! and pulled his own gun from his holster, striking Castile seven times at point blank range. Castile died on the scene. The aftermath of the shooting was live streamed on Facebook by his girlfriend and viewed by many as she is seen in the live stream talking to the officer who shot her boyfriend. A few days after the shooting an attorney by the mane of John Choi requested a Prompt and thorough investigation of the crime. After the investigation the officer that killed Philando Castile, Yanez, was put on trial and charged with three felonies: one count of second-degree manslaughter and two counts of dangerous discharge of a firearm. Yanez was acquitted of all these charges, however the City of Saint Anthony fired him the same day. Philando Castile's Death sparked protest and marches which caused Interstate 94 in between Minnesota State Highway 280 and downtown St. Paul to be closed. Many more protests happened across the country with some becoming violent.
Michael Brown Jr. was born in Florissant, Missouri on May 20, 1996 to parents Lesley McSpadden and Michael Brown Sr. He has struggles early on with his education, however he recovered and graduated on time and with his class in 2014. He planned to go to trade school right after graduating.
According to the article the events of case are as follows At 11:47 a.m., Wilson responded to a call about a baby with breathing problems and drove to Glenark Drive, east of Canfield Drive. About three minutes later and several blocks away, Brown was recorded on camera stealing a box of Swisher cigars and forcefully shoving a Ferguson Market clerk. Brown and his friend, Dorian Johnson, left the market at about 11:54 a.m. At 11:53, a police dispatcher reported "stealing in progress" at the Ferguson Market and described the suspect as a black male wearing a white T-shirt running toward QuikTrip. The suspect was reported as having stolen a box of Swisher cigars. At 11:57, the dispatch described the suspect as wearing a red St. Louis Cardinals hat, a white T-shirt, yellow socks, and khaki shorts, and that he was accompanied by another male. At 12:00 p.m., Wilson reported he was back in service and radioed units 25 and 22 to ask if they needed his assistance in searching for the suspects. Seven seconds later, an unidentified officer said the suspects had disappeared. Wilson called for backup at 12:02, saying "[Unit] 21. Put me on Canfield with two. And send me another car."
Initially, reports of what happened next differed widely among sources and witnesses, particularly with regards to whether Brown was coming towards Wilson when the shots were actually fired. At noon on August 9, Wilson drove up to Brown and Johnson as they were walking in the middle of Canfield Drive and ordered them to move off the street. Wilson continued driving past the two men, but then backed up and stopped close to them. A struggle took place between Brown and Wilson after the former reached through the window of the police SUV, a Chevrolet Tahoe. Wilson's gun was fired twice during the struggle from inside the vehicle, with one bullet hitting Brown's right hand. Brown and Johnson fled and Johnson hid behind a car. Wilson got out of the vehicle and pursued Brown.
At some point, Wilson fired his gun again, while facing Brown, and hit him with at least 6 shots. Brown was unarmed and died on the street.() Michael Brown's death caused fury around the nation adding fuel to the newly found Black Lives Matter Movement. The policeman the killed Michael Brown was put on a trail that lasted more than three months due to the Grand Jury not coming to a decision on the case. After the three months were over the Grand Jury decided not to indict the police officer. Stephon Clark was born on August 10, 1995, he graduated from Sacramento High School where he played football during his time there. Not much else is known about his early life and or life before the shooting.
According the article Two officers fired a total of 20 shots at Clark on March 18. The officers were responding to a 911 call reporting someone breaking car windows in the 7500 block of 29th street. A Sacramento County Sheriff's Department helicopter also responded to the 911 call. Deputies in the helicopter reported seeing a man armed with a "tool bar" in a nearby backyard and began directing the ground officers to that location. Police said officers believed Clark the object was a gun and fired, "fearing for their safety." No gun was found at the scene. Police said the object was a cellphone. It was found near Clark's body and taken into evidence. Each of the two officers involved in the shooting fired 10 shots, for a total of 20 shots fired, police say. The Sacramento Police Department released the body camera footage and helicopter footage three days after the shooting. Video from a Sacramento Sheriff's Department helicopter shows Clark running from a neighbor's yard and leaping a fence into his grandmother's property.
The deputies in the helicopter can be heard saying the suspect had broken a window on the house next door and was checking out another car in the driveway. Police body-cam videos show the police running down the driveway after Clark and taking cover at the rear edge of the building. "Show me your hands! Gun, gun, gun!" one of the officers can be heard shouting just before shots rang out. California's attorney general and the police department are conducting an investigation into what happened that night.() A summarized version of what happened to Stephon Clark: Sacramento shooting of Stephon Clark happened on March 18, 2018. He was killed by two officers of the SPD or Sacramento Police Department. The SPD were looking for a person breaking windows in the area. Once they saw Clark, they deemed him to be the suspect they were looking for. They shot him when he, according to them, pulled out a gun and pointed it at them. After shooting him and killing him in the process, they realized the gun he pointed was a cell phone. The case is still live and has not found a verdict, but because of this, the large protests in Sacramento have occurred.
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A Case Of Police Brutality. (2019, Mar 28).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
Two Aspects of Police Brutality
The Two Sides of Police Brutality
Barack Obama once said, Our police officers put their lives on the line for us every single day. They've got a tough job to do to maintain public safety and hold accountable those who break the law (Earnest 2014). This statement uses a rhetorical device known as hyperbole. A hyperbole is used when there is an over exaggeration to prove one's point. In this case, Obama is trying to prove the importance of the police and their difficult jobs that put them at risks everyday. Many individuals, however, have begun to question the work ethics of the police as the rates of police brutality has increased. In today's society, police brutality has become a controversial issue, as the media uses various tactics to showcase the police in different aspects. The media showcases two sides to this issue: the police using improper, excessive behavior to citizens and the police effectively doing their jobs within their rulebooks.
Police brutality is a horrific, reoccurring problem that has been going on for a long time. In our culture the rise of technology has made it impossible for unjust treatment from the law enforcement to go unnoticed. Every action is either recorded on body cameras or from handheld devices being used by a bystander watching. The gatekeepers are the news channels and people who personally witness these events. These bystanders often broadcast these issues on social media or television for others to see. This has influenced activists and groups of individuals to create a movements to help those who have been affected by police brutality. There are constantly new articles or videos being released in the media for the public to view. Videos such as that of Eric Garner saying, I can't breathe 11 times until he lost consciousness or that of Diamond Reynolds stating to the police officer, You shot four bullets into him, sir. He was just getting his license and registration, sir' (Alang, 2017, p.106). Police officers are not following the correct training and quick to abuse their power. It is causing physical and mental abuse to the citizens who are supposed to feel protected by the police. A moral judgement can evolve when it comes to police brutality. A moral judgment comes from whether or not you think something is morally wrong. Many people think that police treatment against citizens is wrong and unethical. There are many unnecessary lives loss over the assumptions made from police officers.
Police officers are using discrimination as a reason for probable cause of their actions Unfortunately, certain races are more likely to become a victim to unfair treatment. Blacks are almost five times more likely than are Whites to have a police intervention-related injury(Alang, 2017, p.106). For this reason, the way people react to this issue can come from a personal bias regarding the color their skin. Since people of color are more probable to encounter this problem it is more likely to anger them and continue to further the division of the citizens and law enforcement.
In a series of shootings that has lead to a national debate regarding the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers, the law itself have given little to no guidance on when the use of force by law enforcement is justified (Gross, J., 2016, p 155). In 1985, Tennessee vs Garner, a police officer used deadly force by shooting and killing a teenage boy who was running away from him. In the officers defense, he used the Tennessee statute that an authorized police officer may use all the necessary means to effect the arrest of the suspect (Gross, J., 2016, p 156). This story has led to what is an important guide to law enforcement. In 2014, two Ohio police officers responding to a 911 call of a guy with a gun, who was pointing it at people, shot and killed a 12-year-old boy who was playing with a toy gun. In an incident that could have been prevented had the police officers taken the correct steps, failed to do so by using deadly force. In the article, Judge, Jury, and Executioner, Gross, J. discusses Police Officers' aggressive use of force stating that the assumption made by the court, that officers are forced to make split-second decisions regarding the use of force, and they typically must use force for self defense (2016, p 161).
The opposite is actually true-police officers typically use force offensively rather than defensively and do so with at least some degree of premeditation (Gross, J., 2016, p 161). When it comes to the social media or the news, we often tend to read or view what pertains to our personal preference. In that, the news or social media will often use confirmation bias, which refers to the tendency to attach more weight to evidence that supports our viewpoint (Brooke, M. & Parker, R., 2017, p 15). When it comes to the safety of the citizens and the police where do we draw the line to say what is excessive and what is not.
The media fails to showcase a police's ability to do his/her job properly. Often times, what is showcased in the media neglects certain aspects, such as the citizens behavior prior to his/her arrest. On May 20, 2014, a news outlet showed an African American professor named Ersula Ore being body slammed to the ground because the police believed that she had been jay-walking (Fridkin 2017). During the event, the woman and police officer got into a brawl, which resulted in what appeared to be an aggressive act done by the police. This instance, however, does not show the woman's unwillingness to comply to the officer. In fact, the woman, Ore, refused to show her identification even though the officer had asked her 7 times (Fridkin 2017).
This incidence, in which the media failed to showcase both sides of police brutality, has happened more than once. This is known as the Strawman fallacy, in which the media misrepresents the issue to fit their argument. In this case, the media focuses on a police's aggressive ways to gain attention to show brutal force done by the police, but fails to show other aspects. An aspect that the media fails to showcase is a citizen's behavior. In fact, a citizen's excessive involvement in crimes of violence and other serious offenses, and their resistance to authority when placed under arrest has resulted in many misrepresented police shootings (McElvain 2009). Often times, the media uses repetition, a rhetorical device that is used when an individual repeats his or her statements or ideas multiple times, to showcase police brutality to make it appear as if there is an excessive amount of police brutality occuring within the nation; when in fact, there is just more news coverage (McLaughlin 2015).
By showing more news coverage of these events, it will make it appear as if police brutality is occuring more and more within society. In addition, there are other factors that contribute to a citizen's arrest, such as intoxication and prior violent criminal behavior (McElvain 2009). These factors, however, are downplayed by the media and viewed as insignificant premises. A downplayer is a rhetorical device that seeks to tone down the significance of something and raise attention to something else (Moore 2017). These factors are important to understand because it will provide more context to the situation and show the reasons why a policeman would exert force to control the situation. It is also important to know these types of information before coming to a conclusion about an issue because it will allow one to understand the background of the event in a better aspect.
Police officers are often under credited by the media. The media crops out real stories of people when being arrested or detained by police officers. These are some questions one should think about when viewing these kinds of videos: what did the person do to be arrested? How were the officers provoked? What actions of the detainee caused the police officer to use excessive force-whether it be resisting arrest or assaulting a police officer? People often use stereotypes against officers due to their image portrayed by the media.
A stereotype is a held assumption about a group of people due to an individual's cultural beliefs. An example of a stereotype commonly held is that police are only males. This is a popular stereotype because there are not much female policemen portrayed in the media. Another stereotype is that police use guns to handle situations. This stereotype is popular because of the fact that there have been many instances that showcase the police using their guns to handle a situation. Stereotypes, however, often influence and limit an individual's thinking. In addition, these stereotypes can lead to a fallacy known as hasty generalization, which occurs when there is a generalization of a subject based on a small sample.
For example, if a citizen has been exposed to too much news about the police using improper tactics and actions, the citizen may feel threatened by the police and not ask for their help. They may also view these authoritative figures negatively. Instead of creating these hasty generalizations, it is important for an individual to think critically about this issue and examine various points of the situation.
The issue of police brutality is shown in two contrasting aspects: police using aggressive, improper actions towards citizens or the police effectively handling situations within their code of ethics. In an era where news can be viewed or shared by the click of a button, and where many individuals can pick and choose what they read or hear. Ways for an individual to critically think about this issue and create a decision are to research, find biases or fallacies within their sources, and identify whether an article's argument contains valid premises. If these steps are done, the individual will be able to gain a bettering understanding of the issue and therefore, be able to form an informed opinion.
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Two Aspects of Police Brutality. (2019, Mar 28).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
How to Deal with Police Brutality
Have you ever witnessed or know someone who has suffered of police brutality? People would never think that the men and women that are supposed to protect us are the ones abusing their power. Police brutality occurs when police officers use excessive or unnecessary force when dealing in certain situations with civilians. There are many cases that go unseen and the reason behind this is because the police have a code of honor that says that police do not tell on each other.
During the 1960s, there where significant events that marked American history. One of the most significant events was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act is a set of laws that banned discrimination in the workplace regardless of race, religion, color, national origin, or sex. This act cause anger among the white Americans. They were angry because now the minority had the same rights and opportunities as the white Americans. With all the anger in the air huge riots started to happen. There were several race riots but the motivation behind this was police brutality. Two of the biggest riots where the Watts Riots of 1965 and the Detroit Riot of 1967.
The Detroit Riot of 1967 was one of the most violent and destructive riots in United States history. What started this riot was when police raided an illicit after-hours club serving alcohol and arrested all those present. Most of the arrest where African American. After this everything let loose. There was a total of 43 dead, over 7,000 people were arrested, and over 1,000 buildings were burned down. The president Lyndon B. Johnson attempted to end the riot by sending U.S. National Guard and U.S. Army. In my opinion everything could have been handled differently from the start. From my point of view and from what I read, the police men knew what they were going to do and they should had prepared ahead of time. This was not there first rodeo. They should have taken better precautions after las riot that occurred in 1965, The Watts Riot.
According to statistics, police brutality could happen anywhere. The state that has had more shooting up to this date is California, a total of 98 shootings. Overall, there has been a total of 857 people shot and killed by police in 2018. On average, a police officer takes the life of a citizen every seven hours in the United States. Like I said before, the code of honor that police have has not helped one bit. The most shocking statistic that I found was 52% of police officers report that it is not unusual for law enforcement officials to turn a blind eye to the improper conduct of other officers.
One recent case of police brutality was in Arizona on September 2018. A 38-year old women, identified as Renne Armenta, was assaulted after being forcibly removed out of her vehicle by a police officer of The Goodyear Police Department. According to the police officer, his reason behind his actions was that when he told Armenta she was being arrested for a suspended driver's license, she tried to run away. A part of the statement that the Goodyear Police Department gave stated We are working to review body cam footage and conducting interviews to determine exactly what occurred. Once our investigation is complete and all the facts are in, we will be better able to provide accurate information as to the details of this arrest. According to court documents, marijuana and a smoking pipe were found in Armenta's purse. At the end of the day, the police officer had no right to abuse of his power in such manner. He did not have to assault the victim and drag her just to get her in handcuffs. As of today, nothing has been done.
With all this people suffering, how do the police officers get punished? The police officer who gets accused of police brutality are assigned to desk duty and have their gun taken away. The police officer will also face internal affairs investigation with in his or her life and personality. The accusation, even if its false, well stay in the officer's record. When it comes to the police department, the police commissioner and the officer's direct supervisor will most likely be held responsible for the officer's behavior and might even resign. The craziest thing about this is from an accusation of police brutality, the department will suffer and when they need help from the public for an investigation, the public will turn their back to the police department. The public trust for the police will go down. So, in my opinion, there actions are only hurting themselves and the people they work for. They are ruining their own reputation.
Another case that got to me was about a twelve-year-old little girl, Dymond Milburn. According to the HoustonPress, the little girl went outside a little past eight at night just to turn on a switch when three officers jumped out of a blue van screaming You're a prostitute. You're coming with me. Couldn't the see she was only a little girl? In my opinion they knew exactly what they were doing. The reason why the Galveston police officers where there was because they were called to the area regarding three white prostitutes soliciting a white man and a black drug dealer. A police officer should have the enough training and common sense to know the difference between a twelve-year-old and a grown white prostitute. The police officer's allegation for their action was that they though she was a hooker just because she was wearing tight shorts, keeping in mind this happen in 2006. The officers beat up the little girl so bad that she was hospitalized for black eyes and throat and ear-drum injuries. This is nonsense! Three grown man couldn't contain a twelve-year-old girl that they have to put her through such trauma. The officers knew they were on the wrong so they tried to cover their own tracks by saying she assaulted one of the officers. She was later arrested in school but everything ended in a mistrial. What happen to those three police men? With my research I could not find a clear answer but I believe nothing happen to them. Every article focused on the victim and the overall situation, they leave it as a mistrial.
There is no escape when it comes to this. Russia is no stranger to police brutality. As of matter of fact, Russia has truly severe cases. There was even a case where a Finnish police officer was charged with smashing a man's face into asphalt. It would not be surprising to find out that nothing happened to the police officer. This isn't surprising considering the statistics for Russia. Almost one in four Russians say they have seen police brutality first hand. Keeping this in mind, 28.6% of people have heard cases from family and friends, shocking. 12.3% of Russians have reported of being actual victims of police brutality.
Everything can be avoided if the police would have better trainings. I understand that we are all human beings but not everyone if physically and mentally fit for this type of career. A police officer must be compassionate, capable of thinking critically, not easily offended or excited but most importantly being capable of using restraining or using force while not being convicted of police brutality. The best way of training is to start with the right people. According to some training experts, recruitment is key. The recruiters most have life experience and people skills so they are able to relate with people from all different backgrounds. When someone has been in danger, whether it be a fight or a car accident, he or she tends to learn to see the danger approaching and find ways to prevent it from happening or react to it (Griffith 2015). According to the Washington post, for the past 6 years all recruiters from Washington state had created a new training that would produce guardians of democracy who serve and protect instead of warriors who conquer and control.
Some of the ways to avoid police brutality is if ever stopped make sure to be calm and respectful. When the officer asks questions, make sure to not give non-committal answers or just express the right to remain silent.
My overall thoughts of police brutality are getting worse as I read more about it. Innocent and guilty people are being killed because of police officers not being able to control themselves and abusing their power. This made me realize that police brutality is not limited, this is happening all over the globe. People say that police brutality is simply the new wave of publicity it brings. With the media in our favor we can keep the law enforcement in check.
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How To Deal With Police Brutality. (2019, Mar 28).
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Victims of Police Brutality
Have police changed from one decade to the next? Police brutality has only changed in the way the abuse is viewed, but not in the way that it is committed or the motivation behind it. In the Martin Luther King era, there was acceptable police brutality in which African American citizens were blatantly assaulted, mistreated, and in some cases killed. Now in the present-day use of force or police brutality, must have a justified reason in order for the offending officer to be placed on trial and for the victim and their family to receive justice. Police brutality is very inhumane in the way African Americans are shot and beat like they are animals or trash. This issue is not a newly discovered issue but rather an issue that has merely gone unaddressed for decades. Dating as far back as Martin Luther King era in 1929 to 1968, and moving forward to other events such as Rodney King in 1991, Eric Garner in 2015, and Sandra Bland in 2015.
African Americans have been not receiving the justice they deserve. Martin Luther King, Jr's "I Have a Dream" speech in March 1963, keeps on resounding today after a long history of brutal encounters between African-American natives and the police. In his speech he says "there are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, when will you be satisfied? We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality."(King Jr.)
During the Civil Rights Era, although several of the movement's leaders advocated for peaceful protests, the Sixties were fraught with violent and harmful riots. Aggressive dispersion tactics, such as police dogs and hearth hoses, against people in peaceful protests and sit-ins were the first widely publicized events of police brutality during that era. However, it had been the pervasive violent policing in communities of color that resonated distrust on an unremarkable level.
In 1967 one of the most lethal riots occurred in Newark when law enforcement officials severely beat a black cab driver during a traffic stop. The beating of John Smith by police caused a riot in which twenty-six people died and plenty of others were wounded throughout the four days of unrest. President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968, organized the National informatory Commission on Civil Disorders to analyze the causes of those significant riots (The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders).
The origins of the unrest in Newark were not distinctive in exceeding police versus subject incident. The commission over police actions were final incidents before the irruption of violence in twelve of the twenty-four surveyed disorders.
The commission known segregation and impoverishment as indicators and revealed recommendations for reducing social inequalities, recommending associate expansion and reorientation of the rehabilitation program to present priority to directly helping low-income households to get adequate housing. Johnson however, rejected the commission's recommendations (Mazzola Vance Media for NJ.com and Yi/ NJ Advance Media for NJ.com).
Black newspapers rumored incidents of police brutality throughout the first and mid-20th century, and therefore the popularization of radio storytelling unfolding those stories even more (Moore). Following the beating of cab driver Rodney King in 1991, video footage vividly told the story of police brutality on Tv to a much larger audience. During the arrest, King was struck over fifty times by police with nightsticks after resisting police orders. A bystander to the event, George Holliday, recorded the arrest which was later played on local station KTLA and several other news networks nationwide. A week after the incident, a Grand Jury delivered indictments against all of the officers who participated in the arrest for assault with a deadly weapon and use of excessive force.
More than a year following the night of the beating, the Los Angeles Police officers charged in the trial were cleared of the charges against them. Consequently, as a result of the verdict, many residents of Los Angeles responded with surprise and rage. Some people took to the streets to protest. Others turned to their televisions to watch events unfold. From April 29 through May 15 in 1992, television networks devoted extensive resources and airtime to the uprising. The core of a good portion of the resulting activity occurred in the South-Central area of Los Angeles, and events spread quickly across many parts of the city.
Data collected through the Washington Post regarding the use of deadly force against citizens by police officers in 2015 indicated that relative to the element of the population, African Americans are over-represented among all those killed with the aid of police underneath all circumstances (The Washington Post). The US Census estimatesthat African Americans made up 13% of the total inhabitants of the United States (Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)).
In 2015 African Americans accounted for 26% of those that were killed by police, in 2016 which is 24%, and in 2017 which 23% of all those killed by the police officers. African Americans were the victims of the lethal use of force through police at almost twice their amount in the general population. For the first half of 2018, African Americans make up 20% of all those killed by the police considering all plausible scenarios. As of the cease of June 2018, of the 102 Black humans killed by police, eleven had been unarmed (11% of the African Americans killed by police) (The Washington Post).
African Americans account for 38% of the unarmed residents killed through police so far this year. That is three times the proportion of African Americans in the US population. While anyone confronted by the police, withholding a weapon being debatable, does not deserve to be killed by way of police gunfire, one would argue that even those with a weapon other than a gun, must be can be apprehended by police except the use of lethal force. Police ought to have the training, skill, and expectation that an encounter, even with a non-cooperative or fleeing citizen, should be resolved with the aid of ability different than lethal force (The Washington Post).
Unfortunately, compared to Black victims with no weapon at all, those with no gun that were killed by police demonstrate a less dramatic decline between 2015-2017. In 2015, a 115 African Americans who had no gun on them (but may also have had a pipe, knife, or been operating a vehicle) were killed by the police. The number of victims under the same stipulations In 2016, used to be eighty-eight, and in 2017 it was ninety-two Through the end of June 2018, forty-nine African Americans that were killed by police this year had no gun. That is 48% of the African Americans killed through police (The Washington Post).
In 2015, of all the Whites killed through police, 6.04% had been unarmed, in 2016 that number declined to 4.51% that were unarmed, and in 2017, the number increases to 5.69% have been unarmed. In 2015, of all the African Americans killed with the aid of police, 14.67% have been unarmed, in 2016 we see a full-size drop to 7.30% that had been unarmed when killed by using police, and in 2017, 8.76% of African Americans killed with the aid of police have been unarmed when killed. Of all the African Americans killed by the police, a more significant number of African Americans are not armed compared to Hispanics and Whites. Despite a decline from 2015, in 2017 African Americans had been nonetheless 54% extra in all likelihood to be unarmed when killed by way of police compared to Whites (The Washington Post).
In 2014 a 395 pound 6'2 African American Man by the name of Eric Garner was unlawfully selling cigarettes and was aggressively placed in a chokehold after what police said he was resisting arrest. Garner said over eleven times that he could not breathe and not one police officer listened. He died from not getting the medical attention he needed. The police are here to protect and serve the community; no one came to Eric Garners aid that day.
Sandra Bland was a 28-year-old African American woman. Sandra Bland graduated from Prairie View A&M University in 2009 with her degree in algaculture. Sandra Bland was pulled over July 13, 2015, for a traffic violation, failure to use a signal to change lanes. She was pulled over by a Hispanic officer named Brian Encinia, who then arrested her for speaking her rights. Ms. Bland was found dead in police custody. The death was ruled as a suicide. Bland's family said she was in a great place in her life and was to start a job at her old college. In 2016 Brian Encinia was indicted for perjury and fired. Mr. Encinia lied about the circumstances surrounding Bland's arrest. Sandra Bland's mother received 1.9 million in a suit filed against the department. An educated black female with no mental history of suicide, had no intentions of taking her own life. Sandra was pulled over in a racist part of Texas by a cop that was looking for a confrontation. When do you get pulled over for not using a signal unless it causes an accident? This case was only one of many current instances in which African Americans are being mistreated by police and how it's trying to get covered up and excused.
Windle Hawkins, an African American male, joined the Los Angeles police department in 1988, that is 30 years of service. Windle is family to me, my kid's uncle. He is a firm dedicated and fair police officer. Windle rank is Sergeant III. He works the tough areas of Los Angeles one of them is Watts. There are a lot of good officers that get lost and judged because of the bad officers. When you put a non-ethnic police officer in an area where they do not understand that areas dynamics it can be problematic to why we have so many white police so quick to shoot blacks. The killings of blacks by a white police officer is the fear of the unknown.
In the 1980 era and now, the police feared black's strength, our willingness not to back down and our education. The white man has always wanted to keep the black race down so we could not be educated in school and beat our slaves so they would feel broken. Understandably whites were marching with Martin Luther King. White police abused those whites for standing up for black rights. Even now some white officers see no color and want to do their job but, just like the black officers getting bad raps because of their career, both get lost in the whole cycle of bad cops. Sergeant Hawkins has also been called Uncle Tom because of his career working for the white man. There are bad people in every race. White officers come at blacks as if their race doesn't commit the same crimes yet the white officer and the judicial system show the white man more leniency that the black man.
Police brutality has been going on now for decades even with the peaceful marches with Martin Luther King or the aggressive way of Malcolm X taking care of his people with the Black Panthers. The white race fears black people because blacks are not dumb as they wanted us to be. Now in 2018, we have Black Lives Matter. The African American community will not just take lies and killings without fighting back, and that's what police fear. There are many great officers sadly been lost behind the corruption and bad officers. Everyone needs to stop judging one another and treat each person as an individual and then maybe we can learn to respect one another. We are not our ancestors we will not be victims without a voice anymore. Hatred is a learned behavior so we must all reteach ourselves that we are all equals, because if we do not our children will continue this horrible cycle.
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Aspects of Police Brutality
Police brutality refers to systematic misuse of authority and powers through the unwarranted infliction of bodily or psychological pain to civilians by law enforcers during their official duties. The routine enforcement of law using excessive force against unarmed civilians and the correctional misuse of facilities to manipulate, inflict, injure or subject a civilian to torture amounts to police brutality. Militarily prisons and federal penal correctional facilities, through the personnel operating the facilities, can practice police brutality through extreme subjection of pain and torturous acts with attempts to solicit information or evidence form an inmate. Police brutality falls into two facets: physical and emotional torture. Physical torture, primarily involves excessive force through inflicting bodily harm and subjecting the victim to environments and circumstances that aims at inflicting discomfort and causing bodily pain.
Psychological torture involves denial of basic needs, abuse, and subjection to processes that are emotionally destabilizing. Though physical damage results in mental suffering and systematically alters the comfort of the victim. During the periods of the slave trade, the great force and physical execution of the slaves heralded the eternal evil of police brutality. The continuous attempts to champion a police brutality-free society is proving difficult since it is a tradition rooted in humiliation, subjugation, and belittling of other races and religions perceived as social misfits' or ?lesser' persons in society.
Notably, the transition of the slave society into enlightenment and glamor for equality, freedom and, democratic rights to vote in the 19th and 20th century ushered in another systemic and tragic emergence of systemized and legally enforced police brutality against civilians . The police acted under expressed orders in most cases during the civil rights movement era, and this resulted in thousands of unarmed civilians falling to the brutal torture of police. During the civil rights movement, police brutality was routine practice a way of suppressing the demonstrators. Despite the massive campaign against the constant torture and execution of innocent civilians, the system of cruelty increased and became more comprehensively evil.
Worthy to underscore is that police brutality was and is never meant for the weak and the local civilians but rather anyone going against the government/system during the movement era. A Majority of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement were continuously victims of brutality, and some ended up assassinated in the process. It can be argued that the Civil Rights Movement era was the extreme moment of police brutality in the United States.
Police brutality, famously known as savage cruelty' against innocent civilians, continually receives condemnation across the country. Much legislation and governmental departments were established to combat the vice. Despite the efforts of a majority of police to protect the civilians, a rogue officers' acts under orders of their own, still engaging in the act of brutalizing and terrorizing their victims. Rogue police officers perpetrate the act of brutality under the "color of law." When cornered by the same law, they maneuver the system and cover-up their criminal activities.
The Black Lives Matter movement is the rebirth of a Civil Rights Movement era in America. The state of political, economic and social injustices black society feel subjected to has crossed the line. With police brutality still gaining noticeable attention nowadays in the United States, it begs the question: what are the triggering factors of police brutality and what are the legislative frameworks that seek to protect the civilians from this injustice and what is the statistical evidence of the situation in the United States within the last four years?
To successfully answer the research question, application of qualitative and quantitative assessment of the situation is necessary. The use of the two methods of research analysis is introduced to have more evidence and data to increase the support for my argument. The strength of this dual approach is that the models will systematically exhaust all the evidence that is quantifiable and at the same time show the degree of the situation in the United States. The only downside to the dual-approach is the inability to exhaustively consolidate all the pieces of evidence and harmonize the cases to create the needed answer.
Research on police brutality is an exciting yet convicting discourse since it seeks to descriptively lay bare the state of the long-hidden effects of racism and create a harmonized view and idea that as a country citizens can act upon the issue to entirely eradicate the vice of brutality.
After a critical appraisal of the previous similar researches surrounding police brutality, the answers converge to one point: there is little or no goodwill among the ruling class, the judicial system and the police force to wholly combat the vice. The state and level of negligence especially by the political class give the other arms of government the room to relax and overlook the excesses of police brutality. Additionally, the answers seem to continually point an accusing finger to other dominant races in the country for failing to stand-in for the minority races and demand justice for the victims.
The continuous abuse of public rights in any society is in all measures an act of incivility. Over the years, The US holds respect for its civility, home of democratic principles and human rights protection and equality. As a champion of the global respect for human rights, it is unfortunately barbaric for us to overlook the constant inhuman nature of the police force upon the minority groups in the country. Through a systematic and critical analysis of the state of police brutality in the United States of America, the essential aspect of the study is a race as the basis of the skewed cases of police brutality experienced in the United States. Furthermore, the analysis seeks to create a discourse that descriptively assesses the milestones, the setbacks, the legal, social, civil and religious framework that can significantly address the situation. With the help of statistical evidence, an argument and analysis of the position will establish the level of decline or increase of the cases in the past five years.
Police brutality associatively involves several factors such as religion, political affiliation, race, and socio-economic status. The competition is the most critical source of police brutality in the United States. The existing statistical evidence shows that a majority of the victims of police brutality are both African American and Latin American. The subject of understanding in this racial profiling is by crime, immigration illegalities and other activities that can warrant police intervention. Over time, the black community of the US has borne the brunt force of the brutality since the emergence of slavery through to the Civil Rights Movement era to date.
The worrying rate at which the black community experiences racial profiling for both real and imaginary crimes is alarming despite the USA being considered the most mature democracy and home of civility. Forceful detention and torture are common cases experienced by the black community especially the youth and young adults. Notably, racial profiling as a basis of police brutality is statistically substantiated based on the number of black persons in the prisons wrongfully detained or the justice system's delay in hearing their case. Police brutality is directed to powerless groups without political protection, without economic strength to legally counter the misfortunes and experiences subjected to the black community over the years.
The use of a war model of policing is the main reason for police brutality's reemergence and zestful application in racially profiled societies of the US. The application of a war model of policing results in the occurrence of fatalities and unnecessary deaths or injuries among civilians. Police view the combat against crime as a fight and war against the criminals or perceived evildoers in society and equate them as enemies. The full-force commonly experienced in war zones is the basis of the indiscriminate brutalities both across the innocent and the perceived criminals. These forceful acts of police create a society that directly views the police as enemies, not law enforcers4. Evidence has it that, police officers who have had an experience with war or subjected to war are 50% likely to exercise brutality on civilians compared to nonveterans.
From some angles, academia has found the systemic cruelty by the police a subject of study and established theories that try to explain this phenomenon. Threat hypothesis theory and community violence hypothesis theory are some of the most popular arguments trying to solve the mystery underlying the actions of police descriptively 5. Threat hypothesis theory proposes that police use force with a direct or indirect response to a potential threat from a group/racial or social class considered as a possible threat factor to the social order of society.
The inculcation of this attitude of fire for fire' response among the police, systematically explains why, during demonstrations and peace picketing, the police view demonstrators as a threat to the coexistence and social order of society. The theory exemplifies that, police profiling along racial lines indicates that, the higher the cases of police brutality cases meted on a particular race, the higher the chances that that specific race was associated with social disturbances, economic sabotage, and law-breaking.
The weak points of the threat hypothesis theory
The theory has several downsides. Firstly, the approach in all measure is one-sided, supporting one known evil act (police brutality) against a potentially unverified evil (threat to social order). The point of argument of the theory is to justify the repulsive response and justified actions of brutality by police against mostly innocent civilians by profiling and to associate them to social misfits or threats to the social order and lawfulness.
According to the theory of community violence hypothesis, the idea postulates that the police use forces in direct responsiveness to the levels of existing or potential violence in the community posed by the threatening groups or directly raised to the police. The theory explains that the higher the threats a social misfit group pose on the society, the higher the police offensive power to counter the elements.
Arguably, there is the sense in the argument that it underlines the principle and foundations of the theory, but the indiscriminate exercise of this force against the threat groups and by extension society is never justified in any case. There are many cases in which the siblings, parents and innocent friends of the perceived misfits are subjected to traumatizing experiences of police brutality in attempts to respond to crimes in equal measure unselectively.
Notably, the two theories lack the fundamental aspects of human life, the sanctity of human conscience and political and legal responsibility for its citizens by the government. The one-sided argument of the theories tries to substantiate that police brutality is the only underlying strength that can combat crime or alleviate threats to social order. The justified application of fire to subdue fire' as evident in the theories is the basis for the frequent cases of police brutality since the antagonists will never have a roundtable or common ground to make the right decisions.
Furthermore, to refute the foundational beliefs of the theory, the theories failed to capture the institutional protection and defense of human sanctity, freedoms, and responsibilities that police have over the wayward members of the society. In this context, the police fail to set the limits of applying the law and thus create an environment that civilians perceive police as evil and police see the civilians as agents of social distress and disruption of the socio-economic order.
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McCandless’ Desires in into the Wild
Jon Krakauer wrote a book called Into the Wild.The book is about a man named Christopher McCandless who leaves everything in his life behind and wants to start fresh his name changes from Chris McCandless to Alexander Supertramp. He decided to find his way into the wilderness located in Alaska. Many ask why did he go alone into the wild? What was the reason for him to do so and did he find it before dying? What the readers don't know is that he did but Krakauer put it in his own way by mixing it up instead of putting it in order like every other author. Chris went out into the wild because he wanted to be independence from his parents, he also wanted peace, and last but not least a break from society.Many people who have read the book think McCandless was crazy and stupid for going out alone while others thought of him as an inspiration for what he did.
Chris wanted independence from his parents because he was raised in a upper middle-class. Ever since he was a kid he's been in love with nature. Chris had a sister who he was really close to named Carine, she was the last person chris lost touch with on his journey to Alaska. He has six half-brothers. His father had two families. That was the secret chris was not suppose to find out about and that led to him going to Alaska. Chris left to the wilderness after graduating college at Emory University in Atlanta. Chris had more than twenty-four thousand dollars and his parents thought he would have paid for law school with it but instead donated it to charity and burned the rest in his wallet. He then abandoned his favorite car and started to hitchhike with a pound of rice,clothing,and a sleeping bag.
Chris McCandless wanted peace. His parents would always be fighting no matter what was going on their was fighting involved. His father was abusive to his mother. Every Time something was going on between them she would yell Kids look what your father is doing to me! Look!(return to the wild film). Chris
Chris wanted a break from society and it's cruel doings. After ditching his 1982 Datsun B210 he started to hitchhike rides. The first person he met was a man named Jim Gallien. Meeting this new person chris gave him his new name which was Alex. After Jim dropped him off at Denali Park he gave alex some old work boots. Alex first declined the boots but then soon accepted them.
People fought about everything that McCandless did in the wild. They fought about him being an inspiration or being an idiot. People and some alaskans fought over if he actually killed a moose or a caribou but it did end up being a moose in the end. It's as if they didn't actually pay attention to the story Krakauer was trying to tell us and only focused on the parts on what McCandless did and didn't do. Many enjoyed his creativeness others thought he was just some stupid rich kid.
To sum up Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandless was an inspiration to many people. In other people's eyes he was stupid for what he did. All McCandless wanted was to be independent from his parents, peace, and last but least a break from society and it's torturous ways. In the end the reader should get that McCandless wasn't afraid to live a life that nobody even his own family could understand.
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Jon Krakauer’s into the Wild
There are so many unexplored areas of the United States, that many trek into the unknown. Into the Wild, by Jon Krakauer tells of the true story of a young Emory graduate named Chris McCandless who sets out to survive in the wilderness of Alaska without proper preparation. He is found dead in September 1992 at the age of 24. The author retells the destressing yet inspiring events that led up to Chris McCandless' death. Jon Krakauer utilizes logos and ethos, vivid imagery, and anecdote to explain that McCandless' journey into the dangers of Alaska was not so unusual and crazy that others have perceived it to be.
One of the main reason on why Krakauer wrote this book was to show that Chris was not some reckless or arrogant kid but instead a smart, courageous man. In order to do this, Krakauer uses the rhetorical devices of logos and ethos. Krakauer notes that, Chris was an Emory Graduate where he had been a columnist for and editor for the school newspaper and distinguished himself as a history and anthropologist with a 3.72 GPA (Krakauer, 20). Krakauer does this in order to show to the audience that there was much more to Chris's story than him being completely insane. Chris was intelligent and was on the way to becoming an incredibly successful man. This shows a side of Chris that appeals to people's logos and makes them think differently of this boy.
The question that then pops into one's mind is, How could such a bright kid make such a thoughtless mistake? This intrigues the reader and keeps them immersed in the book. An example of ethos is in the fourth chapter of the novel where Krakauer describes Chris on his two-month journey in the United States. He mentions how McCandless's parents hired a private detective. The investigator began an extensive search, and finally found information in December, he learned from an inspection of tax records that Chris had given away his college fund to OXFAM. (Krakauer 31). The fact that Chris donated his college fund to charity also casts him in a gracious,moral light. The ironic thing is that OXFAM is an organization dedicated to feeding starving people, and that Chris McCandless died of starvation. Either way, this appeal to ethos also makes people view Chris in a better light, perhaps to make them feel like he was a great person.
Another reason that Krakauer decided to write this novel is to show the audience who do not understand Chris's motives or are unsure to whether empathize or pity him, the reason why Chris had to go to Alaska. In the second chapter of Into the Wild, Krakauer begins describing the beautiful landscape of Alaska. Krakauer's detailed and graphic diction brings the state of Alaska to life. Krakauer adds an epilogue from White Fang by Jack London to describe the weather conditions and add to the imagery in the chapter. The landscape consisted of a Dark spruce forest frowned on either side the frozen waterway. The trees had been stripped by a recent wind of their white covering of frost (9). Alaska is described as the Wild, the savage, frozenhearted Northland Wild (9). The author adds the epilogue from White Fang to help the readers better visualize the arctic and freezing wilderness of Alaska.
The description creates a life-like image of the territory in the mind of the readers. Jon Krakauer makes use of dramatic imagery in order to effectively emit the author's perspective of Alaska, give background information on the setting of McCandless' whereabouts, and make the readers feel as if they are freezing in the numbing cold of the Alaskan wilderness too. McCandless strategically planned his expedition across the country, starting by completely shredding his identity. But it begs the question 'why?' Why would someone give up their whole entire existence to live in solitude? Was it arrogance or was he an unrealistic idealist? What Christopher McCandless represents is solely up for interpretation. How the audience interprets this story is up the individual who is reading the book. McCandless had always dreamed of just getting lost in the Alaska terrain but little did he know that would be his last adventure.
While reading about McCandless life and death, one can almost claim that McCandless purposely did what he did in order for his story to be told. He left his writings in hope that one day someone will find them. However, it is held that McCandless had no intention of dying in the bus. One will never know what his plan was after leaving Alaska, and if he ever even planned to leave Alaska. Krakauer includes his own anecdote to show that he understands what Chris went through because he went through a similar situation as well. He uses it in his novel in order to prove to the audience that Chris is not crazy since he isn't either. The hint of what was concealed in those shadows terrified. In sight of something in the glimpse, some forbidden and elemental riddle. (Krakauer 156). Both Chris and Krakauer were both at one point in their lives searching for something in the wild, which made his tone in the novel empathetic. Krakauer proposes this argument in order to prove to the audience that McCandless was not insane for having this adventure due to the fact that Krakauer himself was not for having his.
Author Jon Krakauer effectively utilizes rhetorical devices such as logos and ethos, imagery, and anecdote in the novel Into the Wild in order to convince the audience that Chris McCandless was not the type of person, people made him out to be.
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Living in the Wild
When we are tired of our society, being close to nature is a very good choice. The protagonist of Into The Wild hates the rules of society and choose to go to the wild. Into The Wild, written by Jon Krakauer, was about Chris McCandless, who took a long trip to explore the wild of Alaska and met many interesting friends on the way. Although he finally starved to death in the wilderness, he was very happy on this journey because there were no rules, and there was absolute freedom. Alice Walker said that In nature, nothing is perfect and everything is perfect. Trees can be contorted, bent in weird ways, and they're still beautiful. In other words, people might think of nature as not perfect because there are fierce predators, insects that contains disease, strange trees, and uncomfortable living environment. However, on the other hand, there are people loving the nature because there was no hustle and bustle of the city and no restriction of rules. There could forget all your worries and do whatever you want. Chris McCandless was one of them. Although many people thought living in the wild is dangerous and uncomfortable, he found it perfect because he could stay away from his family conflicts, the fetters of rules, and enjoying his encounters with new experiences.
McCandless had a very complicated family, and the relationship between he and his parents was one of the reasons why he wanted to live alone in the wild. Imagine how an extreme controlling father could get along well with an extravagant independent son. Moreover, his father had other families outside, which violated ethics. Therefore, he chosen to leave the family and live alone in the wild. According to this book, He brooded at length over what he perceived to be his father's moral shortcoming, the hypocrisy of his parents' lifestyle, the tyranny of their conditional love. Eventually, Chris rebelled-and when he finally did, it was with characteristic immoderation. This means that He could not stand his parents anymore and wanted to completely knock them out of his life. That's why he said that their parents' behavior was so irrational, so oppressive, disrespectful an insulting that I finally passed my breaking point. He hated his father's control and his family's plans for his future. He felt that he was just like a bird in a cage. Thus, he decided to stay away from the family, and he is living into the wild now. Although some people may think that this was not a good idea because there was no one to care for him, it was easy for him to forget the worries that his father caused by his two wives and to stay away from his father's control over him. Nobody could tie him down here. He could enjoy the freedom brought by nature.
Natural disasters are inevitable in nature, but they are opportunities for McCandless to get rid of society. When he was driving in the jungle, car which seemed to be convenient became very heavy. Not only cars but also other modern products had become very useless in the wild. According to this book, Instead of feeling distraught over this turn of events, moreover, McCandless was exhilarated: He saw the flash flood as an opportunity to shed unnecessary baggage.(29) In other words, High-tech products in the wild had become a fetter to McCandless. Thus, he used the flood to throw away all those tools, leaving only necessary supplies. It was also a symbol of his desire to break away from society and get close to nature. Natural disasters that frighten others become a way for him to fulfill his dream. Without the bondage of these things, he could enjoy the endless freedom brought to him by nature.
Money in society is very important. People think nature is not perfect because they cannot get money from wild. However, McCandless doesn't care about money. Money was a fetter to him. According to this book, Then, in a gesture that would have done both Thoreau and Tolstoy proud, he arranged all his paper currently in a pile on the sand-a pathetic little stack of ones and fives and twenties-and put a match to it. One hundred twenty-three dollars in legal tender was promptly reduced to ash and smoke. In other words, in nature he could get everything he wanted. Money became useless here. He didn't want money to disturb his natural time.
Some people see nature as dangerous, but for McCandless, nature is very beautiful because he feels tried of social hypocrisy and yearn for a simple life. According to this book, McCandless was stirred by the austerity of landscape, by its saline beauty. The desert sharpened the sweet ache of his longing, amplified it, gave shape to it in sere geology and clean slant of light. A big temperature difference and an extreme lack of water made desert very dangerous in people's minds. However, he was attracted to the saline land. Here, massive dunes stretched in every direction as far as the eye could see, for him, it was beautiful. It was this feeling of no restraint that moved him and made him feel comfortable.
Life in the wild required great care every day, but McCandless was deeply attracted to the life where he had new experiences every day. According to this book, If you want to get more out of life,... you must lose your inclination for monotonous security and adopt a helter-skelter style of life that will at first appear to you to be crazy. But once you become accustomed to such a life you will see its full meaning and its incredible beauty. In other words, he thought the joy of life is in experiencing something new every day. And nature satisfied his idea. In the wild, McCandless never knew what would happen next second. Others thought it was irrational to live alone in the wild because it was hard to have a comfortable and fixed place to live. He thought that the wandering life in the wild would be a surprise every day. That's why he said that Don't settle down and sit in one place. Move around, be nomadic, make each day a new horizon. It was this novelty that made him willing to live in the wild to enrich his personal experience.
To summarize, living in the wild made him forget his family problems and social rules, enjoy his freedom and enrich his experience, which made him think the nature that others fear and awe was very beautiful.
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Living In The Wild. (2019, Mar 28).
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A Worldview of Christopher McCandless
People tend to have different worldviews, either going against or with. It's based off certain hatred that allows them to see the visible problems, but no one's doing anything about it. There's also the worldview of seeing the beauty, but still acknowledging that there are problems in the world. The case with Chris made it seem like he was in the middle of both views, he loved nature but hated the government and his parents.
Chris's belief of individualism came from reading books implying that you don't need anyone but yourself. From the book To Build a Fire by Jack London, it states: Any man who was a man could travel alone. Chris didn't think that he needed others like family and friends in order to survive in the world. After leaving for his final big adventure, he decided to cut off all relations from his family. For example, in the text it states: McCandless was thrilled to be on his way north, and he was relieved as well that he had again evaded the impending threat of human intimacy, of friendship, and all the messy emotional baggage that comes with it. He had fled the claustrophobic confines of his family. He'd successfully kept Jan Burres and Wayne Westerberg at arm's length, flitting out of their lives before anything was expected of him. And now he'd slipped painlessly out of Ron Franz's life as well. Along with his adventure, he would come across people and leave them as soon as he thought that their relationship was getting stronger. He thought his relationship with people would hold him back from completing his journey.
Throughout the story, Chris mentioned multiple times of his hatred for the government and his actions also showed his hatred. For example, When Gallien asked if Chris had a hunting license, he said: "Hell no... How I feed myself is none of the government's business. F their stupid rules." Chris usually doesn't swear, and by swearing, it shows his true hatred for the government. Another example shows his hatred for the government was when he was filling out the W-4 form he wrote Iris Fucyu as his name and none of your damn business. This shows that he would do anything possible that would in any sort of way go against the government. By going to Alaska, this somewhat allowed him to get away from the government and mainly commit his life to live in nature without any civilization.
Nature was appealing to Chris because it kept him away from society and it was considered adventure for him. The word adventure shows up multiple times in Krakauer's book, and Chris loves telling others of his experiences from his adventures. The only way for Chris to continue his love for nature was to drop out of society by leaving friends he made along the way, but there would be times where Chris would seek to become apart with civilization. After being a part of civilization for some time, he would decide that it would be time to leave. For example, Ten days and nights of freight trains and hitchhiking bring him to the great white North. No longer to be poisoned by civilization he flees, and walks alone upon the land to become lost in the wild.
Chris had certain hatred, that being the government and his parents, but he loved nature to the point where he wanted to be secluded in Alaska. He cut himself from his family and friends and pursued his adventure making and unfriending people. Chris would also do anything that would go against the government, like not filing the W-4 form with his information and not wanting a license. He would also eventually want to rejoin society after being alone for a long time, but usually resulting in him leaving again. That being said, Chris had a mutual relationship with society by staying in contact with people that he met over his adventure and he hated his parents/government.
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Two Point Discrimination
Not everyone has the same quality of tactile sensibility throughout their entire body. This might be because the person might have a disability , disorder or perhaps they have had an amputated limb . Also , it could be due to any physical flaws such as any previous scars or burns . In order to know how these disabilities or physical flaws have affected their tactile sensibility they would need to be compared to the tactile sensibility of those who have no disabilities or physical flaws by using a functional test called two point discrimination.
Two point discrimination is used to measure the ability of an individual to sense the two point stimuli that are presented at the same time. This is testing the quality of their tactile sensibility (Wolny et al. ,2016) . The sensory receptors in an individual's body are what respond to any stimuli that are presented and transmit that data to the brain. These receptors are located everywhere throughout the body including skeletal muscles, bones, joints and even skin (Alsaeed et al. , 2014).
There have been multiple studies presented where the two point discrimination test is used to examine those with disorders , disabilities or skin flaws such as scars or burns but there are only quite some few about how the functional test is being used to measure the tactile sensibility of normal healthy adults. Both individuals who are and are not presented with disabilities or disorders should be examined in order to acknowledge the normal values of tactile sensibility.
Some studies involve clinical patients such as inpatients and outpatients . Sarkar and colleagues examined where the TPD was lost and if there were any other sensory changes located in the upper limbs of diabetic patients (type 2). A cross sectional design was administered in this study and controlled in a hospital (2011). There were 15 participants with type 2 diabetes, participants diagnosed with neuropathy were excluded from the analysis. Results showed that TPD can be used to predict upper limb neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes without using normative values from normal healthy adults.
Studies have not only have been administered on clinical patients but also on students. Alsaeed and colleagues examined these students in order to generate normative values using TPD for the skin areas of the dominant hand (2014) There were 270 randomly selected students who had a background of arts and design as well as a background of medical and literacy. Results showed that those who had a background of arts and design had better discriminatory sensations than those who had a medical and literacy background . This shows that an individual's background can show an effect on their tactile sensibility.
Similar to this study , Wolny and colleagues presented a sample of 140 healthy individuals compared to 132 individuals with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome . The aim was to compare the two point discrimination senses as well as the kinesthetic senses or dysfunctions in participants diagnosed with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome to those of the healthy individuals . The results of the t-test for independent samples revealed that there were significant disturbances that occurred with the participants who were diagnosed with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in the TPD sense and kinesthetic sense or dysfunction of the strength and motion when compared to those in healthy participants (Wolny et al. , 2016).
Another study whose participants were students was run by Koo and colleagues . There were 128 females and 128 males who were from Korea in their 20's . Those who had cutaneous disorders , scars , burns , dermal hypersensibility or neurological deficits were excluded (2016) . An independent samples t-test was used to show the effect of TPD between females and males . The results showed that women posses more TPD ability than men.
Continuing to generate normative values of TPD in more recent studies Won and colleagues also have reported normative values of TPD in the forehead , cheek , mentum , upper lip , lower lip and tongue tip (2017) .This research showed a significant effect size , gender and test modality on TPD values . More particularly , women showed lower TPD values than those of men. These findings are compared to findings from those whom are diagnosed with a disability or disorder to exam the significant effect.
Seeing how important it is to examine those who are normal young adults , this current experiment aimed to measure where TPD was lost in normal healthy students and particularly on the right side of the participants body regions such as the back of the tricep , inner forearm , cheek , and upper lip were all examined . An aesthesiometer was used to help record and indicate the TPD values . A within subjects design was administered since all the participants were tested in all of the conditions . A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze any differences among the body parts .
Methods
Subjects
Eighteen Queens College students , enrolled in a second level experimental design course on Tuesdays and Thursdays afternoons , participated in this project for a course credit . Among eighteen participants , there were 5 males and 13 females who ranged in age from 20 to 30 years old . This was a diverse sample that included (11%) African Americans (11%) , Asian (39%) , Caribbean (6%) , Caucasian (22%) and Hispanic (22%) .
Materials
Each pair received a brand new aesthesiometer which were used to probe the skin . A piece of looseleaf and a writing tool were provided by the students and used to record where two point discrimination was lost on four regions of the body ; back of the tricep , inner forearm , cheek and upper lip . A computer with Ethernet access was used to access the SPS software in order to analyze the results .
Procedure
A within subjects design and a repeated measures ANOVA were used to test the body regions ; the back of the tricep , inner forearm , cheek and upper lip and detect where two point discrimination was lost . The independent variable had four levels of body regions ; the back of the tricep , inner forearm , check and upper lip , only the right side of the body was tested . We received aesthesiometer to determine with pressure where the two point discrimination was lost . Subjects received a visual demonstration of TPD . The visual demonstration was performed on the left side of the body to avoid any interference with the experiment and results . Certain criteria was specified for each initial probe placement as follows ; back of the right tricep fully opened (10 cm) , the right inner forearm placement (10 cm) , the right cheek opened to (5 cm) and the right upper lip had an initial starting point (2 cm) . After the aesthesiometer was placed initially onto given body region , the aesthesiometer was closed by cm until the participant reported only 1 probe touched their skin . As we performed the experiment , in each pair the subjects alternated between being the experimenter and the participant after each body region was completed for the pair . The participant playing subject sat in a relaxed position with their eyes closed to avoid visual stimulation . The experimenter measured , using the aesthesiometer , and recorded on paper where two point discrimination was lost . When all subjects were measured on all four body regions the experiment was considered to be ended . All data was collected and submitted into the SPSS software and analyzed the results .
Results
Figure 1 shows the direction of effect that was significant from least to most sensitive.
A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there was a significant effect of body region on where two point discrimination was lost among all the body parts tested . ( F(3,14) = 75.55 , p= 0.0000000006 , ?· 2 = .82 ) . Further analysis using a Post Hoc test showed all pairwise comparisons to be significant (p= .0001) with one exception , the tricep compared to the forearm (p= .02) . A linear effect demonstrated the right tricep (M= 62.78 SD= 5.29) was least sensitive (p= 0.0001) followed by the right inner forearm (M= 51.94 SD= 4.11) , the right cheek (M= 20.83 SD= 2.15) and finally significantly most sensitive was the upper right lip (M= 4.83 SD= 1.10) .
Discussion
By examining the effect of TPD on normal healthy young adults the results were as predicted . There was a significant difference among all body regions that were tested . Particularly the upper right lip compared to the right tricep . Similar to the Won et al. it was reported that both the female and male had significant different TPD values amongst themselves . Although gender effects were not analyzed here , resulting in an unequal distribution of male and female participants were measured and therefore under represents males . Some factors that could have affected the results include the temperature in the room , some subjects reported feeling cold , the amount of students who participated and the fact that they were all college students may have altered results . In regards to the pressure , some experimenters might've been too gentle with the aesthesiometer or even too harsh . The expectancy of knowing that there were 2 probes on the aesthesiometer might've also thrown the participants off affecting the TPD values . Previous studies had examined participants with disabilities or skin flaws such as burns or scars , the Queens College students had no reported disabilities and none were taking medication that might have affected the results of the TPD values . It was important to generate these normative values so that they can be compared to the findings in these previous studies were the participants have disabilities or disorders . This will predict or show the significant effect on tactile sensibility due to their disability or disorder , as well as any skin flaw they might have .
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A Discrimination Problem and Politics
Harry Truman gives the White House's first televised presidential speech, urging his fellow citizens to respond to the global problem of food production by imposing certain restrictions. The growing popularity of television will quickly have an impact on the evolution of social and political life in the United States and around the world. During the GATT era, demonstrating the growing ability of countries to trade with each other and take advantage of the benefits of trade. However, Kennedy was also working on building a trust for the whole marketing system to make advertising and economic in general. Moreover, the business corporation started to be more creative. It was almost like a new revolution that began with changing many people concept of advertising, such as adding humor, optimism, candor and it was likely to be irony.
Government of Alabama decided to define the limits of the city when in reality it was the right to vote in local elections, many black citizens who lived in the neighborhoods affected by the new of urban boundaries . Federal invalidated a provision of the California Constitution that prohibited all state interference in the right of the individual to refuse to sell or rent his property to any other, it means authorizing racial discrimination in the internal market. The State of Louisiana in which it was obliged to include the race of each candidate next to his / her name in the candidacy proposals and in the electoral ballots. Even in some cases of "hidden or covert discrimination" against color people.
For the first time in history, two US presidential candidates, Republican Richard Nixon and Democrat John F. Kennedy, face off in a televised debate. This event, which takes place in Chicago, arouses a lot of interest, attracting about 70 million spectators. Therefore, after a while the Second World War, the United States achieved economic growth and consolidated its position as the richest nation in the world.
ORIGIN OF THE MOVEMENT OF CIVIL RIGHTS
African-Americans became increasingly vocal. During that time they challenged discrimination in military service and in the workforce and achieved modest conquests. Millions of African-Americans left the farms in the south to go to the northern cities, where they hoped to find better jobs. What they found instead were urban neighbourhoods poor and congested.
Modernization of political system reforms conditions was during the 1960s, the reform of the US state constitution developed into a state government. Modernization movement, pushing the reforms of the states to a new climax. After awhile of making these steps, the state and local government institutions in the United States had achieved great success. Whether it is a politician, a media elite or a scholar, they have begun to admit that the states are no longer the rusty gears of the government machines, which are rusting and squeaky. Although, because of the state and the local government cooperated with each other that supports health and social welfare benefits has increased dramatically.
During the 1960s, the criminal justice system has evolved in a variety of segregation. Political and economic instability has caused civil unrest. This period was characterized by the movement of civil and feminist rights and counter culture. The demonstrators were suspicious of the government and government institutions. In the 1960s, the United States experienced an economic recession. Samuel Walker described the period from 1960 to 1975 as "the most turbulent in the history of American criminal justice." Changes in the components of the criminal justice system are the use of technology in response. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders the Kerner Commission, named after its chairperson. It was mostly about an idea of the society that should be two different race as black and white. Furthermore, there is a really good example of how one person can make a change as I really got inspired by Joan Mulholland, and what she had achieved and address. But I also find an Interesting that her great-grandparents were slave owners in Georgia, and after the United States Civil War, they became sharecroppers. As how that made her be more successful to achieve her goal for being in the middle of that revolution.
Resources
John F. Kennedy: Speech by Senator John F. Kennedy, the Little White House, Warm Springs, GA
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190280024/obo-9780190280024-0022.xml
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The Real Truth of Poultry Genetically Modified Meat
People do not realize the true dangers they face in their own homes. Consumers idealize this safe place but, in reality, we are far from being safe. Food is something you wouldn't think to fear; many consumers tend to believe that they are buying natural products but in reality, they are actually consuming modified foods. People are brainwashed to believe that the origin from their products is reliable. The food industry has genetically modified meat and this has affected the health of people all around the country. The USDA has taken actions in helping prevent the spread of bacteria such as E-coli and Salmonella. The company passed regulations to help secure the safety of the meat and poultry products. HAACP has been required that each plant in the country is to regularly test all meat products for E.coli and Salmonella before distribution. With this action in place, the government expected the rate of bacteria to decline from the meat growth. The government created a method called the Meat Inspection Act, due to many cases. This required many factories to clean up and require strict regulations for washing and decrease amounts of exposure. This method was to help lower the bacteria on the meat. Slaughterhouses, where required to meet the needs, if not they, would be forcefully required to shut down.
Labs have been conducted to determine the dangerous effects that this bacteria can create. Consumers do not fully understand the background towards the multiple foodborne illnesses that have been expanding over the past century. This result is due to the meat distributors lack of ignorance. According to the Journal of food and safety, Beef is a chemical composition that is 70-73% water,20-25% proteins and 4.8 lipids,(pg 548 Journal of Food Safety). This helps the consumer understand that our own food products are mainly consumed of concentrated gasses that we are not fully aware of. Since these results distributors have been required to carry out proper hygiene practices due to its lack of unsanitary procedures. This is mainly referred to the current slaughterhouses that fully control the being of the consumer's meat. Unsanitary exposure has been the result of many crucial bacteria. For example, E.coli. is such a harmful bacteria that can kill you slowly in the time span of 12 days as fast. According to Patricia During 1990-1999, 26.2% were children younger than 10 years old died'',( pg141. Prevalence of some bacteria). This helps the reader understand on the level of seriousness consumers are facing. Many families have lost loved ones due to this factor. To this day consumers are still affected by this in many harmful ways.
Biotechnology has also been chemically used to eliminate the bacteria from the products. Many industries are producing genetically engineered meat into the consumer's world. This product is unsanitary and is the cause of many foodborne illnesses today. Genetically modified meat is very dangerous, as when consumed it has triggered an allergic reaction to the organs and cause the body to disrupt from the inside. Factories are manufacturing meat but do not realize the unhealthy damage they are releasing into the world. Communities have taken action in helping push government requirements for food safety all around the world in hope that the rate of deaths will decrease someday. As in the article the committee considered the potential food safety raised by biotechnology''(pg4 The Nations health)
Although Genetically modified poultry may be harmful to you, it can benefit a person in many other ways. Food will never be scared for the industries have used herbicides and pesticides to help the product grow fast. This benefits the consumer by bringing the product in a shorter period of time.
Genetically modified food is dangerous in many ways to our health. Consumers so take a stand-in deciding what is best for their families. We rely on the food industry to protect and help us, but the reality is sealed. It's sealed from the truth. As young as kids we are taught to eat and ingest foods that we think are okay but the truth is a whole other story. Its time we stop hiding in the shadows and take a stand for the families put them and our country.
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Telling Patients the Truth
In On Telling Patients the Truth, Mack Lipkin claims that medical professionals are permitted to intentionally deceive their patients by withholding information from them regarding their diagnosis and/or prognosis. He proceeds to support his claim with a few different points such as patients not wanting to know their condition, patient's comprehension in medicine is restricted, and the manipulation of placebos. In this paper, I will argue that Lipkin's perspective on deception to patients is inadequately supported by implications and assumptions. I believe this hinders the relationship between the medical professional and their patients because he directly accuses the patient in many ways.
Lipkin addresses that the response of patients receiving a serious prognosis and/or diagnosis by generalizing the responses of his own physician patients to the whole patient population. He is implying that since a highly educated and rational professional indicates that they would not want to be informed about a fatal illness then neither would a typical individual. This general assumption is ethically wrong because it implies that Lipkin believes that patients are better dealt with through paternalism. Every individual has the right to be informed of their medical conditions despite what the physician believes is the best for them.
Lipkin supports his claim that it is morally permissible for medical professionals to tell the entire truth to their patients because most individuals who haven't undergone medical school or college lack the understanding about the complexities of human physiology and pathology. This implication that Lipkin addresses ignores the possibility of the patient asking scrutinizing questions about their conditions so that they can comprehend what is truly going on within them. By the patients asking the physicians questions concerning their conditions they will develop a better understanding of their circumstances. Therefore, this would avoid misconceptions that the patient may have.
Also, Lipkin mentions the use of placebos for treatment to improve the patient's psychological status. He suggests that this is the best way to deal with the news of serious medical conditions to disregard negative behavior. Lipkin dismisses the fact that patients may have a healthcare proxy that can be a consultant for them so that they better understand the full context of their diagnosis and/or prognosis. By the patient having a better understanding about their medical conditions then this behavior is less likely to occur.
To ensure good medical outcomes for patients, they should be informed about their medical conditions with the full truth from their physicians. The patients should always be permitted their right to manage their own medical decisions. When difficult situations arise concerning the patients' health the physician should communicate with their patient in an honest practical approach. For these reasons Lipkin did not adequately justify his argument by utilizing assumptions and implications that directly criticized the patient.
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Legal Discrimination against the LGBT Community
Before I get too far I want to talk about the LGBT acronym. Lgbt is the more commonly used term but the official term is actually LGBTIQCAPGNGFNBA this stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Queer, Curious, Asexual, Pansexual, Gender-non-conforming, Gender-Fluid, Non-binary, and Androgynous.
I believe that equality is being able to be who you are without the fear of judgment or persecution (as long as you are not causing anyone else any harm). People should not have to worry about getting jumped because of their race, gender, and/or sexuality. I believe that everyone has the right to representation in the government, free good quality education. I believe that everyone has the right to a voice to speak out for what they believe in. I believe that every person of every country is entitled to basic human rights and protections. But sadly the lgbt+ community has been the target of hatred and violence for hundreds of years. They have been killed and tortured for just being who they are. For this project I have decided to focus on the legal side of the lgbt+ discrimination, starting with colonial America all the way to modern day.
In 1624 Richard Cornish, an English ship captain was hung for an alleged homosexual act with an indentured servant, William Couse. the act in question was actually a rape, now most of the time they would handle a “straight” rape very differently, most times there would be fines and public wipings for both parties, sometimes the attacker would be forced to leave the colony, and the most shocking thing is that if the victim was not married they would often be encouraged to marry their attacker. Although this is sodomy and the punishments for where often way more dramatic than some other crimes, and in 1636 in Massachusetts, Reverend John Cotton, the preeminent minister and theologian of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Proposed to include “sexual relations between women” into the definition of sodomy for the first time, and if you do not know what sodomy is, sodomy is sexual intercourse involving anal or oral. Only is 1777 Thomas Jefferson revised Virginia law to make the punishment of sodomy mutilation (cutting off or injuring a body part of a person so that the part of the body is permanently damaged, detached or disfigured) rather than execution.
From around 1880-1920 America experienced an influx of immigrants trying to come to America, by 1920 4 million immigrants had entered the united states. Buring this time the government put in laws to help control the number of people in the USA, such as in 1917 lawmaker put into effect a ban that prevented "persons with abnormal sexual instincts" from coming into the United States.
In 1947 under President Truman's national security loyalty program, the state department started firing suspected homosexuals. By 1955 anti-gay “witch hunts” caused more then 1200 people to lose their jobs with the federal government, going along with this president Eisenhower issued executive order #10450, this order authorized broad categories of American citizens identified as “threats” to national security–including those with criminal records, alcoholics, and “sex perverts”–to be excluded or terminated from federal employment. Latter many states and local government adopted similar policies. Only in 1995 did President Bill Clinton sign an executive order forbidding the denial of security clearances on the basis of sexual orientation. However, Being closeted and vulnerable to blackmail was still a possible grounds for a clearance denial.
With the first March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, in 1979, over 100,000 people joined the protest. The march nationalizes the gay movement, which had been more focused on local struggles in the past. With the closing section of the welcome program of the march, authored by Allen Young, you can really feel the vide of the whole march. "Today in the capital of America, we are all here, the most liberated and the slightly repressed; the butch, the femme and everything in-between; the androgynous; the monogamous and the promiscuous; the masturbators and the fellators and the tribadists; men in dresses and women in neckties; those who bite and those who cuddle; celebates[sic] and pederasts; diesel-dykes and nelly queens; Amazons and size queens, Yellow, Black, Brown, White, and Red; the shorthaired and the long, the fat and the thin; the nude and the prude; the beauties and the beasts; the studs and the duds; the communes, the couples, and the singles; pubescents and the octogenarians. Yes, we are all here! We are everywhere! Welcome to the March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights!" on June 26, 2015, in a 5-4 decision the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all state bans on same-sex marriage and on recognizing same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions are unconstitutional under the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Equal marriage is something that LGBT+ citizens have been fighting for since the ’70s.
There are lots of groups looking to help fight for gaining lgbt+ rights in America such as a group called Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders (GLAD). GLAD’s main focus is to abolish outdated laws and stereotypes that denied LGBT+ people basic protections and opportunities of daily life, one of the cases that they participated in is Good v. Iowa Department of Human Services. Iowa’s Medicaid program provides coverage for medically essential care for an extensive variety of medical conditions. However, Iowa denies transgender humans Medicaid coverage for a gender-affirming surgical operation to treat gender dysphoria, a medical situation only experienced by human beings who are transgender, even though Medicaid coverage is provided for the same surgical procedures for other medical conditions. This discriminatory ban on coverage has no basis in medical science and has been uniformly condemned through leading clinical organizations. The case challenged the ban as a violation of the Iowa Civil Rights Act (“ICRA”) and the Iowa Constitution’s equality guarantees. Sadly the case was dismissed.
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Gender Roles and Gender Prejudice in to Kill a Mockingbird
Have you ever been blocked from doing something because of things you couldn't control? In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, gender is a big factor in how Scout lives her life. In Scout's family there is characters that shows expectations to how a girl is supposed to act. Harper Lee uses characters Scout, Jem, and other members of her family to show gender barriers and stereotypes.
In the beginning of the novel, you already see Scout start to have bad opinions about being a girl. In this instance, the doubts come from Jem. Scout says, I was not sure, but Jem told me I was being a girl, that girls always imagined things, that's why other people hated them so, and if I started behaving like one I could just go off and find some to play with (Lee 41). Scout didn't want to be a girl because her brother told it as if it was bad to be one. She didn't want to play with other girls because of what she'd been taught, and wanted to hang out with her brother. Jem took things that could be bad qualities about a person, and turned it into traits of a girl which deterred Scout from wanting to act like one, creating a stereotype that she believed.
Farther into the book, Jem was growing and started to become distant with Scout, in a sudden matter. He starts bossing Scout around. She says, After one altercation when Jem hollered, ???It's time you started bein' a girl and acting right!' I burst into tears and fled to Calpurnia (Lee 115). Scout didn't like being told what to do, especially from her brother. She felt she was already acting right. Being a girl was something she had learned was not a good thing, so Jem telling her to be one, was hurtful to her. However, a couple paragraphs later Scout says, She seemed glad to see me when I appeared in the kitchen, and by watching her I began to think there wassome skill involved in being a girl (Lee 115-116). This is the first time we see Scout have a positive outlook on being a girl. By watching someone work that she viewed as a hard-working girl, she changed her mind slightly regarding her views. Calpurnia is portrayed as a strong woman that has a great effect on how Scout feels, even though Calpurnia is simply doing housework.
Later in the book, Scout finds out about some barriers that women face. Her dad tells her, 'For one thing, Miss Maudie can't serve on a jury because she's a woman-??? (Lee 296). She responds to this with, 'You mean women in Alabama can't-?' I was indignant. Scout had previously been told what she could and could not do, but she always had choices. They were never rules that she had to follow, they were merely suggestions. For the first time, Scout was presented with something she couldn't have control over. She was always discriminated against for her gender, but never to this extent. Her father told her something that she probably would never have considered to be possible. Through this, Scout meets her first solid barrier.
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Leadership in the Odyssey
In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus displays being a strong leader through his responsibility, courage, and brilliance while leading his warriors through calm and harsh times. Odysseus faces hard decisions at times, but his leadership never wavers. In Greek mythology, a strong leader defines as being respected by those he leads, he has logical thinking, and he shows bright ideas.
In the beginning of the story, Odysseus demonstrates his responsible character when making the heart-wrenching decision between his family or war. He has to decide between leaving his wife and newborn and possibly never seeing them again, or not fighting for his hometown Ithaca. This shows when Odysseus watches his native land disappear, Mine is a rugged land but good for raising sons, and I myself, I know no sweeter sight on earth than a man's own native country (Homer 212). The passage explains that it is hard to watch his land go, but it is also saying bye to raising his family and his self as a person.
Also, it is hard for Odysseus because his town looks up to him for being the leader of their island. Odysseus puts his personal life behind him and makes the decision to fight for his village. This decision shows that his responsibility of being a leader takes priority over his own life. He gives up the place of home and devotes his life towards warfare. Odysseus explains the ideal leader has to be responsible and put his life on the line to lead his warriors. Time and time again Odysseus shows responsibility when he is figuring out a way to get back to Ithaca, so he takes it upon himself to go to Aeolus for the bag of wind. This is just one of many responsible instances when Odysseus puts himself in danger to save his warriors. Responsibility is what grows upon Odysseus throughout the book, and it is what makes him be the great leader he is.
Continuing, Odysseus represents his courageous quality not only during the Trojan war but many times throughout the novel. For example, when he climbs up the steep mountain to save his men, leaving the ship and shore, I headed inland, chambering up through hushed, entrancing glades until...Hermes god of the golden wand crossed my path.Where are you going now, my unlucky friend, trekking over the hills along in an unfamiliar country? (Homer 239). This example demonstrates that the journey up the mountain was a great struggle for Odysseus, but he never gave up because he is going to save his soldiers. It also exemplifies his unselfishness as he could have left and continued onto Ithaca, but decides to stay and save his men. His courage also shows when Odysseus loses all his soldiers to the sea monster, but he must survive in the ocean by himself. He thought he was not going to survive but never gave up because he wants to return to Ithaca. Continuing throughout the novel, Odysseus shows his courageous skills to protect his men and himself.
Odysseus's brilliant mind shines when having to go through hard tasks. It is what drives his decisions throughout the book, and it is what makes him an especially great leader. An excellent example of this is when he comes up with the idea of hiding in the horse and then attacking the Trojans. If it weren't for this idea, he possibly would not have defeated the Trojans. Throughout the journey with his men, Odysseus carries them through tough situations, using his great ideas to help them out. Another example is when the giant trapped him and his men in a cave, but Odysseus came up with the idea of stabbing him in the eye to move the rock covering the door, So we seized our stake with its fiery too and bored it round and round in the giants eye till blood came boiling up (Homer 223). As stated earlier, the quality of thinking logically is one that defines a good leader in Greek mythology. Odysseus's brilliant mind helps him achieve this level of greatness.
In conclusion, Odysseus responsibility, courage, and brilliance shows through significant events in the novel and eventually lead them to victory. It makes him be an incredible leader to his men, like saving them, guiding them, and explaining his unique ideas to the men. Odysseus never gave up on his crew, even when they weren't the most brilliant. All in all, it is for Odysseus responsibility, courage, and brilliance to make him be the leader that brought a small but mighty army to victory.
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Genetic Screenings and Discrimination
It's 2018 and you see an ad for a DNA test on TV. Your curiosity is piqued and you order the kit to see what your unique genetic signature has to hold. You get your results in the next six to eight weeks and read through the information slowly. Alright, so now your part is complete and you share your results with your family and friends, but what happens to that information once it's been collected?
These tests are known as direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GT) (Laestadius, Rich, & Auer, 2017). Chances are, for you to receive these DTC-GT results you have to sign privacy and consent forms, and, if you are like a majority of the population, you sign and agree without reading these statements in detail. Even if you do decide to read them one by one, the scientific and medical communities have previously expressed concern regarding exactly how forthcoming companies are with regards to privacy policies, terms of service, and secondary use of collected genetic data (Laestadius, Rich, & Auer, 2017). Your genetic details can be given out without you knowing.
Genetic information isn't only attainable by clicking add to cart then waiting a month and a half. Many doctors provide genetic testing and screenings every day, especially to those who know they have a family history for a certain ailment. Doctors often send expectant mothers to do genetic testing so that they may rule out potential postnatal health defects, most well known of the identifiable genetic disorders being Down Syndrome, which occurs when a person carries a partial or complete copy of chromosome 21. Due to the growing number of tests and wider accessibility, it's become much easier to easily obtain potentially life-saving information. With all these new advances in genetics is it important to drill down into the darker, negative side of genetic testing such as genetic discrimination.
Some of the most commonly known forms of discrimination are related to religion, race, ethnicity, gender, or age. The idea of genetic discrimination is the same; treating people based on if they lack, or conversely possess, a specific genetic trait. (Billings, et al., "Discrimination as a consequence of genetic testing."). Genetic discrimination does not take into account whether or not a trait is physically apparent. Someone who is asymptomatic for a specific disability will be discriminated against just the same as someone who is presenting symptoms if they both possess the related gene. The topic of genetic discrimination comes into play when dealing in insurance, employment, and the future advancement of genetic research. The future of genetic research is greatly at stake. There is a fear that anyone who participates in a medical study may have their information leaked, therefore subjecting them to discrimination. (Clayton, Halverson, Sathe, & Malin, 2018) This will stifle future research because participants will be hard to come by.
In the insurance industry, it is common practice to collect a multitude of health information from people who are updating current insurance policies or applying for a new insurance plan. The data is compiled and utilized in a few different ways. When someone lists on their medical history that they have a parent or grandparent with cancer, for example, the insurance company marks them as someone who has a greater propensity to develop the illness. In turn, the policy premium is increased to cover what could become a heavy financial burden on the provider if that person develops the ailment in the future. This practice manages to completely exclude those who cannot afford to pay for their plan. In some cases, aside from health insurance coverage issues, people are finding that they are also struggling being approved for life insurance despite being asymptomatic (Low, King, & Wilkie, 1998).
Genetic discrimination in the workplace is also a concern amongst those who are aware they carry certain genes. Most people are scared that if they tell an employer or coworker this information, the employer will focus their efforts and give more opportunities to those who don't possess the bad gene. Due to the fact that these forms of discrimination can be more subtle being that not all genetic abnormalities can be physically seen, it is harder to address and remedy these fears. Employees are concerned that if they disclose genetic information to their employers, they will be outcast and labelled amongst coworkers (Wauters & Hoyweghen, 2018). This creates an issue if the employee needs a reasonable accommodation related to their impairment.
A reasonable accommodation as defined by the American with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is providing or modifying equipment or devices, job restructuring, part-time or modified work schedules, reassignment to a vacant position, adjusting or modifying examinations, training materials, or policies, providing readers and interpreters, and making the workplace readily accessible to and usable by people with disabilities. An employer is required to provide a reasonable accommodation to a qualified applicant or employee with a disability unless the employer can show that the accommodation would be an undue hardship -- that is, that it would require significant difficulty or expense. ("The ADA: Your Employment Rights as an Individual With a Disability")
Despite all the glaring negative points in the face of accessibility to genetic information, it is impossible to deny that the results gleaned from genetic testings or screenings done can provide a patient with a more detailed vision of what they may have in store for them. Some examples are patients whose family members have a history of cancer, heart problems, diabetes, or high blood pressure; they get screened or tested for the illnesses they are susceptible to. A cumulative reading of all the results that come from all the tests can provide information that will allow these patients to live a longer, healthier life (or at the very least, they are aware of their situation). In pregnant women, genetic screenings are a part of basic prenatal care. In the specific case of expectant mothers, these screenings are usually provided to identify any possible genetic anomalies that may be present in the developing fetus.
Despite there being controversy as to the utilization of this information, for example the termination of a fetus after only a genetic screening without further diagnostic testing (Nierenberg, 2018), the information gathered can provide parents with critical information regarding the future of their newborns. For example, it will give them the ability to prepare for any special needs the child may have after birth.
Another positive outcome of genetic screening is for those who have no information on their family medical history such as adoptees or those with no contact to biological relatives. These tests can help provide pivotal information that was likely not available due to the lack of contact with others who might fill in the blanks.
As far as whether or not wider accessibility to genetic information will cause discrimination, I would say yes it absolutely will. Given that in the modern day discrimination is still widely visible both in the public and in social media, there is little doubt that given another label people will find a reason to lump together and discriminate against those who possess different genomes. In fact, the idea that certain races or genetics are better than others has already been illustrated by the 1883 concept which was based on Darwin's idea of Natural Selection. Francis Galton postulated that by choosing specific genotypes, a superior race will prevail. This notion was utilized heavily by the Nazis to support their cause, mainly mass genocide (Wilson, 2018).
In another example, to a disabled person who may need to request a reasonable accommodation or request to go on leave under the Family and Medical Leave act, or FMLA, due to their disability may fear that regardless of current legislature, employers will find a way to terminate those who have or are prone to develop certain genetic problems.
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Living with Depression and Anxiety
As many years go by, depression and anxiety have truly reached the surface than it did back in the 1950's. We are all so exposed to a whole lot more in this generation and traumatized by events, or sadly, are simply born with either one or both of these mental health disorders.
While there can be many causes of both depression and anxiety, let's dive into the most common causes of these two mental illnesses. Beginning with depression, although there are various reasons, the most common causes are traumas, chemical imbalances or drugs. People who have witnessed or was a victim of a traumatizing event, could affect their whole life causing many flashbacks and sadness. A chemical imbalance is when there are not enough or more than enough of a chemical in your brain titled neurotransmitters. This can be treated with the right medications which takes about four to six weeks to get going and begin doing some justice to your mentality. Lastly, drugs can play a big role causing this feeling, but there is no certain drug exactly that causes depression because it is almost impossible to list the amount of drugs that is capable of doing so. The continuance and discontinuance of drugs may cause various symptoms of depression.
Anxiety has many different common causes like the environmental aspects of someone's life, genetics or withdrawal. Living in an environment that is toxic, unsafe or unorganized, can cause many people anxiety. This disorder may be simply passed down from generation to generation but some are most likely to be exposed to it with the right trigger. Due to medications being given by doctors to help yourself and the problems you may have, the misuse of medication, side effects or taking them only when necessary could have a huge toll on your body and very rarely, depending on the medication, cause anxiety. As stated before in the last paragraph, a chemical imbalance and the withdrawal of drugs or alcohol can cause anxiety as well.
Moving onto the different types of depression, there are various amounts of names diagnosed to different people, but only some will be addressed. Major depressive disorder, well known as clinical depression, is often diagnosed when people are feeling depressed most of the time, have lack of concentration, thinking about death or possibly even suicide, lack of appetite or too much appetite, no energy, or when your routine in sleeping has changed drastically. Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that affects either your emotions or body, physically. Some symptoms may include insomnia, body aches or pain, anxiety, unable to keep organized or make decisions, and even feeling incompetent. This disorder has a higher risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide. Seasonal affective disorder usually only occurs when the weather changes in a certain season. While the weather makes its changes, people experience changes too, in weight, sleep and emotion. This is caused because there is a disruption in the normal circadian rhythm that occurs in your body. Depending on the amount of light that is able to enter the eye, this is known to impact the pattern in the body. There are several more undiscussed types of depression, these are the most common.
Anxiety also has various names and different types of ways on how it appears. Generalized anxiety disorder is diagnosed when a person is feeling anxious over many things or for no reason, more than five to six days of the week, for over six months. People are usually worried about school, work, family or friends but GAD disturbs how people act and think about everything. A lot of people who are affected by this, worry more about things than necessary. For example, some may see washing the dishes as an easy task, but it is much more stressful and harder to perform when you have generalized anxiety disorder because it begins to consume your brain and body with anxiousness and an uneasy feeling.
Although there are many reasons that these two things occur, there are several ways to help treat it.
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The Impact of Trump Tariffs
In 2018, the President of the United States Donald Trump decided to make some changes to our trade policies. The United States has always been one of the biggest trade partners in the world. As far as anyone can remember we have been trading goods with other countries. Our biggest trade partner for years has been China. Following China is Canada and Mexico. In an action to try and bring more companies back to America, Donald Trump and his cabinet have placed tariffs on goods that we trade the most. A tariff is a small fee that is given to an item when it is traded whether it be imported or exported. Trumps cabinet believe that placing tariffs on items will cause companies that have moved their business overseas to come back to the United States. Thus, creating more jobs and boosting the economy.
A small majority of people, mostly government officials, believe the tariffs will bring companies back to the US ultimately creating more jobs and boosting out economy. As we all know the Trump campaign has done a great job at creating new jobs and our stocks are at an all-time high. The tariffs can have a great impact on our national debt in the long run, but have we stopped to realize what it might do to us as we speak? In the short run the high prices on products has the potential to close businesses and in return people will lose their jobs. The US was built on small businesses and farms and it should stay that way. In addition, other countries might decide that they will not back down to the tariffs and refute against us with tariffs of their own, which they already have. The possibility of another world war is in the works too because of it. Lastly, these tariffs have far more greatly impacted the farming community than any other community out there. Farming is one of the most important parts of our survival.
Early this year Donald Trump signed a tariff that went into effect on Friday, July 6th that put a 25 percent duty on nearly $34 billion worth of Chinese goods. Of that $34 billion, $14 billion worth of soy beans that were expected to ship to China will be impacted by tariffs. (Kellie Ell, Us economy, p.1) The US greatest export to China is soy beans. Soy beans are produced mainly by traditional farmers and farmers struggle to make a profit off their crop every year. This tariff means that farmers make less money per bushel on soybeans because the difference in money will go towards the tariff and not into the farmers pocket. Rural communities are dependent on agriculture. It's their way of life blood, Casey Guernsey, a seventh-generation beef farmer in the Missouri-Kansas-Iowa are, told CNBC. (Kellie Ell, Us economy, p.1). This statement goes to show that the passion and prosperity of farmers is a serious matter and these tariffs may go on to destroy much of what they have worked so hard for. The two most common crops that farmers produce are soybeans and corn. The price per bushel of soybeans is much greater than the price per bushel of corn. In addition, the bushel per acre of corn is much greater than the bushel per acre of soy beans. But, the demand for soy beans around the world is much higher than the demand for corn. Therefore, this tariff can cause so much destruction to the foundation of our farming community.
Not only has crop farmers been affected by the Trump Tariffs but livestock farmers as well. No matter the size of the operation it effects all parties that are involved in livestock. We put a halt on all investment, not just because we will be losing money, but because we don't know if growing in the U.S. is the right move if we won't be an exporting country, said Ken Maschhoff, chairman of Maschhoff Family Foods and co-owner of the nation's largest family-owned pork producer. (Jeff Daniels, We are the Casualty, 2018). Hearing this from the top pork producer in the U.S. is a scary thought and brings up the matter that if the big buy' is hurting then most likely the small guys' are hurting much worse. The tariffs are sure to shut down producers across the U.S. China and Mexico are the two largest importers of U.S. Pork. China is the second largest and receives about a total of $1.1 billion a year. Mexico is the largest and it is estimated to receive about $1.5 billion a year in pork for the US. (Jeff Daniels, We are the Casualty, 2018). After the US decided to tax imports on China, China retaliated. Originally there was around a 50 percent tax on imported pork to China, with the new tariff that is supposed to exceed to 70 percent. Experts say that this tax percentage is expected to raise to 81 percent. At 81 percent net tariff, you're not moving any pork product into China, said Christine McCracken, executive director of animal protein at Rabobank. (Jeff Daniels, We are the Casualty, 2018). Basically, China is closing its doors on any imported pork from the U.S. Mexico has also decided to add to the import tax train set on US pork exporters. On June 5th Mexico added a 10 percent tariff on chilled and frozen pork. Approximately nine days later Mexico doubled that tariff to 20 percent, this followed as a retaliatory action to the tariffs the US set on aluminum and steel. (Jeff Daniels, We are the Casualty, 2018).
Steel and Aluminum are in the list of some of the top exports and imports the US and other countries around the world have. The main reason Donald Trump has enforced these tariffs on steel is because steel employment has fallen from 650,000 employees to about 140,000 since the 1950s. (James McBride, Council on Foreign Relations, Pg. 2). Donald Trump stated, It will be American steel that will fortify Americas crumbling bridges. In doing this, supposedly will bring back many steel and aluminum companies that have set there stone overseas. At the same time other companies such as electronics, will be moving their ways overseas. One of the main ingredients to all farming equipment is steel, and a lot of it. Farming equipment is extremely expensive and accounts for quite a bit of the money that goes into farming. Not only does it hurt the average crop farmers, but businesses such as green houses and livestock farmers. So far, the Trump Tariffs have placed a 25 percent tariff on all steel and 10 percent tariff on all aluminum. (James McBride, Council on Foreign Relations, Pg. 2). Experts say that that previous experience shows that such tariffs will likely fail to revitalize domestic producers while imposing costs on the rest of the economy. (James McBride, Council on Foreign Relations, Pg. 2). These tariffs are connected to a broad range of countries not just a few specific ones. Not only will it fail but it could set off larger trade wars between some the United States biggest allies.
Several large companies have been closing across the U.S. agricultural companies all the way to electronic companies and some construction-based companies. Tv manufacturer Element Electronics announced it was shuttering its plant in Fairfield County, South Carolina, in response to Trumps Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum imports. (Ryan Bort, Rolling Stone, Pg. 2). When companies like this close it has an immense negative impact towards the foundation of the cities the companies are located in. Another example of this situation would be Mid-Continental Nail, although this company didn't shut down it is in fear of a short coming. Mid-Continental Nail, the nation's largest nail manufacturer, was devastated when Trump lifted the tariff exemption for Canada, Mexico, and the EU in May. The company relied on steel imported from Mexico and was forced to raise prices after the tariff was imposed. (Ryan Bort, Rolling Stone, Pg. 3). Sen Claire McCaskill stated, It's time to end this reckless trade war that has put so many Missourians' likelihoods at stake we've already seen 60 jobs lost here in Poplar Bluff, and without any action by the administration, well lose hundreds more.. (Ryan Bort, Rolling Stone, Pg. 3). It is truly amazing the impact that tariffs on a few of the basic products that we import, and export can have on every single person in the U.S. in some form of another every person is connected to the tariffs.
The trump tariffs were placed on specific goods to try to convince companies to bring back their business to the US. Trump believes that it will boost our economy in the long run, but what they don't care or realize is what it does to us in the short run. Tariffs like this put companies that have been working so hard to go out of business. one of the most important parts of our future, which is farming, is greatly impacted in a negative way. We will not survive if farming is crushed down. There is roughly 7.5 billion people in this world that we already cannot feed. More than 800 million people are malnourished. Another two billion are short of essential micronutrients. By the year 2040 it is estimated that we are going to have to feed 9 billion people. (Simon Worrall, National Geographic, pg. 1). The only way we can feed all these mouths is by preserving and helping the farming communities whether the farms are large or small. The Trump tariffs are extremely bad for our communities and trading agreements, which account for a lot of the governments income, and poses a threat to our future and well-being.
Works Cited
- Bort, Ryan. A Brief Overview of What Trump's Tariffs Have Wrought. Rolling Stone, Rolling Stone, 13 Aug. 2018, www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-tariff-effects-708376/.
- Daniels, Jeff. 'We Are the Casualty:' US Pig Farmers Brace for Second Round of Pork Tariffs from China, Mexico. CNBC, CNBC, 5 July 2018, www.cnbc.com/2018/07/04/us-pork-producers-brace-for-new-pork-tariffs-from-china-mexico.html.
- Ell, Kellie. US Farmers Could Take a Significant Hit from Trade War. CNBC, CNBC, 6 July 2018, www.cnbc.com/2018/07/05/us-farmers-could-take-a-significant-hit-from-trumps-tariffs.html.
- McBride, James. The Risks of U.S. Steel and Aluminum Tariffs. Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, 2018, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/risks-us-steel-and-aluminum-tariffs?gclid=CjwKCAiAlvnfBRA1EiwAVOEgfGs9AmsDItIZheJXQqTEzUzEKKe2wFtdm2oSPhPNZ-Kha9iF0mbnexoCBSAQAvD_BwE.
- Worrall, Simmon. How Will We Feed a World of Nine Billion People? National Geographic, National Geographic Society, 1 July 2015, news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150701-hunger-food-agriculture-population-ngbooktalk/.
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Rosa Parks Eulogy Paper
Rosa Parks
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was returning home from a local department store where she worked. After the bus had picked up too many passengers, the bus driver demanding that four black passengers give up their seats for the white passengers that did not have a seat. Three of the African American passengers on the bus got up and exited the bus, but Rosa Parks refused. Eventually, the police were called, and Rosa Parks was arrested. Rosa Parks would later claim that she was physically tired, but that she was tired of giving in.
Rosa Parks was born on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama to James and Leona McCauley. Several years after she was born, her parents divorced. Rosa Parks attended school up until she was a junior in high school when bother her mother and grandmother become ill, and she dropped out of school to take care of them. In 1932, when Rosa was 19 years old, she married Raymond Parks. With his support, Rosa managed to earn her high school degree just a year later. Life for the couple was very normal up until Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a public bus.
Life became so much more difficult for Rosa Parks and her husband after that. Both husband and wife lost their jobs shortly afterward in the boycott that soon followed Rosa arrest. Sometime later the couple moved to Detroit, Michigan, and they stayed there until her death in 2005.
Rosa Parks earned many awards throughout her lifetime, including, but not limited to, the Spingarn Medal, the Martin Luther King Jr. the award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Congressional Gold Medal. In Troy University, there is a museum dedicated to her, which is located at the site of her arrest in downtown Montgomery, Alabama.
Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey is not only one of the most successful women in the world, but she is also one of the wealthiest women in the world. While Oprah Winfrey did meet Rosa Parks later on in life, Rosa Parks did pay an influential role to the young Oprah Winfrey. Oprah was born in the South during the 1950's, and witness the Civil Right's movement as a child. I guess you could say that Oprah Winfrey took Rosa Parks as a bit of a mentor, which helped her maintain the courage necessary to pressure and thrive in career choices where most would have thrown in the towel on long beforehand. But Oprah didn't and continued to succeed in her life, all thanks to one woman, Rosa Parks.
Elements Commonly Found in Eulogies
According to Kunkel and Dennis, there are eight elements that are often found in eulogies. In order, they are an establishment of credibility to eulogize, praise for the disease, self-disclosure of emotion, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, positively appraisal, information of vivid past relationships, and continuation of interactive bonds with the deceased. All these factors are found in very famous eulogies, it's important to note that a eulogy does not need all of these elements. It should also be mention that these elements do not have to be used in this particular order.
So what do all of these elements mean? Let's start with credibility. Credibility is the quality of being trusted and believed by one's audience. Praise of the Deceased means exactly what one would think it to mean; giving praise to a deceased person for achievements and the like. Self-Disclosure of Emotion is defined as Giving voice to one's feelings about the stressful events, such as the death of a loved one. Problem-Focused Coping is the action of giving both explicit and implicit directions for action. Emotion-Focused Coping is very similar to Problem-Focused Coping, but instead of stating something that needs to be done, the speaker provides a bigger picture as a target to aim for. Positive Reappraisal is speaking positively about the deceased. This could be a happy memoried spent with the dead, or mentioning what a good life the deceased has lived. Affirmation of Vivid Past Relationship means to speak about the deceased as the speaker knew them, with all their traits and flaws. Finally, there's continuation of interactive bonds with the deceased, which means to address the deceased person as if they were present, allowing the speaker to bond with that person.
Analysis of Elements found in Rosa Park's Eulogy
The elements of Credibility in this eulogy is unique because Oprah Winfrey is one of those people who doesn't need to establish your credibility. She was a talk show host for many years on the Oprah Winfrey show. She's one of the most successful and wealthiest women in the world. she doesn't need to establish your credibility, because he would be out of her to do so. It would be like if the President of the United States had to explain who they were and why they should have the credibility that they already have it. Still, Oprah does say one thing that helps increase her credibility right at the beginning of the speech. Oprah states that she believes it is "an honor to be here to come and say a final goodbye (line 2). By stating this, Orpah humbles herself in front of an audience by making it seem like she could never hold a candle to the hero that Rosa Parker was to her, and the black community as a whole.
The second element that Oprah Winfrey uses during her eulogy is praise for the deceased. Oprah uses his element to establish Rosa as this larger than life hero by describing how she imagined Rosa Parks to be when she first heard of the bus incident. Oprah recalls that she thought Rosa must be a hundred feet tall ? being stalwart and strong and carrying a shield to hold back the white folks, (lines 6 -7). As humorous as this detail is, it helps paint a picture into the mind's the audience's members to see Rosa as Oprah did, a hero. This element is also intertwined with the next element in this eulogy.
The third element that Oprah Winfrey uses in her eulogy for Rosa Parks is a Positive reappraisal. Oprah Winfrey's positive reappraisal of Rosa Parks is slightly intertwined with her previous element, praise for the deceased. After all, a part of her experience with Rosa Parks is a happy memory of her from when she was a child and when her father telling her the news (line 4). The second part of her positive reappraisal comes from a memory of when Oprah Winfrey actually met Rosa Parks several years before she died. Oprah restates that her previous imaginings of how Rose Parks must look like were very wrong, as Rosa Parks was a petite, almost delicate lady who was the personification of grace and goodness, (lines 9 - 10). the diction that Oprah uses in this line is certainly by known mistake. Oprah Winfrey's trying to paint Rosa Parks as a little old lady that everyone knows and loves. A little old lady that is someone's mother, or grandmother. A little old lady that did the right thing when she knew I could get her in severe trouble.
In this last half of her eulogy, Oprah Winfrey uses the fourth and final element found in eulogies, the continuation of interactive bonds with the deceased. Oprah Winfrey switches from simply talking about Rosa Parks to talking directly to Rosa Parks, by thanking Rosa for being a great woman who used your life to serve, (lines 14 - 15) to thanking her for the action that Rosa is so famous for by refus[ing] to give up your [Rosa] seat on the bus, (line 15). Oprah continues onwards, stating that if Rosa hadn't given up her seat that fateful day, trajectory of my life and the lives of so many other people in the world, (line 16) would be vastly different. Oprah would not have been the person she was, giving that speech in front of a live audience if Rosa Parks hadn't given up her seat. Oprah finishes with I marvel at your will. I celebrate your strength to this day. And I am forever grateful, Sister Rosa, for your courage, your conviction. I owe you ? I will not be moved, (lines 29 - 33). The reason why these last few lines are so good is that while Orpah is not only thanking a woman whom she felt mentored her, is she is praising this woman for her strength and her courage in a concise few lines and is also honor Rosa Parks all at the same time.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Oprah Winfrey did an incredible eulogy for the deceased Rosa Parks. she did this by using the elements of credibility, praise for the deceased, Positive reappraisal, and continuation of interactive bonds with the deceased. I thought the speech used one of the more interesting uses of credibility for a speech because Oprah Winfrey did not need to establish your credibility in front of an audience, given that the audience knew who she was. I also thought it was interesting that the last half of her speech contained only the element of continuation with the interactive bonds with the deceased. I thought that was really smart of her to do that to thank Rosa for all that she had done for others simply because she refused to give up her seat on a bus.
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Rosa Parks Eulogy Paper. (2019, Mar 27).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
Great Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks, a woman born on 4 February 1913, changed a lot by just standing for what she believed in. On December 1, 1955, Parks sat in her seat and did not move. She had worked long and hard all day and just wanted to sit down for a ride home. This soon became a problem.
When the bus started to fill with more white passengers, the bus driver moves the black passengers back one seat. It just so happened that Parks was in one of those seats. She had sat there and she was not moving when the driver told her to.
Rosa Parks wouldn't stand when asked simply because she was tired of giving in to what people thought was their authority over another human being. If a passenger refused to move when asked by the driver then they only had the authority to call the cops to remove the passenger. This is exactly what happened.
Parks was taken into custody afterwards, but she was released on bail later that night. When Rosa Parks was arrested a man named E.D. Nixon decided he was going to make plans to form a boycott against Montgomery's city buses. They had asked all African Americans to stay of buses on December 5, 1955, on Parks trial date, to protest her arrest.
Even though they had started a protest, Parks was found guilty, and was fined a total of fourteen dollars. Though she lost the case, it caused a huge event. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was an event that ended up lasting three hundred and eighty one days, over a year long. This caused buses to go mostly empty, and almost forty thousand African American citizens to walk to work, some distances being twenty miles.
Even though there were many attempts to stop the boycotts, no one retaliated. Peoples homes were bombed and people were arrested. Even their churches were being burned.
Rosa Parks was a great woman. She somehow managed to help African Americans even though she just sat in a seat. They somehow managed to free themselves of the Jim Crow laws. Rosa Parks became and idol, but died on October 24, 2005. She still continues to be great, even through death.
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Great Rosa Parks. (2019, Mar 27).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
An Idol of Rosa Parks
The mishandling of people because of their skin color has been active everywhere for so long. This has torn apart the egos of many. Rosa Parks was one victim of this mistreatment. Rosa Parks was arrested in 1955, after refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a bus. She was an African American who was mistreated and was fed up with the mistreatment of her people including herself. Parks was tired of seeing discrimination and disrespect of women, children, and men because of the color of their skin. Rosa did what was necessary to achieve a segregation free community because sometimes unjust laws need to be broken in order to be addressed and a majority of people are too fearful to put their voices in the public and won't stand up.
Although it was against the norm and culture to refuse to give up her seat to a white American male, I stand on the side that Rosa Parks shaped the right decision to be the one person to fight for her rights and what she believed in. This law was unfair like many others, and she retaliated back and tried not to let herself get arrested.
Many believe that people are not justified to break laws, but this is actually not true. Like Thoreau talks about in Civil Disobedience the opinion that some laws need to be broken in order to push for change. The law that Rosa Parks broke greatly favored white people, but she believed that everyone was created equal by God. No one is better than another person because of their race, wealth, or position in society. Just like what Galatians 3:28 says in the Bible, “ There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.” This Bible verse shows that if you don’t want to be handled in a barbaric way, then don’t treat others that way. The act of her standing up for African Americans and to help put stop racism nominates her the best model in the Civil Rights Movement.
A majority of people are too nervous and fearful to put their voices out to the public. However, Rosa Parks was the opposite and was brave enough to voice her opinion which allowed everyone to be aware of her thoughts toward the unfair law. I think that every person should stand up for their beliefs no matter what their skin color or hair color or any color for that matter, and have their own opinions about each situation. They have freedom of speech and they should be able to give their opinion without fear of what the consequences may be.
Standing up for African Americans to receive equal rights just as much as the whites Americans made Rosa Parks the most achieved person during the Civil Rights Movement. Not willing to give up her seat to the whites in a bus, she tried to make people aware of civil rights. Rosa succeeded to make people aware of civil rights by putting racism as mistreatment cease. As the result, she inspired people to never give up trying to obtain equal rights as everyone else.
Every person should be motivated to stand up for their beliefs and give people their opinion no matter the consequences, especially when it is an unjust law. Don’t just ignore it because it doesn’t affect you.
By refusing to give her bus seat to a white man on a bus Rosa Parks helped spark the civil rights movement. The day Rosa Parks was convicted of violating the segregation laws; the local African-American community started a bus boycott that lasted more than a year. The bus boycott finally ended when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks is now a symbol of power in the struggle to end segregation. This boycott not only showed how much affect the black community had on the economy but it also showed what segregation was really doing to people and their society.
Knowing that she would be arrested and doing it anyway gives way to breaking unjust laws. Parks did not want to give up her seat and having to do that after working all those hours was unjust in that time. She “sat down” to stand up for what she believed in.
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An Idol of Rosa Parks. (2019, Mar 27).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/03/page/2/
