The Economic Impacts of Trump’s Tariffs

And so it began, on November 21, 2016, Trump introduced a "putting America first", campaign saying he would proceed with "fair, bilateral trade deals that bring jobs and industry back onto American shores." Three days after becoming being sworn in as president, Donald Trump kept his word and withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership saying that the agreement would "undermine" the U.S. economy and sovereignty.
President Trump has also mentioned that he would end the North American Free Trade Agreement previously established with Canada and Mexico. His administration has been in the process of renegotiating the terms of this agreement. He specifically called out and criticized the Ford Motor Co, Carrier Corporation, and Mondelez International for having operations based in Mexico. In August 2015 Trump said that would he boycott Oreos when Mondelez International (the Oreo maker) announced that they would be moving manufacturing to Mexico. Recently Trump rebranded and renamed the North American Free Trade Agreement to the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, U.S.M.C.A.

Just this year Trump tweeted "trade wars are good and easy to win," then just days later on March 8, he signed an order to impose the new tariffs effective after 15 days. The 25% steel tariff applies to all countries worldwide, however there are 4 countries that negotiated an exemption from the steel tariff. Australia, South Korea, Argentina & Brazil. Leaders of these countries lobbied President Trump with statements like the following "we're military allies with you, we're in every battle with you". It is interesting how just words simple can change the mind of the world's most powerful leader. Rather the person truly meant them or not.

Legally Trump does have the power to impose tariffs based on the recommendation from the U.S. Secretary of Commerce (currently Wilbur Ross) but not at the time if "an article is being imported in the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten or impair national security," This section has not been invoked since the World Trade Organization was established in 1995. Both China and the EU have opened a WTO complaint against the U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs. Although some lawmakers have urged legislation to change the presidential authority on levying tariffs, it is highly unlikely a president would sign something giving up that much authority.

Leading economists declared in a survey by the initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business showed a consensus that imposing new U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum will not improve Americans' lives and financial welfare. Economists believe that the tariffs will lead to more economic detriment than benefit, as the price for steel increases.

I think the real winners of the tariffs are some American Steel and aluminum production industries; the small and middle-sized companies who are reliant on foreign inputs have struggled as a result of the tariffs. A study of the proposal indicated that the tariffs would lead to an estimated loss of 146,000 jobs. The Bush administration showed that 2002 steel tariffs caused more job losses than job gains.

The tariffs have not been readily accepted from conservatives and Republicans, but Republican-controlled Congress has so far declined to take any action to counter Trump's imposition of tariffs. Reaction was mixed among democratic officials, with Democrats from the Rust Belt states voicing support for tariffs on steel and aluminum imports.

Both Canada and EU have implemented retaliatory tariffs. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada said: "Let me be clear, these tariffs are totally unacceptable, that Canada could be considered a national security risk to the United States is inconceivable". July 1, 2018, Canada also implemented retaliatory tariffs on US imports. They will match the value of the U.S. tariffs dollar-for-dollar and cover U.S. goods, including steel, aluminum, and a variety of other products, including inflatable boats, yogurts, whiskeys, candles, and sleeping bags. E.U. retaliatory tariffs took effect on June 22, 2018, imposing tariffs on 180 types of products, over $3 billion of U.S. goods.

China and Mexico have also implemented retaliatory tariffs. China threatened to curb imports of US soybeans and Mexico on products such as steel, pork, cheese, whiskey, and apples, among other goods.

Trump's latest round of automobile tariffs on Chinese imports will add costs to more than 100 car parts, a levy on everything from tires and brake pads to engines and batteries, that go into cars made and sold in the U.S.

"It's going to be felt by Americans and it's going to be a big deal," said Peter Nagle, senior analyst at IHS Markit. "Tariffs are taxes on consumption. Eventually, costs will be passed down to the consumer. This will drive vehicle costs higher. It also includes a lot of body shop equipment."

How is this affecting imports and exports today? "The sluggishness in imports and exports is in full swing," said Wang Jun, chief economist of Zhongyuan Bank in Beijing. Recently, Chinese exports have expanded robustly, which economists say reflected front-loading of cargoes before a now-postponed plan to hike U.S tariffs of $200 billion of Chinese goods to 25% from 10% on January 1.

Trump and Xi Jinping agreed to a 90-day truce delaying the tariff hike as they negotiate a trade deal. November's China numbers are probably adding a sense of urgency. Now with U.S. and China agreeing not to escalate trade tensions any longer, China will start purchasing U.S. agricultural goods, which may narrow China-U.S trade surplus in the future. President Xi Jinping was excited and confident after his and President Trump recent meeting. President Xi said the meeting was highly successful.

In Argentina last weekend, there was an agreed truce between Trump and Xi to delay the planned hike tariffs to 25 percent from 10 percent on $200 billion Chinese goods while they negotiate a trade deal. Trump and Xi are both confident about reaching an agreement within the next 90 days. Chinese ultimate goal is to remove all U.S tariffs imposed on Chinese goods. Both countries are playing hard ball with the recent tariff war. The White House has said China committed to start buying more American products and lifting tariff and non-tariff barriers immediately, while beginning negotiation talks with focuses on technology transfers and intellectual property protection. Trump has warned just this week of more tariffs if the two sides could not resolve their differences.

Some think China has had the upper hand on trade for years. But to what extent should we go, do we play firm or play easy? Aluminum plants in the midwest think the Tariff's are great but Toyota in the same doesn't like it one bit. Some believe that U.S. policy on global trade must be stronger. That being said Trump's policies have deviated from Republican norm that had embraced international free trade agreements. There are economic impacts of retaliatory tariffs imposed on the U.S. If all of this trade talk end in better trade relationships that is a benefit for America but if it takes too long we may see the backlash for years. Trump is making a gamble by making other countries of the world negotiate their way out of the new heavy tariff's. It seems like Trump wants them to come begging, it seems Trump want to make sure everyone knows he is the most powerful. Will they cave or call his bluff? So far the ones that have been successful with negotiations have done so by meetings with Trump and conversations like those that Canada and Australia are having with him as mentioned on the bottom of page two of this research paper.

As crazy as it all seems Trump's trade measures are small compared to the scale and scope of the protectionist policies of President Ronald Reagan's administration in the 1980s. What has history taught us about trade tariffs. The world economy was not really affected by the temporary reversal during the 190s of the trend toward trade liberalization. Although Trump's protectionism may well have very different consequences; history need not repeat itself. Trump's trade restrictions have more of a unilateral, in your face quality. We are living in a more advanced stage of globalization and the problems that have accompanied it are greater.

What are the legitimate pros and cons to The Free Trade Agreement? Let's look at some below and then review them one by one to gain a better understanding. How U.S. trade effects you, depends on many things. It has a big impact on businesses and are invisible hand as a whole.

The first pro is increased economic growth. This is the inflation of the adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is measured as the percent rate or increase in real gross domestic product, or GDP. Some of the factors that affect economic growth are, natural resources, physical capital or infrastructure, population or labor, human capital, technology and law.

The second pro is lower government spending. It appears with the current tariffs and lack of free trade there is a problem that is resulting in the U.S. government spending around $4.7 billion in farm aid to bailout soybean farmers, which is one of the first products President Trump placed tariffs on.

The third pro is technology transfer which is essentially transferring new technology from the originator to a secondary user, especially from developed countries to less developed countries in an attempt to boost their economies.

The first con is increased job outsourcing. With job outsourcing there is a loss of control over business processes, problems with privacy and intellectual property regulations, quality and turnaround issues, and job loss (probably the biggest one affected by free trade).

The second con is poor working conditions. I could have done an entire research paper on this subject. As underdeveloped countries attempt to cut costs to gain a price advantage, many workers in these countries face low pay, substandard working conditions and even forced and abusive child labor.

The third and last con to free trade we will talk about is degradation of natural resources. Globalisation has resulted in the contraction of space and time, a development that has seen rapid expansion of international and global economic growth. It has also coincided with a dramatic rise in global environmental degradation, in the form of increased air and marine pollution, desertification and deforestation, loss of biological diversity and climate change, says Fikile Nyathi. He brings up the argument as many others do such as whether international trade is really to blame for environment degradation.

Some of the key findings the tax foundation found are that trade barriers raise prices and limit available quantities of products and services for United States businesses and consumers, which means lower income, lower employment and lower economic output. Measures of trade flows are accounting issues and should not be misunderstood to be indicators of economic health. Production and exchange - regardless of the balance on the current account - generate wealth. Before President Trump the world had largely moved away from protectionist trade policies towards a rules-based, open trading system. Post-war trade liberalization has led to widespread benefits, including higher income levels, lower prices, and greater consumer choice. The current administration has enacted tariffs on imported solar panels, washing machines, steel, and aluminum, and is investigating further tariffs on Chinese imports and automobile imports.

The U.S. trade deficit was at a 10-year high in October 2018 as soybean exports dropped further and imports of consumer goods rose to a record high. This is proving that President Trump's administration's tariff-related actions to shrink the trade gap likely have been ineffective.

Unfortunately the administration of President Trump does support an aggressive across the board tariff of 45% on all imports from China to neutralize the effects of China's currency manipulation. Such a tariff cannot withstand an economic and legal analysis, says Daniel Chow of the University of Pittsburgh. Fundamental economic principles indicate that China's alleged currency devaluation cannot create a real long-term trade advantage and that the effects of currency devaluation have no real effect on the U.S.-China trade balance. Not only is currency manipulation not a cause of the U.S. trade deficit with China but the proposed remedy of a draconian 45% tariff will only create a grievous self-inflicted wound on the United States and the global economy. From a legal perspective, a 45% tariff cannot be justified under the legal regime of the World Trade Organization as such a tariff runs in conflict of the tightly regulated regime of authorized trade sanctions. As the proposed tariff cannot be justified from a legal or economic perspective, it is not an advisable or appropriate response to China's trade practices.

It is a rather complicated issue and I'm not sure I have the answers but trade barriers, such as tariffs, have been demonstrated to cause more economic harm than benefit: they raise prices and reduce availability of goods and services, thus resulting, on net, lower income, reduced employment and lower economic output. Rather than erect barriers to trade that will have negative economic consequences, policymakers should promote free trade and the economic benefits it brings. However, organizations like the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the newly named USMCA are critical in free trade. For example if in America we care about polluting our rivers so have regulations on how to handle waste put are importing most of our paint from China who does not have regulations on waste then we are protecting our environment but they are not, and we all share the same World. It is essential we have regulation as things such as poor working conditions, increased job outsourcing and degradation of natural resources.

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The Journey of Faith

Every story ever told and every life ever lived has included elements of good and evil. In a stereotypical story, the main character endures a struggle between the wicked and the honorable”whether it be internal or external. Through hardships, self-discovery, grit, and strength, the protagonist generally manages to pull off a miracle and rid their respective world of the evil that perverted it. As real people are living out the stories of their life, what is it that separates the good from the bad? The wicked from the righteous? Ultimately, one thing becomes the deciding factor in the conflict between the dark and the light, and that is the faith of the character. Whatever it is that an individual has faith in” whether it is faith in humanity, themselves, people, the world, a single person, or a supreme being of some kind, the choice to have faith or not to have faith determines a person's character. When faith is chosen, it becomes the sledgehammer to smash the face of the evil that keeps popping up back into the hole it came from. True faith is the key to taking the evil out of a person and out of the world.

One of the most immediate, innate connections one makes upon hearing the word faith is that with God. God is believed by an incredibly large group of people to be the only one who can change a person's heart and help them become victors over the adversary. God's role in the internal battle between good and evil is exceptionally shown in a novel written by Yann Martel. In his internationally celebrated book Life of Pi, the main character, Pi, embarks on a life-altering journey that changes his perspective forever. He interacts with different characters and endures treacherous experiences and loneliness that, in any interpretation of the story, become a part of him. Pi is an avidly adamant believer of God, and as he and his actions reiterate constantly throughout the book, Pi knows and loves him deeply and personally. Pi's life on a boat in the middle of the Pacific Ocean was not, in any stretch of reality, easy. He described one of his experiences this way, I was giving up. I would have given up”if a voice hadn't made itself heard in my heart. The voice said, "I will not die. I refuse it. I will make it through this nightmare. I will beat the odds, as great as they are. I have survived so far, miraculously. Now I will turn miracle into routine. The amazing will be seen every day. I will put in all the work necessary. Yes, so long as God is with me, I will not die. Amen" (Patel 148). It is examples like this of Pi's faith in and love for God that spread and touched all those who heard his story. One man, Mr. Francis Adirubasamy, introduced Pi's experience to the also fictitious author of Pi's story by saying, I have a story that will make you believe in God (Patel X). True, unshaken faith is infectious and spreads like the desire for water on a mildly hot day; one doesn't realize they need it until they recognize they don't have it or they see someone else with it. As shown by Mr. Adirubasamy, Pi's incredible faith had more of an effect on many than the reality-defying experiences he had. The fact that, above all else, the power of faith was Mr. Adirubasamy's main takeaway from Pi's story is quite the supporting factor in the argument that Pi's faith in God was his key to survival” as well as the triumph over the evil around and inside of him.

Although the example of faith shown by Pi is monumentally powerful, the deathly exhibit of what forged faith can do to a person (or a town) is equally as present in the play The Crucible. Written in 1953 by Arthur Miller, this chilling tale follows the havoc-reaped town of Salem as their witch trials commenced in the 1690s. Many people were being accused of witchcraft (the punishment for which is hanging) and terror reigned over the hearts of the residents. Accusations were being thrown left and right as haphazardly as one might throw their clothes out of a drawer in a frantic search for the desired item; however, most of the accusations had very little merit, cause, or evidence to support them. Elizabeth Proctor, a character in the story who was living in Salem at the time, said this, I cannot think the Devil may own a woman's soul, Mr. Hale, when she keeps an upright way, as I have. I am a good woman, I know it; and if you believe I may do only good work in the world, and yet be secretly bound to Satan, then I must tell you, sir, I do not believe it (Miller 70). Elizabeth believes that one cannot make viable accusation of evil against a woman who has done nothing but good works”a show of her personal faith in God.

While this prerogative makes logical sense, the town of Salem let fear and false faith control their actions; specifically, they let Abigail Williams, a young girl perceived by many as the living embodiment of deceptive faith, control them. She jumped on the witchcraft accusation bandwagon, shrugging the blame for actual witchcraft off of herself, starting with a slave named Tituba. When confronted about the witchcraft that she herself had performed, Abby said, Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam's dead sisters. And that is all. And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it; I saw Indians smash my dear parents' heads on the pillow next to mine, and I have seen some reddish work done at night, and I will make you wish you had never seen the sun go down! (Miller 20). Abigail's threat to the other girls that had seen her perform witchcraft in the woods carried out well and held onto the hearts of the threatened through the rest of the ordeal. Because of this, Abigail was able to wrongly accuse many and start a spark, leading to a metaphorical fire that ultimately killed twenty people” nineteen by hanging and one by torture” all under a false pretense of faith.

Young Goodman Brown is another example of the effects of counterfeit faith, but it also delves deeper into the aftermath of the loss of faith. In this classic written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Goodman Brown is a man who embarks on a journey, despite his wife, Faith's, resistance at his leaving. He ventures into the woods where he meets a strange traveler who is bearing in considerable resemblance to him, though perhaps more in expression than features (Hawthorne). This traveler is later on revealed to be Devil himself, implying that we all have a little bit of evil inside of us. When this older man admonishes him for being late to their meeting, Goodman Brown says that Faith kept me back awhile(Hawthorne). Aside from the fictionalized side of this statement, the screaming symbolism clearly shows that faith keeps one away from evil. It was only when Goodman Brown chose to ignore his faith that he met and conversed with the Devil. As young Goodman Brown and the Devil continued walking down the path in the forest, Goodman Brown travelled further and further away from his Faith. Eventually, at a point deep in the woods, he thinks he hears her voice and a scream, shortly followed by a sign implying that she is gone. "My Faith is gone!" cried he, after one stupefied moment. "There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given" (Hawthorne). Once faith feels lost, there seems to be no point in resisting evil because one can't feel the good anymore. Therefore, when faith is lost, the individual is lost with it.

To analytically summarize, faith has a monumentally incredible power for good if used, gained, and shared correctly. If a forged pretense of faith is used for evil, or if one's faith is lost, it can have the equal, but ruinously opposite effect as true faith. Once one has chosen faith, all actions that follow suit are based off of that choice. Faith, instead of simply becoming a part of someone, becomes the reason behind their existence and the center of their life. As displayed by Pi, true, pure faith has the potential to pull us through the worst of times and give people a reason to, as quoted in Finding Nemo, just keep swimming.

If faith is manipulated, relented, or lost (as shown in The Crucible and Young Goodman Brown), the result can be a loss of life” whether that be physically, emotionally, spiritually, or a disastrous mix of all of them. Ultimately, faith is the keystone of a person's decisions and well being. Life without faith is simply fear. Woodrow Kroll, a respected religious leader and previous president of Davis College, once said, The only known antidote to fear is faith. Because wickedness breeds fear, this also suggests that the only known antidote to evil is faith. True faith is the key to taking the evil out of a person and out of the world.

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The Faith and Love in Joyce’s Works

There are many aspects of Irish life that are discussed in James Joyce's works. The role of religion in shaping social conventions, love relationships and moral structure is a preoccupying element of Joyce's stories. Joyce's characters in the Dubliners are described as short-tempered, having thwarted loves and intense class and self-consciousness. Many of the characters in Dubliners, seek escape and adventure, ponder the significance of death and react to the confinement of routine. Why are Joyce's characters this way? This paper is an attempt to probe these elements of Joyce's works.

Religious beliefs and unbelief are central, so much to as to become a character of sorts. Joyce's persons have religious thought and organizations to join in as it is a tangible and responsive entity. It is odd that many of the characters do not seek out religion or family as the answer to their problems. Farrington of Counterparts demonstrates the dangerous potential of escapism and the actions and components which define his purported normalcy. The word counterpart means a person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing in another place. The title itself suggesting the subject being a part of something else but Farrington doesn't see himself as a part. Farrington's work mirrors his social and home life in repetition and it is suggested that this repetition causes his anger to worsen (SparkNotes). However, Farrington, with his explosive physical reactions, shows more than any other character the ramifications of perceived normalcy. On the surface he is a family man and a worker bee with all the props available to him to project the aforementioned images. He is however without understanding how to be a complete human being which might cause his violence.

I do not believe repetition results in violence but a lack of empathy, community and introspection. In his off time, he doesn't lend himself to betterment or gathering with his family but he escapes exhibiting antisocial behavior with binge drinking and excessive spending. He could go home and spend time with his family or he could use his time to pray or introspect about his place as a man, father and husband. He doesn't do these things preferring role playing (a strong man), drunkenness (avoidance) and lashing out (reprisal) at an innocent, his son. He lashes out as if it is others who have failed him but doesn't bother to look within. This story illuminates the importance of choices. Why doesn't he introspect, pray or spend time with his family? All these options are available, but he chooses to do bad.

The way religion is portrayed by Joyce is significant. In Grace Father Tom Burke is mentioned. He was a famous and popular Irish Dominican priest whose homiletic style was everything but gracious. His sermons were marked by vulgar metaphors and unabashed xenophobic Irish nationalism. Joyce calls into question the loftier ideals associated with religion even mentioning him. In Grace the characters discuss their view of religion. Cunningham's wife thinks of his going on a religious retreat, Religion for her was a habit, and she suspected that a man of her husband's age would not change greatly before death However, Mr. Cunningham was a capable man; and religion was religion. The scheme might do good and, at least, it could do no harm (148).

Catholicism is weaved throughout the Dubliners as a consequence of its importance to Irish society. Joyce's stories focus on middle-class Catholic Dubliner who is simultaneously alienated and inundated with the religion of his/her home. Religion being defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman activity usually involving devotional and ritual observances, the Dubliners have that convention presented solidly. The things that seem to elude the characters is true faith and a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. Religion as the ritual observance of faith seems lacking.

Religion and loss of religion are major themes in Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and the Dubliners. Stephen when the Belvedere priest encourages him to join the priesthood decides to learn his wisdom apart from otherswandering among the snares of the world. The characters in Joyce's work have been provide the basis of religious reflection but opt out choosing to play fast and loose and go it alone with varying results.

At the same time Joyce seems to incorporate the idea of the sacred as attainable outside of religious thought. Joyce mentions simony in The Sisters contemplates the word paralysis or the loss of the ability to move and sometimes to feel anything. But our narrator likens it to gnomon and simony in its strangeness stating But now it sounded to me like the name of some maleficent and sinful being. It filled me with fear, and yet I longed to be nearer to it and to look upon its deadly work (1).

In a more detailed talk of these strange words, the issue of simony and gnomon in one form or another arises. Simony is buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual. It is any contract of this kind prohibited by divine or ecclesiastical law. The name is taken from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18), who attempted to buy the power of conferring the gifts of the Holy Spirit from the Apostles.

Simony, in the form of buying holy orders, or church offices, was virtually unknown in the first three centuries of the Christian church, but it became familiar when the church had positions of wealth and influence to bestow. From that time prohibitions and penalties were reiterated against buying or selling promotions to the episcopate, priesthood, and diaconate. Later, the offense of simony was extended to include all traffic in benefices and all pecuniary transactions on masses (apart from the authorized offering), blessed oils, and other consecrated objects. After the 16th century, it steadily disappeared in its most flagrant forms with the disendowment and secularization of church property. Gnomon in its original Greek means one that knows or examines, these seemingly unimportant words might offer an explanation of Joyce's worship at the altar of theosophy, coopting ideas essential in religious practice as important to the secular enjoyment of life. Perhaps the perversion of the spiritual nature of love with money (simony) and a lack of examination or knowledge of these important things(gnomon) is a preoccupation of Joyce and his character.

The view of Mr. Duffy of A Painful Case of the sacred upon reading of Mrs. Emily Sinico's death, What an end! The whole narrative of her death revolted him, and it revolted him to think that he had ever spoken to her of what he held sacred (106). Mr, Duffy in earlier conversation reveals what he thinks is sacred, He thought that in her eyes he would ascend to an angelical stature; and, as he attached the fervent nature of his companion more and more closely to him, he heard the strange impersonal voice which he recognized as his own, insisting on the soul's incurable loneliness (103).

"A Painful Case" that forces the reader to examine their assumptions about the story's sexual politics before they can propose judgments of its characters. Duffy's alienation takes on a sort of ethical responsibility because his love interest is married. Whether believing Duffy to be narcissistic in reading of "A Painful Case" exposes the ethically problematic nature of Duffy's inactions even they are brought about by neurosis and societal repression. Duffy's interactions with Mrs. Sinico grounded in integrity instead of sexual desire whereas he represents narcissism in inauthentic amorous encounters. This comparison stresses the affirmation of the loved one and an acceptance of her/his individuality as a condition for love. In contrast to the narcissistic tendency to use the love object as a mirror for the self, love entails the "responsibility of two separate people, a "promise" that establishes an equal, reciprocal connection between them but of course is an impossibility for Duffy.

The mark of many of Joyce's characters is the inability to connect with others successfully. This might be in a marriage as with Little Chandler of A Little Cloud or some other relationship. There are not much actual connections just a series of roles, responsibilities and expectations. In absence of mature example of marriage and other relationships, Joyce's work indicates his efforts to work out tenets of love. The Dubliners provides a fascinating and peek into Joyce's evolving attitudes toward love in the contexts of marriage his literary fascination with it. In Joyce's works he seemed to find marriage either domineering or deceptive. In The Boarding House Joyce shows marriage as either oppressive in the case of Mrs. Mooney or a deceptive contract born of a con of sorts with Polly and Mr. Doran's union. Marriage is alluded to as a ploy of sorts bred of convenient timing and social ignorance. Joyce shows Mrs. Mooney weighing the odds thinking, she had all the weight of social opinion on her side: she was an outraged mother. She had allowed him to live beneath her roof, assuming that he was a man of honour, and he had simply abused her hospitalitynor could ignorance be his excuse since he was a man who had seen something of the world (58).

Other times marriage is portrayed as a warm blanket providing comfort for its characters. In A Mother the marriage is described very sympathetically, the narrator states, At some party in a strange house when she lifted her eyebrow ever so slightly he stood up to take his leave and, when his cough troubled him, she put the eider-down quilt over his feet and made a strong rum punch. For his part, he was a model father (128).

Author Janine Utell provides an intriguing and well-argued analysis of Joyce's evolving attitudes toward love.

Illicit desire becomes a space in which to explore questions of autonomy, selfhood, and value; it is a revolutionary move against conventional utilitarian understandings (or lack thereof) of the erotic. It is precisely this revolt that Joyce is staging in his work: a revolt against conventional frameworks of marriage that stifle desire, restrict individuals, and keep men and women from seeing the person they love and recognizing that person as autonomous and separate (3).

The voice's message that "we cannot give ourselves ... we are our own" (103) not only shows that Mrs. Sinico's emotional attachment to Duffy will be rejected because it requires an indulgence that Duffy is incapable of giving; it also reveals the alienation intrinsic in his interpretation of love and his interactions with others. He can use "the fervent nature of his companion" (102) to strengthen his self-love, but his insistence that he is his own isolated being renders him incapable of returning her devotion. In order to achieve genuine community and to realize the idea of community, we must create the social conditions that facilitate this, the mutual confirmation of human beings by one another. To demonstrate the importance of this loving dialogue in the idea of community this section explores the implications of Duffy's refusal of Emily Sinico. It argues that the interactions between Mrs. Sinico and Duffy represent a conflict between two different methods of loving their fellow Dubliners.

However, by reading the political content of their conversations with respect to Buber, we discover that Duffy's inability to affirm Mrs. Sinico's otherness is indicative of a greater societal alienation that undermines his collective aspirations. To that end, recognizing that the love Emily Sinico offers Duffy is not simply the embrace of an individual, but rather an opportunity to transform that affirmation of humanity into a larger social interchange that would enable him to bring about the transformation that he might desire.

Dubliners concerns itself primarily with wider questions of sympathy and the reading process. The idea of sympathy is a frequently addressed in the literary works themselves and there are many similarities between sympathetic feeling and our approach to reading texts; this realization prepares the way for new insights into narrative interpretation. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Dubliners seems a fitting choice for a text against which to read ideas of understanding and sympathy. The complexity in the narration of these stories problematizes Joyce's engagement with sympathy, both in his depiction of his characters and his positioning of his narrators. The stylistic structure of short stories is more complex than is generally afforded Joyce's earliest writings, prepositioning even in comparison to his more challenging texts. Stephen Dedalus in Ulysses states the case," A man of genius makes no mistakes (228). Joyce's characters errors are volitional and are the portals of discovery.

Works Cited

Joyce, James. Dubliners. Amazon Classics. Kindle Edition.

Utell, Janine. James Joyce and the Revolt of Love: Marriage, Adultery, Desire. New York: Palgrave. 2010.

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About Civil Rights

The still continuing civil rights movement for the Aboriginal people of Australia has had no influence on other movements and has not received any influence from any other movements in the world relating to indigenous, or aboriginal, people of a nation.
One of the first things to acknowledge is the similarities of oppression a colonizing power enacts upon the indigenous people encountered, and that even though they are similar they are not influenced by each other. After the colonizing power reaches the new destination it promotes genocide of the people there before the colonizing power. For example, the Mexican state Sonora put a bounty on the Apache tribe which eventually evolved to a payment of 100 pesos in 1835 for the payment of a Apache's scalp. To put that sum of money into perspective 100 pesos would be about 135 USD today. After a while different oppressed groups started to scalp the Apache tribes: runaway slaves, different indian tribes such as the Shawnees (Worcester).

Captain James Cook documented the first interaction with the indigenous people of Australia in 1770, and in 1778 the first fleet arrived in Botany Bay, starting the colonization of Australia by the British. In Just 51 years the population of the indigenous people had shrank from over 1 million to 300,000 due to the spread of new diseases such as smallpox (Rayburn) . A second example of oppression from a colonizing group occured in Australia. In 1830 the newly started government offered a bounty for any Australian aboriginal people: 5?? for a full grown male and 3?? for a child (Stockton). In the United States colonizers such as Jeffrey Amherst made sure he gave the indigenous people smallpox infested blankets knowing they had no immunity to the virus (Fenn). The three situations given above show the oppression of indigenous people soon after the colonizers had settled. Although the two both show the oppression of indigenous people they could not have influenced each other as they happened at the same time but on different parts of the globe.

The retaliations of Indigenous people against the Europeans only happened due to the oppression they faced and not because they were influenced by other oppressed groups.The Europeans colonized the land which was once the indigenous peoples and started growing crops and livestock on the land. Then, when the aboriginal people started to come onto the land the newly settled Europeans had ?claimed' they were shot and killed. This was one of the first demonstrations of a lack of civil rights in Australia as the aboriginals had thought they were equal to the colonizers but were proven wrong upon contact (Stockton). Half a century later most of the surviving aboriginals had been relocated to southern Australia where their land was supposedly theirs, but after a few years they found this was not the case: the Europeans had expanded their agriculture to southern australia as they had started to run out of nitrogen rich soil due to aggressive agriculture.

The Europeans decided to start and mass produce cattle in Southern Australia even though the aboriginals showed widespread resistance through sabotage of the colonist's farms (Electoral Commission). As societies advance the Europeans and aboriginal people started to live side by side and followed the same laws. Even though the aboriginal people now coexisted with their oppressors they were still not granted the same rights. In 1870 a law was passed entitling only British males to vote (Fenn). All three of the examples listed above only pertain to the civil rights of indigenous australians without outside influence because the specific wants and needs of the aboriginal people caused there to be such a retaliation.

The most interesting part of the progression of civil rights for indigenous people in australia is that it doesn't seem to follow normal conventions. One example of how Australia is unaffected by being a pioneer of rights is that it is still the only democratic nation in the world that doesn't have a Bill of Rights. In fact the reason why aboriginals are treated differently in the eyes of the law in Australia is becuase the Australian constitution says indigenous people are to follow a different set of laws(Donald). Another example of how countries in Australia are pioneers when concerned with human rights is that New Zealand was the first country in the world to given women the right to vote, but not just the British women but the oppressed, indigenous women as well(Williams). Finally in 1963 the policy that aboriginal children could be removed for the purpose of "protection" was repealed.

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The Dangers and Risks of Faith

Since the beginning of time, human beings have come across lightning, floods and the inevitable, death. Ancient humans, being as primitive as they were, could not come with rational explanations for these events. They created religion to explain the unexplainable. It started out with gods for lighting, then transitioned to more moral gods, like Zeus and Hera, then almost lastly, but not completely, transitioned to monotheism, the belief in one god. This monotheistic approach to religion became very popular amongst people, yet there always those who oppose. This quickly created turmoil in Early Western/Eastern Europe and parts of the Middle East, like Israel and Palestine and created political, military consequences amongst neighboring kingdoms and tribes

During the Middle Ages, there was a lot of political tension between Europeans and those who live in now present-day Middle East. All throughout history, people have fought one another for many reason, most of which are based on religion, political view, and cultural views as well. But it all comes down to two most important thing during this time period; power and wealth. Many kingdoms would disagree with each other on a political level, riot and revolts would erupt, yet depending on said ruler, they would insist if the people were insulting and revolting against him, that they would as be revolting against their god. During the Islamic Renaissance, the Abassid's were not doing well politically, but were doing great culturally. They did adopt a Persian style of ruling, State over Church, this only lasted until the end of the Abassid Caliphate. In the Byzantine Empire, the people there were far more advanced than that of Latin West. The Byzantines had a huge impact on world history; they prevented they Muslim Arabs from advancing farther into Eastern Europe, another achievement of theirs was the codification of the laws of ancient Rome, thus becoming the Corpus Juris Civilis, which preserved Roman law's principles of reason and justice, and they also preserved the philosophy, science, mathematics, and literature of ancient Greece.

In the Early Middle Ages, feudalism developed creating a very obvious social class system. At the top were Kings, Popes, Lords, and clergy members, in the middle were merchants, knights, and artisans, and at the bottom were serfs and peasants. This created political and economic problems, but by having this class system, it shows how one could not be where they are without the other. Neither the lords who warred nor the clergy who prayed performed economically productive work. Their ways of life were made possible by the toil of serfs. (Perry, 140) With the Lords supplying knights, this mean that the Church had an army and could use it at its disposal, for political and economical reasons they would attack others, but like I had said earlier the main reason was for power and wealth, by them attacking others their Kingdom this would increase their political power, by giving the land they've conquered to other kings, yet by this time the Church was mostly in control and the Kingdom would expand politically, but it was more of a spiritual power than a political power. This led to many different wars and revolts all throughout Europe and even in Middle East.

Religion has been around since the first humans, it was created to explain the unexplainable, but it's not like our ancestors knew that what they had just created would cause an almost everlasting, tremendous amount of suffering, turmoil, and war for everyone to come. Christianity had something to offer that no other religion could compete with, an intensely personal relationship with God, an intimate connection with a higher world and membership in a community of the faithful who cared for one another. Christianity became a prominent and popular religion towards the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 11th century. Kings and Popes started using religion as a way to easily manipulate the common folk. They made people pay taxes to church and the state, they told people that if they didn't do penance that they wouldn't be allowed into the Kingdom of God. The Peace of God was enacted between 990-1050, prohibiting violence, yet the Church couldn't stop it, so the Truce of God was created and didn't allow violence of any kind to happen between Thursday to Sunday.

During the Middle Ages, the Church became so powerful that many people were at the mercy of the church. They were capable of manipulating people into doing anything for the church and into giving all their money to the church. By doing this, the church became so powerful, that at one time it was more powerful than the Kings. Gregory VII who reigned from 1073-1085, installed the ideal of papal supremacy, which in simpler terms meant that everyone else was his subjects The Church could interfere with the State, but the State could not interfere with the Church. Gregory was known to excommunicate and dispose of Kings as he did with Henry IV. In the Early and High Middle Ages, feudalism developed and this created a very more present social order, the Kings and clergy were on top, knights, merchants and artisans were in the middle and peasants were at the bottom. The Lords would have property that they would give the kinghts in return for their loyalty and for them to basically fighter their country.

This help create an army for the Church, when they were being attacked the knights would go off and fight. This eventually led the Church to believe in, just war. Which meant that as along as they were attacked first, a defensive war and if God directed to go to war, which was easily distorted. The Church also advertised that taking a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Jerusalem would save from their sins, Penitential War pilgrimages. They believed that doing penance, making the pilgrimage to the Holy Land and just war was the way into Heaven. In Islamic society, a jihad is a holy war, which they have declared on Christians and vice versa. Constant warfare reeked Europe and the Middle East because of religious reasons, and as it goes to show, still happen to this date. Religious and political views will be the main reason as to why people will go to war.

During the Middle Ages, the military that different Kingdoms had were either weak or they were strong, there wasn't too much in-between. Right before the Middle Ages, an emperor by the name of Charlemagne had an impressive army of 8000 men. In total his army fought 54 times and on occasion on multiple different fronts. The Viking Invasions of the 9th Century were brutal and bloody, they usually targeted weak and divided kingdoms, and monasteries.

As mentioned earlier, feudalism was an indicatory was for the Church to begin assembling an army. Feudal lords only thought that one thing gave meaning to their life; being a warrior. Warfare gave meaning to his life. In the eyes of the Church, the knights could be used as assistants to the clergy enforcing God's will, a knight was expected to honor the laws of the church and to wield his sword in the service of God. Other Kingdoms, also had a similar dynamic with the militia fighting for they Kingdom and for they god or gods. Religion has an interesting way of twisting and manipulating people into doing what certain higher-status individuals say that they need to do for the Kingdom and what they should do in order to get into Heaven or where their paradise may be, like for one is willing to die for your King/Emperor and your religion, but to people it was so much more than that, it was all they knew and all that they held dear.

During the Middle Ages, it was easy to manipulate someone into doing something you wanted to them to, all you had to do was use the excuse, religion, and people would do it. This made it easy for Kings and Emperors to exercise their power and their wealth and for them to attempt to conquer a new land and spread their political, religious, cultural and militia ideals, each King and Emperor wanted their culture and ideas to spread and go farther than next, but it seems a huge chunk of the population in Europe chose to follow Christianity and other in the Middle East chose to follow their traditional Jewish or Muslim ways.

Works Cited

Perry, Marvin. Western Civilization: A Brief History, Vol I. Boston: Cengage, 2015.
Dragoni, Mark. Lecture, 10/31/2018.
Dragoni, Mark. Lecture, 11/14/2018.
Dragoni, Mark, The Crusades, 11/19/2018.
Dragoni, Mark, Charlemagne and The Franks, 11/5/2018.

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Faith Hope and Love in “How i Learned to Drive”

The three theological virtues, faith, hope, and love are recurring themes throughout history, especially prevalent in theater and plays. The idea of hope in Angels in America by Tony Kushner and How I Learned to Drive by Paula Vogel creates a sense of a happy endings in both plays; however looking deeper it may only be a happy ending for some of the characters. All three virtues must work together symbiotically, without one they would cease to exist. The characters from both plays, Angels in America and How I Learned to Drive go through traumatic circumstances and events, and communicate to the audience in different ways in order to cope with their grief. Li'l Bit, How I Learned to Drive, and Prior Walter and The Angel, Angels in America, use the theological virtues of faith, hope, and love in order to process and explain their traumatic experiences.

The character of Li'l Bit in How I Learned to Drive narrates her story in segments of memories, completely out of order and on her own terms. She is painting a story in flashbacks, accessing repressed memories in a strategic order. These flashbacks only allow the audience access to what Li'l Bit wants to tell. How I Learned to Drive is set in the 1960-70's, in an extremely poor and rural town where Li'l Bit lives with her mother and father. Her family is very open about sexuality, often joking about sexual subjects at the dinner table. While eating dinner, Li'l Bit's grandfather says Well she better stop being so sensitive, cause five minutes before Li'l Bit turns the corner, her tits turn first (Vogel 11).

The family's openness with sex makes Li'l Bit uncomfortable, telling them to stop and walking away from the table. Though the last scene in the play, if we put the the play together chronologically the first scene is during a trip where Lil' Bit wants to stay an extra week at the beach and drive home with Uncle Peck. Li'l Bit's mother says no at first, but after Li'l Bit's relentless insisting, her mother tells her it's her own fault if she gets hurt. On the ride home, Uncle Peck sexually assaults Li'l Bit however; she waits until the end of the play to give us that information for a reason. After revealing the piece of the puzzle she was withholding the entire play, Li'l Bit says: That day was the last day I lived in my body. I retreated above the neck, and lived inside the fire in my head ever since (Vogel 58). This statement is extremely powerful, as it demonstrates faith, hope, and love at once. This complex love for Uncle Peck is not black and white, Herren explains,Li'l Bit's relationship with Peck was a love/hate relationship with a man who was not only her uncle and her abuser but also her mentor, teacher, father-figure, and confidante. As an adult capable of forgiveness, she can appreciate the gifts that he gave her along with the punishments (Herren par 5). Lil' Bit's secret the entire play is that she loves/loved her Uncle Peck, but it is an anomalous love.

Li'l Bit starts the play with: Sometimes to tell a secret, you first have to teach a lesson (Vogel 9). This sets the tone of forbidden love, hope, and faith across the play. Throughout the play, we begin to understand that the relationship between Li'l Bit and Uncle Peck is complex and may not be understood to anyone, including her. The idea of hope and faith are interdependent, they simply do not work without each other. Faith is the not necessarily believing in a higher power, but rather the idea of trusting ourselves to another, whether it be a person or an entity. Searching deeper, many people believe the idea of faith is only spiritual or religious, but people could entrust almost anyone with the idea that they will do what is in our best interest. Hope is taking that trust of faith, and extending it out into the future while keeping the same belief that the other person has the best of intentions.

At the age of eleven, Li'l Bit put her faith in her Uncle Peck, with the hope that he could be mentor. This faith and hope make the audience uneasy and uncomfortable for the duration of the play. Vogel chose to make the audience uncomfortable about Li'l Bit and Peck's pedophiliac and incestuous relationship, all while Li'l Bit is trying to make us see that Peck was someone she looked up to and admired. The challenges of such an approach are daunting. Vogel chose to write against the prevailing grain of what we think we know (through pop-cultural clich) about sexual abuse, instead emphasizing "the gifts we receive from the people who hurt us." But Vogel was also intent upon not "denying or forgetting the original pain" (Harren par 3). While Li'l Bit's family is trapped in a poor town in Maryland, Li'l Bit dreams of working hard academically in order to go to college and better her life. The rest of her family thinks this is an unnecessary pipe dream, however Uncle Peck is a supportive confidant who does everything in his power to help Li'l Bit succeed. At the age of thirteen Li'l Bit seals her fate by putting her faith into Uncle Peck one a week for their furtive meetings.

Li'l Bit's hope is Uncle Peck will be someone who can help her, while she is helping him. Li'l Bit understands that even though her uncle is flawed, her faith and hope lay in his hands. Through this, Li'l Bit slowly begins to fall in love with her abuser, in an arguable Stockholm Syndrome type mentality. Most people will read or watch this play and immediately fixate on the fact that Li'l Bit is a minor and that Peck is her uncle, but Vogel is more interested in depicting a woman with hope, faith and love sorting through a traumatic experience in order to get forgiveness and acceptance from herself. Li'l Bit's story ends happily, as everytime she drives she pictures Uncle Peck, a happy memory of the man she loves, the one who so early on in her life she put her faith and hope into.

The ideas of hope, faith, and love are vastly different as portrayed in Angels in America, with characters Prior Walter and The Angel. Prior Walter's faith was tested time and time again after he contracted AIDS and his health began to deteriorate. After breaking the news to long time boyfriend, Louis, Prior's health began to take a steady decline. At first, it appeared that Louis was going to stay, and help Prior battle the disease, but it soon became clear that Louis was going to abandon Prior in his time of need. After almost four years together, Prior put his faith into Louis, and his hope--which was his faith extended into the future. As in any serious relationship, partners put their hope into the other person, believing that they will be there during the difficult times when help is so desperately needed.

Any long-term relationship is rooted in hope, hope that the other partner has our best interest at heart, hope that their love will extend into the future and be strong enough to withstand the trials and tribulation of life. Was Louis unjust in leaving Prior after his diagnosis? Perhaps, but during the 1980's, AIDS was a frightening and unknown disease which had little to no cure, as drugs to suppress it were almost unattainable and wildly expensive. Perhaps love is a construct, a falseness convoluted by the idea of hope and faith in another person. Hope is an idea that helps many people from giving up on their faith; faith in humanity, faith in themselves, faith in god or lack thereof. As such, hope's labor is to insist that the present is not enough and that the future can and must be better. In dark times such as these, characterized by a range of hope's disappointed-from war without end to the economic and political failures (Chambers-Leston 143). Prior hangs onto the belief that life can get better, even if the present is grim. This is an example of faith and hope working interdependently.

In flies The Angel, Greetings Prophet! The Great Work Begins: The Messenger Has Arrived (Kushner 167). Prior finds a new faith, and a new hope in the fact that he is deemed a prophet, and must work as such to help save humanity. The Angel demands that Prior STOP MOVING! in order to fulfill God's wishes for humanity (Kushner 178). Prior, like Jonah from the bible, tries to flee from The Angel as Jonah tried to flee from God. Both Prior and Jonah were unsuccessful in their avoidance, because we can not escape faith and hope (Nutu 177). After Jonah was swallowed by the whale, and Prior felt The Angel's power, they both knew that they had to succumb to the powers of their faith and their hope. Despite being diagnosed and living with AIDS, being abandoned by his boyfriend, and watching friends die, Prior still has faith and hope that humanity need to keep moving. Prior has a love for life, a faith that humanity will evolve into acceptance, and a hope for a brighter future. The Angel explains to Prior that death and destruction are coming for humanity, that the world must stop moving, that the future is grim according to God. Prior's hope enables him to have a positive outlook, he wants to live, to see what is ahead of him. Even after The Angel tried to convince Prior to die, he says:

Still bless me anyway. I want more life. I can't help myself. I do. I've lived through such terrible times and there are people who live through much worse. But you see them living anyway. When they're more spirit than body, more sores than skin, when they're burned and in agony, when flies lay eggs in the corners of the eyes of their children - they live. Death usually has to take life away. I don't know if that's just the animal. I don't know if it's not braver to die, but I recognize the habit; the addiction to being alive. So we live past hope. If I can find hope anywhere, that's it, that's the best I can do. (Kushner 283)

An undoubtedly likeable character, his hope for his future faith makes Prior not a prophet, but a simple man wanting the most out of his life. Prior searches for his hope, his desire to live another day, to battle his illness, and to be a person who makes a change.

Pope Benedict XVI so eloquently wrote: Hope is practised through the virtue of patience, which continues to do good even in the face of apparent failure, and through the virtue of humility, which accepts God's mystery and trusts him even at times of darkness (Benedict). Throughout history, faith, hope, and love have come together to give people promise into the future, an outlook that could be very grim in the worst of times. Both Li'l Bit and Prior practice the art of hopeful patience in order to keep their faith. After their traumas, Li'l Bit and Prior decided to "keep the faith" and hope alive.

Through sexual assault, illness, heartbreak, and death both characters chose to uphold the three theological virtues in order to cope and see light at the end of the tunnel. The endings to both plays seem to be happy ones, Li'l Bit is forgiving herself for the sexual assault and love she has for Uncle and Prior is loving with AIDS one day at a time. Both characters embody the virtue of hope, Li'l Bit seeking seeking forgiveness in herself and Prior wanting acceptance from society and himself. Hope, faith and love collaborate together to shape the characters of Prior and Li'l Bit, as they process their tramas throughout the plays.

Works Cited

Benedict XVI, Pope. God Is Love: Deus Caritas Est : Encyclical Letter. Vatican City : San
Francisco: Libreria Editrice Vaticana ; Ignatius Press, 2006.

Chambers-Letson, Joshua Takano. The Principle of Hope: Reflections on a Revival of Angels in America. TDR (1988-), vol. 56, no. 1, 2012, pp. 143“149., www.jstor.org/stable/41407134.

Herren, Graley. "Narrating, Witnessing, and Healing Trauma in Paula Vogel's How I Learned to Drive." Modern Drama, vol. 53 no. 1, 2010, pp. 103-114. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/mdr.0.0145

Kushner, Tony. Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1993. Print.

Nutu, Ela. Angels in America and Semiotic Cocktails of Sex, Bible and Politics. Biblical Interpretation, vol. 14, no. 1/2, Feb. 2006, pp. 175“186. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1163/156851506776145814.

Vogel, Paula. How I Learned to Drive. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1997. Print.

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An Importance of the Spiritual Faith

Introduction:

Death has perpetually been the common debated discussion concerning human's belief. As we all know death is the closing journey in life; hence, all living beings will inevitably die. It is part of nature, yet a mystery nobody has endured telling. It is said to inspire people's works. Although, death is still a story as the entire human community still wonders how it runs on people's lives. Nurses perform an essential role in caring for dying patients and their families. Because of this, nurses need to evaluate their beliefs and feeling of death before providing care to patients.

Personal Experience:

Back in 2011, I was a Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) I was carrying for one of my patients who was neared to death and had a status of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR). 68 years-old female was diagnosed with bone cancer taking treatment of radiation and chemotherapy. But the therapies were not helping help, so she decided to go on Hospice care. Her family was unhappy with her decision and was not readied to let her go yet, but she was prepared to go to heaven. A few years ago, during one of her hospitals stays she had filled out an advanced directive. She entirely agreed with her decisions that she made. However, she was dying and did not want her life to be continued any longer than it had, because she understood the severity of her condition and knew that her life would nevermore go back to what it used to be.

After one and half month on her final days, a hospice nurse came to give her morning bed bath. I was her CNA, and I still remembered when I was helping the hospice nurse giving her morning bed bath she was skinny, pale, her mouth, and eyes were dry, her body was cold, and skin appeared to be weeping and moist. Her family was at the bedside with her to say their goodbye and they knew she would be passing any time. Now that I got the news, I undergo all the stages of depression and grief. As I learned about postmortem care during my nursing school, I clean my patient and prepare a person for immediate viewing as wanted by family members. I quietly stay with family for a while to support them. I found her family was still holding her hand, crying, and pleading with God. It addressed me understand that life is too short. I gave families unlimited time and provide privacy.

Personal Faith and Death:

Inside the United States, we ought to consider Immigrants from across the earth that various traditional cultures including religious faiths. Being health care professionals, we necessarily possess in-depth knowledge regarding diversity. To speak about culture including the holy faith one has just enough skill of religion and spirituality. As a health care professional, it's essential to know the fundamental component about each faith to implement that best possible care to each of the patients. However, it's impossible to be knowledgeable about all religion presented to healthcare workers. In order to give optimal care, it's imperative to evaluate our patient spiritual faith also its part in their health care.

We all grew up beside loved ones alone around us; it is our families, friends, also pets, and several times we do not deem that we will ever lose them. Placing me in the dying position my biggest fear would be leaving my family behind. The feeling of being never seeing them after death is unexplainable. But either way death and dying is a normal part of human being life. It is a natural part of a person's life, in that what has a beginning will ultimately come to an end.

Nurse's Rule and Post-Mortem Care:

Caring for a dying patient is a necessary part of each nurse's duty. However, it is now a fact that caregivers frequently have struggled in dealing with such activity. Throughout the end of life care nurse should recognize an end-of-life care plan, advanced directives, including caregiver support (Potter & Perry, 2017). The nurse's primary role in caring for a patient before death includes talk to the person even if the person does not respond because they can hear you. Keep the perineal area clean and dry, the position for comfort, administer medications to maintain symptoms of pain, restlessness, avoid noxious stimuli and do not force a person to eat or drink.

The nurse's first role in caring for a patient after death is clean the patient from head to toe, removed all equipment, indwelling, and tubes lines such as feeding tube. It is a nurse responsibility to applied identify name tags on person and closed the eyes if its open. Documentation the entire event and notified provider, chaplain, and mortuary. Dress a client for transport to the morgue or funeral home per facility contract.

California Advance Directives:

Most people think that advance directives are for older adults that however are just not true. Advance directives are a way for our families to make medical decisions for us when we are in a critical state. I appreciate my quality of life. I have always wanted to support other people that's why even though after I die, I planned to donate my organs because some peoples in the world are waiting for organs to received and live their life. I believe becoming an organ donor after death is not merely an essential decision for myself. Still, it is further a necessary choice for the life that I may have the ability to save.

Nurse's Role in the Dying Experience

One of the most remarkable things as nurses we can do for patients that are dying is to implement the best reasonable care for them and their families and friends through the last phase of life through death. It is necessary that the nurse performs thorough assessments, rapid response to changes in status, rapid titration of medications, and timely discontinuation and an introduction of interventions aimed to promote comfort (Potter & Perry, 2017). Make sure you maintain the patient essential dignity and respect during the last phase of life. I deem training will help, and respecting patient's wishes and dreams for ending of life care need to be in considerations.

Conclusion:

Caring dying patient was an excellent experience for me to see because situations like my patient she was willing to "go to heaven" but a family was not ready yet to phase that phase. As a nurse, in the future, I most likely be caring for a few patients like this, and it is good to see different situations. Some patients may have family that agrees with the patient, some may have family that doesn't recognize when the patient wants to be on life support, and some may be like the case I had. My practice will prepare me to understand with the patient's family during the end of life care. It is testing to deal with the loss of a loved one, but acceptance makes it a bit smoother to move on.

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American Blind Faith in a Good Man is Hard to Find

Flannery O'Connor consistently references religion and its effects on American culture in her short stories. Her Catholic upbringing influences almost all her fiction, often paired with Postmodernism themes of dark imagery and skepticism. Although she often has a harsh portrayal of religion, Flannery's point of view on religion itself isn't critical. Rather, she criticizes any set of ignorant American morals, including Atheism. Moreover, her morally flawed characters often face a crisis that gives them clarity and truth in their beliefs: A moment of grace. O'Connor wished to reveal that America's moral susceptibility to gullibility, poor judgment, and blind faith could be redeemed, but ultimately the destruction it causes may be irreversible. Throughout her short story A Good Man is Hard to Find, O'Connor ponders the moral journey of an old southern grandmother and parallels this to possible consequences of America's undeniable culture of valuing ignorant beliefs. A family travelling by car to Florida gets into an accident, which becomes deadly when an escaped convict called The Misfit comes across the scene. Because the Grandmother recognizes him from a news report, he and his band of convicts decide to execute the entire family.

The Grandmother remains nameless in the story, which is significant in that a nameless character can represent a generic group, such as superficial Christians prevalent in the South during the late 20th century. Her religious beliefs are weak and merely surface level, as she constantly lies to her family and believes in the power of her dress and Southern manners to prove her religious piety and superiority; and she disguises her racism in kindly condescension (Boudreaux 151). Certain of the superiority of her rather half-baked Southern Christian morals, the Grandmother believes that she has the right to judge the goodness of others. When stopped at Red Sammy's gas station and BBQ, she declared that Red Sammy is good because he let two strangers charge their gasoline on credit, leading to him be robbed of payment. This is significant, as O'Connor emphasizes how these Southern morals praise those who trust blindly, as opposed to valuing actual good qualities such as compassion or honesty. Flannery O'Connor allows the Grandma's beliefs to be her downfall against the Misfit, emphasizing that feigned goodness can be more treacherous than genuine evil.

Although at first glance the Misfit's code of violence seems senseless, it is the grandmother's code that proves to be inconsistent and feeble in comparison. This irony emphasizes that compared with her hollow faith in Jesus”whom she invokes only to save her own life”the Misfit's agnosticism is nearly admirable (Boudreaux 151). The grandmother naively calls him a good man, however; this only spotlight how her moral compass is skewed and based on customary and thoughtless morals handed down to her from the old South. Her reasoning rests almost entirely on race and class, as she claims that he doesn't have common blood and therefore won't shoot a lady (O'Connor pg). Her inability to judge character leads her to be vastly wrong about the Misfit. Ultimately, when the Misfit confronts her religious beliefs and challenges her to think deeply about whether Jesus was able to raise the dead, the Grandmother's faith crumbles.

She is easily led down the garden path and is quick to agree with his skepticism, revealing that she has merely accepted the Southern construct of faith that she had been fed unquestioningly and weakly. Behind it is nothing of substance. Ironically, when the Misfit challenges the merit of customary religion, his deep thought creates a consistent yet evil moral code that proves to hold more substance than the Grandmother's fake goodness. From his experiences as a convicted criminal, he has proven to himself that all religion is pointless and is faithful to his own code No pleasure but meanness (O'Connor pg). Despite his moral code being crude and violent, it never waivers, and therefore triumphs as true in the end. O'Connor uses this to drive home the point that imitation of goodness without genuine thought and consideration cannot prevail over evil. Flannery wished to reveal America's susceptibility to poor judgment due to blindly following beliefs rather than cultivating deep understanding. O'Connor's second over-arching theme is the cost of redemption, for both Grandma and America itself.

Gaining clarity and truth in faith through violent situations are important in Christian references, as when we reflect that in religion grace and salvation often come through violence or the threat of violence”Abraham leading Isaac up the hill of sacrifice, the early martyrs, not to mention the Passion itself”we can accept the grandmother's redemption at the muzzle of a gun (Boudreaux 151). The Grandmother, moved by the Misfit's genuine search for truth about Jesus, exclaims Why you're one of my babies. You're one of my own children (O'Connor pg). God finally grants her clarity before she is shot, her compassionate revelation that all humans are children of god despite race or class, despite what she had blindly believed beforehand. However, the grandmother's moral journey comes with significant destruction and may in fact be too late as readersmay be forgiven for wondering whether the grandmother's redemption is worth the lives of four people (Boudreaux 151).

Fallout 3, a retro post-apocalyptic open world video game, addresses these overarching themes with a character very similar to the Grandma in A Good Man is Hard to Find. The game allows its story to be driven by the good, bad, and ugly of American values. In an alternate technologically advanced 1950's American society, nuclear war broke between China and America over Communism, and what was once two global superpowers became two big apocalyptic wastelands. One particular bomb in Washington D.C. fell but didn't explode, and The Church of the Children of Atom, a cult that worships the undetonated atomic bomb, grew and centered their life gullibly around its radioactive presence. The cult itself it ties into O'Connor's overarching theme, as it shows the consequences of America's undeniable culture of valuing ignorant beliefs. In the game dark Christian imagery evokes references to actual cults that have appeared in American History and reflects O'Conner's postmodernism cynical outlook. In Fallout 3, you interact with Mother Maya, who is similar to the Grandma in that she falls victim to her blind beliefs and is susceptible to poor judgement. Raised in the nuclear town and married to the sinisterly charismatic leader of the cult, confessor Cromley, she never questioned or deeply contemplated her absurd beliefs.

Certain of her moral superiority, she also believes that she is the right person to judge your goodness. However, upon agreeing with her air of reverence for atom when she says Atom's power penetrates us all, does it not? Soon, every soul will revel in His glory ( Fallout 3), she incorrectly senses your goodness and allows you into the cult (which you plan to destroy). This lapse in judgment mirrors the Grandmother declaring that Red Sammy is a good man merely because his blind trust and values are aligned with her own. Similarly, upon choosing the option to instead confront Mother Maya's religious beliefs and challenge her to think deeply about whether the bomb can cause harmful radiation, Mother Maya's faith crumbles. Much like the Grandma who is quick to agree with the Misfit's skepticism, she too realizes that she merely accepted the construct of faith that she had been fed unquestioningly and weakly. Now unable to infiltrate the cult, you can convince her to detonate the bomb and see the truth for herself. In what is perceived as a moment of grace and clarity, before she leaves, she admits It saddens me to think how quickly we believe in things" (Fallout 3).

Paralleling the Grandma's moral journey, her redemption comes too late and with mass destruction and loss of life. Today, America's susceptibility to poor judgment due to blindly following dogma rather than deeply held beliefs is a rampant and relevant subject. As a culture, we too often value blind trust, as opposed to treasuring actual good qualities such as truthfulness. Fake news is spread like wildfires on Facebook and other better social media. Americans are prone to believing headlines and praising the news source as good for having agendas that align with their own, without a second thought on its merit or truth. Perhaps whether or not America's moral susceptibility to gullibility, poor judgment, and blind faith can be redeemed is a ticking time atomic bomb matter. This call for change and redemption before America meets its demise is what O'Connor wished for readers to consider.

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The Faith Filled Life of Lauren Daigle

Many people may be afraid to express their faith in public, but Lauren Daigle clearly isn't one of those people. Lauren Daigle is a faith filled Christian singer that is a role model to many, and inspires people with her music. I strive to be more and more like her each and every day. When I grow up, I hope that I can express my faith like she does, but most importantly inspire others to do the same and spread the word of God around the world. Lauren is constantly helping others to keep their heads up and their faith strong through hard times, but to also stay humble and faithful through the easy days.

Lauren Daigle was born on September 9, 1991, to a very religious family. She has one sister, Madison Daigle, one brother, Brandon Daigle, and her parents, Mark and Laura Daigle. She was born and raised in Lafayette, Louisiana, surrounded by her family and friends. Lauren began singing in a church choir at a very young age and continued in choir, then became the leader of the Louisiana State University choir. Even in Lauren's childhood her parents say she was always singing around the house, and her mother even called her house the music box.

In Lauren's song Trust in You she says, Mighty warrior, king of the fight. No matter what I face You're by my side I feel like this one quote sums up her entire childhood. When Lauren was only fifteen she was diagnosed with an immune deficiency that made her homebound for two years. When those two hard years were going on, she was homeschooled and usually only around her family. Lauren's illness was called Cytomegalovirus, and she would feel extremely ill and then she would later become sick. A constant battle with Lauren during her time away from school was getting things done because of her extreme fatigue. While she was at home, she would usually sleep for ten to fourteen hours a night then get up and lay on the couch for the rest of the day. During the two years when she was at home her parents say she was constantly singing, and her father later encouraged her to try out for the singing competition American Idol.

When Lauren was seventeen, she was a contender in the singing competition American Idol. The farthest she reached on the show was to the Las Vegas level, but was sadly cut after the first round. At eighteen years old, Lauren was a background vocalist for band called The Assemblie. When the band was invited to a retreat Lauren was asked to sing lead, this gave her a chance to show what she could to in front of talent agents. Later that year she started her solo career, and was then signed to a label. Lauren originally got famous form her career with a cover band, then with The Assemblie, and finally as a solo Christian singer.

Lauren has earned many complements and awards for her faithful singing. Currently in the music industry people are comparing her to the legend Adel, and calling her the Blessed Adel. She has also earned awards for many of her albums and singles. A few of her awards include winnings at the Dove Awards seven times, two Grammy nominations, her songs making it in the Billboard top 5, and lots more.

In her years of writing and releasing song Lauren has released about forty-four songs and around three or four albums. Lauren has also written songs for the movie Blade Runner 2049, and was featured in a song for The Shack. She sells about 103,000 unit of each single/album she puts out.

Very recently Lauren Daigle performed on the Ellen DeGeneres show. This became a controversy for Lauren due to Ellen being a well-known homosexual. Christian news outlets questioned why Lauren would even appear on the show with an openly gay host. television host. Following her appearance Lauren was asked some very tough questions about her views on Christianity and homosexuality by the Christian media. Lauren's answers did not please everyone who comprises her audience. She chose to stay above the fray and stay out of controversy. Her answers to the tough questions were peaceful and non-confrontational. Just like her music is a message of love and peace and triumph over life's tribulations with faith and love so was her answer to the question.

Lauren is currently twenty-seven years old, and is living in Nashville, Tennessee. She is still writing and releasing music. Her most recent project was her album Look Up Child which was released on September 7, 2018, and hit number 11 on the Billboard charts. Lauren Daigle travels the world promoting her faith filled Christian music. Although Lauren Daigle is only twenty-seven years old, she has accomplished most of her life long goals. These goals include writing, recording, and preforming chart-topping songs.

Even though much of Lauren's story remains unwritten, she never fails to impress others with everything she does. Lauren Daigle will continue to share her passion for singing, and showing how grateful she is for her faith. If Lauren's past is a prediction for her future her fans will have much to look forward to.

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The Role of Religion in Human Ethicality

In the eighteenth century America was obsessed with ethicality; people lived by the rules of religion. Although, who is to say what is ethical? It is another being who determines ethicality and it is only in accordance with their rules, you must conform to their standards of right and wrong, thus the question is “ Whose ethical views are most important to follow? From the making of America religion has played the biggest role in human ethicality, with the Bible being our handbook.

However, in a time of evolutionary discoveries such as Darwinism, Emily Dickinson questions the idea that conventional faith, such as Christianity, is the belief in ethicality or a truth. It is evident that Dickinson declines the customary religious ideas of truth, but this does not mean declined faith. By exploring Emily Dickinson's lifestyle and experiences through both her biography and her poetic works I aim to argue that it is not religion Dickinson doesn't conform to but society's standards of ethics through religion and she instead follows her own faith, in truth.

Dickinson instructs the reader to, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant (1) because ?The Truth must dazzle gradually / Or every man be blind (7-8). She is stating that people have the ethical obligation to tell the truth, yet she warns her reader to tell it at an angle because the truth can be too much for people's weak perceptions to cope with, and you must protect the people from the pure and blinding light of truth. Some may infer, the truth Dickinson speaks of, is the truth of reality or facts that reject the notion of faith, but perhaps she is really referring to personal truth that is idiosyncratic. She wants the reader to tell the truth but their own truth, as she does, she wants them not feel pressured to conform to the truth that is placed on them by society and religion.

Emily Dickinson's audience and unique secluded lifestyle helped her find her truth and which played a major role in her writings. With never having the intentions of being published or the need for fame, as she suggests in, I'm Nobody! Who are you? her writings are exclusively her own truth. She says, how dreary “ to be “ Somebody! / How public “ like a Frog, here she is pointing out that anonymity is preferred over public recognition and privacy is a thing of luxury. Dickinson inherited Puritan traits of simplicity, practicality, and a discerning observation of the inner self, yet her communication with religion was much more distant than her God-fearing forefathers would have dreamt. Thanks to her family's wealth and understanding Dickinson was permitted to escape the pressures of society and the role most women were required to play at the time. Through this Dickinson was able to do the things she wanted to do, she never married or barred any children, and she never had to tailor her writings in order to succumb to the needs and wants of American society, allowing herself to pursue her truth.

The Bedford Anthology of American Literature states, Dickinson resolutely refused to join or attend church, although perhaps she was more certain of God, her own God, than her forefathers where of theirs. Some keep the Sabbath going to Church - / I keep it, staying at Home. While Dickinson doesn't attend church like the rest of her community she claims she still practices faith, her faith, at home. In the end of this work she announces, So instead of getting to Heaven, at last - / I'm going, all along. In many of her other works Dickinson bears doubt in religion, claims she does not understand the conventional God, or have faith in his ways, but with this line she conveys that she does not fear him. This belief grants Dickinson to be a rare individual, especially of her time, affording her inner freedom and self-truth. On the exterior Dickinson seems backwards, unsocial and almost awkward although she truly holds great power when she answers only to herself, and this confidence is precedent in her works.

Dickinson dwells in possibility, opening herself up to new interpretations, as each moment in time becomes a new subject of interest. Alongside this her writings can become contradictory, specifically when she writes using the theme of death. I Hear a Fly Buzz “ When I Died, presents an idea of death in which there is no eternal resting place or afterlife. With Blue “ uncertain stumbling Buzz She depicts herself lying with a fly buzzing around waiting to do his part in the cycle of life and enviably eat her rotting corps. Between the light “ and me - / And then the Windows failed “ and then / I could not see to see, here Dickinson wraps up her feelings of death with the belief that the process of death leads to nothingness and the soul that is believed to be found in the eyes fails and dies with her.

In comparison her poem, "Because I Could Not Stop for Death," she represents death as a spiritual journey to eternity. The Carriage held but just ourselves - / And Immortality, In lines five through thirteen she describes this journey and lists things the speaker passes by, We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain - / We passed the Setting Sun. The speaker in the carriage transcends and goes to a space where time seems not to exist; it's equitably continuous. In this poem death is not something to be feared but instead a relaxing ride. Unlike in I Hear a Fly Buzz “ When I Died, this work romanticizes death and makes the reader feel at peace with death.

While these two examples seem to contradict Dickinson's views of death this does not mean she isn't speaking her truth. Dickinson writes poems to capture a moment in her time of life. As people grow and experience new things their views alter to fit the new moment. This might make some feel uneasy, that Emily Dickinson doesn't exhibit ethos in her writings, but when in context to her overall theme of truth, she does indeed stay true to her truth, whatever that may be. In addition she brings to light the truth of the human thought. Our beliefs change; Dickinson's world, like many others, is confused and disrupted thus she is incapable to come to any certain conclusions and that is okay.

Rather than be exclusively for faith or fact, Dickinson incorporates both faith and fact or religion and science into her truth. She doesn't dismiss religion entirely because she is aware of the importance of faith. Instead, she finds a balance of the two, like we observe in her short four lined poem which reads, Faith is a fine invention / For Gentlemen who see! / But Microscopes are prudent / In an Emergency! Dickinson, at first, seems to be mocking the Church because she claims God could not really help someone in a true emergency. Faith is a good idea but holds no true power when it comes to science, you cannot solely rely on faith. However, by her expressing, faith is a fine invention, she does recognize that it is comforting to have faith and even though it might not physically amount to science, it is soothing to possess. In a time period when many people chose faith over fact Dickinson, caring for the people she wrote to, wanted it to be known that in order for real help you can't remain caught up in prayer, you need to also seek professional help.

We can see examples of her balancing these two elements in not only her words but within the format she writes in as well. Dickinson writes many of her poems in a hymn meter rhyme scheme, which is used in religious texts and songs such as Amazing Grace, and Christmas Carol. A model of this scheme is portrayed in her poem A Bird came down the Walk.' By her following this traditional writing form but then altering the punctuation and capitalizations she does not completely conform to the straightforward rubric a hymn meter rhyme scheme is supposed to obtain. These modifications may seem insignificant but they speak loudly. In all of the works she applies this format to she is allowing herself to express her faith and truth.

As Emily Dickinson ages she experiences detrimental events such as, the civil war, the death of her close friends and family, and also with her personal health problems pertaining to her eyesight and kidneys. These events altered her perception of faith and in her later life she became angry at the absence of God. She shows this transition in her work. After the start of her seclusion in 1862 she writes, Of Course”I prayed” And did God Care? In this work she expresses her fury with God, which in turn allows the reader to see she undoubting confesses her belief in faith.

 

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Civil Rights Movement in the United States

Civil Rights Movement

The late 1950s and early 1960s the period when civil rights was the most pressing issue for African Americans. They were looking to completely integrated into the American society and fully experience the liberties presented in the U.S. Constitution. At the same time, the Civil Rights movement was in no way an easy feat. African Americans in the northern part of the United States faced extreme poverty, did not have adequate housing, suffered from unemployment and often segregation (Gore 9). Meanwhile, African Americans in the southern part of the country continued dealing with harsh Jim Crow laws, racism, and disenfranchisement. In 1954, the Supreme Court decided to outlaw segregated public schools in the U.S. and that started the sit-in movement.

African Americans hoped that through this movement racial inequalities could be addressed. It was through extensive media coverage that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the African American protesters (in particular, members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference) could conveyed their message of liberation to the wider audiences (Gore 9). Newspaper texts wrote about the civil rights movement, and media representation of Dr. King and other participants of the movement aimed to convey a positive bias to its audience. The public was biased for and against the movement. The material from two newspapers of the period covered the 1963 Birmingham Campaign and the 1965 Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights March, The Atlanta Constitution (or white and moderate press) and The Atlanta Daily World (or Black and conservative). Even though the press represented Martin Luther King Jr. and his followers as lawbreakers, it created an overall positive representation of the Civil Rights Movement by emphasizing the protesters' heroic roles, and their support by young people as well through linking the protester's activity to religion and God. Firstly, with regard to 1963 Birmingham Campaign, The Atlanta Constitution presented Dr. King and the followers of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as those who were breaking the law.

In headlines, for example, multiple references can be found about Dr. King and other African Americans getting arrested, being taken to jail, and getting released from jail. Headlines included: King Arrested in Birmingham;Birmingham Arrests; 700 Are Jailed In Negro Protest at Birmingham (3 May 1963); 62 Negroes Seized In Selma For Defying Sheriffs Order; Thousands Of Negroes Roam City (4 May 1963; 5 May 1963). Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., returns Saturday to racially troubled Selma to keynote a new Negro voter registration drive throughout Alabama. There was speculation the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner would face arrested for violation of a state court injunction banning mass meetings. (2 January 1965) As for The Atlanta Daily World, it represented Dr. King and SCLC members as rule-breakers.

Specifically, the paper wrote, with reference to the 1963 Birmingham Campaign,Wave after wave of young Negroes marched into the downtown area and ran head-on into police roadblocks, where they were arrested simultaneously, picketed appeared in front of downtown stores with such signs as segregation sold here, and no dignity, no dollars. (3 May 1963)Likewise, when writing about the 1965 Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights March, the paper framed the protesters as lawbreakers. To illustrate, it wrote, Fifty state highway patrolmen under the command of Col. Al Lingo moved into Selma Tuesday where 34 more arrests were made in connection with a Negro voter registration drive (27 January 1965).

Having studied the articles from The Atlanta Constitution and The Atlanta Daily World, one can find that they appealed to religion when speaking about the protests and protesters, as well as made many references to the young people participating in the civil rights campaigns. The Atlanta Constitution, concerning the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, used such phrases as Negroes Worship at Birmingham or Connor Yields, Permits 1,000 Negroes To Sing in its headlines, as well as described how African Americans were kneeling as one or being led in their prayer by a minister, or how hymn-singing blacked students were being encouraged by their school teachers, etc. (22 April 1963). As for this newspaper's coverage of the 1965 Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights March, it used religious symbols and appealed to the public's religious sense.

For instance, it described how the African American protesters knelt and prayed as they proceeded and were attacked by state troopers, as welled as covered the participation of the clergy in the march (24 April 1965). images and covered the religious elements in the campaigns, too. books and toothbrushes for the trip to jail as they emerged from the 16th Street Baptist Church (7 May 1963). Characterization of the African American protesters and Dr. King is that of heroes in both newspapers. For example, in the coverage of 1963 Birmingham Campaign, The Atlanta Constitution portrayed Dr. King as a hero in the following excerpts: Birmingham Accord in Sight: King Says and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., leader in the desegregation fight in Birmingham, said Thursday night a formula had been devised for settling the dispute. The Negro demonstrators were depicted as heroes as evidenced by the following quoted: about 150 residents of Birmingham, England Wednesday night demonstrated in behalf of Negroes in Birmingham, Alabama.

The meeting sent a telegram to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Negro leader, saying ?Citizens Birmingham, England Silent Vigil Salute Prisoners, Demonstrators. We Shall Overcome. and other protesters as heroes in its coverage of 1963 Birmingham Campaign. For instance, it wrote, Leaders announce pact: The agreement was first announced by the Revs. Fred Shuttlesworth and Ralph Abernathy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (9 May 1963) and Desegregation counters, job opportunities won - A biracial committee reached agreement on three of four of Dr. King's desegregation demands (10 May 1963). Likewise, in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights Campaign The Atlanta Constitution also depicted Dr. King as a hero, which is supported by the following examples. First, King is presented as 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner (29 January 1965) and he's a citizen of the State of Georgia and the City of Atlanta who has a won a world-wide prize (2 February 1965) as well as a segregationist struck Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in the head with his fist marring an otherwise peaceful and successful challenge to Selma's historic segregation barriers (13 February 1965).

The Atlanta Daily World, too, made its coverage of the 1965 Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights March full of positive references to Dr. King and protesters, who were seen as heroes. In particular, it used the following words to refer to Dr. King: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., became a prophet with honor (28 January 1965) or Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the Nobel Peace Prize winner was released from jail (January 1965). Also, schoolchildren protesters were depicted as heroes confronting injustice, which was evident from the following examples: 1,000 arrested nearSelma, Alabama: Many of the demonstrators were school age children who were singing freedom songs and Leon Jackson, an obscure Negro farm boy will be buried as a hero of the integration movement clad in the denim jumper and jeans that have become the movement's trademark (2 January 1965). Overall to religion and God. It contributed to the public perception of the protesters as good and helped prevent racial bias in the public.

Works Cited

Gore, Shannon. Civil Rights Television Documentaries in the United States, 1960-1966.Unpublished PhD Thesis. Northwestern University, 2009.The Atlanta Constitution, May 1963, PProQuestHistorical Newspapers, https://search-pProQuestcom /pqrl/advanced?accountid=7374.

Accessed 22 April 2018.The Atlanta Constitution, January 1965/February 1965, PProQuestHistorical Newspapers,https://search-pProQuestcom /pqrl/advanced?accountid=7374.

Accessed 22 April 2018.The Atlanta Daily World, April 1963/May 1963, Proquest Historical Newspapers, https://search-proquest-com /pqrl/advanced?accountid=7374.

Accessed 22 April 2018.The Atlanta Daily World, January 1965/February 1965, Proquest Historical Newspapers,https://search-proquest-com /pqrl/advanced?accountid=7374. Accessed 22 April 2018.

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Civil Rights Movement in the Effect of Ending Slavery

The southern states were fans of slavery, so they were not very happy with these amendments. They made the “Jim Crow” laws. This involves the stories you have heard about blacks sitting in the back of buses and trains. Also blacks having different places for eating, entertainment, schools, and more. For the people who broke these segregation laws, they would be fined or even arrested. Blacks also had been “punished” for no reason this involved white mobs killing blacks in public. This was where civil rights were starting to become a major need. 

One of the huge leaders of this movement, was Rosa Parks. Rosa Parks, refused to give up her seat to a white man. So he called the police and she was arrested. This spoke measures for black people and many movements started to spark. The arrest of Rosa Parks, led to the choosing of Martin Luther Jr., as a leader. Many blacks looked to him for advice and guidance.

All this chaos brought about the “I Have a Dream” speech. Which was given by Martin Luther King Jr, in this he talks about his dream. This was on how one day he wants everyone to be equal. This speech was a huge accomplishment in the civil rights moment. This is why he was called the “Father of the Civil Rights Movement”.

This got people to stand up for what they believed in. People that wanted freedom starting arguing, and it brought about attention. Mothers of black children were becoming very angry with the fact their children weren’t getting the same treatment of white children. Such as going to different schools, less education, and treated very poorly by other white children and teachers. This of course, brought a lot of anger to blacks and whites. Because of this, many riots broke out, people were being killed, beaten up, and fires were started. Things got worse before they got better.

Not only were people mad about the segregation at schools. There was the case called Loving V. Virginia. This case, was about removing interracial marriage in the United States. The people involved in this case, was a white man and black woman, whose marriage was claimed illegal in court. Many argued the freedom of marriage and how the 14th amendment had nothing to do with marriage. This was overturned by the Supreme Court. Unfortunately, they had to be married in secret. But after this case, many more cases like this made people angry.

As the years went on segregation seemed as it was getting worse. But the blacks never gave up. People gave up their lives for freedom. This was angered the Southerns more then anyone else, because they relied on slaves for a lot of things. The south was known for there farming. This meant they needed many workers and if they didn’t have to pay the slaves as much money, as they had to pay the hired white workers. They are going to choose the blacks.

The blacks continued to do, what they could to protest against the whites. Slowly, blacks started to get rights. It seemed small to whites, but it was actually a huge movement in the right way. They were still fighting for their freedom. Knowing that one day, their work would have finally paid off. It’s very sad how much attention and deaths had to come in order to get their freedom.

On December 6, 1865, the 13th Amendment was passed, and the abolishing of slavery across the United States. This obviously didn’t mean whites were going to listen. But if caught with slaves they would be punished. Also just because slavery ended didn’t mean segregation was. Blacks were still treated unfair and not equal. Many people today will probably say racism still exists.

Then of course they wanted the rights and freedoms of being free. Finally, they got equal rights. In 1868, the 14th Amendment gave blacks equal protection under the law. This meant that blacks were equal with whites. They were given the basic rights and privileges of any white American citizen(except for voting). These blacks really wanted to vote, so they argued that they are not citizens unless they can vote.

So in 1870, the 15th Amendment gave blacks the right to vote. These blacks were truly satisfied. After, all the years of hard work of being equal and given these rights, they have to this day. They realized it was all worth it, because if they didn’t fight for their freedom, things might have been the same way to this day.

Blacks were slowly taking on big roles such as jobs, office, and presidents. In 2004, the first black President Barack Obama, became the first African American to be the President of the United States. This showed a big achievement in world history.

The civil rights movement had 3 major goals of discrimination: education, social segregation, and voting rights. All three of them were achieved; black children could now go to school with white children and get the same education. White and black families could now share theaters, bathrooms, entertainment facilities, and just overall treated the same. Lastly, blacks could now be involved in voting for our rights, laws, measures, and presidents.

In conclusion, the civil rights movement was one of the most important events in history after slavery was abolished. Without it our country would be way different and unfair. Blacks would be unhappy and not equal. After all the years of dedication, they were finally rewarded with what they deserved.

Bibliography

Mortensen, Lori. Voices of the Civil Rights Movement: A Primary Source Exploration of the Struggle for Racial ... Equality. Place of Publication Not Identified: Fact Finders, 2015.

Reference

History.com. Accessed November 20, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/loving-v-virginia.

"When Did Slavery End in the U.S.?" History. May 25, 2017. Accessed November 20, 2018. https://www.historyonthenet.com/when-did-slavery-end-in-the-u-s.

"Civil Rights Movement: An Overview." Scholastic.com. Accessed November 20, 2018. https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/civil-rights-movement-overview/.

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Civil Rights Movement and Christianity

It is not our differences that divide us. It is our inability to recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences.i This quote from Audre Lorde was from a series of poems written in 1994 entitled Our Dead Behind Us. This quote could be used to describe most African Americans' mindset a few decades ago when the Civil Rights movement was the most prominent battle going on in the United States. Even today, about 50 years later, those words ring true about political beliefs between citizens and politicians over ideas such as health care, international relations, or a wall. The Civil Rights movement is often praised as a political event, but what was the religious and spiritual meaning to it as well? This paper will be looking at the Civil Rights movement that happened in the United States during the 50s and 60s, while also looking at the role of Christianity within that movement, for both the African American protesters looking for freedom, and the white oppressors looking to stop them. Also, it will look at other Civil Rights activists like Malcolm X, whose conversion to Sunni Islam also provided a different out look to Civil Rights activists.

The Civil Rights movement began in earnest in the 1950s, although there were actions that occurred prior to that time that focused on civil rights. As early as the late 1890s and early 1900s, African Americans were debating the best way to achieve their rights.ii Should they rise and try to take their rights by force, or should they use a nonviolent tactic and use their words and more polite actions to at least try and get attention to their issue? William James, a great philosopher, once wrote that those who oppose war must create a substitute for war's disciplinary function and a moral equivalent of war.iii While James was giving his speech and promoting this in New York, another nonviolent believer was putting this into action in another part of the world.

As we have read throughout this course, Mohandas Gandhi was one of the best advocates for nonviolence. First, he opposed a law that required Indians who were in South Africa to register with the government. Beatings and jail time for the Indians commenced, but a peaceful public outcry ensued because of the violence shown by government officials towards nonviolent Indian protesters. This led to a compromise in South Africa and prompted an idea for Gandhi. He returned to his homeland of India with this new strategy of nonviolence and opposed the British colonization of India for the next forty years. Eventually, the Indian people won independence without fighting a bloody war against the British.iv Gandhi's words and actions laid the foundation for nonviolent action, and his work would be utilized and celebrated in the United States during the Civil Rights movement by many other activists, including the most famous one in the United States.

Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 to a middle-class African-American family in Atlanta, GA. His childhood could only be described as filled with endless amounts of love, and he credited the hope he always spoke about in his public life and speeches to the secure and loving environment he was raised with.v His life, however, was so much like those who lived around him. Segregation wasn't the problem for King when he was growing up? Rather, it was the oppressive and barbaric acts that grew out of it. Police brutality, legalized prejudice, the terrorism of Ku Klux Klan, and profound economic inequalities were just some of the hurdles he had to overcome early in his life. vi A moment of such horrific treatment came when at the young age of fourteen, King was forced to get up from his bus seat by a white man. Not only was he removed from his seat, but then had to stand for the 90-mile bus ride. King said that "injustice will never leave my memory. It was the angriest I have ever been in my life.vii

Martin Luther King was one of the most prominent and outspoken people from the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955/56 until his murder in 1968. The quote used at the beginning of this was something that King always preached, talking about your differences and the uniqueness they bring to each individual citizen. These differences are not what divides people, but rather people's inability to accept them as normal and rather look at differences in skin color as a curse rather than a blessing. But King also had a background that was a unique in the fact that he was a preacher and used the churches as gathering places for nonviolent protestors to meet in peace to discuss methods of action. Faith also helped King to preserve in this work through death and bomb threats to not only himself, but to his wife and daughter as well.

So how much does Christianity play a role in instances like this? Probably more than most people realize. Max Stackhouse argues that while "the deep roots of human rights ideals are rooted nowhere else than in the biblical tradition," these values "remained a minority tradition (within the Church) for centuries.viii What Stackhouse is saying is the idea of all humans having equal opportunity and fair share can be found in biblical faiths and traditions framework. They may not appear to those who look on from the outside, but those within see these ideals through and through. Stackhouse's ideas were used to explain the Church's past in my first source.

Charles Villa-Vicencio used this quote in his book entitled Christianity and Human Rights. He says that for hundreds of years Christians promoted religious intolerance against any other religion. However, many of these values and practices are today rejected as contrary to a human rights culture and moral decency.ix Villa Vicencio argues in this text that the

relationship between Christianity and the human rights tradition can only enrich society to

the extent that the relationship is sustained by mutual critique and correction.x Martin Luther King believed the same thing Vicencio is saying here. Human rights for all people, no matter skin tone, religion, or political party, can only happen through dialogue, debate, and communication and not by segregation and brutality against those who seem different, but really aren't.

Though Martin Luther King is often given the credit for developing a nonviolent strategy, it can be traced back to the New Testament. Matthew recounts Jesus teaching this very philosophy: You have heard that it was said, ?Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.' But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also (Matthew 5:38-39).xi Scripture was the basis to not only King's speeches, but to the Civil Rights movement as a whole. Genesis was often quoted by main protestors who said God created all of creation in his image and likeness, meaning black or white, Christian or Protestant, all were created with God's likeness in mind.

These voices were often shut down, but in the 1960s, a new idea was presented. Author Frank Lambert writes of a time where not only were African Americans seen as political and economic outsiders, but religious ones as well. They had enough of being treated not only as second-class citizens, but as second-class human beings. When they were tired and fed up with their cries being heard, they decided to do something about it. These protesters charged the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) establishment with perpetuating a morally bankrupt society that promoted greed, war, racism, and sexism. The new voices offered alternative interpretations of the gospel that were more inclusive and emphasized justice for all.xii What resulted was a grassroots movement that found its greatest power, not in legislative assemblies and courtrooms, but in a determined, persistent, and effective "politics out-of-doors," in which an oppressed people broke unjust laws in the name of a higher law.xiii As we have seen today, the marches and protests in the streets of our country tend to have a much bigger impact then those issues brought to court, not because they get things done, but bring issues out to the public eye that may have seemed hidden before.

When Martin Luther King was confined in the Birmingham Jail in 1963, he wrote that "and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid."xiv Again, we see King's connection to his faith getting him through the difficult event of being in jail. I often believe that he was portrayed as a present-day Moses, sent to help liberate African-Americans in the United States from something they considered close to slavery. This quote backs that up and talks about the Apostle Paul and his conversion from Christian persecutor to writing letters to the early communities.

Of course, black churches weren't always this locked in to public issues. Paul Harvey and Phillip Goff edited a chapter in the book The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945. That chapter was entitled Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, and it presents documents that explore the close relationship of religion and the black freedom struggle of the 1950s and 1960s. Harvey and Goff write that it took deep religious faith to sustain the thousands of black Southerners who stood up in the face of white Southern power, endured petty daily harassment as well as more explosive acts of terrorism (beatings, bombings, kidnappings, lynching's, and the like), and sought to redeem the soul of America, as the manifesto of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) proclaimed its mission to be.xv So, because of their faith and the belief in themselves, African-Americans feel what they are doing is important to help redeem America from the racist sins it was committing.

Now, this paper has sort of a timeline as far as civil rights activists promoting nonviolence to fight for their civil rights. It started with Gandhi and his movement to help India be liberated from the rule of Britain. His work was then studied and applied by Martin Luther King in the United States to help African-Americans fight for equality. Those two and their work affected not only the people they were fighting for, but others who were fighting for a just cause. One such person came to the forefront in 1962 to fight not directly for one race, but many who felt shortchanged with their wages. His name was Cesar Chavez, and the cause was farmworkers who's working conditions were worse from the grape growers who employed them.

Ch??vez organized a series of farmworker strikes in the produce fields in the 1960s, where migrant laborers of Mexican descent toiled for low pay in terrible conditions. Migrant workers had briefly captured the attention of the nation in the 1930s when the Okies, whites from the American South and Southwest, migrated to California in search of work and often ended up picking produce in the fields.xvi Chavez ran into infighting during his movement, so he began a fast for weeks to show his followers that violence may be a quick idea, but it will never allow you to reach your goal. This was true about Ceasar and his fast because it brought the sides together to sign a labor law and begin discussion for better conditions. He gave up his health to help reach a goal, but it was only him who suffered and no one else. The Movement attracted so much attention, that after wrongful arrests of peaceful protestors, senator Robert Kennedy stepped in to support the farmworkers and their movement, which showed that this was much more than a race issue, but a wellness and equality for workers issue.

So how did religion and Christianity play into Cesar Chavez and the farmworkers movement? Chicano workers often displayed an image of our Lady of Guadalupe. Our Lady of Guadalupe holds a special place in the religious life of Mexico and is one of the most popular religious devotions. Her image has played an important role as a national symbol of Mexico.xvii Also, before marching, workers often celebrated mass to prepare them for not only the work and journey they will be a part of that day, but also the insults and attacks they may face from opponents who don't believe in their cause. It also gave them the strength not to fight back or go against the nonviolent movement that had brought them so far.

During Martin Luther King's fight for civil rights, there was another activist fighting for the cause named Malcom X. His was the world of Denmark Vesey, Harriet Tubman, and Henry McNeil Turner”a realm where the spiritual answers the existential call of the political. The spiritual and the political constituted a single domain, and this was the world Malcolm X and countless others inhabited.xviii Malcolm X believed that more politicians should be more spiritual, because it would make life so much easier for them as far as laws and political debates. He had an epiphany, they claim, either on his Mecca pilgrimage or shortly after his announcement to leave the Nation of Islam (NOI). Even Malcolm himself at times made similar statements, arguing that the separation was a result of his exposure to true Islam.xix

Malcolm said later, there was a split. The split came about primarily because they put me out, and they put me out because of my uncompromising approach to problems I thought should be solved and the movement could solve. (Malcolm X 1992a, 158) So, from all I read about Malcolm X, it seemed that he was somewhat like Martin Luther King in that he used his words to help spread his message. However, unlike King, it seemed Malcolm X wasn't very keen on dialogue and relationship with white oppressors, but rather wanting African-Americans and revolt against them to take over. That wasn't the foundation of what the Civil Rights movement should be. It's the fact that everyone, regardless of the color of their skin, should live in harmony and have equal billing throughout the country, not one over the other.

Now, throughout this paper, I've looked at the Civil Rights Movement and how religion was a driving force throughout its timeline. But, up until this point, I've only looked at those who were fighting for their civil rights like African-Americans or Mexican farmworkers. We haven't really looked at the other side of the coin so to speak, which is the role religion played for white evangelicals during this time period. Perhaps one reason for this scholarly oversight is that this is not a politically progressive story. Evangelicals were opposed to the civil rights movement and did very little in practical terms to advance social justice for African Americans during the 1960s. Most evangelicals resisted the growth of the federal government and legislation that furthered black rights.xx So, Evangelicals were the one religious' movement at the time who saw black people fighting for their rights as absurd. The problem back then was the evangelical church got too much into political battles and statements, which in all branches in Christianity is frowned upon

White conservative Protestants, in the South and North, insisted that race relations would worsen because agitation would only stoke the fears and hatreds of whites and that government action on behalf of blacks was only a form of coercion. King rejected this reasoning by noting that "morals cannot be legislated, but behavior can be regulated.xxi King is saying that he cannot go out and try to change people's morals or who they are as a person. That would be a losing battle. However, what King is trying to do is put forth ideas and rights for African-Americans within the government that protect them from these people who are segregating them, firing them wrongfully, or refusing to serve them at their restaurant or business because of the color of their skin. That was the point of the Civil Rights movement for King, not a country wide faith conversion, but a political battled fueled by faith to help regulate and handcuff these oppressors.

The Civil Rights movement wasn't just one battle for African-Americans led by MLK, but rather many movements for different reasons to help those less fortunate than others who were wrongfully being stripped of their rights. Because of activists like MLK, Cesar Chavez, Malcolm X, and Gandhi, different groups of people from farmworkers to regular citizens were looked at and treated differently, like they belonged in the country. This battle for equality hasn't been one yet, as movements like Black Lives Matter show us today that this fight may never end. But it's a fight we cannot give up on, and it the forefront of this fight for equal rights, religion is a crutch that these men and women can lean on in order to guide them through the long journey they undertake every day.

Works Cited

Evans, Curtis J. White Evangelical Protestant Responses to the Civil Rights Movement. The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 102, no. 2, 2009, pp. 245“273

Harvey, Paul, and Philip Goff, editors. Religion and the Civil Rights Movement. The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945, Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 135“198.

Lambert, Frank. Civil Rights as a Religious Movement: Politics in the Streets. Religion in American Politics: A Short History, STU - Student edition ed., Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 160“183

Abdullah, Zain. Malcolm X, Islam, and the Black Self. Malcolm X's Michigan Worldview: An Exemplar for Contemporary Black Studies, edited by Rita Kiki Edozie and Curtis Stokes, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, 2015, pp. 205“226.

Audre Lorde, Our Dead Behind Us: Poems "When and how did the Civil Rights movement begin?" eNotes, 9 Oct. 2011,

William James, Moral Equivalent of War, 352, 353, 356.

Gandhi, Essential Gandhi, Autobiography

Martin Luther King, Autobiography,

King, Stride toward Freedom, 90

King, Testament of Hope, 343

Max Stackhouse, Religion and Human Rights: A Theological Apologetic

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Civil Rights Violation

Police brutality has and has always been an issue in Civil Right Violations. Many of the cases have been in crime-filled cities, such as Houston. Out of the many cases Danny Thomas, Larry Moore, and Marlin Gipson were some the citizens that were brutally harmed by police that were carelessly violating the 8th and 14th amendment.

Statistics Towards Brutality

In just little bit under 9 months of 2018, there have been approximately 646 deaths caused by police brutality. Police brutality has always been a problem in the United States of America (U.S.A). Since 2000, police have killed 5600 people in the U.S.A. As of recently, it has divided us a country even more with a bigger barrier.

Claims of Justification for Their Violations

In a crime-filled city, many cases of suspected police brutality can be justified. Many cops may feel as if their lives are at risk in most cases. Police officers say, in defense, that there is always danger in their job. They say that there is always an uneasy feeling when doing a traffic stop, since they don't know if they are armed or not. When police officers see someone move strangely or hold something, their automatic instincts tell them to act, sadly resulting in these shootings. Usually, these officers have seen and had been in numerous of dangerous situations. Especially officers that are mostly in places where there is mostly nothing but crime in the area. These police officers are always prepared for the worst, and mostly always think there is danger, even when there might not be any danger present.

Cases of Brutality

Larry Moore was a victim of police brutality in Houston, Texas in 2015. He was stopped and soon been assaulted before any type of crime was even committed. He had recently come out towards the media in 2017 because of the rise of police brutality in America and its effect on the nation's wellbeing. In the early months of 2018, Danny Ray Thomas was shot and killed by police in Houston. Mr. Thomas was unarmed and was following the sheriff's directions to the best of his abilities. Granted his pants were at his ankles, that had not given the sheriff the right to shoot the human being. Marlin Gipson is an example of America's youth being harassed to the extent to where fear is the only emotion a human can express. Mr. Gipson was in a neighborhood in Houston passing out business cards for his lawn service when police officer, Alan Rosen, racially profiled him and instantly tried to arrest the young man. Marlin Gipson had suspected brutality, so he had retreated to his home nearby. Hiding in the restroom, Gipson had feared for his life. His family had let Alan Rosen in the house and soon Mr. Rosen broke down the restroom door and released a police hound to attack Marlin Gipson while he was being tased by a stun gun.

Solutions

Police should be charged with assault or any other crimes against an unarmed civilian, regardless of position in the law. The problem is that not enough police officers are being charged with violation of the 8th and 14th amendment like a normal person would be only because they represent the law. Another solution would be to allow for the citizens of America to be more aware of police brutality. By allowing for popular figures to speak out against the brutality without having any backlash. This would allow for the youth to become more aware in today's issues.

Implementation

To implement these solutions the Legislative Branch should create laws to have police officers charged more as if they were a normal person being charged with assault. The executive branch would then enforce those laws. Celebrities play a huge role in society and without a doubt many young people will follow through with what they say. Granted what they say can be misleading, if their managers are able to convince them to portray a meaningful message to the youth of America about the brutality that has started to divide them as a nation. Kendrick Lamar had produced his most successful album to date during the excessive rise of police brutality. This album was named To Pimp A Butterfly and it portrays a meaningful message towards brutality in words that the youth can understand. In the song Alright, Kendrick Lamar states, Lookin' at the world like, "Where do we go?" and we hate po-po wanna kill us dead in the street fo sho'. He received immediate backlash from the media and would be suppressed. Suppression leads to silence and when there's silence no one learns.

Conclusion

In today's America, police brutality has divided us all. Whether you support the movement or justify the cops, nevertheless we are all Americans. Police have killed many United States citizens, but for what? Failure to have proper training? Failure to conduct reasonable actions? Or is plain abuse of power that their feeble mind condones? The lives of Larry Moore, Danny Ray Thomas, and Marlin Gipson were severely scarred or even lost. Human lives are being lost every day to this brutality in Houston. Families are being torn apartThe nation is being torn apart.

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Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas

MARKSCHEME

A. In what ways according to Source A, has the implementation of the Supreme Court ruling deciding that separate public educational facilities for the races are inherently unequal, been disrupted?

It has been disrupted by the protests of mobs.
It has been disrupted by the complacency of local authorities to eliminate violent opposition.
It has been disrupted by the complacency of local authorities to disperse mobs.
Interference with the law and its due processes.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].

B. What does Source B suggest about the characteristics of opposition to desegregation?
There was peaceful opposition to desegregation.
Opponents of desegregation felt that it was comparable to communism.
Men and women were involved in protests against desegregation
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].

With reference to its origin, purpose, and content, analyze the value and limitations of Source C and D for a historian studying the integration of Little Rock Central High School (1957).

SOURCE C

Value:

It is the expression of a contemporary opinion and therefore can give an insight into feelings at the time.
The source reveals the arguments deployed by a leading supporter of segregation.
It is a primary source

Limitations:

Because the source was written shortly after the decision was taken, it cannot show its longterm impact.
The extract's inclusion of emotive language suggests the need for caution in interpreting this source.
It comes from a very limited point of view which was common at the time.

SOURCE D

Value:

It is written a while after the desegregation of public education occurs, so it offers a revisionist point of view.
It offers insight into the magnitude of the massive resistance, by offering statistics.
The source reveals the arguments deployed by a leading supporter of segregation.

Limitations:

It is a secondary source of information
Due to it being a secondary source, there is a hint of bias as to which side the author agrees with.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. The focus of the question is on the value and limitations of the source. If only value or limitations are discussed, award a maximum of [2]. Origin, purpose, and content should be used as supporting evidence to make relevant comments on the value and limitations. For [4] there must be at least one reference to each of them in either the value or the limitations.

Compare and contrast what Sources C and E reveal about the attitudes towards the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.
Apply the mark bands that provide the best fit to the responses given by candidates and award credit wherever it is possible to do so. The following material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Indicative content

Comparisons:

Both sources demonstrate the existence of strong views on the issue of segregation in schools.
Both sources claim that the proposals therein would achieve the best possible educational outcome for students in public schools.
Both sources reveal the existence of diverse attitudes among important leaders in the state and federal systems regarding the question of desegregation of public schooling in the US.
Both sources are addressing a particular audience.

Contrasts:

Source A is completely in favor of desegregation in schools whereas Source C is strongly opposed to racial mixing.

Source A's views are based on an assumption that whites and blacks are fundamentally equal and therefore schools should be integrated whereas Source C's argument is based on a belief that it is unnatural and ungodly to mix the races.

Source A is encouraging positive and non-violent means of approaching the desegregation in public schools, whereas source C is inciting the opposite reaction.

Using the sources and your own knowledge evaluate the impact the integration of Little Rock Central High School had on desegregation of public schools in the US.

Apply the markbands that provide the best fit to the responses given by candidates and award credit wherever it is possible to do so. The following material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. While it is expected that there will be coverage of at least two of the sources, candidates are not required to refer to all four sources in their responses.

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How did Leaders Impact the Civil Rights?

Purpose Statement

The purpose of this paper is to explain the events and leaders that impacted the Civil Rights Movement.

I became interested in this idea when I first started learning about it in social studies, I then decided to go very deep into it and It really interested me.

The information gained from this paper will help people understand the past and be able to learn from their mistakes. This information can help people grow into better versions of themselves. Therefore, I wanted to research and find out more information leaders and their impact on the Civil Rights Movement.

Methodology Statement

I began by scouring the internet and found the Civil Rights Movement and how long it was on The New Georgia Encyclopedia. I then, read the article and found out about the different people who helped and could be classified as leaders in the movement. I searched up each of their names and found articles on them, such as Martin Luther King Jr., John Lewis, and Malcolm X (etc.). I asked myself questions like; who are they? How do they show leadership? What did they do to impact the civil right movement? I began researching those question and came up with answers.

Introduction

According to The New Dictionary of Culture and Literacy the Civil Rights Movement is known as The national effort made by African Americans and their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights (2005). That's the dictionary definition of the Civil Rights Movement but, it means a lot of different things to a lot of different people. For example; for African Americans it was a time where they were fighting for equality, for white supremacists it was a time of fighting and hatred. There were those people who stood out among the rest and took up the role of a leader to gain rights and equality. There were those people who stood up for what they believed in and fought to the bitter end. Some of them didn't even see their goal accomplished but, they still tried.

Research/Findings

When people think Civil Rights, what's the first thing that pops into their head? Martin Luther King Jr. Well at least for most. For some people its segregation or other leaders. Leaders in this time were all shapes, sizes, and genders. Rosa Parks for example. John Lewis is another. John Lewis was always risking everything, including his life, for the Civil Right Movement. He fought battles, real and figuratively, always being arrested. He was part of Freedom Rides, which is where he and a small group of people would protest against the busses. Soon after, in 1963, he was given a place in the SNCC. This is a Civil Rights organization. Now he is a U.S. Representative for Georgia's 5th congressional district. (Georgia Humanities and the University of the Georgia Press, 2004-2018)

Elaine Brown is another great example. Elaine Brown was a chairwomen in the Black Panther Party. The Black Panther Party was made by Bobby Seale and was called the Black Panther Part only for self-defense. Elaine Brown was first introduced to the Black Panther Party when she started writing for the Black Congress Newspaper. They only then started to take notice of her when appeals for the Huey Newton Legal Defense Fund came in. It was long after in the end of April 1968 she went to her first official Black Panther meeting. She became the editor for The Black Panther. This was a huge achievement for her because after that she became the first elected female of the Panther central community. She helped lead other to do the same. (In the article, Brown, Elaine 1941-, 2017-2018).

Martin Luther King Jr. A man who helped everyone and anyone. He believed the way to get his and others rights was to have peaceful protests and no violence. He participated from anything to protests to boycotts. After Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the public Montgomery bus people started to plan a boycott. Martin being the leader he was joined along with boycott. Originally the boycott was supposed to be one day but, it ended up being 381 days. Before the boycott Martin had been asked to join the MIA. He agreed and ended up leading the whole thing. The boycott still continued even though lots of people were being arrested.(Georgia Humanities and The University of the Georgia Press, 2004, 2018).

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Civil Rights Movement for Social Justice

The civil rights movement is associated with a span of time beginning with the 1954 Supreme court's ruling. The decision outlawed segregation in education and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The movement draw its members from both the local groups as well as other organizations which include; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Notably, even though the movements employed different strategies and tactics, they cohered around the aim of outlawing the system of Jim Crow segregation as well as reformation of the racial aspects in the American institutions. The purpose of this movement was to restore African Americans civil rights and the rights of citizenship as outlined in the constitution which is in the fourteen and fifteen amendment. These rights had been crumbled by Jim Crow laws a segregationist in the south. It significantly affected the relationship between the states and the national government since the federal government was compelled in many occasions to enforce its rules and laws to protect the rights of the African American citizens.

The black panthers outlined a ten-point program that fought for the freedom of the blacks, among them include: We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of the black community. Nevertheless, it fought for the full employment for the blacks. Besides, the program outlined the need to end the robbery on the blacks by the capitalists. On the housing, it focused on decent housing units for the black community.

In his letter from Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr called for honest and open negotiations on the racial issues. The movement prompted the re-emergence of judiciary involvement of the Supreme Court and to uphold its responsibility as a protector of independent liberty against the powers of the majority. The civil rights movement provoked gains were enjoyed not only by African Americans but also for women, individuals with disabilities and many more. Heavy consequences were inflicted upon the south following the civil war, most would agree the civil rights movement as a second reconstruction phase. During this phase, the 14th amendment gave way to equal protection of the laws and the 15th amendment (1865-1870) gave the men the right to vote regardless of race were approved.

The armed forces from the north lived in the south as from 1865 to 1877 to bring the official end of slavery. Unfortunately, when the reconstruction ended in 1877 the whites from the south passed laws that discriminated African Americans on the basis of race. These laws were popularly known as Jim crows' laws; these laws kept apart from whites and blacks in education, housing and restricted the use of private and public facilities such as trains, restaurants, and restrooms. The laws also turned down the black's right to vote, limited free movement, and denied them the right to marry whites. A great number of discriminatory and prejudicial actions were committed on African Americans as well.

The migrant farmers initiated a multiracial movement that led to the formation of the United Farm Workers led by Cesar Chavez, the migrant farmers adopted the consumer boycotts, this was a successful strategy under the social protests by the civil rights movement. The success of this movement has continued to motivate the farm workers to fight for their justice and it eventually changed laws and put farming communities in better positions than ever before. Nevertheless, the African Americans also deployed direct action protests as well as aggravating their rights through political organizing, through the voter registration that culminated in the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. These strategies led to the achievements of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

NAACP used parks arrest as an opportunity to challenge discriminatory laws in the southern city. The NAACP called upon religious and Montgomery's political leaders to advocate for one day boycott. A public protest is a strategy that is used in civil rights movements, for instance, Sit inn's that was used by black students to protest segregation at the Woolworths lunch counter. They would come to sit down peacefully and wait to be served and would not move until they were served.

This strategy called for perfectly behaved and well-dressed students to sit and ask to be served. Protest marches were used by the Congress of racial equality who organized a freedom ride in 1961. The black and white riders boarded a bus that took them to the south and in each stop they entered racially segregated areas. Martin Luther announced that SCLC would travel to Alabama Birmingham to integrate commercial facilities. Marching was one of the strategies that were used for instance marching on Washington. Civil rights movements used the above strategies.

The subjugation of African and Hispanic Americans can be blamed on the white supremacy and racism. During the period that led to the formation of the civil rights movement, racial and ethnic minorities as well as women were confronted with legal and social exclusion. The whites passed laws that were discriminating blacks and Hispanic Americans. African Americans and many other minority groups across the nation endured very difficult times because of many unfair and unconstitutional laws. The longstanding subjugation led to the enactment of an affirmative action with the aim of ending discrimination. The affirmative action orders were issued by president Franklin Roosevelt aimed at barring discrimination against the blacks by the defense contractors. Interestingly, it led to the formation of a fair employment practices committee. However, the federal compliance programs faced a lot of challenges that ranged from being understaffed, they were underfunded, and they lacked an enforcement authority.

In conclusion, civil rights movement strategies and ideas have evolved over time. Different organizations employ the same strategies such as boycotts, sit-ins, demonstrations, non-violent picketing to achieve liberation. In the 1960s civil rights movements, the minority fought against racial discrimination in the southern states by using some of these strategies to achieve liberation even though they faced resistance. The purpose of this movement was to restore civil rights and the rights of citizenship to all American citizens as outlined in the constitution which is in the fourteen and fifteen amendment. Currently, there has been a constant evolution to the strategies employed for any rights movements. People have invented new ways to channel their grievances as illustrated above.

Sources

Cesar Chavez: Letter from Delano

https://libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/essays/essays/Letter%20From%20Delano.pdf

Black Panther Party 10-Point Program - War Against the Panthers, by Huey P. Newton, 1980

Martin Luther King Jr. Letter from Birmingham Jail.

https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Letter_Birmingham_Jail.pdf

SNCC - The Basis of Black Power

https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Letter_Birmingham_Jail.pdf

Migrant Farmers & Immigrant Labor 1952

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Civil Rights for Mexicans

It is impossible to discuss the history of the battle for civil rights for Hispanics without including Black Americans. Minorites of all backgrounds had to band together in order to fight back against the white man's system of oppression. The battle for civil rights in the south, particularly in the state of Texas, is often associated with Texas's two largest ethnic minorities: African Americans and Hispanic people, particularly Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans have made efforts to bring about better social and political circumstances since Anglo-American's began to dominate Texas as early as 1836. Black Texans have equally fought for civil rights since the abolishment of the institute of slavery in 1865.

After the Texas Revolution, racism against Mexican Texans started to grow past the already large prevalence of hatred. They were seen by whites as outsiders in the newly established republic. Anglo Texans won and formed what they saw as their own country that had no place for Mexicans. In the 1850s, Mexican Texans or Tejanos where forced from their homes in central and northern Texas on the accusation that they conspired with another minority, slaves escape to Mexico. Tejanos faced more attacks from white Texans in Goliad and surrounding towns during the Cart War and in Southern region of Texas after the Mexican Juan N. Cortina's attack and control of Brownsville. Post-Civil War, both the black freedmen and Tejanos faced further atrocities.

In East Texas, white Anglo Texans used violence as a method of political control, where scare tactics and even public hanging or lynching became the common practice of legal punishment for alleged crimes by minorities that required very little proof other than support by the white populous often in the form of mobs. Mexican Americans throughout Texas very often experienced similar forms of racist hate crimes and blatant brutality. The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) and the Texas Rangers, all being agents enforcing white authority, regularly terrorized both black and Hispanic Texans.

De facto segregation was a tool implemented after emancipation to continue keeping minorities from having any sort of true equality. Hispanic and Black Americans found themselves banned from white only businesses and public areas only to be allowed in minority only spaces that were intentionally more neglected and inferior. By the beginning of the 20th century, this was common practice and became sanctioned by law. These laws were primarily focused on blacks but were extended to Latinos to keep white Americans on top of the social, political and economic food chain. African and Mexican Americans were often subject to terror tactics, given literacy exams, and often faced accusations of incompetence when any minority was able to win office. Political bosses would intentionally manipulate the poor into voting against minorities, making it even more difficult for Hispanic and black Americans to gain political power.

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The Importance of Sleep

Introduction:

The following behavior health journal delves into the benefits of sleeping more hours. Undoubtedly, the brain is the powerhouse that coordinates the body. Just like any engine in an automobile, the brain requires to be reset. In human beings, there is no better method to rest the brain other than sleeping. From a layman's perspective, people who are tired occasionally go to bed and get up refreshed because sleeping rejuvenates the brain. From a more scientific viewpoint, Saey (2009) reports that sleep is responsible for forging neural connections that help in preserving system memory. As such, this study implies that people who sleep more are likely to boost their memory significantly. Arguably, this aspect can be attributed to the functioning of the hippocampus part of the brain that enhances memory consolidation; converting short term memories to long term memories.

For the most part, however, researchers are unable to exclusively explain how sleep heals the body. Nonetheless, there are numerous research materials that points out to the adversities that are caused by sleep deprivation. To begin with, Lichtenstein (2015) reports that lack of enough sleep may induce or worsen gastro esophageal reflux disease, irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer disease, colorectal cancer, and liver disease. Furthermore, poor sleeping habits may lead to severe brain and body impairment. When individuals are tired but still refuse to sleep, they force their brain cells to work beyond the optimal limit. In such instances, a burnout is inevitable. Other than that, more research suggests that lack of sleep is associated with mood disorders, obesity, heart disease, and obesity (Alertness Solutions, 2015). Hence, this research proves that sleep is a functional biological aspect in human existence that needs to be taken seriously.

Baseline Description of Behavior

Until I was obligated to come up with this health journal, I was never really keen on observing my sleeping patterns. However, I can attest that occasionally, the number of hours I slept were associated with my physical and emotional feelings. For instance, one of my busiest weeks was week 9. During this week, I had an exam and therefore I had to be up most of the night reading. In total, I slept an average of 4 hours a day this week and it was exhausting. I would come out of the exam hall feeling very tired. Occasionally, I would also feel dizzy and my peptic ulcers would itch a bit. In addition to that, I noted that I had become quite emotional. I would get angry at my friends for interrupting me during my revision sessions. When Friday finally came, I was relieved that the week was over.

In the following week 10, I did not have any specific tasks at hand. So I sought to compensate for the previous week's lack of sleep. On average, I slept 8 hours for that week. I noticed considerable improvements in my lifestyle. Perhaps, the most significant change was on the side of my peptic ulcers. I experienced little or no pain at all during this week. Other than that, I was relatively calm. I chatted with jovially and felt more inclined to attend the end-of-semester party that a friend has decided to host. In general, this was one of my happiest weeks. For the other weeks not mentioned in this section, I occasionally slept an average of 5-6 hours every week. The experience I had sleeping this duration was not quite noticeable. I can positively conclude that I was operating optimally. My thoughts were clear and my body was responding positively to activities that I did.

Interventions:

The first intervention that I applied was meant to investigate the association between sleep and optimal performance. I implemented this intervention by following a study that was intended to decipher the performance and fatigue of nurses who work shifts that exceed 12 hours. In this study, the researchers engaged 80 participants by providing them with wrist-worn actigraphs that recorded the number of hours they slept (Geiger-Brown, 2012). They would also key in their level of sleepiness at the beginning of the shift all through towards the end of the shift. The data from the actigraphs was then plotted using a KSS scale that topped at 7. The higher the score, the higher the fatigue. I sought the same device from a lab and found that my KSS score at the beginning of the day (at 7:00 a.m.) was 2.8. By noon it was at 3.1 and by 7 p.m., it was at 3.4. In essence, this shows that my fatigue levels increased as I stayed away from sleep for a longer period.

The second intervention was borrowed from nursing study that sought to determine the relevance of sleep in healing among adult patients. The hypothesis of the study was that lack of sleep may cause acute stress, which hampers the healing process among hospitalized adult patients. This study was mostly appropriate for me because I suffer from peptic ulcers. The more stressed I am the severe my situation becomes. In the study, the researchers featured 37 subjects across three hospital units (Coakley et al., 2012). The study was majorly qualitative; participants were subjected to interviews. Most of them admitted that noise levels in the hospital irritated them considerably. This is because it affected their sleeping patterns hence making them stressed. I decided to conduct the same study for myself but following a different setting. I got to live with a someone and asked them away for half the week. I noticed that in the period when I was alone in the room, I slept in a sound manner as compared to when my roommate was around. The resultant effect was that during the period in which my roommate was away, I did not have to take any medication for peptic ulcers since there were no such complications.

The third intervention I applied took on a more educative perspective. Here, I followed research conducted by scholars who wanted to establish a connection between adequate sleep and academic performance. They collected data of 54,111 subjects across 71 institutions (Becker, 2012). From the findings of the study, they concluded that students who slept an average of 8 hours a day registered better performance than those who slept for shorter periods. I applied the same intervention but in a different context. I found content related to my course material and attempted to cram 3 pages. I found two sets of contents. I read the first document after a long tiring day and attempted to write down what I had learnt the next day. For the second document, I attempted to cram it immediately after I woke up and wrote down concepts I had learnt the next day. I discovered that I had retained most of the concepts I had learnt immediately after waking up as compared to that which I read after a tiring day.

Theoretical Analysis:

My behavior and attitudes towards sleep can be elaborated using the scope of three different theories. These include the health belief model, the social cognitive theory, and the trans-theoretical model. According to the health belief model, negative health conditions can be avoided if individuals take the correct action to prevent it. Similarly, the model argues that is totally possible for individuals to take actions to improve their health condition. In this context, this model implies that individuals can prevent the adversities that are caused by poor sleeping patterns by seeking more hours of sleep. Furthermore, this is possible because all people have to do it to create time to sleep. On the other hand, the social cognitive theory provides that individuals can learn good habit by observing what other people are doing. In other words, this theory implies that people often learn and become sensitized during social interactions. With reference to this, I can attest that I was prompted to sleep more by observing the benefits that it held for subjects in the research that I went through in the process of completing this project.

The trans-theoretical model of behavior change in healthcare follows 6 main stages. Before I started this project, my precontemplation stage involved thoughts that I needed to live a healthier life. And if sleep was part of the solution, I would have to work on it. My contemplation stage followed suit when I stumbled upon research that claimed human beings needs an average period of 8 hours of sleep. Comparing this to my schedule, I only slept an average of five hours. My preparation stage followed suit when I learnt of how people can get more time to sleep by actively managing their time throughout the day. I listened to Laura Vanderkam on principles of time management and learnt that no matter how ?busy' I thought I was, I could always create time to sleep. However, my action stage did not come until I began taking deliberate actions to increase the number of hours I slept. This involved hard choices such as missing some of my favorite television programs. The last stage is called the maintenance stage. To achieve this, I had to create a routine. By following a routine, I would automate the process and make it simpler to follow all while bolstering my health significantly.

Conclusion

In summary, sleep is a crucial aspect of human life that enhances optimal functioning and good health. Based on research and my personal experience, it can be concluded that sleep promotes better brain functioning. Apart from that, sleeping for longer hours relieves the body from fatigue. For learners, eight or more hours of sleep enhances memory coordination, which improves performance. Other than that, longer periods of sleep have been credited for promoting healing while preventing the contraction or worsening of diseases, especially gastrointestinal illnesses.

References

Amanda Bulette Coakley PhD, R. N., Christine Donahue Annese MSN, R. N., & Sharon Bouvier MS, R. N. (2012). Exploring the sleep experience of hospitalized adult patients. Creative nursing,18(3), 135.

Becker, C. M., Adams, T., Orr, C., & Quilter, L. (2008). Correlates of quality sleep and academic performance.Health Educator,40(2), 82-89.
Geiger-Brown, Jeanne, et al. "Sleep, sleepiness, fatigue, and performance of 12-hour-shift nurses."Chronobiology international29.2 (2012): 211-219.

Lichtenstein, G. R. (2015). The Importance of Sleep.Gastroenterology & hepatology,11(12), 790.

Saey, T. H. (2009). The Science of Slumber. Science news.

The Importance of Sleep. (2013). Alertness Solutions. Retrieved from https://aspiria.myworklifeportal.com/Mcmasteruni/importance-of-sleep.pdf

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Unethical Behavior in an Organization

Problem Statement

How can we distinguish whether the decisions we make at work are right or wrong? What is right to us may not be seen as right to others, or the other way around. As our book mentions we face ethical dilemmas and ethical choices in which we are required to identify right and wrong conduct (Robbins & Judge, 2017). As people we all have different mindsets and do not think the same as others. We may face challenges in our workplace or school as a result of this. Determining the ethically correct way to behave is especially difficult for both managers and employees in a global economy because different cultures have different perspectives on certain ethical issues (Robbins & Judge, 2017). I chose this topic on unethical behavior in an organization, because at one point in our life we have faced or will face a situation where we ask ourselves, if our behavior in the workplace is right or wrong.

Barsky refers to, immoral and corrupt behaviors interchangeably as unethical behaviors, which are defined as behaviors that are generally considered wrong within a given society (Barsky, 2008). Business organizations and academic institutions have developed tests, booklets, and even activities in the workplace to help minimize unethical behavior. Having good ethics is not only important in the workplace, but also important in life and it's just a sense of having human morale. Furthermore, not all of us are taught what ethics is at home or what is considered unethical behavior in an organization. Now, it is more important than ever to know what unethical behavior is, as well as knowing as what good ethics is. Unethical behavior of employees in the workplace or members of an organization not only threatens the reputation of the affected organizations, but also has a devastating effect on theses organizations. It does not only harm, but also puts at risk the human relations of the organization. (Singh & Twalo, 2015)

Reasons for the Problem

Benefits their organization

A reason why unethical behavior occurs within a business organization is because members or employees want to benefit their organization. Individuals in ethical dilemma situations often face a motivational conflict between the desire to maximize self-interest and the desire to act morally appropriate ways. (Sheldon & Fishbach, 2015). Cheating, dishonesty, stealing, breaking ethical norms or standards are all considered unethical behavior done by employees to benefit their bosses, the organization that they are in. (Bazerman & Gino, 2012). We think that we are doing a good to the company or organization we are in by participating in unethical activity. In an article published by Informs, Elizabeth Umphress and John Bingham stated that, Although employees may aim to help, the end results of their actions may be inconsistent with their intentions. For instance an employee may choose to destroy potentially incriminating documents to protect the organization, but the destruction of these documents may not result in any form of the organizational benefit. (Umphress & Bingham, 2011). More so, unethical acts just do more harm than good. The outcome can be any of the following; losing the organization's information, money, documents, and even losing one's job.

Influence of peers

Additionally, the people that surround us may be an influence on us of doing unethical activity in the organization that we are in. We often play or go with the role of follow the leader, or monkey see, monkey do. In this case, a bad leader and bad monkey as well. A good leader would clearly would not participate in unethical behavior, but we do not see this, because we are being influenced by their actions and words. This is also because we do not have self-control. Self-control allows people to refrain from participating in unethical behaviors. (Gino, Schweitzer, Mead, & Ariely, 2011). We have to be able to say no and disagree with our peers when they are in the wrong. Our peers that surround us in our workplace, schools, or wherever we go can make an impact on the choices we make. Whether it is wrong or right, unethical behavior plays a big role within the organization that we are part of. At the end, we are responsible for our own actions and how we are in charge of our self-control no matter the influence of our peers.

Social Exchange Theory

More so, an explanation for unethical behavior found within an organization is because of the social exchange theory. According to Umphress and Bingham the social exchange theory focuses on the relationship cultivated by the exchange of resources between two parties. Accordingly, if one party provides a benefit, the other is motivated to the same thing by providing a benefit in return. (Umphress & Bingham, 2011). If someone has a need or want and their peer has something that he or she does not have. Eventually there will be an exchange to where both groups end up benefiting and not taking in count if it is right or wrong. Both parties end up benefiting for themselves and not determining whether their actions are harmful to their organization. This is especially true when both parties are unhappy within the organization. They do not have good ethical behavior and end up making incorrect decisions.

Effects of the Problem Morale

Having unethical behavior in an organization effects not only the organization, but more specifically it leaves a big impact on the person. You can begin to ask yourself if that is really the person you want to be and how you would feel if someone provided unethical behavior in your organization. How would you react? What would be the consequences for that person? As mentioned before, we are responsible of our own actions. Having excellent ethical behavior shows who we are as a person. It provides a good idea of what our values and morals are.

Productivity

The more unethical behavior we provide in our workplace and business organization the less likely we are to produce good outcomes. When people are part of an organization and have different behavioral choices regarding how they will perform their job, they must use some criteria when deciding to which behaviors they will engage in. (Barsky, 2008). For example if they are feeling in a negative type of way, their work productivity will also have a negative outcome. As to someone who has a positive mindset, they will try their best and their productivity can be higher.

Efficiency

When someone shows unethical behavior the whole workplace or business organization can feel it too. Barsky mentions that in order to perform adequately, one must choose how to work quickly and effectively and to do so without violating ethical norms. (Barsky, 2008). One must perform efficiently so the organization is efficient. It is like a stack of dominos when one falls, all of them fall as well.

Effectiveness

When a person has unethical behavior it can have a certain effect towards other members of the organization as well. It can lack the performance of other members if nothing is done to correct this type of behavior. Like mentioned in the paragraphs before, unethical behavior in the workplace or business organization can have a toll on the people that surround us. As I mentioned, our surrounding peers can go with the role of following the leader. But how effective is unethical activity to the people that surround us? Managers at one point have to address and call out for unethical behavior. That way it does not provide assumptions that it is fine for other employees or members do it too, if it is not properly corrected the first time or brought up to attention.

Goal Attainment

Having unethical behavior within an organization can make it hard to reach the company's goals, because performance is being interrupted by bad behavior. When an individual is involved in setting goals in their organization, the consideration of behavioral options will likely begin before the goal is set, causing other aspects besides effectiveness for goal attainment (Barsky, 2008). Barsky goes on to explain that when a person is assigned a goal, evaluation of the available behavioral options is focused primarily on goal achievement. When goals are set or given to a person within an organization it is harder for the individual to commit any kind of unethical activity (Barsky, 2008).

Possible Solutions

Problem Solution #1

The following describes solutions that can be provided to reduce unethical behavior in the workplace or business organization. Some of them is by providing employees with codes of conducts, reward programs, and even a once-a-month seminar training to minimize unethical behavior. Ethics within an organization or a business comprise rules, standards, principles, or codes providing guidelines for morally behavior. (Singh & Twalo, 2015). An article that came out by Forbes titled, How to Prevent Poor Ethical Decision-Making authored by Lisa Quast, stated that the first step is to read your company's employee manual and ethics guidelines which also goes by a code of conduct, and ensure you are clear on what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior. If one is unsure, you can always ask questions before proceeding to an action (Quast, 2011). Codes of conducts are useful and can help guide and provide a clear statement of what is expected of an individual in a workplace and business organization.

Problem Solution #2

Next, another possible solution to help prevent unethical behavior in a business organization is providing individuals with reward programs. Reward programs can be seen as an act of providing motivation to individuals. In an article published by Springer, the author Harvey James Jr. states that an organizational reward system refers to the monetary and non-monetary mechanisms by which workers are rewarded within the workplace and organization. Monetary rewards consist of wages, salaries, cash bonuses, prizes, benefits, stock options, and employee profit-sharing plans (James, 2000). James also mentions that non-monetary incentives include promotions, public recognition, for example employee of the week. He goes on to talk about non-monetary prizes like free tickets to the opera or a sport event. Business organizations can make sure that their incentive programs do not reward the kinds of behaviors they wish to avoid (James, 2000).

Problem Solution #3

Last but not least, the last solution to preventing unethical behavior within a business organization is having special seminar trainings once a month. Business organizations can provide videos, presentations, and papers on what good ethics is or what is expected of them when they are on site. They can also ask if they have any questions regarding what they are supposed to be doing, or what are the goals for that month and how can they better themselves. Just a day of the month where instead of working, it is a day of improving yourself. For example, if you tend to get nervous around your manager or boss, you can communicate with them. You can tell him or her the things that are making you uncomfortable or any suggestions you may have for them as well. All of this is done in order to prevent unethical behavior in the future, or it can give your boss or manager an idea of what you struggle with and help you along the way.

Recommendation

Overall, having good ethics wherever we go is important. For me it demonstrates how you were taught in your household. Your values and human morals can all be concluded as part of ethics you have. So what would be the best way to prevent unethical behavior in a business organization? Based on the research that I conducted, the best way that I consider to prevent unethical behavior in a workplace would be having a code of conduct. It can come in a book or document type or just having it on display is important as well. Whenever we are unsure of a decision we are about to make, we can always go back and refer to the code of conduct. As mentioned before, it gives the community and individual of what their expectations are within a business organization. A code of conduct found in an organization and workplace helps an individual with what actions is considered right or wrong, and the consequences they can face if they are violated.

References

Barsky, A. (2008). Understanding the Ethical Cost of Organizational Goal-Setting Review And Theory Development. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(1), 63-81. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/25482198

Bazerman, M.H., & Gino, F. (2012). Toward a Deeper Understanding of Moral Judgment and Dishonesty. Behavioral ethics, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8, pp. 85-104, 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173815

Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., Mead, N. L., & Ariely, D. (2011). How Self-control Depletion Promotes Unethical behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Unable to Resist Temptation. Volume 115, Issue 2, Pages 191-203, ISSN 0749-5978, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.03.001.

James, H. (2000). Reinforcing Ethical Decision Making through Organizational Structure. Journal of Business Ethics, 28(1), 43-58. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/25074399

Joseph, J., Berry, K., & Deshpande, S. (2009). Impact of Emotional Intelligence and Other Factors on Perception of Ethical Behavior of Peers. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(4), 539-546. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27735210

O'Fallon, M., & Butterfield, K. (2012). The Influence of Unethical Peer Behavior Observers' Unethical Behavior: A Social Cognitive Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(2), 117-131. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/23259305

Quast, L. (2012, August 21). How To Prevent Poor Ethical Decision-Making. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisaquast/2011/12/19/how-to-prevent-poor-ethical-decision-making/

Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2017). Organizational Behavior 2017 With Pearson Etext (Ser. 2017). Pearson College Div

Sheldon, O. J., & Fishbach, A. (2015). Anticipating and Resisting the Temptation to Behave Unethically. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(7), 962“975. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215586196

Singh, P., & Twalo, T. (2015). Mismanaging Unethical Behaviour in the Workplace. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(2), 515. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/1699068573?accountid=14925

Umphress, E., & Bingham, J. (2011). When Employees Do Bad Things for Good Reasons: Examining Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors. Organization Science, 22(3), 621-640. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/20868883

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Group Size and Color: Implications on Fish Schooling Behavior

Group size and color: Implications on fish schooling behavior of promelas, innesi, sphenops and reticulata.

Abstract:

Fish use schooling as a coping mechanism for survival. The purpose of this study was to examine if fish preferred larger or smaller schools and if when the school sizes are the same size, will fish have a preference for the color red or blue. It was hypothesized that the fish would prefer large schools over small schools and the color blue over red. Both experiments were done inside of a tank and it was observed which side of a drawn line the fish was on at given times. The results of the first experiment showed a slight preference for small groups and were insignificant. The results of the second experiment were significant and showed a preference for blue over red. The hypothesis for fish having a preference for large groups over small groups was not supported by the results. The hypothesis for fish to prefer blue over red was supported by the results. The results of the first experiment could have happened because due to small group size, the fish were maybe choosing a school based on familiarity rather than size. The results for the second experiment could have occurred due to surface dwelling fish being sensitive to the colors blue and green and not the color red.

Intro:

Animals have evolutionary forms groups for better survival. The types of group can vary from a family with parents to unrelated individuals (Alexander 1974 1974). The main benefits of forming groups is that there less risks spreading diseases since animals are not reproducing with animals outside of the group. Animals also tend to use groups to protect themselves from predators and gain more food because groups split the food (Alexander 1974). Animals that utilize groups effectively are fish. Fish have been well known to know perform schooling behavior for survival. In a recent study, it was found that fish will exploit food resources more effectively and efficiently when hunting in schools (Reuter et al 2015). Fish also form groups because evolutionarily groups benefit members is that there is less competition for group members when breeding (Alexander 1974). Fish also form schools because a predators are less likely to hunt an entire school of fish versus a whole group of fish (Scott and Sloman 2004). A school of fish also make it more visually confusing for a predator to spot a single fish (Scott and Sloman 2004).

Fish have three motor patterns within groups. There can be a tendency for a fish to initiate the other direction of swimming of another fish (Hemmings 1966). Fish also have a tendency return to another fish if they are not following and there also is a tendency for fish to follow fish swimming away from them (Hemmings 1966). Despite these motor patterns, there are typically not a difference in social status in groups (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). The fish only count the leader as the swimming at the center of the school, which for a half a second or less because the front fish will quickly move to either the rear or the middle of the school (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). It has been shown however, that fish in different positions in the school will respond differently to stimuli. In Abramas brama, the center of the school was less sensitive to sensitive stimulus compared to the sides, which was more than 5 times as likely to response to external stimulus (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). The purpose of this study was to see if fish schooling behavior is affected by group size and if fish are more drawn to the color red or blue when the school size is the same. The Hypothesis was that fish will prefer larger group sizes and prefer the color blue over the color red.

Methods:

Both experiments utilized a 15-gallon tank with air stones on either end of the tank. The tank was divided into three by plexiglass dividers so there was a middle, right and left section of the tank. Both width sides and one length side of the tank were covered in Kraft paper to filter out distractions for the fish. A dip net was used to transport the fish to the tank, and there a bucket of chemicals to place the dipnet into for sterilization. A stopwatch, in this case an iPhone, was used to account for time. A dry erase maker was used so a line could be drawn halfway down the middle section of the tank, so it could be determined which side the fish was nearer. A difference with the second experiment what the plexiglass dividers had acetate colored paper in-between them and, with one divider being red and one divider being blue. The second experiment also had 3 fish on both sides of the tank.

To conduct the first experiment with 5 trials, the fish, Rosy Red Minnows, were placed in the left section of the tank and 2 fish were placed on the right side of the tank. A single fish, from a large tank of fish of the same species, was placed in the middle of tank using the dip net and was given three minutes of acclamation time. Then every 30 seconds for 15 minutes total using a stopwatch, it was recorded which side of the line the fish was on, so it could be later determined which group the fish preferred. The recording was done by checking a box in a two-column table if the fish was on the group with 5 fish or 2 fish. After the 15 minutes, the tested fish was placed in a holding tank to be later placed back in its original tank. This procedure was repeated for 5 separate fishes.

The grand total of the fish's observed position was then calculated with a total of 880 data points for the first experiment. Then the chi square test of goodness-of-fit with the Yates correction was done to determine if the results were significant. The second experiment had the same procedure, but both groups were 3 fish instead of 5 and 2 and the tank had a blue and red divider so the fish were either go to the blue or red side of the tank. The second experiment had the same procedure of checking boxes from a two-column table, but the two categories to check for were blue or red side. The second experiment was also done for 10 minutes instead of 15 minutes with a grand total of 95 trials done for the second experiment.

Results:

The results of the first experiment were insignificant and showed that the fish slightly preferred small schools because they were drawn to small schools with a grand total of 445 times and large schools 435 times (Figure 1) (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = .092, df=1, p=0.762). In experiment two, the responses were significantly different and the fish were drawn to the blue side 88 times and the red side 7 times (Figure 2) (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = 67.368-16, df=1, p=2.25-16).

Figure 1. The grand total number of the times the fish in the middle section of the tank swam to a large group with 5 fish versus a small group with 2 fish. (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = .092, df=1, p=0.762)

Figure 2- The total number of times the fish in the middle section swam to the blue or red divider. (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = 67.368-16, df=1, p=2.25-16)

Discussion:

The hypothesis that fish prefer larger schools was not supported because the results indicating that fish preferred small groups were insignificant, and so it cannot be concluded that this relationship occurs in nature. The school size results are insignificant, but other researchers have found that fish would prefer larger groups over small groups. The fish could have preferred the smaller group over the larger group because of the size of the fish in the group. Keenleyside (1955) showed that small fish would prefer a group of larger fish over a group of small fish. Perhaps in the school size experiment the fish in the smaller groups were larger than the fish in the large groups, therefore skewing the data to favor small groups slightly over the large groups. Another reason the small groups could have been favored in the large schools was that in another study it was shown that fish preferred familiar fish, fish they are cohesive with in antipredator behavior, less as group size increased (Griffiths and Magurran 1997). The fish might have chosen groups based on familiarity and not group size because the group sizes were small.

The hypothesis that fish prefer blue over red when choosing a school of the sizes was supported by the results and the results were significant (Pope and Fry 1997) showed that the color blue is absorbed more profoundly than red, which means the color blue would be found at deeper depths in water. Rosy Red Minnows would equally see red and blue because they live in shallow water such as rivers, ponds, and temporary pools. The question now is why the fish would preference the color blue over red. A possible explanation is that guppies, surface dwelling fish, are sensitive to blue and green colors and not red colors (Levine and MacNichol Jr 1982). Rosy Red Minnows are also surface dwelling; therefore, they might also not be sensitive to the color red. The minnows could just see a blue divider and a colorless divider; therefore, they preferred the blue divider because it was the familiar color. This would mean that the fish has the color based on familiarity and not preference.

The purpose of the experiment was to test the effect of school size on schooling behavior in fish, and if fish had a preference for color when the opposing school sizes were the same. The results of the first experiment for group size are insignificant but could possibly be explained by familiarity instead of group size. The results of the second experiment for color preference are significant but could be more likely due to familiarity than preference for a color. The results might reflect that fish stick with familiar environments as much as possible due to basic survival instincts. The results might mean that fish within schools are only social within the school and not likely to interact with other schools. A question from the first experiment that should explored would be if the opposing school size were even more polarized, would there be significant results? Future investigations to expand on the color experiment would be to use blue and green dividers, because these are sensitive colors that the fish can likely distinguish between.

References

Alexander, R. D. 1974. The Evolution of Social Behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5:325“383.

GRIFFITHS, S. W., and A. E. MAGURRAN. 1997. Schooling preferences for familiar fish vary with group size in a wild guppy population. School of Biological and Medical Sciences 264:547“551.

Hemmings, C. C. 1966. OLFACTION AND VISION IN FISH SCHOOLING. J. Exp. Biol 45:449“464.
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, and Stazione Zoologica, Naples

Keenleyside, M. H. 1955. Some Aspects of the Schooling Behaviour of Fish. Behaviour 8:183“247.

Levine, J. S., and E. F. Macnichol. 1982. Color Vision in Fishes. Scientific American 246:140“149.

Pavlov, D. P., and A. O. Kasumyan. 2000. Patterns and mechanisms of schooling behavior in fish: A review. Journal of Ichthyology.

Pope, R. M., and E. S. Fry. 1997. Absorption spectrum (380“700 nm) of pure water II Integrating cavity measurements. Applied Optics 36:8710.

Reuter, H., M. Kruse, A. Rovellini, and B. Breckling. 2016. Evolutionary trends in fish schools in heterogeneous environments. Ecological Modelling 326:23“35.

Scott, G. R., and K. A. Sloman. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology 68:369“392.

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Police Body Cameras and Behaviour

Literature Review

Technology has drastically advanced over the years, giving people the opportunity of owning a cellular device with multiple capacities. Devices now can take panoramic pictures, record live videos, are able to stream the web and can connect with almost anybody nationwide through available applications. Although these devices are a helpful tool in making everyone's life easier, this device has recently been used against police agencies and their officers. Officers are being recorded everyday by the public and sued for using excessive force in situations where it wasn't necessary. Police brutality has been around since policing was first designed in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, and technology has only helped expose police behavior by allowing people to post their videos on the web for everyone to see. People have been able to use technology to their advantage by capturing part of the incident and making the officer seem corrupt and unethical. Because of this dilemma, police agencies have adapted to using body cameras on their officers, to decrease the amount of excessive force officers use against the public.

Major events in history, like the Civils Right movement of Martin Luther King Jr, led to capture the media's attention, which started the exposure of officer's brutality and misconduct. The goal of this movement was to end the use of deadly force and police brutality, majorly towards the African Americans. The police in Alabama where behaving unethically and abusing their power and the media captured everything for the world to see. Events, such as police officers performing a traffic stop and targeting African American males, breaking one of their tail lights with a baton, and then arresting the black African American male and placing them in the back seat of their vehicle, where often practices seen while the movement took place between the 1950's and 1960's. The officer would then be known to drive them to the middle of nowhere and would physically and emotionally attack the individual before placing them in jail. These practices would take place daily, without having a reason behind the traffic stop leading to an unlawful arrest.

The media covering police brutality and exposing them on the news became a hit. People nationwide were able to be informed of the latest news within the movement and were able to unite together to fight against the odds. The media was the first method in giving the people knowledge of what was occurring in their community. The Civils Right Movement was a nonviolent movement created to end racial segregation and discrimination towards minorities, made primarily of black people. Police brutality became a problem, as it was widely known across America, because officers were not being punished for their behavior and police brutality lead to more riots.

From the 1950?s to early 2000's, technology has made a tremendous turnout. What was difficult to imagine back in 1950's, is what we have in our every day lives now in 2018. It was hard to imagine back then having a cellular device that can facetime someone else across the world, to now having police agencies adapt to body cameras, that are able to both video and audio record every encounter the officer makes on a daily basis. Because technology has made it easy for people to record events at the touch of a button, police officers across America are now being exposed through the web. Videos uploaded showing police brutality are now being shared through every social media and seen by millions of people.

However, African Americans are more likely to experience police brutality, compared to other races. The majority killed by police officers are African Americans between the ages of 20-25 years of age. Carbarado mentions many reasons why African Americans are vulnerable to repeated police interactions. He mentions how there is proactive policing, targeting neighborhoods with high crime areas that have little disorder, racial segregation where police target black people who seem out of place when they are in neighborhood dominantly white and racial stereotypes meaning black people are officers preferred person of interest (Carbarado, pg.163). In 2015, 38 unarmed African-Americans were killed that year, compared to the fewer number of killings, which was 19 for Hispanics that same year.

A case that opened the eyes of many was the case of Michael Brown. Michael Brown was an 18-year-old, unarmed African American teenager, who was shot and killed by a white officer by the name of Darren Wilson. The grand jury did not indict the officer, Darren Wilson, with the murder of teenager Michael Brown. This case was seen as racially motivated by many who saw the footage, which was caught with a civilian's cell phone. Onyemaobim mentions While not always motivated by racism, police brutality is undeniably associated with race. Throughout the course of American history, police violence against people of color has occurred in horrifying disproportions (Onyemaobim, pg.2016). We live in an era where we no longer perceive police as peacekeepers, but as a threat to society.

Police brutality is seen so frequently, that it is almost seen as a societal norm. Every time a person is being mistreated by police, first thing that comes to mind is to record the event. While the majority of police officers are white, the majority of victims who suffer police brutality are mostly blacks. This says a lot whether racism plays a factor in police misconduct or not. Police complaints are filed leading to lawsuits, leaving the end decision to the court system and the prosecutors.

Prosecutors play the biggest role in deciding whether or not the police shooting was justified. They must depend on the necessary evidence police gather. Evidence such as: statements from witnesses gathered by the officer, other officers present at the time of the incident, or recordings from the public. In most instances, the police's word is the only one that counts, being the officer was the only one that witnessed the event. Patton states that because prosecutors are high in power, they will work together with offers to not pursue the case. This decision later affects minorities because at the end, they are not receiving justice. He states The incentives for federal prosecutors to shield police officers from claims of misconduct are especially problematic because of how much power federal prosecutors wield. They can and do erect high barriers to challenges to police behavior ”barriers that overwhelmingly impact the poor and racial minorities (Patton. pg.1435). A problem relying on police cooperation creates a conflict of interest in most cases. Because of how close of a relationship the prosecutor and the officer may have, it is more likely the prosecutor is unwilling to raise charges against the officer and follow the case.

A study done by Professor Mathhew Desmond concluded how communities, especially the black community, lost its trust in the police department after an incident with unarmed man Frank Jude. Frank Jude was at a police officers housewarming party, when off-duty officers blamed Frank and his friend of stealing one of the officer's badge. The off-duty officers made racist remarks and the proceeded to beat Frank. Because of this incident that included police brutality, the community decreased the amount of crimes they reported to 911 stating, The magnitude of the crime-call decline in Milwaukee was large and long lasting.

It persisted for over a year, result[ing] in a loss of approximately 22,200 911 calls, a 17 percent reduction in citizen crime reporting, compared with the expected number of calls.19 Moreover, the missing calls were primarily confined to the areas of Milwaukee in which mostly African Americans lived (pg.1358). The police community tends to forget is that key events in our history that impacted society the most, is the main cause for the problems that have emerged today. Since Michael Browns death in 2014, Black lives matter movement arise. There are controversies of what happened that day when Michael Brown was shot and killed that have raised questions whether to believe eyewitnesses, the officer or the police dash cam.

Therefore, police agencies have adapted a new piece of technology that is able to record from a first-hand experience, from beginning to end. Vehicle dash cameras have been an effective tool police agencies have used for many years. Vehicle cameras were mainly used to capture the sound and scenery of what only is ahead of the vehicle, lacking the ability to record everything else. Because of this, police agencies lacked the ability to use their vehicle dash cameras to support their statements.

To understand the benefits of body cameras, we first have to know how and why they came about. Body cameras were first adapted by the Rialto police department in California. They did a study in 2012, where Cambridge University partnered with Rialto Police Department

Relevant Theoretical Explanation Application

There are many theories that cover why police choose to misbehave. A theory that explains why police choose to deviate against policy and procedures is the differential association theory. Rational choice theory will explain why shifting towards body cameras in police departments will positively influence police behavior.

Differential association theory is covered by Dormeals and his study to figure out if officers are less tolerant of corruption than other groups? He mentioned Groups that are assimilated and socialized within a tolerant environment, therefore, have a wide range of alternative definitions of corruption. Whenever a corrupt practice is accepted as a way of doing business, it will probably not be defined as corrupt. Police officers are supposed to disapprove of deviant behavior and to be exposed to negative definitions of crime. Accordingly, police officers “ as members of a group organized against corruption “ can be supposed to be less tolerant when making judgements about corrupt situations (Dormaels, pg.598). This means that officers around level-minded people like them, are most likely to be exposed to corruption, therefore adapting to that kind of behavior and practicing it.

Areas such as the minority community, is where police corruption is seen the most. This is where low-income families, the majority being black, are living and are being targeted. Police are known to engage in behavior towards minorities. Police behavior towards minorities reflects historical factors that exist today. For example, racial discrimination, excessive force, police brutality and verbal and physical harassment. By adapting to body cameras, the complaints filed for police misconduct will decrease and body cameras will also influence the officers to reduce the amount of police misconduct they are currently engaging on.

Rational Choice theory is created around the impression that all humans rationalize their decision making with the consequences. They will tend to act rational in order to increase their profit. In this case, officers will have to act rational once they have body cameras on them and weigh out the consequences to their actions. Police officers have a zero tolerance on corruption and should not be driven by other officers' individual actions/choices. When wearing the body cameras, police officers will have to further weigh the consequences in evaluating: if they are going to succeed in such behavior, how the punishment will fit the crime they commit and their loss in their career. Crime officers commit is not always due to their motivation and their predisposition, but their choice to commit such crime.

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The Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Lead Exposure

On Friday, November 9, 2018, a Chicago Tribune headline read Firm Cited for Lead in Tainted Indy Areas (Hawthorne, 2018, p. 4). The story discusses the lead contamination in northwest Indiana. It details the role government officials played in allowing this exposure to continuously be a problem throughout the past few years. Now, air quality levels in the area are twice the legal limit according to the standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency. The article refers to lead as a brain-damaging metal that has the capability to permanently damage the developing brains of children (Hawthorne, 2018). This article focuses on the negligence of government officials in attending to the lead exposure problem in this area. However, lead exposure is not limited to one area, and Indiana government officials are not the only ones ignoring a prevalent environmental issue.

Lead exposure is an important national and international issue. Researchers publish new studies each year increasing the knowledge regarding the adverse effects of lead. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) previously declared certain blood lead levels safe for children and adults. This safe level has continuously been reduced over the years. As Ris, Dietrich, Succop, Berger, & Bornschein (2003) note, in 1970, the blood-lead level of exposure considered dangerous was 60g/dL or higher. In 1971, it became 40g/dL, and in 1978, it decreased to 30g/dL. By 1985, the highest acceptable level was 25g/dL (Ris et. al., 2003). Earlier studies used this benchmark number to determine that adverse effects occur well below this 25g/dL amount (Bellinger, Leviton, Waternuax, Needleman, & Rabinowitz, 1987). More recent studies have continued to find harmful effects of lead exposure at even lower levels. The safe level was reduced to 10g/dL in 1991 (Dietrich, Berger, Succop, Hammond, & Bornschein, 1993). Currently, the CDC declares that there is no safe level of lead exposure, especially in young children (Ris et al., 2003).

Even with more knowledge regarding the effects of lead on young children, lead exposure is still a problem today. As Hanna-Attisha, LaChance, Sadler, and Schnepp (2016) note in their recent study, in Flint, Michigan blood lead levels have been alarmingly high due to exposure through leaded drinking water pipes. This exposure is again the product of governmental negligence, since officials did not conduct proper testing on the drinking water pipes before changing the supply. Hanna-Attisha et al. (2016) conducted a study that examined the level of the lead exposure in Flint. The study analyzed the blood lead levels of children in the area before and after the water source was contaminated. Hanna-Attisha et al. found that blood lead levels significantly increased after the water source change. In addition, they found no significant difference in blood lead levels in children who lived outside the city and most likely did not drink from the city water supply. Overall, the research concluded that elevated blood lead levels (or those above 5g/dL) had significantly increased in Flint-residing children. Blood lead levels at this concentration produce long-lasting adverse behavioral effects and cognitive deficits. Hanna-Attisha et al. portrayed the crisis-level of the situation in Flint by analyzing the blood lead levels confirmed in children living within the city. Perhaps not surprisingly, Hanna-Attisha et al. found the most profound increases in blood lead levels in the lower socioeconomic neighborhoods in Flint (Hanna-Attisha et al., 2016).

Environmental lead exposure is a severe public health concern. While the overall national average exposure levels have been steadily declining, the current levels in certain areas of the country, such as northwest Indiana and Flint, Michigan are particularly alarming. Some areas display hotspots for lead exposure. Fergusson, Fergusson, Horwood, & Kinzett (1988) conducted the first part of a three-part study to examine whether specific environmental factors such as social disadvantage, exposure to old wooden housing, exposure to busy roads, and pica increased risk of lead exposure. All four environmental factors were significantly associated with higher lead levels and this effect remained when each of the factors was considered independently of the other three. These findings indicate that lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups are more at risk for lead exposure. SES is an important consideration when discussing the results of studies on lead exposure and its impact on cognition and behavior. It will be a covariate included in much of the research outlined in this paper.

Lead exposure poses a serious problem in our society today. The effects of early lead exposure can be severe and long-lasting. This paper will focus on the adverse effects of early lead exposure on cognition and behavior. First, it will outline general sources of and outcomes associated with lead exposure, and provide an overview of the impact of lead exposure on brain development, as well as the long-and-short term cognitive deficits and behavioral problems. Next, the paper will turn more specifically to the literature regarding the cognitive effects of lead exposure and the impact of lead on a range of cognitive outcomes in humans and non-human animals. Next, the paper will discuss a range of behavioral effects of lead exposure in non-humans and humans, including hyperactivity, impulsivity, behavioral problems, aggression, and even criminal behavior. Finally, the discussion will integrate the findings from the cognitive and behavioral sections, as well as expand on these findings to address implications of this research, including those involving SES and current policy about lead exposure.

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Developmental of Behaviorism

Researchers Jacqueline Trouillas and Patrick Mertens have written in the article about four common stages they experimented in the brain development of a sensorimotor stage child. I am only going to be talking about Maturation of the central cerebral regions which is stage four. Stage four is mostly about seeing the individuality of a child when growing. On how smart one is without their parents helping at all. (Afif, A., Trouillas, J., & Mertens, P. 2015) When I was reading towards what the characteristics for a two-year-old should be I came upon: pointing to things, knowing names of people, says sentences two to four words, understands instructions, names pictures in books, kicks ball, and can hop one leg at a time. When I was observing the two-year-old, he seems to be in peace.

He does not ask for mom only auntie and nana. He seems to copy everything his brother does. His older brother is his role model for what I have seen. He loves to play outside and to talk a lot even though we cannot seem to understand very good what he is trying to say. He is a very loving kid that loves hugging and if you say stop or trying to make him understand he is doing wrong he understands and cries. I think it has been a month since I have seen him. He left with his dad to home in Grand Junction and left his older brother back at grandmas'. My parents went to go visit him last weekend and he is so big and smart. He talks, and we can understand everything he says. I had read that kids at age two get hit with their vocabulary suddenly and can be understood to what they're trying to say.

In this article the researcher's experiment was for them to see the attachment of a child and his mother and how they would react for them leaving. If they would cry and hug them when they would come back it meant they are attached to them, and if not, they had insecure attachment. From what the researchers have experimented was with 17 children. 16 of them were concrete stage graduates and only 1 was not. They said that it was common with many other groups and same backgrounds. Many had the same scores except the one with bad environmental experiences. What I mean by scores is by same behaviorism score they did while overviewing these children. Over time of reviewing many other groups, the numbers kept going down from 17 to only 5 people in a group. They were just trying to figure out the same type of answer of some specific children. (Southard, M., & Pasnak, R., 1997) The child that I am observing is with the grandmother yells and says, Why don't you love me? to his grandmother. When his step father came out of jail, he took care of the two boys while the mother was not at home to take care of them herself.

After a month of taking care of them he decides to head back home. He left both the children with the grandmother. The five-year-old is constantly only looking at the tv if not he is mad, sad, confused. He constantly cries for his mother wanting to know when she is coming home. One day when I picked him up at day care he was real upset about something and did not want to go home with me. I asked, what is the matter? He responded with I thought you were my mom, I just miss her, it broke my heart hearing him say this. He is always had his grandma and his brother with him, but ever since his mom left and then his step dad left, he felt empty. A month after his step dad had left his little brother left with his father back home and he stayed with his grandma. I would understand why he feels so lonely. Everyone has left without saying anything. We have tried getting him help with a counselor, but without any parent here the counselor will not accept to help him.

The reason towards I decided to research the behavior of a five-year-old and a two-year-old is because of these two brothers. I have known them since they were born, and I am so sad on how I discovered so much about them. When I started this class, the professor told me about a research paper. I instantly thought about these two boys. These two boys have been through a lot and I've noticed that the oldest one was more affected towards the separation of his parent then the smaller one did. About a week ago now the small one was with my mother, so they facetimed the older brother and he seemed to be happy to see his brother, but the only thing he wanted to know when the step dad was going to go visit him and take him with him.

He was so upset that we wanted him to go get him and take him with him. It didn't matter if he was with his nana all he wanted was one of his parents. I have no idea exactly why it didn't affect the smaller one as much as it did to the oldest. I always thought it would affect the smaller one more than the oldest, but it all was backwards. Both children are with a permanent guardian. The 5-year-old is with his Nana; he has been with her for over a month now. The young one is with his dad up in Grand Junction and we can see him whenever and seems to be happy to be with him. The mom is now in an addiction clinic up in Denver and can't see her children until they know she is doing better.

Towards this paper I've realized that many teens/ adults struggle with life because they have grown up in an unstable home. When kids grow up like this they always seem to be depressed or can't trust anyone. Every time the 5 years old Nana goes to work, he cries when she comes back because he thinks that he's going to abandon him like everyone else has. I am glad I had the opportunity to write about them. This is a hard topic for many people, but I was able to talk to my aunt about it and she agreed for me to write this about her daughter's struggle. My aunt has cried through it all and she's just glad everything is falling in place and was glad I was there to help with any type of problem. I was there to observe the children's behaviors and was able to participate for them to feel loved and cared for.

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Child Behavior

Child behavior is the most important factor when raising and trying to make sure your child has a proper development. Developing your child emotions and behavior to the point when both you and your child understand it, could lead to proper coping which can easily be achieved for the parent's/parent and child. Many disorders can start to originate and show signs in children within the age of 5 years old. Although you child may start to show the signs and become a problem, that doesn't mean he/she is doing it on purpose. A lot of parents tend to get upset and blame the child for their actions when neither of them understand it. Which is why I find it important for a parent to see a doctor when the child gets older for a proper diagnostics.

Dealing with a child's behavior doesn't always involve mental attention. Childhood behavior requires all forms of mental, psychical, and emotional attention. If a child's behavior isn't addressed at a early age , younger children tend to carry a violent or destructive behavior as they get older, some may enforce it on others psychically. For example, students who go through early trauma involving the absence of behavioral guidance from their parents or others result to bullies. Child behavior has a lot to do with how the parents can relate and connect with their children during the early stages of development. When a child is unable to verbally express how he/she is feeling, children will be left in a confused state,which is why all parents should always be able to recognize and identify key signs regarding their child's behavior.

Child behaviour has been one of the most important topics psychologist have been studying. A psychologist named Sigmund Freud who developed the Psychoanalytic Theory, overall in my opinion this theory connects with the behavior of children and is a very interesting theory. This theory includes five psycho-sexual stages, the first one is called the "Oral Stage". The "Oral Stage" develops with eating and how kid's emotions recuperate involving food. The second stage is called the "Anal Stage", the "Anal Stage" develops the liking or disliking in authority, its somewhat beneficial to the parent and child but can go both ways.

For example, if a parent isn't making sure the child is under the right authority, can deprive him/her the necessitates regarding a healthy development,the child may then grow up and become anally retentive as they say. There are three other important stages such as the "Phallic, Latency, and Genital Stage". All are very important when it comes to making sure a eighteen month old baby develops the proper habit leading to a twelve year old and older.

Aggression and the environment of it can affect anyone and anything around it, including your children, especially your children. Aggression and all the other different types of aggression on how someone can enforce it onto a situation or person which plays a big part in early development . For example there are so many types of aggression I wasn't informed about, one of them is called passive aggression. Passive aggression can be a sort of petty and sneaky aggression, a person who's already knowing their intentions in a situation can be inflicted on the secondary person and wouldn't realize it at all, but will feel the effect of the aggression in the end. Aggression can have many forms of development, operational concepts help me understand how to really see the significance of aggression when i didn't even know so many obvious signs before in real life situations.

The most important time of a child's life is when their a baby, the time of birth is no doubt one of the most beautiful things in human nature. The bonding of a baby and mother has at first site after birth is very important in the coping process. A mother and her baby both play big roles when giving birth. Even though the mother does do most of the hard work, the baby and the mother must work together to find the perfect position for a healthy labour. When upright and moving this allows the mother to create the most space for the baby to navigate through the pelvic inlet and outlet, and the birthing canal. This amazing moment is the first bond that a mother and child first experience, some parts are painful but all is full of love.

How parents can help a babies development just by talking to them during infancy can also be a great impact on a child behavior when they get older.Our babies cries in so many ways I didn't even know of. There are many types of cries some of them are, I'm hungry cry, I'm tired or uncomfortable cry, I've had enough cry, I'm bored cry, I've got colic cry, and the I'm sick cry. The" I'm hungry cry" can be fairly desperate and unrelenting; usually high pitched, another way to identify a hungry baby cry is by looking for a baby rooting around his/her mouth, wiggles, or gets frantic. Another cry parents should learn to recognize would be knowing if your baby is in pain, it usually sounds like piercing and grating. He/She may also arch her back or thrash. If the baby has gas pain, an infant would bring his/her knees up to their chest or grunts. When a baby cries it can have many reasons to why a baby seems to be upset or in need of something, they are also not really capable of being manipulative, and their crying is the main way in which they express their needs. If they are hungry, they cry; if they are uncomfortable, they cry; if their diaper needs changing, they cry; if they are startled, they cry.

A child's behavior, which we call an emotion;is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. Or in other words a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. Child Separation Anxiety Disorder,is a disorder in which a child becomes excessively anxious when separated from parents. Children are especially prone to separation anxiety during times of stress.Separation anxiety differs from normal clinginess. Children with the disorder can't think about anything but the present fear of separation. They may have nightmares or regular physical complaints.They may be reluctant to go to school or other places.

Treatment includes talk therapy and possibly anti-anxiety medication. Treatment for such a crucial impact on a child's childhood would require some sort of professional therapy if required, 2 forms of therapy could be Family therapy and Behavior Therapy. Family therapy is a psychological counseling that helps families resolve conflicts and communicate more effectively.Behavior therapy is a therapy focused on modifying harmful behaviors associated with psychological distress. In conclusion developing ways to deal with separation from your child for better results be to practice separation, schedule separations after naps or feedings,develop a quick goodbye ritual, or leave without fanfare.

Parents should take into consideration to help relieve and recognize their child's depression. Depressed Children can show symptoms of depression which is often undiagnosed and untreated because they are passed off as normal emotional and psychological changes that occur during growth.Children, like adults also suffer from depression, although their symptoms may not be the same. Additionally, children respond well to treatment. Depression is defined as an illness when the feelings of depression persist and interfere with a child or adolescent's ability to function. Signs parents should mostly focus on when trying to tell if their child is depressed or not would be trying to identify the following symptoms such as frequent sadness, fearfulness, crying,hopelessness,decreased interest in activities; or inability to enjoy previously favorite activities,persistent boredom; low energy,social isolation, poor communication,low self esteem and guilt, and many more. If parents or other adults in a young person's life suspect a problem with depression, they should know the warning signs of depression and note how long problems have been going on, how often they occur, and how severe they seem in order to find out if there is in need of therapy or medical attention.

All children deserve to live a life stress free until it's time for them to grow up and become teenagers then adults, life experiences is what makes a person who they are. Although childhood poverty really can take a toll on a child's behavior children are in poverty today. Kids who go through poverty go through symptoms such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, in other words (PTSD). Its truly sad how kids experience what grown man and woman intake after coming home from the army/war where there's murder and constant battle, I would never want any man, woman, or child to go through such a disorder. PTSd can be very bad for a child's behavior, or any kind of stress can do a large amount of mood changing. Stress once again holds a big strain and plays a big part on a child's physical, mental, and obviously emotional developments. If a child is stressed at the age of 5 or below ,can lead to results that enables them from developing the key aspects while trying to mature and take in information. In order to keep all the proper developments strong and flowing parents/adults need to keep a stable and nurturing relationship with their children. If children feel they aren't getting that type of relationship, children won't experience the correct developments.

The Piaget's Development originated from a known psychologist named Jean Piaget, his theory mostly focuses on children, from birth through adulthood, and identifies different stages of development such as language, morals,memory, and reasoning. In the video titled "Piaget's Development" I noticed how knowledge was based off of the age of a child or adult.For example,a toddler or baby hands me a toy phone but in his mind he believes that its real and someone is on the phone,it all deals with the experiences these two age groups encounter along the way of development. Another example would be how ages are categorized based on the normal rate of obtaining knowledge,there's children, young adults, adults, and the elderly. All can be smarter or less fortunate when it comes to knowledge if each of them have different experiences and obtained a certain amount of knowledge from it. Nowadays there a young adults who are way smarter than adults even those with higher education.

Another theory developed by Bandura's experiment overall is by far the most interesting, determining a child's behavior especially an aggressive one can be very stressful. There can be a number of reasons why a child is showing an aggressive attitude,or a lot can come from what he/she experiences from the environment at home or from school. Although the experiment tried to focus on which gender would be more aggressive surprisingly the number where evenly split,So if gender isn't the problem it could have a-lot to do with age. In our generation i've noticed a large amount of kids engaging in boxing, parents took the opportunity to lets sports be the control of a kids aggressive behavior and allow the training to be the main source of developing a sense of control and understanding.

A child's behavior can be affected biological ,doctors use the image machine to see how teens brain develop over the years. Doctors discovered that the front part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex starts to develop and grow more after and during the puberty stages. Their research resulted in kids who are already the age of six show the brain at 95% growth. As they continue to grow, kids brain cells begin to connect and become more solid, they then compare the development of a kids brain to a tree. For example, water is one out of many requirements for a tree or other form of plant life to grow and nourish. In our case we need knowledge and life experiences for a stronger cell mass in a adolescents brain. As I mentioned about how their are many requirements for a tree to grow also applies to humans, why because when we use the same areas of our brain, like doing things we usually do everyday such as habits we develop at a young age can cause other brain cells to die, neurologist's call this the "win it or lose it".

The child's behavior can also be affected through the mother's health through pregnancy and birth. Birth defects can be very crucial to a newborn's health and development, and can also be a sad situation for a mother's child, birth defects affect one in every thirty-three babies born each year in the U.S. Birth defects are caused by gene change or damaged chromosomes, a lot similar to heart defects. As you know birth defects are inherited or in other words run from family or bloodlines. Birth defect is a crucial health condition recognized in a baby at birth. The most common birth defects include spina bifida, cleft palate, clubfoot, and congenital dislocated hip. When there is a problem with a baby's body chemistry , it is called a metabolic birth defect.

Intellectual disability has a wide variety of medical/environmental issues that can do a great deal of damage towards a newborn. Issues such as Genetic conditions which include Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Genetic issues can either form from mom or dad, maybe both. Problems during pregnancy like issues that are fatal to the brain during development such as emotional, learning, and behavioral disadvantageous include alcohol or drug use, malnutrition, and certain infections.Intellectual disability is not a disease and cannot be cured, however early diagnosis and ongoing interventions can improve adaptive functioning throughout one's childhood and into adulthood.

Another Cause of intellectual disability is Birth Trauma. Birth trauma is a general term used to describe any cuts, fractures, or other injuries sustained by a newborn baby during labor or delivery.Deliveries of larger, heavier babies often require doctors to use their hands, forceps, or vacuums to ease their passage through the birth canal. Although birth trauma is crucial to a newborn's health, the most common out of all causes are the accidental one, in other words car accidents or serious fall damage towards a newborn. In the end all around childcare and support from the government also plays a big part in large poverty areas, without the right medicines, or finical support a parent needs to help treat this disability can become a huge problem.

ADHD also known as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by a combination of inattentiveness, distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. More than half the children diagnosed with ADHD continue to have symptoms during their adolescent years and into adulthood. In the video I noticed how psychologist mentioned how majority boys tend to develop ADD at an early age more than girls do. Although girls do tend to have their hyper moments, boys lead straight to physical activity and later required attention by a parent/adult supervision to help calm themselves down. People with ADHD typically have trouble getting organized, staying focused, making realistic plans and thinking before acting. So psychologist have decided that focusing on ADHD patients on a behavioral perspective is less effective when diagnosing ADHD, rather than trying to recognize the array of the brain-coping skills, such as memory, focus, and a child's ability to regulate his or her emotions.
Child Separation Anxiety Disorder,this is a disorder in which a child becomes excessively anxious when separated from parents. Children are especially prone to separation anxiety during times of stress.Separation anxiety differs from normal clinginess. Children with the disorder can't think about anything but the present fear of separation.They may have nightmares or regular physical complaints.They may be reluctant to go to school or other places.Treatment includes talk therapy and possibly anti-anxiety medication. Treatment for such a crucial impact on a child's childhood would require some sort of professional therapy if required, 2 forms of therapy could be Family therapy and Behavior Therapy. Family therapy is a psychological counseling that helps families resolve conflicts and communicate more effectively.Behavior therapy is a therapy focused on modifying harmful behaviors associated with psychological distress. In conclusion developing ways to deal with separation from your child for better results be to practice separation, schedule separations after naps or feedings,develop a quick goodbye ritual, or leave without fanfare.

The mother's behavior and feelings also affect the child as much as the child can affect the mother's. Postpartum feelings also known as "Baby Blues" which is a case of depression after having your baby days later. In some circumstances Baby blues usually goes away by itself within a week or two of giving birth, medical treatment isn't necessary, but if you aren't sleeping, or having other critical symptoms of depression within the two week limit,seeing a doctor is recommended. Baby Blues usually goes away within a few days, a good way to speed up the process would be getting some rest, feeling free to ask others for help, especially your loved ones. Another beneficial process would be taking some alone time to get yourself together, there's nothing wrong with leaving your baby with a responsible family member for a few hours to free your mind. And most important don't drink alcohol, use street drugs or abuse prescription drugs. All of these can affect your mood and make you feel worse. And can make it hard for you to take care of your baby. In the end taking care of yourself is also a big factor when having a baby even after pregnancy, because all babies need their mother's to have a bright environment and healthy state of mind when trying to have a healthy development with their baby.

In conclusion, there are many types of child behavior, and so many ways a child's behavior can be formed or dealt with. In my opinion depression is the most important, depression can be a very dangerous feeling, especially when a child doesn't know how to express or communicate with someone about his or her feelings. This can lead to a change in behavior physically and emotionally, physically a child would throw tantrums or hit the parent or others around them trying to figure out whats wrong. And emotionally would be the child constantly crying and not in the mood for coping with the parent or keeping the distance between the two . It all has to do with the parents or parent in the matter of understanding and having patience when it comes to gaining your child's emotions and physical symptoms.

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Nature of Consumer Behaviour

Paper Consumer Behaviour

Introduction

Razor Gaming is as stated a company who specialises in gaming. Having their own gaming gear and generally target gamers. They targeted audience is mostly the PC environment, so gaming laptops, tablets and desktops. The products that they sell are mice, keyboards, mouse mats and game pads. The Razor products are all named after predatory or venomous animals. Razor was founded in 2005 in San Diego, California US. Its founders were Min-Liang Tan(now the CEO and creative director) and Robert Krakoff(Now President), after securing a huge investment from Hong Kong. It has its headquarters in both Singapore and San Francisco, California. In this paper I will be talking about how they use marketing in a consumers behaviour point of view.

Brand Image

Razer Gaming their slogan is for gamers by gamers. They sell professional gamers gear for gaming only. They tend to manufacture product that is intended for professional gamers. Razer are trying to be the Apple of the gaming industry by premium priced products. Razer uses their core expertise to leave a mark on that industry. Their products are utilitarian and value expressed. The gaming are intended for gaming and using their products. It can also be classified as hedonic, because casual gamers buy these products for their hobby. As games are classified as hedonic. Although in the professional scene such as in eSports and Twitch streamers these products become utilitarian. Their consumers have their reasons why they buy their product.

As we go through the consumer value frame work. The internal influences are off course personality, which the attitude towards the product is important. Knowledge is in an important factor in the attitude formation. Gamers need to know about the product. In the ABC-model. The two important factors are especially affective and cogitative. Razer is a cool product and its gives them an advantage to users who use don’t have decent gaming gear. Casual gamers have an experimental hierarchy because its intended for hedonic use.

For professional users it’s the standard learning hierarchy. Professional gamers get for example sponsored by razer and get a mouse for free. They start using it and see that the quality is actually great and will keep buying razer products. That is also why razer started growing. For The external factors; video gaming is a culture on its own more than 155 americans play video games, 4 out of 5 households have atleast one gaming device. 42 percent play each week more than 3 hours. In the early days of gaming mostly teens were playing video game.

Nowadays the average player is around 35 years. The first generation who grew u with gaming is maturing and its not only teenagers who play games. Also the social aspect plays an important factor. The gamers are a aspirational group. They associate themselves as gamers and use razer product to identify themselves as gamers. This can be a reaction to peer pressuring(streamers who are mostly the same age as them). Razer also have their own media where they can advertise their products on. But they mostly get their brand image from earned media(twitch, YouTube, esports).

Razer has an ethos appeal to it. The main gamers are mostly men, the logo of razer has 3 snakes and a green colour. Green is has a big appeal to men, since it one of the more likeable color for both men and woman. The three snakes is a big part of the brand’s image. Razer is known to deliver high-end product thus its trustworthy. The logo is attractive and has a high level of likeability.

The consumer builds a perception about razer based on its image as the world leading brand in gaming gear. It enforces by superior quality to the competition. The comfort of the using razer headsets is the best in its expertise. While the perception of the consumers starts to develop, the identity of the brand will be branded in to the heads of consumers.

We can use Maslov’s pyramid in to consideration because of how they advertise their product use the gaming culture so gamers can associate. The functional elements of the products what does it do? It enhances the gaming experience by giving their consumers a big advantage over other gamers. Moving up the pyramid we have the emotion element. How does it make me feel. Do I as a gamer like this product am I happy about the product. After we achieved these elements we can say did it change my life. The gamer did improve and can take out enemies much faster or do objectives more efficiently. And at last does razer let me identify in a certain group of gamers. That is pretty much the objective of razer the ability to feel connected to a social group. This is the pathos appeal having an emotional connection to the product.

Advertising

Razer Gaming advertises their products on a different way than other brands. They use the raze affiliate program. Its is a way of gamers earning small commissions by placing banners or on their website to refer them to the shop of razer. Once the visitor of the site makes a purchase through these banners or links they can earn money. It is completely free of charge to join the program. These commissions are paid on a monthly net sales. As I already stated earlier in the paper. They also advertise by using famous youtubers to unbox and talk about the product. Famous youtuber TheSyndicateProject started getting sponsored by razer and receiving free and latest stuff. All he has to do is talk about the product and talk about the product. Also the channel that I mentioned earlier dedicated unboxing videos about the product he got from razer. The youtuber in particular has now 10 million subscribers and got a huge reach thru the gaming industry.

Another method is sponsoring Twitch streamers. Giving them a headset and mouse and all they have to do is putting a banner on their stream or talk about it when they start the stream. For example this stream was made possible by razer gaming. These kinds of endorsements by “celebrities” have an Ethos appeal. The attractiveness of the brand. Also they sponsor big Esports event which will also raise the brand awareness. There are huge events like E3 or GameForce in Belgium where they will try and interact with future customers. This is more of an (Banks, 2018) ethos kind of feel where they try to convince gamers to buy their product.

They will try to convince them by letting them use their products on high-end computer where you actually can feel the difference. You will feel that the gear is trustworthy. It also enhances the psychogenic needs. They play more on ambition(becoming a better gamer), power(dominating the games you play) affections(the product will start to grow on the consumer) and information(giving more explanation).

Disadvantage

Due to the premium pricing of razer products it can scare of consumers. Why buy razer product when you can game on a regular keyboard or mouse. The fear of missing out is a big issue. Not every one can afford razer products. The fear factor is big disadvantage for razer. Razer is all social when peer pressuring come to a degree that people have to buy overpriced products when you have a substitute for it.

Conclusion

Razer is premium priced product, it has a big social influence. The product itself is already of big quality but the social factor and the peer-pressuring is a big asset of the brand. While razer is the leading gaming gear manufacturer they will keep the consumers reviews in mind.

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What Behavioral Techniques for Children would you Use?

Children's Behavior: Techniques

Take a moment and think.

If you had a child, what behavioral techniques would you use? Do you know of any behavior techniques? Punishment by application, punishment by removal, problems with using punishment, and how to make punishment more effective are a few of the behavioral concepts and techniques we'll discuss. What is punishment by application? Punishment by application is when an action, like spanking or yelling is applied to the situation. Therapists discourage punishment by application because the situation is often taken out of hand, leading to abuse. Dubowitz and Bennet shared that spanking is harmless with a swat or two to the butt, but it turns into abuse when a belt or other item is used as a weapon to smack the child.

The opposite type of punishment to punishment by application is punishment by removal. Instead of introducing something into the situation like the prior punishment, this is the removal or something valued to the child. Something of value to the child might include television, cell phones, or video games. "Grounding" your child from these valuable things would be an example of punishment by removal because you are removing something they like, not allowing them to use those items or do something they enjoy for a specific period of time. As always, with anything, there are flaws to using punishment. Punishment can be either good, and effective, or bad, and not so effective. First, you ought to know the difference between reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is when you encourage something that is already known. An example of this would be encouraging and reminding your child that they must keep their grades up or they will lose their video game privileges. On the other hand, punishment is the act of weakening a response, which would be some type of bad behavior.

Punishment doesn't always solve the behavior issue though, as the child might think that once the punishment is over, it is okay to behave like that again. Problems with physical punishment has flaws because the child may become scared of the punisher, avoiding them, and instead gets the wrong message. This kind of punishment is usually not successful because the child believes that if they misbehave they will be hurt. This is wrong. A child should learn from the situation; understand that what they did was wrong. It is hard to learn right from wrong when being abused or threatened. Along with abuse, comes lying. If the child knows that he or she will be hurt and abused when they do something wrong, they may begin to lie to try and avoid punishment. And as noted before, abuse only brings fear to the child. A child should be able to learn from mistakes. They should look up to their parents, or guardian and learn from what they did wrong, not think they will get abused for messing up. Abuse creates fear and anxiety. Fear and anxiety slow down learning and halt it in its tracks. Also, an abusive parent only becomes an abusive role model. Instead we should be teaching children peace, the opposite of harm. How do you instead, make punishment effective? It's simple, three easy steps.

1. Punishment should be given directly after the bad behavior. If this is not done, then the punishment will not be seen as it was related to the bad behavior.

2. Punishment should always stay consistent. For example: if a mother tells her son that if he has bad grades, he will lose his playstation privileges, then she needs to do just so. And finally, punishment should always be followed with reinforcement regarding the correct behavior.

For example instead of yelling at your child for peeing their pants, instead remind them that they are a big kid and use the potty. When they use the potty, praise them. Although there is much more to child behavior and related techniques outside of this essay, there is still valuable information and resources within. Punishment by application or removal are just a few techniques out of many ways children can be punished. Also, understanding the problems with punishment and the most ways to make punishment effective, allows the parent or guardian to help the child learn and grow most efficiently.

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An Analysis of the Behavioral Consequences of Helping Others at Work

Background/Research:

This study attempts to determine how helping others at work daily can lead to behavioral changes and over time how helping others at work is a depleting experience that will eventually lead to a reduction in how much one helps others and instead engages in political behaviors aimed at helping oneself.

The study starts with defining Organization Citizenship Behaviors (OCB's), which are discretionary acts that promote organization function by supporting the social and psychological environment in which task performance occurs. Research has shown that these OCB's not only benefit coworkers and broader organizational goals, but the individuals who engage in them also receive personal benefits such as more favorable performance reviews, better positive work attitudes, and increasedhelp from coworkers.

However, despite all the well documented benefits of engaging in OCB's, researchers have recently started to note a dark side to such behaviors, including negative consequences to the actor. Particularly research has shown that it can have negative consequences for personal well-being, relationships at home, and overall career outcomes. OCB research at first was more directed toward interpersonal relationships but over time the research has shifted focus to intraindividual studies as there are substantial and systematic‚ uctuations in employees' episodic, ormomentary, levels of OCB (Scott, Matta, & Koopman, 2016, p. 2).

Mostrecent studies consider how OCB's vary on a day to day basis. The averageamount of variance of OCB directed towards others at work (48.2%) was higher thanthe variance of OCB directed towards the organization as a whole (36.0%). Thedifference in variation can be accounted for because individuals usually havemore opportunities to help their coworkers every day at work then helping theorganization as a whole. Studies also consider how employee resource levelsaffect employees engaging in OCB's.

For example, employees who felt recoveredand refreshed in the morning were more likely to engage in OCB's for the day. Thisis directly related to the sleep quality of the employees. On the flipsideemployees who felt depleted or tired were less likely to help their fellowemployees at work that day. Research has also showed that OCB's have both a bright anddark side. Engaging in altruistic behaviors served as a means of positivelyenhancing one's mood by increasing positive emotions. On the other sidenegative side effects associated with OCB's include consuming personalresources and reduced wellbeing in terms of job satisfaction and commitment.Helping others at work produced feelings of depletion, suggesting that helpingacts represent an activity that consumes resources at an ever increasing rate( Lanaj et al. 2016).

Now this study defines a self-regulatoryframework for daily helping behaviors and how they translate directly intobehavioral outcomes. Ego Depletion Theory states that individuals have alimited pool of resources that are consumed when engaging in acts that require self-control.These resources are used to control thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Whenindividuals deplete all their resources it becomes more difficult to resistengaging in behaviors that do not serve their interests or goals. Beingdepleted and tired can even lead to counterproductive and deleterious workbehaviors.

Hypothesis:

This study therefore raises 7 key hypothesesrelated to OCB and work related behavior. They are:

  1. Daily helping acts atwork will be related to an increase in depletion
  2. The daily positiverelation of helping acts with depletion will be stronger when chronicprevention focus is higher
  3. Daily Depletion willbe related to a decrease in subsequent helping acts
  4. Daily Depletion willbe related to an increase in subsequent political acts
  5. A) The daily negativerelation of depletion with subsequent helping acts will be weaker whenpolitical skill is higher (vs.lower). B) The daily positive relation of depletion with subsequentpolitical acts will be weaker when political skill is higher (vs.lower).
  6. The indirect negativeeffect of helping acts on subsequent helping acts via depletion will bestronger when(a)prevention focus is higher(vs.lower)and(b)political skills islower(vs.higher).
  7. The indirect positiveeffect of helping acts on subsequent political acts via depletion will bestronger when(a)prevention focus is higher(vs.lower) and (b)political skill is lower(vs.higher).

Method:

Researchers for this study recruited participants fromnonacademic staff at a large university in Northeastern United States. Theadvertisement was sent out via email and asked them to participate in a dailystudy about their workspace experiences with a promise of $75 on completion ofthe study. The email was sent out to 189 employee who were also encouraged toforward the email to fellow coworkers and friends. Participants were requiredto work full time and have regular access to their email via computer orsmartphone at the workplace. Those who consented to the study and were eligiblewere then directed to a survey about measures of the between person moderators(i.e prevention focus, political skill). A total of 107 individuals wereselected for the study from the sample size. In the second phase, individuals were given two surveys a dayfor 10 consecutive workdays.

The first assessed helping acts (the focalpredictor) and baseline levels of depletion and political acts. The secondsurvey assessed depletion (the mediator) and helping and political acts. Thereason for separating the focal measures across the two surveys was to addressissues associated with common method variance. Out of the 107 candidatesaccepted, only 91 employees completed all the requirements for both the surveysfor at least 3 days which lead to the collection of a total of 684 data points.

The participants job titles ranged included, administrative assistants, caseworkers and systems analysts. The average age of the participants was 45.4years with 82.4% of the sample being females. Employees averaged 41-hour workweeks and reported regular interaction with their coworkers.

Between Person Measures:

Two different between person measures were analyzed in thisstudy. Regulatory Focus- An example ofregulatory focus is I am anxious I will fall short of my responsibilities atwork. This was measured using 9 items on the survey (a=.83)Political Skill- An example ofpolitical skill is I have good intuition about how to present myself toothers This was measured using 18 items on the survey (a= .89)

Daily Within Person Measures:

Three different within person measures were recorded which askedparticipants to reflect on their daily working hours. A)Helping Acts “ werefound to vary considerably during the day. These were measured with 4 items onthe survey including items such as volunteered to help others, cooperativelyworked with others, etc. (a= .84) B)Depletion- wasmeasured using 3 items to assess depletion over the day. Items included I feltused up, I felt burnt out, etc. (a= .93) C)Political Acts- thiswas measured using 4 items and attempted to measures individual perceptions ofpolitics at various levels of the work environment. Items included engaged inself-serving behavior, gained approval of those who can help me, etc.(a=.83)

Control variables and Analysis:

This study included several control variables. To account forsleep quality which has been shown to be related to depletion, the first surveyof each day asked about the participants sleep the previous night. To account for the variability and changewithin people during the day, there were two surveys given per day. Since the data had a multilevel structure, researchers used amulti path analysis to test the hypothesis. The amount of within personvariance in political acts ranged from 32% to 43% which supported the idea thatpolitical acts operate as a dynamic intraindividual phenomenon. For hypothesistesting, the researchers modeled the within-individual predictors using randomslopes and group-mean centering, and grand-mean centered the between-individualmoderators. The purpose behind group mean centering the within-person variablesis to remove variance attributable to the person-level of analysis, meaningthat relations estimated amongst within-person constructs should not being‚ uenced by between-person factors such as individual differences, responsestyles, or social desirability.

Results:

First the relation of helping acts to depletion as well as theinteractive effect of helping acts and prevention focus. Hypothesis 1 was notsupported (y=.06) but the researchers did observe significant cross-levelinteraction between helping acts and prevention focus(y=.15). The data wasconsistent with hypothesis 2 however, helping acts were positively associatedwith increased depletion at higher prevention focus (y=.16). While there wasnot a direct effect of helping acts on depletion, the relation was significantfor higher prevention focus employees. Hypothesis 3 was supported as well withdepletion relating to a decrease in subsequent helping acts (y= -.14).

Hypothesis 4 was also supported with helping acts leading to an increase ofsubsequent political acts (y=.06). The researchers also examined if politicalskill interacted with depletion to predict subsequent helping acts (hypothesis5 A and B) but neither hypothesis was supported (y= -.04 and -.12). To testmoderated mediation, the researchers calculated conditional indirect effectsfor the mediated relationship of helping acts with subsequent helping acts as wellas subsequent political acts (Hypothesis 6 and 7). Hypothesis 6b and 7b werenot tested as political skill was not a significant moderator. Hypothesis 6aand 7a were supported however as the the indirect effect of helping acts withsubsequent helping via depletion was €’.022 and sign cant at higher levels ofprevention focus whereas the indirect effect was.005 and not sign cant at lowerlevels. The indirect effect of helping acts with subsequent political acts viadepletion was .009 and sign cant at higher levels of prevention focus, where asit was?€’.002 and not sign cant at lower levels.

Discussion:

The results of the study mostly converge with other recentfindings about OCB's, showing that helping is a depleting experience,especially for employees who have a higher level of prevention focus. Thisdepletion further leads to people being more likely to help themselves at workby engaging in political acts rather than engage in more helping acts in thefuture. Employees with higher prevention focus find that the drain in resourcesfrom helping acts leads them to engage in more self-serving acts. The resultsshow that these self-serving acts occur daily and show that political acts varyfrom day to day. The findings also showed another dark-side to engaging inOCB's daily. Helping others not only has potential negative implications foremployees in terms of reduced well-being but also potentially leading tonegative consequences in the workplace as individuals engage in self-servingand destructive acts. The results did not show any evidence that politicalskill was not a moderator for the relation between depletion and helping andpolitical acts.

Practical Implications:

The findings of this study have severalpractical applications in the workplace. Employees can weigh the costs versusthe benefits of their employees helping others at work. On days employees arenot feeling recovered and are feeling depleted it may be wiser to not ask asmuch of them and allow those individuals to focus on their own work. Furthermore,to reduce the risk of employees engaging in political behaviors that could potentiallyhave detrimental consequences in the workspace, employers should be mindful ofthe daily enactment of political behavior. Organizations should remove aspectsof the work environment that could encourage acting politically. Research hasshown that providing clear, consistent feedback can mitigate these politicalperceptions and improve morale in the workplace.

Limitations and Conclusion:

Aswith any study, there were some limitations that could account for variabilityin the data. First reporting daily work activity is a self-regulated responseand with employee's daily lives being unpredictable there were those who couldnot complete the survey or a particular day could have affected certainresponses. Also, the surveys did not attempt to specify the target or the typeof help they were receiving which may also be variable depending on what thetask is or how much effort it requires on the part of the one helping.

Overallthis study represents an empirical investigation of how helping acts relate tosubsequent work-related behaviors on a day-to-day basis. When employees engagein helping behaviors it leads to depletion that leads to a reduction inengaging in subsequent helping behaviors. Instead it increases the chance of engagingin self-serving and political acts. These relations are exacerbated byemployees with a higher level of prevention focus. As a whole, the resultsindicate that helping others at work comes with a potential cost to one'swell-being as well as subsequent acts towards others at work.

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An analysis of the behavioral consequences of helping others at work. (2019, Mar 22). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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Impact of Leadership Behavior on Employees

Abstract:

It is stated that after all argues statements Patagonia leads the designing and sport equipment world by adopting both traditional and nontraditional approaches with total quality management and value creation. Patagonia is consistent and sustainable in their quality and products that why it became success to build trustworthy long term relation with their employees and also achieving their all objectives and working up to the mark.

Keywords: Patagonia (area of South America), marketing (Advertising internally / externally), consistency, responsibilities.

Introduction:

In modern world most of the consumer are receiving, watching, numbers of advertisements regarding different types of product and that marketing is in the shape of printed and social media so that's why it is too much difficult for most of the companies to compete their competitors. Today many of the consumers are divided in several dimensions some are the brand conscious some are the price conscious, so at the time of manufacturing every company have to focus both thins and targeted customers as well. The key factor for making product famous is marketing (indoor/ outdoor) of product it means the advertisement must be attractive then product will move toward the level of success.

Basically Patagonia is a region where a company named Patagonia which is designing the high quality clothing and all equipments of sports.

Background:

Basically the headquarter of this company is located in Ventura, California, USA , the nature of this company is related to the manufacturing of the products, the products like; clothes, mountaineering, rock climbing, hiking and fishing etc. there are 32 stores/ branches of this company which is located in Us and 36 are internationally and three are founded in Australia. It is also providing online delivery services of their products to their customers that can order from any corner of the world. Its annual revenue is approx: US$750 million, it shows that Patagonia is in the list of well known companies. this case study is related to that how Patagonia is unique from other companies by using non traditional methods, and also describes how Patagonia build their relation to the customers by focusing that how they can create long term benefit, they also focusing to give value to their customers/partners because the main concern of this company is to build trusty relation with their customers.

Statement of problem:

The main argue of this case is how to enhance strong and long range relation with the customer, and how can we compete our competitors which will be the unique thing of our products through which we can reach to our targeted revenue.

Objectives/purposes:

Basically the purpose of this case study is to determine all the marketing approaches/strategies of Patagonia Company.

Marketing Approaches/methods for value creation:

The success of any company is concerning with their marketing department that how they present the products of their company in front of their customers and how much they motivate and attract their customers while many of the company is focusing on only their manufacturing and profit loss budget resources not about that how to build an effective relationship with customer which will be more fruitful for them as compare to adopting other strategies they didn't focus on to give value to their customers in order to build a trustworthy relationship, but Patagonia is one of the company which set their first priority to give value to their customers in order to build long term relation inspire of focusing, raw material, resources, ,manufacturing, budget, transport, but Patagonia is that company which always provide facilities to their customers by providing them different types of opportunities gifts and value which become the reason of their success.

Patagonia has a strategy that first they decided that which are our targeted customers which can buy our product and we can obtain long range profit from them by maintain a good relationship with them, because Patagonia HOD knows the importance of value creation of employees they knows that customers are the king of market if they are we are, Patagonia company also focus on their marketing process in order to provide valid and all type of information regarding their products to their customers that's why all of the customers of Patagonia is know the quality and source from which these products are manufactured because it provide all info to their customers and the manufacture their products according to the needs and wants of the customers.

Patagonia also give facility to their customers that before purchasing their customers can open the products and can seen that from which product is manufactured and how it is manufactured, transported,& which is the uniqueness of products. Patagonia also provide a facility to their customers to know about their products through their websites, social network and other platforms.

When any of the customer buy the product of Patagonia then the main focus of Patagonia is to deliver qualitative product continuously so this way can built the strong relationship and also became the reason of value creation and long range profit. This techniques of maintain consistency in quality will lead the Patagonia toward the success because Patagonia believes on quality rather than quantity which thing insist customers to buy Patagonia products rather than purchasing other companies products.

This company also defines the different method for maintaining their products that how you have to use and how u makes care of it can and is the symbol of a qualitative product. it is real fact that when any customer completely use the products for too much time then he/she is thinking about switching the product in order to use a different thing but Patagonia set such techniques and manufacture such qualitative products so customers are using that product for long time and even not thinking about another product because they are obtaining the high level of satisfaction from the products of Patagonia product.

Another main thing of Patagonia company which resists their customers to go another product is that they focusing on (5R) formula:

  • Reduce
  • Repair
  • Reuse
  • Recycle
  • Reimaging

This is the main 5r formula of Patagonia Company:

Reduce: Patagonia Company reduce the level of risk by providing qualitative product.
Repair: it also provides the facility of repairing their products to their customers.
Reuse: there old products are also more qualitative then the new products of another company
Recycle: they review their process and manufacturing procedure that if any mistake or deficiency is occurred it can be finished.
Reimaging: it know very well that how to take products from bottom to the top rank through different methods.

That's why their customer is consistently connected with them for long time because this company is value oriented and sustainable from all of the companies.

Mission and Strategy:

The mission and first priority of Patagonia Company is to create value for the customers and providing them qualitative products through which trustworthy and long term relation can be build in order to get targeted revenue.

And if we talk about the strategy of Patagonia then few things comes in our mind that they are focusing on:

  • CRM
  • Quality
  • Sustainability
  • Targeted customers
  • Gap
  • Focused on needs and wants
  • Value creation
  • Customers are the king of market
  • Long range profit.

These are the main characteristics on which Patagonia Company is focusing which are also the key factors of their success. it also focus on research development means Patagonia is always in searching mood that where is the gap where we can regulate our business in order expend business globally. Patagonia also provides easy access to their customers like online services and located stores in the main location of areas.

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Leadership Styles Behaviors

Completing a project successfully is the main goal and duty of a leader or a project manager. And it can be extremely stressful while taking the right decisions for achieving the same. The leader should be able to adapt to any style for achieving the best and making his team work happily on every ground.

The leader should always have a clear vision and should be able to motivate others. An inspiring leader can make any detached worker to be enthusiastic. He should be the problem solver of the team and an excellent decision maker. Decision making is very crucial when it comes to the leader. The Leader can have his own style of managing his team, which can be natural or adapted. It isnt mandatory that the leader should possess a certain type of style but can be a blend of many styles which would lead to the successful completion of the project.

We know, according to DSCS, the major leadership styles are "DIRECT, SPIRITED. CONSIDERATE, AND SYSTEMATIC". And the leader has to go through various situations where he should be able to adapt to each style whereever necessary for the victorious ending of the project. The leader should really be good at establishing a great vision and outlining an appealing picture of where we are heading to, which is one of the main traits of a Dominant leader. Mean while, a motivating leader can only lead the members effectively towards that set goal and that's what we call Spirited Leader or Inspirational Leader. And then the leader should act as a Coach and help people to find their own solutions to problems, may be by listening or by asking.

Also can look for suggestions that could find the missing element of the project success by discussing with the group members, usually following the Considerate leadership style. And it is very important that the management should be Systematic and planning, though in between you can communicate well and take suggestions from the team members. So in total, all the styles are needed at some point of management. There are many key style and presence issues a Program Manager should consider when he/she wishes to function as an optimum leader.

VISION: The foremost quality a Project manager should possess is to have a great Vision and to try hard to reach that successfully.

DECISION MAKING: A great leader has the capability of making the right choice and to take the appropriate decision. He knows to assign the tasks properly among the members. Always right decisions lead to the success of the project.

COMMUNICATION: The leader who maintains good communication skills would be able to clearly articulate his vision, instructions and expectations to others. He should always be willing to interact and listen to his team mates and take feedbacks which would enable him to work in all environments.

ADAPTABLE: The best leader has the ability to adjust and adapt to every working environment. Every time it isn't mandatory, that we get the best team members. But a leader becomes a great leader when he is able to mold the team in the right way.

KNOWLEDGE: The leader should be qualified enough to guide his members with enough knowledge. The team should always feel confident about their manager who would be in charge of them.

ATTITUDE: An optimal leader will always have a positive attitude through out his journey. Only happy people can make others happy.

INTEGRITY: The leader should be able to gain the trust of the members and have to maintain it. PROBLEM SOLVING: The project manager should be capable of making right solutions at the right time. Only an optimum leader would be able to figure out the quick fix for any obstacle that come along the way. And never panic at any time when faced with a hurdle, which can lead to the failure of the leader.

MOTIVATION: The leader should always be self motivated and should be ready to motivate his team members as well. Only through continuous inspiration, he can build a great team that would work diligently. So, as a bottom line, we could say that the leadership styles have to be used accordingly at various situations. It can be either self developed or learned through experiences. A leader can be a mix-up of all the styles. At the end, all that matters is the successful completion of the project. The leader can hence be consistent with successful project management.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

HBR'S 10 must reads on Leadership https://aboutleaders.com/10-great-leadership-skills-of-project-management/#gs.cW2PDmY

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