Month: December 2018
Competency Framework in Prescribing
References
Marcel. D. (2005). Dietary Suppliments.McGraw-Hill.New York. Shirley F. & Barbara J. (2012). Health Professional's Style Manual.? Robert W. (2009). Successful Scientific Writing: Guide for the Biological and Medical Sciences.? Murray P & Rosenthal K, (2002). Medical Microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby. Dean.W. (2013).Smart Drugs and Nutrients; Santa cruz.p222. Sokolowaska.M. (2011).Medicine and Society, Problemy. Kvankina.E (2010).Body Resistance and Adaptions, Rostov State University, p126. Selye.H. (2011).Stress Without Distress.Toronto.Stewart. Standards for medicines management', NMC, Sept 2012 Prescribing Rights' PSNC, June 2013Cite this page
Competency Framework in Prescribing. (2018, Dec 19).
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Nostalgia Marketing
In the marketing field, professional use numerous strategies to ensure they create and implement effective and among them include nostalgia marketing. By definition, nostalgia marketing evokes pleasant memories that a target group or a person had in the past. However, a person doesn't have to be part of the memory being advertised. For instance, a beverage company can create a nostalgic advert that takes the viewer through the experience that customers had in the past with the beverage. The presentation is designed to connect and create a wish that a person had been part of such an experience. To meet this need, the advert then presents the popular beverage, and this prompts a consumer to feel that they share in the history and progress of the beverage. Nostalgia marketing creates a link through which a consumer appreciates the past and connects it to the present times.
In nostalgia marketing, the customers get a chance to enjoy a sense of belonging and connect with a bigger societal purpose or group. When experiencing this moment, the consumer gets loose with money and is ready to spend more. According to (Pickering and Keightley) research affirms that nostalgia marketing improves customer's likelihood to purchase. Possible explanations are that people have two means to fulfill their desires for goods, either making purchases or exploiting social connections. In this case, the customers feel a sense of social connectedness. One can escape loneliness and isolation and celebrate being part of a perceived social group. The condition for joined the social circle is spending some money and customers perceive it as a cost worth incurring.
Works Cited
Pickering, Michael, and Emily Keightley. ""Retrotyping and the Marketing of Nostalgia."" Media and Nostalgia
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Christopher Columbus: Villain or Hero? a Critical Analysis
Christopher Columbus is considered to be a controversial character in history (Bauer 2013; 87). Many books portray him as the prominent Italian explorer who discovered North America. There are numerous misconceptions pertaining his heroic character (Burger 2013; 61). October 12th marks his arrival day to the Bahamas. He also went to the coasts of Haiti, Cuba and Dominican Republic (Lillejord 2013; 961).
Even though he was attributed to presenting the Americas to the European colonization, he was also blamed for destroying the Native people who resided in the places where he landed. He encountered a group of people called Taino when he first arrived at Hispaniola. These people were 'very well built' with handsome bodies and good-looking faces. Since they did not carry arms, he thought he could use them as good servants (MYINT 2015; 21). These natives were made slaves and if they did not collect adequate gold, they stand a chance of losing their limbs or get killed. He was later arrested by the Spanish Government due to the mistreatment he did to the native people. He admitted to his heinous crimes and his title of governor was revoked (Liu 2014; 970). Many people think that he was a hero due to the fact that what his voyages did. His expeditions permitted the exchange of animals, plants, ideas, culture and even diseases across the Western and Eastern Hemisphere known as the Columbian Exchange (Tiesler 2016; 200). Columbus together with his men introduced diseases to this '?New World' which resulted in the destruction of its people(Liu 2014; 968).
Smallpox disease killed most of the native people and as a result their population dropped down drastically. The outcome of these illnesses on the Native Americans made the Americas to be dominated by the European people. Once the Europeans were capable of moving to every part of the world, modern age would start which will change the world forever. Foodstuffs which were brought from the Americas such as tomatoes, corn and potatoes became very popular within Europe and assisted in improving the population of Europe (Muz 2015; 21). On the other hand, the wheat obtained from Europe became the major source of food among the people of Americas(Liu 2014; 971). Columbus could also be considered as a heroic character because of his courageous actions of leading the voyage through the Atlantic Ocean and also discovering the modern day Bahamas (Dunn 2016; 59). He successfully led the voyage across the ocean despite the fact that sometimes the ocean can become very rough especially when there is a heavy storm. I feel that Columbus together with his colleagues were very brave and courageous in undertaking the voyage using vessels which were made in the 1400s (Jones 2015; 1698). Nowadays, there are some ships which sink in the oceans despite the technology we have today (Burley 2017; 338).
In conclusion, I think that Christopher Columbus was more of a villain character that a hero. His villain character is as a result of the personal benefits he derived from his heinous actions (Bickford 2013; 452). All the journeys he undertook to both hemispheres could be more beneficial to those people living there (Burley 2017; 339). However, he opted to make people slaves especially to the first people he came across with. The manner in which he disciplined the Taino people was not unacceptable (Findlay 2017; 265). These actions dropped throughout time and it did a lot of historic damage to the people of Native American. Another reason why I think he was a villain was that he struggled very hard to look for diamonds and gems however he could keep only 10% of what he found. This was simply motivated by personal gains (Hitchmough 2013; 263). Even though he opened a door to Europe, he ruined a lot of lives. I also think that if different actions were undertaken by him, he could have simply turned out to become a true world hero (Beding 2016; 63).
References
Bauer, Marta. ""Christopher Columbus: An Analysis of Myth Creation and Longevity in Early America."" PhD diss., 2013.
Beding, Silvio A., ed. The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia.Springer, 2016.
Bickford, John H. ""Examining historical (mis) representations of Christopher Columbus within children's literature."" Social Studies Research and Practice (2013).
Burley, David V., Robyn P. Woodward, Shea Henry, and Ivor C. Conolley.""JAMAICAN TANO SETTLEMENT CONFIGURATION AT THE TIME OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.""Latin American Antiquity 28, no. 3 (2017): 337-352.
Burger, Michael. The Shaping of Western Civilization: Volume II From the Reformation to the Present. Vol. 2.University of Toronto Press, 2013.
Dunn, Dennis J. ""Western Civilization."" In A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values, pp. 57-87.Springer International Publishing, 2016.
Findlay, Ronald, and Mats Lundahl. ""International trade and factor mobility with an endogenous land frontier: Some general equilibrium implications of Christopher Columbus."" In The Economics of the Frontier, pp. 261-281. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017.
Hitchmough, Sam. ""'it's not your country any more'. contested national narratives and the columbus Day parade protests in Denver."" European Journal of American Culture 32, no. 3 (2013): 263-283.
Jones, Emily Lena. ""The 'Columbian Exchange'and landscapes of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, USA, AD 1300–1900.""The Holocene 25, no. 10 (2015): 1698-1706.
Joshua, D. ""Charting Columbus' Place in the Literary Canon."" (2017).
Lillejord, JebadiahSerril. Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortes, and Francisco Pizzaro: A Qualitative Content Analysis Examining Cultural Bias in World History Textbooks. Seattle Pacific University, 2013.
Liu, Xinyi, and Martin K. Jones. ""Food globalisation in prehistory: top down or bottom up?."" Antiquity 88, no. 341 (2014): 956-963.
MYINT, B. (n.d.). Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain? Retrieved December 16, 2015, from https://www.biography.com/news/christopher columbus-day-facts
Muoz, Eduardo Madrigal. ""From Columbus to globalism: The construction of western hegemony."" Revistahumanidades 5, no. 1 (2015): 1-23.
Tiesler, V., A. Coppa, P. Zabala, and A. Cucina. ""Scurvy'related Morbidity and Death among Christopher Columbus' Crew at La Isabela, the First European Town in the New World (1494–1498): An Assessment of the Skeletal and Historical Information."" International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26, no. 2 (2016): 191-202.
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Creative Evaluation of “IT” by Stephen King
The novel ""IT"" by Stephen King tends to be a very horrific book. The story revolves around a town known as Derry city where children are the primary target of the so-called the Crown that reappears after every 27 years. The book commences with heavy rain all over the Derry town forcing the residents to remain indoors (King, 2017). One afternoon it was raining heavily, and a young boy named, George was helped to make a newspaper boat by his elder brother. As we all know, children like having fun, and as a result, George one of the leading characters places his paper boat on the surface flowing water and followed it very happy. Never did George know that he was chasing his death. The boat got into a trench where the boy met the Crown who sweet talked him convinced George to take the boat but in the process, he got killed. Personally, the book scares me though I love reading it, I hate most of the chapters where children are being hunted by the Crown and get devoured.
Motivation in writing this Book
King expresses his reason for writing the IT novel, and I am now aware of some of the motivation that led to the writing of the book. King was at one time coming from lunch at a pizza emporium with his family after which their car got a problem, and they had to leave it at a dealer for fixing. Later on, after two days, the dealer called late in the afternoon at around five and King had to go for the car (King, 2017). King preferred walking towards the dealer rather than asking for a cab since it was just a few miles away. He felt lonely walking along the road at this time a thing that shows that he was terrified and this is evidenced the moment he reaches the wooden bridge along the way.
King says that the bridge produced a scaring sound while on board and he wondered what he would do if a troll called from beneath and at the very same moment he thought of writing a book on the real bridge and a real troll. He thought of a bridge as a city and a troll being something under the city causing havoc to children within the Derry city. King also thought of a corridor used to separate children and the adults in a library a place he used to live and decided that the corridor might be a bridge where children have to go through to become adults (Grixti, 2014). Considering what King encountered on his way to the dealer, I think it is what motivated him to write an IT novel trying to express the horrific thing that lies under the city with its primary objective being to massacre the town children.
The purpose of writing this book
The novel is titled as the ""IT"" where Stephen King is the author of the book. As I read the book, I realized the author had a purpose in his writings. I think King wanted to show how children are faced with problems in their fight towards adulthood. This is evidenced by the Crown targeting only the children in the city showing how difficult it is for children to attain adulthood (Grixti, 2014). Also, I think another instance that supports the argument on troubles that children face on fight towards adulthood is where the author says that there used to be a corridor in a library that separated children from adults. He says that the corridor acted like a bridge that children had to risk trip-trapping to become an adult. Therefore, I have learned that King wanted to tell how hard it is for children to pave the way to adulthood. I realised that the book was written when kids were being left alone to play out of their parent sight even at a very tender age, for instance, George was only six years when he was running after the paper boat.
Information about Stephen King
After the reading the book ""IT"" by Stephen King, I have learned that the author is one among the great known writers of literature and his work through book writing has won him some awards. Most books written by King are horrific, and in most cases trying to display the kind of fear, children have to fight in their process to adulthood. For instance, in the IT novel, the author tells of an evil thing that is haunting children within the city.
Critical elements in the novel
After reading the ""IT"" book by Stephen King, I learned of some essential themes he put across. Some of the significant ideas in the book are the element of friendship, the issue of overcoming childhood fear and also another topic is an essence where a group of people can unite and defeat evil being. The above are the primary elements that I think the author has utilised in his work.
I have witnessed significant friendship aspects in the book. For instance, considering the closeness the named children in the novel had indicates friendship that did prevails among them. They stayed together and helped one another whenever a problem arises, for example, there is a time they engaged the Pennywise in a fight making it flee. In addition, after the involved children have grown up to adult and have their families, they find one another and decide to go back to their city to find a solution on the dangerous Crown that is killing children (McFarland, 2017). Therefore, I have noted major leading elements utilised by King in his book the IT.
Furthermore, I learned of a theme to overcome fear in childhood. The seven kids faced challenges in fighting with the evil since they were the one targeted. They used to meet with the Crown now, and then they got frightened, and it reached a point such that they got used of the attack and were never afraid anymore. They could face the Crown and as a group, engage it in a fight without fear.
I addition, I have learned the strength of unity. The book talks about the seven kids who had a difficult time in an encounter with the Pennywise and their ability to unite together as friends guaranteed their victory over the evil being. A sense of unity is displayed in the instance where the Crown comes back in their old age, and they called upon themselves to go and face the Pennywise.
Conclusion
In conclusion, reading the book has imparted me with the knowledge in regards to what led King to write the IT novel. I have learned on problems the children in the IT book had to face in their process to attain adulthood. Also, I have learned the importance an intense friendship and unity among people, and it leads to overcoming a terrible situation in life as evidenced in the book where integration made the children conquer the Monster.
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Computer Games
There are a number of research work conducted to investigate several effects that playing computer games brings about in schools. Some of these researches have clearly shown that there are positive results linked to the playing of computer games and the children studying in school while others have typically have a contradicting idea in response to computer games effect on school routines and the students in school. For instance, I am for the idea of supporting computer games and their impacts in schools. When I was a little kid for instance, I really loved playing video games on computers.
I used to play different games on different computers and therefore, I used to make sure that I got in touch with different types of computers which were on different computers. That is how I used to spend most of my time at those early ages. Following my early life events, there are several life lesson that I practically learnt and generally any person who has been to this can attest to that. Practically, most of what I learnt from this were the aspects of the games that I used to play from different computers. I learnt that, at a certain level on micro wave, the music from the bar scene in star war comes in. However, my parents were not at all expecting me to be so used to computer games, I just used to be engaged in illegal gaming. This essay paper therefore serves to provide evidence on the fact that computer games can be effectively applied in or can used for classroom instruction.
It is true according to me that these computer lessons are basically applied in the classroom procedures and best results can be attested to following their inclusion in the system. For instance, you would only need to find an interesting computer game out there. My best example for this is the Minecraft which basically stands at over 10 million users. It is and has been described as one of the most educational games available in the world of computing today. It can basically be applied in lesson plan and classroom teaching. Like Minecraft, it is basically used in the teaching of mathematics. Apart from the simple multiplication that it can be used to do, Minecraft can also be used to handle geography, science and in developing the best models in the community. Just like Keith Devlin argues, computer games are mostly and best used in teaching maths. It is quite evident from the results that we have had before that computer games contain a lot of educational materials that should be used for knowledge development.
On another light note, the computer games are mostly designed in a way to ensure that children thinking has been enhanced. The children are normally keen on the game they are most likely to be playing and still in the same scenario, they learn of the lesson or the program that is normally intended for them in particular. The best example in this is the fact that, you cannot just use any example in the classroom and expect students to pay attention. What basically happens is that, the instructor comes up with a new computer game to attract the attention of the children.
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Management Challenge
The case presented here, James management challenge is a complicated case where he is faced with a myriad of issues. Firstly we have introduced to James, a graduate of in finance and accounting, his specialist background. He lands his first job as a finance assistant. It is here that he is sponsored to get more specialized with a CIMA qualification. It takes four years for him to get promoted and after two years he admits the issue at hand that there was not enough opportunity for growth of his career at the council. We see the problems playing as per Goal theory; James' goals determine how he behaves and how his decisions are made. He would like to get a better salary and improve his position consequently, due to lack of motivation to go on with the job at the council and decided to resign and move on. He gets a new job at Northern Housing Management as a manager. The management post is a challenge since we are told he had not received any formal training as regards that post. The finance department was a demanding environment coupled with a demanding environment with a high expectation for service delivery. Despite the overwhelming challenge he excelled. Similar to (Rees and Porter, 2001, p. 5) he saw his specialist activities go down as his managerial activity increase with the new job.
The case starts with the manager receiving an email confirming only a one present pay rise to be awarded and James is worried on the impact of the little pay rise on the morale of his workforce being that previous years did not see a better increase. James was young and therefore reduced the interaction with the workers inside and outside work, only focusing on work. He met the workers individually review their performances; give each the goals and objectives while correcting their failures finding a way to make each employee most efficient. This was a transactional leadership. This model of leadership has various challenges such as little motivational factor for the employees, dissatisfaction among employees and it does not encourage creativity. We see that James is the thought that often, the workers should be trained to improve their skills through training courses and to create a motivated workforce. However, the organization has not set up a fund provided for such activities, and in coping with the situation, and James avoids the topic from the meetings. Another issue we are shown is the employees' inability to focus on work, bringing their emotions to work. Mark exhibited this after his mother had a stroke. This saw a decrease in his performance not drawing his full attention to the workplace. Leaving work early and requesting fewer work hours. On the other hand James the manager not being considerate, despite the fact that Marks mother had an illness that would require attention from the son, James was not willing to give his employee a chance to deal with personal affairs this was due to his prejudice of part-time workers.
There was also another inter-employee feud cooking up at the same time between Ben and Julie over Julie's request to leave home early to pick up her child. This, by equity theory, people want to be treated the same, and failure to which may be a demotivating factor. Another employee Peter is sick and overly stressed; he takes off days to deal with that, workload in the office is piling up day by day. Personal matters here are seen to be affecting the work done and efficiency in the workplace. There is also the issue of some two vacancies still left, and there seems to be a delay in filling them, the people supposed to interview the candidates are stuck because of personal biases like the weight of the applicant. Another employee Paul is not managing all the demands and doing shoddy work. The epitome of their problems is that when James who is the ranking manager tries to address issues with the boss, he does not get the chance.
This case presents us with many issues at hand, some which can be solved independently as the Manager in the case would like while others would need intervention from other branches in the organization. On the issue of formal training for managers, I argue that workshops and seminars should be organized for managers to educate the managers on better managerial skills and how managers should conduct themselves. Bringing a better view on how to solve problems a manager will face and how a manager should hold him or herself for the benefit of the organization. This would have also resolved the issue of James' choice of not being social with the employee under him for fear of being looked at differently due to his young age.
There was the major issue of little pay rise that seems to be a bitter pill for James to swallow. Given that money is the most readily accepted and most used token of appreciation or means of payment, the organization should, whenever possible, give a significant pay rise to its workers. If that is not an economically viable solution, other ways of rewarding the employees should be sort such as: extra off days, promotion of the junior officers who have done well, lunch with the bosses among others. This will see the employees feel well appreciated and more motivated to work. James was using a transactional model of leadership which is said to be so impersonal. Managers should explore other models of leadership that are less impersonal as this will make the boss seem more like a leader who should be followed rather than a manager who is feared. A balance should be struck between a transactional and transformational leadership approach. Leadership can occur within working teams and whole unit or organizations by people working together without a single leader (Gronn, 2000). James would like to see workers trained to improve their skills. I believe this is possible. Organizations should make a habit of providing training for their workers. This can be through partial or total sponsorships for the employees to seek further studies. It can also be through organizing workshops and seminars and inviting special speakers to train the workers on various skills that are helpful in the day to day work of the employees as they strive to improve their performance and that of the organizations.
Furthermore, online classes can also be arranged for the employees to enable the work while at the same time studying. If the organization does not have resources to do so, it can simply provide an avenue for employees interested in getting further training to do so. This can be through giving part-time work to employees pursuing further studies so that they can have time to further their knowledge. This will show a sense of caring for the organization towards the well-being of their workers and this will definitely give a positive morale to employees. In a case like Mark's where personal issues interfere with work, managers should take an initiative to shown concern for the employee's well-being. Giving them off when certain unavoidable circumstances face them while being hard on employees that use excuses to avoid work. Human resource departments should be conscious of what is going on with employees in matters that affect the organizational performance in a significant way. There will most likely always be Mothers within any organization, facilities like baby care centers should be provided so as to assist the mothers or fathers with the children and prevent that from affecting their work. Even though there are considerations given to parents, there should be some guideline set up by human resource departments that make for a good working environment for parents that prevent conflict.
Furthermore, employees should be taught to prioritize work and get other ways of dealing with their affairs without interfering with their work. Human beings often get stress over troubles and tribulations they face and it is normal. Every organization should employ or seek the consultancy of a psychiatrist ever so often. This is so as to make sure all employees are always in a good state of mind free from stress and any other emotional turmoil that may prevent them from performing to the best of their ability. An organizational goal is always to be efficient and a good state of mind is the first step in that journey. We also see two vacancies that have taken too long to fill. I believe different departments should be in charge of hiring help while also supervised by relevant bodies. This will help reduce unnecessary biases that may stand in the way of organizations getting employees as soon as possible to enable all tasks to be completed within time without unnecessary pileups. The same departments can also solve the challenge of the inefficient workforce. Here they will be monitoring the performances of all employees.
People being watched and monitored have the tendency to perform well and should they not reach the organization's expectations the human resource can warn them and dismiss those that do not comply. To be effective, agencies should hire, develop and retain ""motivated capability"", people with 'can do' and 'will do' attributes. (Wilton, 2016, p.47). Employees were looking for other jobs. They should focus on a view of a new starter to get them to notice the new changes to be implemented. Finally, on the issues of insufficient management involvement, there should be an organizational structure set up where top company management meets to discuss on matters relating to the organization and help solve each other's issues other than expecting everyone to be independent.
In the case given there are challenges that James needs to be addressed by the assistant finance director Katherine about the broader management of the department to improve performance and staff engagement. James should discuss Katharine first on the issue of employee rewards. There should be a mechanism for rewarding workers on job well done. He should negotiate a more significant pay budget to facilitate better salaries for his team that has worked so hard and gained recognition among the seniors. This will help motivate workers and furthermore retain the good workers who were online looking for better jobs because of the pay. He should also request a more frequent meeting with the managers to address the issues at hand. As we have seen he has had problems communicating with her due to the distance she has kept away from him. He should request her to organize a seminar or workshop to train the employees. During the evening she should bring in speakers who can address the workers on the issues that they face as employees within themselves and with the employer to straighten the few problems that have started to arise on their day to day work that may cause conflict within the organization. He should request her to make specific improvements to the human resource department this includes their role when it comes to hiring, they should do it fast with consultation with their department to replace the two vacant positions. The human resources staff should now start monitoring the performance of workers and dismissing those that do not perform well. This includes also employing people under a psychological contact to ensure people perform to their best and achieve the set goals and objectives.
References
Rees, W. and Porter, C. (2015). Skills of leadership and management: managing people in organizations. London: Palgrave
Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. (1982). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources (4th ed,). Prentice-Hall
Jackson, B. and Parry, K. (2008). A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying leadership. London: Sage
Korac' Kakabadse, A. and Korac' Kakabadse, N. (1997). Best practice in the Australian Public Service (APS): an examination of discretionary leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology.
Kotter, J. (1990). A force for change: how leadership differs from management. New York: Free Press
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McGregor, D. (1960). The human side of organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill
Minzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper and Row
Quinn, R. (1996). Deep change: discovering the leader within. Wiley.
Rees, D. and Porter, C. (2005). Results of a survey into how people become managers and the management development implications. Industrial and Commercial Training.
Rees, W. and Porter, C. (2015). Skills of leadership and management: managing people in organizations. London: Palgrave
Stoghill, R. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership; a survey of the literature. The Journal of Psychology, 25, 35-71
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management (9th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited
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Wong, C. and Cummings, G. (2009). The influence of authentic leadership behaviours on trust and work outcomes of healthcare staff. Journal of Leadership Studies. 3, 6-23
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Oshry, B (2007). Human Systems. Seeing Systems: Unlocking the mysteries of organizational life. Berrett-Koehler Publishers
Robinson, D., Perryman, S. and Hayday, S. (2004). The drivers of employee engagement. Report 408, Brighton: Institute of Employment Studies
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Pyramus and Thisbe in a Midsummer Night’s Dream
The story Pyramus and Thisbe is an example of a story within a story or a myse en abyme in another play known as mid-summer nights dream. The play was written by the veteran poet and actor William Shakespeare in the year 1590. The play is somehow similar to another play by the Shakespeare known as Juliet and Romeo. The act took place in Theseus palace were three couples had just gotten married and were celebrating, feasting and getting entertained. A piece of paper written the number of people who were to perform was brought by philostrate. Theseus read the just brought list in order to choose one of the most interesting performances. The couples get fascinated by the play Pyramus and Thisbe. Then Quince introduces the play. The three couples then commented on the questions that followed about the play. The characters were then introduced and the play commenced (Tammie and Saxby, pg.7). In the story Pyramus and Thisbe who were neighbor's fell in love.
The main challenge that the couples had was adversity between their families. The couples were prohibited by their parents to meet with each other when they were dating. Due that factor, they often communicated through a wall crack in a wall fence separating their houses. It was during this day that the couples decided to meet at Ninus' tomb. They wanted to meet in order to cure the curiosity surrounding their love affair. When Thisbe arrived at the tomb he spotted a lioness who had just finished eating her pray and was smearing blood at her mouth. He escaped from the predator and left his veil behind. When Pyramus arrived at the tomb he was frustrated when he saw the veil with blood. He was frustrated because he thought that his partner was killed by the lion. Pyramus fell on the sword killing himself. Later Thisbe returned to the tomb and found that his lover was dead. She was deeply troubled by the encounter until she resulted to falling on the sword committing suicide. The gods were pitied by the incidence turning the mulberry tree into the crimson color.
It is true that the plot of the story Pyramus and Thisbe has a direct link with the story Romeo and Juliet bringing a confusion to several critics about which among the stories was written first (Delcorno & Pietro, pg.41). Apart from the two dramas making an emphasis to the issue of social convection and love, the story is a direct parallel to that of Juliet and Romeo. It is obvious that the talented author was mocking his love story Juliet and Romeo through a burlesque. Apart from other dramas by the author the story Midsummer night's dream does not have any written source, so the story inside the story Pyramus and Thisbe is a development from a written source to strengthen the original story. Though the story is thought to have been crafted by a group of mechanics it is used by Shakespeare to strengthen the theme of forbidden love. Another reason why Shakespeare used the story in the play Midsummer night's dream was to bring the different classes of his audience together. For instance, the audience comprised of working class, actors and mechanics who seem different in many aspects.
During these periods when the play was conducted, there existed thick lines of social distinctions among people in Europe. Many other poets who existed during that period also used their comic to try bring to end the then social distinctions. The social distinctions are further displayed in the similar story of Romeo and Juliet. The tactical author is also thought to have brought the tragic story to educate the young people who were present at the audience and other audiences in later generations. He was obviously teaching them that every young love has a bitter ending accompanied by tears. Young lovers can live happily throughout their affair but their ending is usually tragic. Apart from young people anybody that lives for love must shade tears at one time when the love comes to an end either through death or through other ways.
The play Pyramus and Thisbe has two main characters and other minor characters mentioned to support the story as well the themes accompanied by the story. The first character who is very popular in the story is Pyramus. According to the author the mentioned character is obviously young, perhaps in his teenage years (Camati & Anna, pg.19). He is truly passionate and he is a model to the rest of the young men who existed during the renaissance period. The young character is also handsome according to the author. The character appeared to be impressive to the young lady Thisbe when they frequently communicated through the crack separating their homes. Pyramus is also na??ve. This character trait is largely exhibited on how the young man reacted when he saw the veil of her lover. The act of killing himself with an exhibit of the veil only, is a valid reason to show how the character was na??ve, misinformed and lacked exposure. If the character was not maybe native he would have taken sometime to investigate on the matter before rushing towards making the decision of killing himself. The other main character in the story is Thisbe. From the analysis of the character Pyramus, then it is obvious that Thisbe is young and also she is in her teenage years.
Thisbe is deeply in love with her lover Pyramus, and the trait can be easily depicted by the act of killing herself after she found his lover had already died. Thisbe is also an archetype. The trait can be easily figured out from the act of committing suicide after she found out that his lover was dead. Further to emphasize on her as being archetypical, the act of taking her own life is a symbol of she viewed their love affair as being connected by spirit and not flesh or blood. She is also determined and this is seen when she planned with Pyramus to meet at the old tomb to show him her commitment for their intimate relationship. Just like her lover she is also native. The author displays this trait when he signifies how the character was unable to control her grief until she took her precious life by a sword. However, her character sounds like an inspiration to many young people who lived during that period and later because challenges faced by young lovers are similar.
Another important character in the play is the lion. This lion is one that chases Thisbe until she dropped her veil then the lion shades it with blood. When Pyramus found the veil he thought that Thisbe had been killed forcing him to commit suicide. Orpheus was another character who was music talented and his wife was killed by a snake bite. Eurydice is also an important character in the play and she is wife to Orpheus. Ceyx another character in the story goes on a journey to cross the sea but dies (Delcorno & Pietro, pg.41). When Ceyx dies he turns into a turtle. Ceyx was in marriage with Alcyone who was his wife. Alcyone learned about her husband's death in a dream and wished that they would meet again. Pygmalion another character in the play was a Cyprus king who fell in love with a woman statue. The statue was later given life as Galatea. Galatea was another notable character who was converted to life from being a statue by Aphrodite as an answer to prayers by king Pygmalion.
Baucis were old couples and they once hosted Hermes and Zeus. They were rewarded to never separate and when they died they turned into a tree. Philemon were other characters who hosted Zeus and Hermes when their neighbors refused to host them. The couple received several rewards like being saved from floods, their wish of dying at the same moment was granted turning them into a tree after their death. Endymion in the play was the shepherd and was in love with Selene. In the story Daphine fell in love with the daughter of god Peneus and did not leave him although she did not love him. Daphine's farther turned her into a tree because he wanted to protect her. Alpheus was the god of the river and loved Arethusa until one day he chased her until she got tired turning her into water. Arethusa is the lady who turned into spring water after being chased by Alpheus.
The story Pyramus and Thisbe is an example of a classis love story and many styles have been used to prepare the main plot of the story (Tammie and Saxby, pg.7). Most notable styles used by the author is Similarity. Similarity in the story manifests itself because the story is similar to the story of Juliet and Romeo which was written by the same author during the same period. The two stories are similar because their themes coincide with each other and symbols also look similar. Symbolism is another style used to develop the story. The story has many symbols but the main symbols are the mulberry tree and the wall. Though the wall separated the young lovers, there existed a chink that served as a link between the two young lovers. The chink in the wall is symbolic that it is futile to separate two hearts that have fallen in love with each other. Another symbol of a barrier is the parents of both Pyramus and Thisbe. Despite their feeling for love on one another the two parents decided to create a barrier by making sure the two do not meet with each other.
Finally, at the end of the story their parents agree that the two were indeed in true love. They accepted the two couples to be buried together breaking the initial barrier that they had put between them. Another symbol of a wall or barrier was the lion. It chased Thisbe away dismantling the plan that they had of meeting and expressing their love to one another. The sword is a symbol of the power of control that lovers have. Both lovers used the sword to commit suicide taking their own lives consequentially. The lovers decided to take control of their lives with believe that they will meet and continue with their love affair in heaven were they will not be faced with any obstacle or restriction. The mulberry tree is a main symbol that signifies the extent of love that the two couples had with each other. It was darkened by blood that was shade by the two young couples changing its original color to red sign of true love. Up to date the fruits of the tree are presented as a gift of love in many parts of the world.
Tragic Love is the major theme in the story. The main story line in the play is about the desperate love that Pyramus and Thisbe had with each other (Pratt, Karen, pg.257). Apart from the two main characters, other minor characters mentioned earlier in the story analysis are also victims of tragic love affairs. If the love of the protagonist was set free by their parents by allowing them to get married, then their sudden deaths would not have prevailed. Theme of dreams hopes and plans is also displayed in the play. The protagonist were very hopeful and were dreaming about living together and breaking the barriers that existed in their lives. However, just like other ancient love stories their dreams were shuttered by the lion, their parents and other series of barriers which progressively hindered them. The theme of trust and mistrust was also highlighted from the story. The protagonist were seen to be trust each other to extend of planning to meet each other at a secret place in the tomb. Despite the fact that the two couples trusted each other, their parents did not trust them. They were paranoid and denied any bid from Pyramus and Thisbe to get married or to court freely until they devised other ways to meet and express their love.
The myse en abyme in Pyramus and Thisbe is a play that the author used to express how hindered love can bring troubles to both their lovers, parents and the rest of the society. Some scholars believe that the story is one of the oldest stories of love in modern England. The play has been repeated severally in many theatres and has been used as in literature by many tutors of literature.
Works cited
Pratt, Karen. ""The Dynamics of the European Short Narrative in its Manuscript Context: The Case of Pyramus and Thisbe."" The Dynamics of the Medieval Manuscript: Text Collections from a European Perspective (2017): 257.
Camati, Anna Stegh. ""Intermedial issues inscribed in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream."" Todas as Letras-Revista de ingua e Literatura 19.1 (2017).
Delcorno, Pietro. ""'Christ and the soul are like Pyramus and Thisbe': An Ovidian Story in Fifteenth-Century Sermons."" Medieval Sermon Studies 60.1 (2016): 37-61.
Money, Tammie. And Saxby. Primer. "Suicide: Loss, shame, guilt and pain across millennia." American Journal of Medical Research? 4.1 (2017): 7-7.
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“The Lottery Ticket” by Anton Chekhov
"The Lottery Ticket" is a classic short story written by Antony Chekhov. He is a good storyteller who has managed to use some literary elements in this story. Chekhov's "the lottery ticket" is a story about a man and his wife who thought they had won a lottery. The stories walk the reader through a series of fantasy regarding this family's imagination of what they would do with the money in case they won a lottery (Chekhov, 2004). This story has two characters; Ivan Dmitritch and his wife whom they live together. It is built progressively from the beginning to the end, giving the reader an image of the imaginations of these two characters. Chekhov talks about what Dmitritch and his wife would do with the money if they happen to win the lottery. However, this paper is focused on analyzing the literary elements employed by Chekhov in this story starting from the plot, point of view, characters as well as the setting.
The Lottery Ticket Plot
Since from the beginning, the story has built a plot of what is happening until the end. Plot is one of the literary element used by Chekhov in this story. In this plot, Ivan Dmitritch is a middle-class person who lives with his family (Chekhov, 2004). When the story begins, he is contented as he sits on a sofa reading a paper while his wife is cleaning the dishes. She asked her husband to check for the lottery number, and he asks what the number is where she responds that it is 9499 26. Ivan indeed found that the first number is 9499 and dropped the paper which fell on his knees (Kopaniasz, 2014). He and his wife both started daydreaming about winning the seventy-five thousand and what they would do with the money. In their next few minutes, they started dreaming about buying a new house and traveling. They both began making plans on how to spend the money (Kopaniasz, 2014). They get so excited about winning the money while smiling and fantasizing on what they will do with the money. As the story unfolds, Ivan started imagining of his wife traveling without him and thought of her becoming stingy with the money. He hates the idea of her owning such amount of money. On the other hand, the wife starts thinking that her husband will be after the money. Since it is her money, she begins hating him for desiring her money (Chekhov, 2004).
Chekhov used the plot to make the story interesting to the reader by the image of how a typical middle-class man and his wife had already spent the money even before they got it. Eventually, the husbands look to confirm if it is indeed true that they had won the money. Unfortunately, the number on the next page is 46 instead of 26. When they find out that they did not win, they both came back to earth from their dream, and immediately hatred and hope both disappeared at once. The plot has all the literary features of a plot. There is exposition by introducing the family and mentioning of the lottery ticket (Coulter & Smith, 2009). The rising action begins when Ivan finds out the number 9499 given by his wife. As the story progresses, there is a climax when Ivan found out that the number does not match the winning number hence they did not win. The falling action of this story is when Ivan dreaded to live the life he lives while blaming the devil and questioning the audacity (Kopaniasz, 2014). In this plot, the writer is able to capture the attention of the reader by providing an exciting scenario of winning a lottery and how people think once they expect to get a huge amount of money.
Another literary element used by Chekhov on "The Lottery Ticket" is the point of view. Chekhov uses this literary element to keep the reader interested in the story by building a picture of him telling the story on the mind of the reader (Kopaniasz, 2014). He uses the third-person point of view which helps the reader to see the story unfolds from another view. The third-person point of view is evident in this story from the beginning to the last part of the story. However, he managed to employ the first-person point of view indirect quotations of the characters' conversation on the dialogues. For instance, the third person point of view is seen when Chekhov says that "Looking at his wife, Ivan Dmitritch gave a broad, senseless smile..." (Chekhov, 2004, 3). The point of view has managed to put the reader in a position to feel the connection with the story but not a too close one. The reader feels sorry for the family of Ivan Dmitritch for not winning the lottery and getting to stay their usual life despite their dream.
The Lottery Ticket Characters
The use of characters is another literary element used by Chekhov in "the lottery ticket". This story has two main characters who include Ivan Dmitritch and his wife. In his element of characterization, Chekhov does not directly reveal about Ivan rather than he is poor and middle-aged (Vigil, 2017). However, his character gets clearly revealed through his through his speech and consciousness in the story. Progressively, his hatred, greed, and cynicism are exposed through his actions, feelings and the choice of words he uses (Kopaniasz, 2014). His wife Masha is not given a definitive although her innocence is shown through Ivan's harsh words.
The Lottery Ticket Setting
The setting of this story is in the house of Ivan and his wife, Masha. They are in the dining room since we are told that Ivan "sat down on the sofa after supper and began reading the newspaper" (Chekhov, 2004, 1). While on the other hand, his wife was clearing the table after they had their supper (Kopaniasz, 2014). The reader views the setting as a right way of picturing that the story being told looks more realistic through the use of a familiar setting that everyone can relate to the story.
The Lottery Ticket Summary
"The lottery ticket" is a story of a middle-class family of Ivan and his wife, Masha. They are lottery players, and on one day after supper, they thought they had won the lottery. The story progresses, and the readers view how Chekhov builds this family. They start dreaming of their win and how to spend the money, but in the climax, they, unfortunately, did not win. Chekhov has managed to employ different literary elements in this story to make it more interesting to the reader. Ranging from the plot to the use of characters, the point of view and setting, the story unfolds interestingly.
References
Chekhov, A. (2004). The lottery ticket. The Online English Library.
Coulter, C. A., & Smith, M. L. (2009). The construction zone: Literary elements in narrative research. Educational Researcher, 38(8), 577-590.
Kopaniasz, J. (2014). "The Lottery Ticket" By: Anton Chekhov. Prezi.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://prezi.com/fqptom2znefc/the-lottery-ticket-by-anton-chekhov/
Vigil, J. (2017). Literary Elements: Definition, Types & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. Study.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/literary-elements-definition-types-examples.html
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Histor Tubman-Madison
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STA-21 Program for Officer Commission in the Navy
There are many reasons that have driven me to choose the option of wanting to become an officer a nurse, reasons that have caused conflict between my mind and heart. If I use just my sound mind I'd say irrefutably that what is better would be the increase in salary and the accountability or contentment of performing the work task and accomplishing the missions but, in reality I would be lying to both you and myself, because there are just barely half the reason as to why I want to transition from being a sailor to an officer.
The main important reason for me wanting to become a nurse officer is because I see it as a chance to do more than what I have done and have more effect on Navy medical policies. I want to take my learned skills and experience to the next level. I know it will not be easier, it will be harder but I believe that from the challenge we get evolution arising to better solutions. As an E-4 I do not have much say and if whenever I have a suggestion that might assist my unit, I have to wait till I get my opportunity to be able to air it out, which at times might be discarded. Basically, I just follow the order which isn't bad, because for a team to function as one unit, the order must be created; rules and regulations must be set to be followed. But as an officer, I can make sure that my junior sailors are getting the fair treatment they deserve. I am not saying that I shall adjustment the way the medical Navy unit does things; but from being a junior enlisted myself, I know some minor changes are wanted. I will be responsible for even more people and equipment, and I will have to tutor and lead other leaders who are themselves in charge of people. It's a challenge, and it's an evolution. It's a push from the comfort zone that makes you perform to an even higher level.
If I'm given the opportunity to help serve as an officer there are lots of factors that I shall bring in to helping in improving the Navy. Among those factors is; emphasizing on solidarity, since the Navy bases their strength on working as a single smooth oiled unit, it's best that if each individual is heard of no matter the ranking. At times great solution comes from the least individual. If everyone is heard and given equal rights but under the Navy rules when it comes to finding out the solution of problems facing them, they shall feel more united not just as a unit but as a family and in family is comes super coordination and strength enabling the Navy to diffuse any critical problem that might fall on them or the nation.
I'm applying for the officer position because of such reasons; I feel with the higher rating I shall be able to deliver more to the Navy unit by improving the standards or condition that we are in currently. it will be a step up in my career and my environment simply because I have gained a lot of experience that has set me aside from my fellow colleagues and from this I feel I have developed the psychology to challenge myself as it through this I am able to get the best out of myself enabling me to be able to help and serve others better on a larger scale as compared to know. Applying for the officer position shall enable me to also have a say when it comes to making a critical decision which requires both skills and experience.
Through the hardships that I was faced with on being an E-4 rating, there were some factors that purely shaped my character and helped me in wanting to apply in the nurse officer; long hours was one of them. Being an E-4 meant that, that I had to work for longer hours depending on the order given by the higher ranked officer. Many times I worked over eight hours per day mostly through standing the whole day. This did enable me to be able to endure long working hours as the nurse officer through shaping my character into whom I am now. Being an E-4 meant that we mostly had to cooperate with both my sinuous and my colleagues of the same rating, this greatly contributed to helping me embrace teamwork which is very critical to the hospitals in order to save lives.
There are a lot of anomalies that one faces when being an E-4 rating, an example is an overtime working this is greatly affecting people as they find that they spend most of their time just working, therefore the end up having zero social life or at times lots of fatigue. Another anomaly that is poor college this is simply because of the stretched out resource in the collages. I was able to ever come to this anomalies simply because I had to sacrifice for the greater good when it came to poor collages, I funded myself into buying some of the reading materials which the college didn't have.
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Antimicrobial Resistance and its Implications in Medicine
Introduction
The capability of a virus to fight the outcomes of treatment beforehand used to medicate them is known as Antimicrobial resistance (ARM). Viruses that are strong can be difficult to treat hence requiring substitute advanced doses which may be exclusive and poisonous. Bacteria that are resilient to a variety of antimicrobials can be referred to as multidrug resistant (MDR).
Nevertheless microbes that are resilient to antibiotics come before medical use by humans. However, the use of the evolutionary pressure has led to resilient of more viruses due to a widespread use of antibiotic. Moreover, there are various reasons for the extensive use of antibiotics in human medication and some of these are; growth world accessibility over time since 1950s, misuse of antibiotics when not prescribed due to their accessibility in the counters. Additionally, selective pressures have also led to antimicrobial resistance whereby, existence of bacteria are killed or survive that is if they contain resilient genes. The survival of these bacteria hence reproduce and their offspring occurs as the leading kind all over the infectious population. On the other hand, mutation is also another cause of antimicrobial resistance where by bacteria duplicate by dividing after few hours. Moreover, this creates space to progress quickly and adjust to new ecological surroundings.
Furthermore, modification ascend during resistance and some of the alterations can be of help in the survival of a single bacteria after its disclosure to antimicrobial. Transfer of genes also happens to another cause of antimicrobial resistance. Bacteria can acquire genes from each other and some of the genes acquired may be drug resilient. Pressures from the public is also another leading cause of antimicrobial resistance whereby even when used appropriately, some of the viruses become selective and resist organisms.
Misuse of antimicrobials is also another cause of their resistance. A variety of microorganisms are resilient to antimicrobials due to their increased and inappropriate usage. Some pharmacists prescribe antimicrobials wrongly for the sake of satisfying the patients. Insufficient diagnostics whereby most health care workers provide in appropriate prescriptions on the use of antimicrobials on an infection giving it a trial on whether it will work. Hospital usage being a cause of antimicrobials resistance we find that most patients vulnerable to infections and hence may require antimicrobials. However, extensive use of these antimicrobials on the patients may result to some bacteria being resistant to these antimicrobials by creating a productive atmosphere for the spread antimicrobial resilient bacteria. Lastly is the use of agricultural whereby it is believed that use of antibiotics on agriculture may result to drug resilient as most of these antibiotics are produced in U.S meant for agricultural purposes.
Additionally, around the 1990s the difficulty of antimicrobial resistance was not serious matter towards the management of communicable diseases. However, microorganisms were becoming resilient to guarantee their existence against antimicrobial. Moreover, these microorganisms achieved this centered on the chemical structure according to the mechanism of the agent in that boosted the antimicrobial. Therefore the lanes withdrawn by the drug affect the resistance mechanism and some organisms can look for other means to ensure their survival. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance can be defined in two means. The first one is natural whereby the bacteria obviously are not affected by the drugs due to their inability to retain target sites due to the difference in the chemical and microbial structures. This mostly targets the bacteria entering the chambers in order to tamper with their accomplishment.
The second one is the obtained resistance where obviously vulnerable germs gather ways of escaping infections. However, acquired resistance mechanisms can develop through methods such as; existence of an enzyme that disables the antimicrobial cause, occurrence of a substitute enzyme for the enzyme that is hindered by the antimicrobial cause, formerly unknown mechanisms and condensed acceptance of the antimicrobial agent. Moreover there are more mechanisms such as the resilient to lactam antibiotics. These are categorized by the ownership of a lactam ring and comprise of carbapenems, oxapenams, cephmycins, penicillins and cephalosporins. Penicillins are the mostly used antibiotics in emerging countries since they are cheap and available. The lactam ring is essential in the movement of antibiotics hence leading to the closure of a variety of transpeptidases that catalyze the ending connection responses of peptidoglycan. The capability to reach the Penicillin-binding protein (PBP) and their capability to muddle to the PBPs affects the effectiveness of the antibiotics. In many cases, resilient lactam in most microbes is caused by the hydrolysis of the antibiotic by the modification of the PBPs.
On the other hand, there is the tetracycline resistance. This type of antimicrobial is applicable in human as well as veterinary medication. These are available in emerging countries due to their low costs and reduced toxicity general range of action. Tetracyclines hinder protein production by stopping the connection of amino acyl-t RNA to the ribosomal acceptor location. Moreover the resistance of tetracyclines arise in three mechanisms namely, efflux of the antibiotics, alteration of the antibiotic and Ribosome defense. Efflux process takes place via the transfer of protein from the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). On the other hand, Ribosome defense follows via the r proteins protection that safeguards the ribosomes from the activity of tetracyclines. Finally, alteration of the antibiotic takes place over the alteration of the enzymes contained in the drug.
Conversely, according to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS), the average growth rate of resistance for antimicrobial in U.S.A between the years 1997-2002 was 8 percent lower than the 15 percent number of china. The NNIS further stated that the resistance of antimicrobial is higher amongst those patients in the ICU than the non-impatient in the ICU. However, when compared to China, U.S displays a more reasonable variance in resistance occurrence amongst unlike patients. Moreover, in U.s, the average occurrence of resilience in ICU, inpatient as well as casualties are 20, 17 and 13 percent correspondingly.
Conclusion
Antimicrobial resilient is an emerging and serious problem amongst many countries in the world. Therefore, future research on the determinants of drug opposing outlines and their international merging should be put in place. However, the movement of people across the world lead to transmission of diseases and some of these infections become resistant to antimicrobials. Farmers should also void using antibiotics on their farms. This is because, in U.S antibiotics are mostly used for the purposes of promotion and growth. Resistance virus have been identified to also have been obtained from the chicken meat in the groceries and finally people obtain them after feeding on the meat. Therefore antibiotics should not be used on the farm products. On the other hand, antibiotic stewardship should be practiced to curb the problem of antimicrobial resistance.
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Multicultural Marketing
Abstract
This research proposal aims at investigating, examining, and evaluating strategies of multicultural sales employees in the Auckland residential housing market. Also, there is an identification of differences in the multicultural sales employees, to assist the organization to identify specific issues that would improve overall market efficiency. The introduction explains the multicultural sale employees. The literature review gives main points of the strategic multicultural sales employees. Methods, results, and discussions, supplement the literature review information to complete the research proposal. This research helps all concerned parties in an organization, to understand the position of multicultural sales employees in the Auckland residential housing market.
Introduction
Multicultural marketing involves marketing to one or more target group of a specific ethnicity. Multicultural marketing is improved by the different cultures in the ethnic groups. Some advantages that accrue due to communication and persuading the audience are traditions, celebrations, language, and religion. Consumers from different cultural background have mixed motives, perceptions, and beliefs that Multicultural marketing allows. International marketing would work with the national marketing to understand the Multicultural marketing of the region. There are some ways of having Multicultural sales employees in an organization (Arnett, 2014). First, as the top authority of a company, one should work with the human resource staffers. This helps to diversify the organization's workforce. Second, a high administration should get buy-in from the sales force members. In this way, hiring a professional to perform counseling on diversity, suits. Other methods are exploring the community's concentration of minorities, work a fully cognizant recruiter, having a mentioning system in place, get to know the relationship among sales staffers, and maintain a level of the playing field.
In the research, there would be examining, investigating, and evaluating strategies of Multicultural sales employees in the Auckland residential housing marketing. Bar foot & Thompsons is the company that is to be referred to as the point of reference. The main aim is to identify the sales employees' difference and help the organization note major issues that will improve the market efficiency. Barfoot & Thompsons are found IN New Zealand, and it is the largest privately owned Real Estate Company. The company practices Multicultural marketing that helps it and in other ways affects it negatively (Arnett, 2014). Dwelling on the negatives to improve the status of the organization is the main aim of the proposal. There are communication challenges that are as a result of Multicultural marketing in Barfoot & Thompsons Company in Auckland. Such problems to be addressed are direct versus indirect communication, accents and fluency trouble, hierarchy and authorities having different values, and different norms for decision making. There are two variables in the Multicultural marketing. Employees' perception and business performance are the variables that would change the situation at the Multicultural marketing.
Thesis: despite Multicultural marketing having advantages to a company, it has demerits that would drag a business behind, not unless these cons are considered and appropriate measures applied to them.
My research revolves around the Multicultural marketing of the sales employees in Barfoot & Thompsons Company. It will locate the issues that make the company not to perform, that originate from the Multicultural matters, and address them accordingly (Arnett, 2014). The fundamental concept here is Multicultural marketing, which merely means having different cultures in the business places. Therefore, Multicultural marketing is the matter of concern that needs to be examined, investigated, and evaluated.
Literature review
This research deals with the current issues that affect Multicultural marketing in Barfoot & Thompsons Company. Multicultural involves different cultures in working in the same place. Such perceptions have various ways of handling problems in real life situation. Once they are together, there needs to be a general guidance that would direct them to work together to reduce the difference gap. Overlooking the unity in such a scenario would widen the gap and hence support sharp division amongst the employees of a Company (Arnett, 2014). Therefore, eliminating the differences by having major combining factors is suitable because both the employees and the workers would benefit. There are four main issues of concern in the Multicultural marketing of sales employees in Barfoot & Thompsons Company. These demerits are direct versus indirect communication, trouble with fluency and accents, different perceptions towards hierarchy and authority, and various norms for decision making. These challenges concentrate on the transmission of the Company. Communication is a crucial concept in organizations without which, agencies will perform terribly (Basham et al., 2015). Indirect versus indirect connection, there is comparability between the Western and non-western cultures. The Western civilization is termed direct because it is obvious. The other religions express themselves in different ways. Hence, communication between the non-western and Western is a problem. The challenge comes in the verbal communication; thus the other parties result in communicating with signs.
The trouble with accents and fluency is the other challenge that sales employees working in Barfoot & Thompsons Company face. People who do not use English would meet the challenge of low self-esteem. They think that they are not recognized and noticed in the running of the business. Hence, this results in part of the employees not contributing to the success of the company. This situation causes interpersonal conflict and frustrates the affected people. Different attitude (Basham et al., 2015)es towards hierarchy and authority are the third issue. Some cultures have employees treated differently according to their ranks. The workforce ends up being disconnected, making some employees feel left out and not recognized.
The final part of the challenges in the communication sector in the Barfoot & Thompsons Company is the norms that conflict with decision making. Different cultures have their specific ways of reaching an argument and make final decisions. This entails the time it takes to make a decision and steps followed in making the decisions. This comes in as a challenge when people of different cultures are brought together (Basham et al., 2015). If there were directions of what to do, profound differences would be created in the meantime.
All these four challenges in the communication sector of the Company are real and can be tackled. Communication means everything to an organization. Proper communication channels laid in any group of the relevant parties to follow enable a good performance from the body, thus portraying a right image to the external environment. Poor communication methods in an organization should hence be discarded. A culture of awareness is built in the prosperous agencies to inspire employees have unity despite their cultural differences (Basham et al., 2015). The result of a good relationship amongst the employees and between the employees and the employer has positive effects. Collaborations, new ideas, and different perspectives are some of the positive outcomes of having best communication channels.
Methods
In this research, there are various ways that I used to examine, investigate, and evaluate the strategies of Multicultural sales employees in the Auckland residential housing market. The methods helped me solve the crude problems that encounter them as workers of different cultural background (Demangeot et al., 2015). These plans were using of questionnaires, having face to face conversation with some of the employees, using previous researchers conducted to solve the problem, and getting some information from bodies that are concerned with employees' welfare.
Questionnaires were a great deal. I produced some copies that could be answered by relevant people and went to distribute them. In the inquiries were questions like:
- What are the most significant challenges that employees face?
- What invigorates the situation?
- How do you curb the challenges?
- What are the results of having control of the situation?
All questions from various Companies were well answered. I thought it appropriate for Barfoot & Thompsons Company to follow the same to have an improvement in their communication sector.
Face to face communication was helpful too. Going to various companies and asking them direct questions of what they encounter was appropriate. It also gave them the courage to speak out from the bottom of their heart thus psychologically solving the internal fight due to the issue (Erford, 2017). This strategy was perfect because everyone could explain to me what they are going through and possible solutions or what they went through and how they solved the problems. I took notes on the most sensitive and general parts, which I thought they could be helpful to the employees at Barfoot & Thompsons Company. I realized the answers and situations from various organizations were common and knew they could have positive impacts on the problems.
There were researches done before over the same issue on different organizations. Such documented activities were of great importance to my research too. According to what was recorded for the past periods, employees who face the same cultural-based problems came up with different routes of handling the situation (Feldman, 2016). Some could talk to one another to have the problem solved. Those who had high differences involved mediators in presiding over solving the problems. Also, top authorities paid for seminars for the employees to appreciate the differences they have regarding cultural diversity. These tips were constructive and applicable according to my rational thinking and empirical approach to human normalcy. I included them in summary in my research to help solve the current and relative problems. Barfoot & Thompsons Company found it necessary to have the same applied to its employees too.
Some bodies cater for the welfare of employees. These agencies are conversant with predicaments employees go through and give solutions to such problems. Hence I found it according to approach such institutions to have an idea of how they view cultural differences amongst employees. The management explained to me the same issues I encountered while having a direct conversation with the employees (Haubl, 2015). Also, the authority in the institutions gave me appropriate and most effective ways of controlling the differences amongst the employees in any organizations. I added on what I had what I found to be a new development in handling the issue of employees' cultural diversity. The team that caters to the employees' welfare was concerned and gave me all detailed information of what I asked for.
Results
Despite the drawbacks that face a company which is comprised of employees with different cultural values, there are various ways of dealing with the situation. Some of the central actions to be taken are keeping an open mind, having at least some knowledge of peoples' culture, practicing active listening, and watching personal non-verbal communication (Jafari & Visconti, 2015). Keeping an open mind refers to being ready to learn, grow, and strengthen one's belief. It also builds up the culture of being honest. Being open-minded facilitates honesty because one admits that they do not know all things around. Being open-minded encourages one to need to know more than what they already know. There are benefits of being open-minded that helps in the proper running of an organization (Koppelman, 2016). The pros from practicing open-mindedness are letting go of control, experiencing changes, makes one being vulnerable, people would make mistakes and learn from them, strengthening oneself, being honest, and gaining confidence. When all these are practiced, it means being open-minded would help employees curb their differences.
Also, having some knowledge of people's culture is vital for reducing the gap created by a difference in employees' culture. Unity is the last resort amongst the employees once they understand what the other culture requires (Miley et al., 2016). This is brought up by being open-minded: ready to learn. Some advantages of knowing other people's culture are, dismantling the dominance by some religion, employees becoming more efficient, the new level of awareness develops, work becomes more efficient, and opportunities are recognized in every encounter.
Contrary to the diversification situation, knowing people's culture helps bring the people working together close to one another and erase the doubts. Dominating the environment by one culture becomes obsolete under this application. Appreciating the presence of different cultures makes the other parties feel involved hence working together without majority and minority. Employees become efficient at their workplaces because there is increased interaction and people are ready to work by the rules of the organization (Nardo et al., 2017). Also, there would be a development of new levels of awareness. The different cultures would express their grievances and such an exchange when absorbed inclusively, the work flow is maintained at a flat rate. Therefore, the smoothness of the workflow makes the work more efficient. Such a free working zone enables the employees to realize new opportunities since all concentration is converged at work.
Practicing active listening is another way of reducing the diversity amongst workers. If people would avoid ignorance and appreciate what the other parties tell them, this leads to a healthy working environment among the employees (Pertersan et al., 2015). Listening improves the employees' ability to understand one another well and look for appropriate solutions to problems affecting their work, rather than being separated.
Finally, watching one's non-verbal communication is vital in the presence of Multicultural marketing. Non-verbal communication comes in different ways among the different cultures. Despite the fact, there are general non-verbal communications that are accepted globally. In a situation where the employees cannot communicate well verbally, they are advised to use appropriate non-verbal communications, like using signs to convey messages. Therefore, using the worldwide non-verbal communication is suitable because it would make it simple for the people working together understand one another (Seo, 2015). Such an act would reduce disagreements, save time, and lead to improved production of quality goods and services. Hence, improving the communication levels at workplaces entailing cultural diversity lessen the difference gap and ends up having quality results.
Discussions
Employees have the same issues to address when it comes to cultural diversity. When they are working together, and as norm find that they differ in their perception about approaching the same thing, they end up organizing themselves on how to encounter the problem. Such a move is crucial to the workers as it helps them have unity and get the way forward. It saves time and keeps organizations on the track of the strategic plan they had since the beginning. Also, loopholes that occur within communication channels are sealed, and activities carried on swiftly. I realized that cultural diversity ha more harm than good when practiced among employees working in the same organization (Basham et al., 2015). Parallel cultural practices when curbed would lead to employees sorting out issues that are of concern to them hence improving the organization's performance level.
The problems were sorted out after enough research was done. Communication is the main problem that employees would suffer from in their endeavors to perform in their respective organizations. Questions that related to the communication channels were, direct versus indirect communication, trouble with accents and fluency, different attitudes towards hierarchy and authority, and various norms for decision making (Basham et al., 2015). The variables which were employees' perception and business performance were affected too. Employees' thoughts could be positive if directed well and negative if the relevant parties did not bother. Also, when the employees worked together, the business would perform better, compared to when they are divided. Hence, unity amongst the employees was found to be a vital issue. Such togetherness erased negative thoughts and encouraged the employees to work well.
Conclusion
In conclusion, examining, investigating, and evaluating strategies of multicultural sales employees in the Auckland residential housing market as possible. Though there were cons realized due to the different cultural practices by the employees working together, steps to curb such developments were arrived at in excellent condition (Basham et al., 2015). Problems that led to employees' differences were direct versus indirect communications, trouble with accents and fluency, different attitudes towards hierarchy and authority, and different norms for decision making. Though the issues were chronic, I found possible solutions through using questionnaires, face-to-face approach, using previous researchers conducted, and getting information from bodies that cater for the welfare of the employees. Variables affected were found to be employees' views on working for organizations and how the business performed.
Multicultural marketing acknowledges the difference in how employees think, intrinsic motives and beliefs among the consumers who have various cultures, and makes use of norms in the literature from different cultures to have organizations benefit more. Cultural differences need to be pinned out for a multicultural marketing to succeed (Basham et al., 2015). International marketing has to work with national marketing to reduce the cultural diversity amongst the employees. Global marketing assesses national marketing through social media, education, Gross Domestic Product, and product category data. Both secondary and primary data assist in determining the cultural value. Primary data need face to face communication in handling the issue. Secondary data are approaches like going to the institutions that cater for the employees' welfare. Individual data are combined at the national level and linked to the country level or pre-existing country-level measures. Hence, cultural diversity is solved, and employees work accordingly.
References
Arnett, J. J. (2014). Adolescence and emerging adulthood. Boston, MA: Pearson.
Basham, K., Byers, D. S., Heller, N. R., Hertz, M., Kumaria, S., Mattei, L., ... & Shilkret, C. J. (2016). Inside out and outside in: Psychodynamic clinical theory and psychopathology in contemporary multicultural contexts. Rowman & Littlefield.
Demangeot, C., Broderick, A. J., & Craig, C. S. (2015). Multicultural marketplaces: new territory for international marketing and consumer research. International Marketing Review, 32(2), 118-140.
Erford, B. T. (2017). Orientation to the counseling profession: Advocacy, ethics, and essential professional foundations. Pearson.
Feldman, R. S. (2016). Life span development: A topical approach. Pearson.
Hubl, G. (2015). Consumers' perceptions of uni-and bi-national products: the interaction of country of origin and brand name. In Proceedings of the 1996 Multicultural Marketing Conference (pp. 61-61). Springer, Cham.
Jafari, A., & Visconti, L. M. (2015). New directions in researching ethnicity in marketing and consumer behaviour: A well-being agenda. Marketing Theory, 15(2), 265-270.
Koppelman, K. L. (2016).? Understanding human differences: Multicultural education for a diverse America. Pearson.
Miley, K. K., O'Melia, M. W., & DuBois, B. L. (2016). Generalist social work practice: An empowering approach. Pearson.
Nardon, L., Steers, R. M., & Sanchez-Runde, C. J. (2017). Developing Multicultural Competence. Challenge.
Petersen, J. A., Kushwaha, T., & Kumar, V. (2015). Marketing communication strategies and consumer financial decision making: The role of national culture. Journal of Marketing, 79(1), 44-63.
Seo, Y., & Gao, H. (2015). Towards a value-based perspective of consumer multicultural orientation. European Management Journal, 33(1), 30-36.
Cite this page
Multicultural Marketing. (2018, Dec 18).
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Health Screening and History of a Young Adult Client
Source and Reliability of Informant:
Most information from the patient and additional information from the relatives
Past Use of Health Care System and Health Seeking Behaviors:
Patient has been coming to the hospital frequently due to his condition, Asthma.
Present Health or History of Present Illness:
Patient came to the hospital with complains of chest tightness, shortness of breath, wheezing sound on breathing and coughing especially in the morning or at night.
Past Health History
General Health: (Patient's own words)
Patient complains about rapid respiration and episodes of shortness of breath.
Allergies: (include food and medication allergies)
There is no known allergy to any food.
The patient is allergic to Sulphur (drugs with Sulphur)
Reaction:
Asthmatic attack
Current Medications:
Aminophylin tabs 100mg BD
Salbutamol 4mg TDS
Last Exam Date:
Immunizations:
All childhood immunizations received.
Childhood Illnesses:
Asthma
Serious or Chronic Illnesses: Asthma
Past Health Screening (see ""Well Young Adult Behavior Health Assessment History Screening"" below) Tuberculosis screening
Past Accidents or Injuries:
Not had any.
Past Hospitalizations:
Been admitted for many times, uncountable,since childhood.
Past Operations:
No surgery ever done to the patient
Family History
(Specify which family member is affected.)
Alcoholism (ETOH use/abuse): Non-alcoholic
Allergies: Sulphur (mother)
Arthritis: None
Asthma: Mother
Blood Disorders: None
Breast Cancer:None
Cancer (Other):None
Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke): None
Diabetes: Uncle
Heart Disease: None
High Blood Pressure: None
Immunological Disorders: None
Kidney Disease: None
Mental Illness: Cousin
Neurological Disorder: None
Obesity: Uncle
Seizure Disorder: None
Tuberculosis: None
Obstetric History (if applicable) Not applicable
Gravida:
Term:
Preterm:
Miscarriage/Abortions:
Review of Systems
(Include both past and current health problems. Comment on all present issues.)
General Health State (present weight – gain or loss, reason for gain or loss, amount of time for gain or loss; fatigue, malaise, weakness, sweats, night sweats, chills ):
Skin (history of skin disease, pigment or color change, change in mole, excessive dryness or moisture, pruritis, excessive bruising, rash or lesion):
No history of all the above
Health Promotion (Sun exposure? Skin care products?):
Hair (recent loss or change in texture): No
Health Promotion (method of self-care, products used for care):
Nails (change in color, shape, brittleness):No
Health Promotion (method of self-care, products used for care):
Head (unusual headaches, frequency of headaches, head injury, dizziness, syncope or vertigo): No
Eyes (difficulty or change in vision, decreased acuity, blurring, blind spots, eye pain, diplopia, redness or swelling, watering or discharge, glaucoma or cataracts): No
Health Promotion (wears glasses or contacts and reason, last vision check, last glaucoma check, sun protection):
Ears (earaches, infections, discharge and its characteristics, tinnitus or vertigo): No
Health Promotion (hearing loss, hearing aid use, environmental noise exposure, methods for cleaning ears):
Nose and Sinuses (discharge and its characteristics, frequent or severe colds, sinus pain, nasal obstruction, nosebleeds, seasonal allergies, change in sense of smell): Seasonal allergies,nasal obstruction and frequent colds are a common symptom.
Health Promotion (methods for cleaning nose):
By use of a clean handkerchief and the patient should do it gently so as not to cause trauma, nosebleeding
Mouth and Throat (mouth pain, sore throat, bleeding gums, toothache, lesions in mouth, tongue, or throat, dysphagia, hoarseness, tonsillectomy, alteration in taste): None
Health Promotion (Daily dental care – brushing, flossing. Use of prosthetics – bridges, dentures. Last dental exam/check-up.):
Neck (pain, limitation of motion, lumps or swelling, enlarged or tender lymph nodes, goiter):
None
Neurologic System (history of seizure disorder, syncopal episodes, CVA, motor function or coordination disorders/abnormalities, paresthesia, mood change, depression, memory disorder, history of mental health disorders):
None
Health Promotion (activities to stimulate thinking, exam related to mood changes/depression):
Endocrine System (history of diabetes or insulin resistance, history of thyroid disease, intolerance to heat or cold):
None
Health Promotion (last blood glucose test and result, diet):
Breast and Axilla (pain, lump, tenderness, swelling, rash, nipple discharge, any breast surgery):
None
Health Promotion (performs breast self-exam – both male and female, last mammogram and results, use of self-care products):
Respiratory System (History of lung disease, smoking, chest pain with breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, cough – productive or nonproductive. Sputum – color and amount. Hemoptysis, toxin or pollution exposure.): Patient has had history of chest pain with breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, productive cough, with clear sputum.
Health Promotion (last chest x-ray, smoking cessation):
Medication: patient on bronchodilators
Cardiac System (history of cardiac disease, MI, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, chest pain, angina):
Chest pain
Health Promotion (last cardiac exam):
Peripheral Vascular System (coldness, numbness, tingling, swelling of legs/ankles, discoloration of hands/feet, varicose veins, intermittent claudication, thrombophlebitis or ulcers):
None
Health Promotion (avoid crossing legs, avoid sitting/standing for long lengths of time, promote wearing of support hose):
Hematologic System (bleeding tendency of skin or mucous membranes, excessive bruising, swelling of lymph nodes, blood transfusion and any reactions, exposure to toxic agents or radiation):
None
Health Promotion (use of standard precautions when exposed to blood/body fluids):
Gastrointestinal System (appetite, food intolerance, dysphagia, heartburn, indigestion, pain [with eating or other], pyrosis, nausea, vomiting, history of abdominal disease, gastric ulcers, flatulence, bowel movement frequency, change in stool [color, consistency], diarrhea, constipation, hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding):
Patient has had a history of diarrhoea once
Health Promotion (nutrition – quality/quantity of diet; use of antacids/laxatives):
Used anti-diarrheals
Musculoskeletal System (history of arthritis, joint pain, stiffness, swelling, deformity, limitation of motion, pain, cramps or weakness):
None
Health Promotion (mobility aids used, exercises, walking, effect of limited range of motion):
Urinary System (recent change, frequency, urgency, nocturia, dysuria, polyuria, oliguria, hesitancy or straining, urine color, narrowed stream, incontinence; history of urinary disease; pain in flank, groin, suprapubic region or low back)
None
Health Promotion (methods used to prevent urinary tract infections, use of feminine hygiene products, Kegel exercises):
Male Genital System (penis or testicular pain, sores or lesions, penile discharge, lumps, hernia):
None
Health Promotion (performs testicular self-exam):
Female Genital System (menstrual history, age of first menses, last menstrual cycle, frequency of cycles, premenstrual pain, vaginal itching, discharge, premenopausal symptoms, age at menopause, postmenopausal bleeding):
Not applicable
Health Promotion (last gynecological checkup, pap-smear and results, use of feminine hygiene products):
Sexual Health (presently involved in relationship involving intercourse or other sexual activity, aspects of sex satisfactory, use of contraceptive, is relationship monogamous, history of STD):
Patient has been married for three years now, the couple has a normal sexual life with all satisfactory aspects.
The relationship is monogamous.
Health Promotion (safe-sex practices):
Faithfulness to each other as partners.
Nursing Diagnoses:
Based on this health history and health screening, the following diagnoses were made;
The actual nursing diagnosis made was Ineffectile breathing pattern related to airway blockage by tenacious mucous secretions as manifested by patient's irregular rapid breathing pattern (Nettina, MSN, & Nettina, 2013).
Readiness for enhanced management of therapeutic regimen is the wellness diagnosis made.
Risk diagnosis made is the risk for activity tolerance related to decreased xygenation (Holloway & Galvin, 2016).
References
Holloway, I., & Galvin, K. (2016). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley & Sons.
Nettina, S. M., MSN, A. B., & Nettina, S. M. (2013). Lippincott manual of nursing practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Health Screening and History of a Young Adult Client. (2018, Dec 18).
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Influence of the Media on Teens Drinking
Works Cited
Anderson, Peter, et al. "Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies."? Alcohol and Alcoholism? 44.3 (2009): 229-243. Austin, Erica Weintraub, Meng-Jinn Chen, and Joel W. Grube. "How does alcohol advertising influence underage drinking? The role of desirability, identification, and skepticism."? Journal of Adolescent Health? 38.4 (2006): 376-384. Beck, Kenneth H., and Katherine A. Treiman. "The relationship of the social context of drinking, perceived social norms, and parental influence to various drinking patterns of adolescents."? Addictive behaviors? 21.5 (1996): 633-644. Brown, Jane D., and Elizabeth M. Witherspoon. "The mass media and American adolescents' health."? Journal of adolescent health? 31.6 (2002): 153-170. Hanewinkel, Reiner, Susanne E. Tanski, and James D. Sargent. "Exposure to alcohol use in motion pictures and teen drinking in Germany."? International journal of epidemiology36.5 (2007): 1068-1077.Cite this page
Influence of the Media on Teens Drinking. (2018, Dec 18).
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Macbeth – a Story about the Journey and how he Became a King
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Macbeth - A Story About The Journey And How He Became A King. (2018, Dec 18).
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Discovery the Tempest
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Discovery The Tempest. (2018, Dec 18).
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Principle of Sacraments
1. QUESTION 1
The Principle of Sacramentality can best be defined if the words encompassing it are first described. The phrase sacramentality originated from a Latin word 'Sacramentum', which is a direct translation of the Greek word 'mysterion', which in English means mystery. The Principle of Sacramentality is, therefore, an instrument of reality that signifies the presence of God's activity in any sacred undertaking of humankind (Sherry, 2008).
The Principle of Sacramentality is as God himself gave humans the son who is God, and He was born as a human being. God, became man through his son, was born of the blessed Mary, and was raised up as a man on the earth. The Principle of Sacramentality indicates that God is seen, heard and touched in the human living perspective since He became human through Jesus (Sherry, 2008). The Church conducts different rituals that enable the invisible presence of God to grow tangible in various ways for the believers to have a unique encounter with God in their lives (Cooke, 2004).
According to the Catholic Church, the Principle of Sacramentality is the way in which God expresses his invisible grace to Christians using signs and action. For instance, in the sacrament of Baptism, the water is used as a sign of God's grace of washing away the sins. This washing shows that for the Christians to experience the cleansing of sins, they have to encounter with God through the sign of water, which is poured on them (Beguerie & Duchesneau, 1997).
2. QUESTION 2
The Church as a whole has three sacraments of initiation. Baptism is the first of the initiation sacraments the others being The Eucharist and Confirmation. The Baptism is taken to introduce a new member to the church. It all marks the entry of one into the church community. It is a welcome of one into godly life (Cooke, 2004). Baptism Marks the end of sins and thus the beginning of a new life in God. Baptism pardons Christian their sins and gives them the dignity to be called Gods children (John3; 5). Confirmation is the time one is filled with the Holy Spirit. It is time for one to take on God's image (Luke 24; 49). Eucharist is about a Christian are transformed in the flesh all through to their everlasting life (1 Corinthians 11:23-25).
Jesus Christ was the first one to institute sacraments since He gave His disciples some directives to follow in the way of Christianity. Such directives were confined to the establishment of sacraments. He said to His chosen disciples, to travel far and wide making disciples, teaching all those who believe and ultimately baptizing them in the name of the supreme trinity (Matthew 27:19). On the night before He died, He instituted the sacrament of Eucharist, the last supper. He took the bread, he blessed it, broke it and gave to His disciples as He uttered; ""This is my body, and this is the chalice of my blood, do this in remembrance of me"" (Mark 14:22-25). This practice gave the priests the power to consecrate the Eucharist, which is practiced today. It is all about confirmation of the ways of Christ and nothing less than doing what Jesus Christ set the disciples to do. It is also giving out to God the best regarding service to others.
3. QUESTION3
Following the New Testament, baptism is an event that was practiced right from the time of John the Baptist to the present day. It is considered as a sacred ritual and one that stands out wholly for the believers as far as a cleansing of one's sins is concerned. The Baptism is also understood as a time for the welcoming of the new church members into the faith. It all marks the entry of one into the church community. Therefore, Baptism cannot be complete without the association of water which is believed to wash away the sins and act as a regenerator to the renewal of the Christian faith by the installation of Holy Spirit into one's soul (Luke 3:21). From the Christian perspective, the Sacrament of Baptism is the basis of the completely Christian life. It is a welcome of one into godly life Baptism Marks the end of sins and thus the beginning of a new life in God (Luke 2:21).
The word Baptism originated from a Greek word 'baptizo' in which it means to immerse. Water is seen as a purifier and a source of life and light as it nourishes the life of all living creatures' even plants. This pathway directs anyone who seeks to be a true believer. It is through Baptism that all believers are freed from their sins and are born again as true children of God and joined the army of Christ (Mark 1:10). The Church has a firm position on the Sacrament of Baptism as it is from it that new disciples are created just as it was ordered by Christ.(Matthew 13:16).
Initially, during the creation, the man had the nature of God, but after falling into sin, man was separated from God's character. This state left man a sinner. The Sacrament of Baptism was consequently introduced to reconcile the human with God. Jesus instituted this sacrament for every soul after paying for the original sin on the cross. In addition, the disciples were commanded to go all over the world preaching the word, and those who believe and are baptized will be saved (Mark 16; 15-16)
Baptism is understood as a fundamental sacrament that any Christian qualifies to take in any stage in life as long as one decides to be the church member, apart from it being the first of all the seven sacraments. This is because no one can receive any of the six sacraments unless one is Baptized (Sherry, 2008). Baptism is equally vital for one's salvation. Scripture confirms that it is only through baptism of water and that of the spirit that one has a place in God's kingdom (John3; 6).
4. QUESTION 4
Confirmation is also identified a spiritual strengthening sacrament and was instituted to witness the true character of Christ. Jesus told the disciples not to leave Jerusalem until they receive the Holy Spirit's power that will help them to be his witness all over the world (Luke 24; 49). Confirmation by Holy oil helps in increasing the sanctifying grace in Christian's life as well as enabling them to remain spiritually alive. It is through Confirmation that the Christians can resist sin and become more like Christ (Cooke, 2004). The Sacrament of Confirmation is associated with light just as the Sacrament of Baptism is related to water (History & Development of Sacrament of Confirmation, 2017).
During the ceremony of Confirmation, some rituals accompany it, which is believed to be the qualification for one to be crowned entirely. Confirmation enables the Christian to be like Christ the king in leadership and directing others. Therefore, the Christians use the Sacrament of Confirmation in spreading their faith as well as defending it (Cooke, 2004).
The anointing ritual is the last one during this ceremony where anointing oil is smeared on the forehead of the confirmed. The oil smeared on the forehead of the established, therefore, shows that one has been chosen by God to be His child and he should follow the God's teachings (1st Samuel 16:13).
5. QUESTION 5
The presence of Christ in the Sacrament of Eucharist is different from the presence of Christ in other sacraments. This is because in other sacrament Christ is present by his power but not in reality as in the body and blood. As a result, while partaking the Eucharist Christians do not only participate in the bread and wine but Christ in a person who is the food of eternal life. During Eucharist, the Catholics worship Christ, whom they supposed to be present in the sacramental bread and blood. This shows that the bread is not a mere symbol of Christ, but Christ is substantially present in it (Billy & Keating, 2006).
Those who have been initiated participate with others in the whole community in the Lord's sacrifice using the Eucharist. It originated from the act of Christ in the Last Supper before his betrayal.Christ established the Eucharist of the sacrifice of His own body and blood. He did it to bring forth an eternal sacrifice that will be a sign of love, unity, resurrection and act as a memory of the journey of salvation that he underwent (Matthew 26:26-28).
The Eucharist summarizes our faith because we believe that Christ hang dead on the cross for our redemption. He gave His body for persecution for our sake and shed his blood for the redemption of our lost souls. This body is symbolized by the bread and blood changed from wine when the priest consecrates them when he says; ""This is my body and the chalice of my blood."" (1st Corinthians 11:23).
6. QUESTION 6
The other name of Penance is Confession and Reconciliation. In this Sacrament, Christians are expected to confess their sin and return to God from their astray. The critical element of this sacrament is the act of confessing individual's sins to the priest. The Catholic Church has given the Christians a way to reconcile with their creator (Cooke, 2004).
Christ as a sign of love and mercy instituted the Sacrament of Penance. What the signs of the Sacrament symbolize however is a more profound, mysterious, religious and spiritual state or level of being. At a sacred level, the Sacrament of Penance offers the opportunity for Christian to heal their relationship with God by obtaining forgiveness for their sins. It makes Jesus present and can change our lives as we come to know how God loves us. Signs, which accompany the Sacrament of Penance, are not just empty symbols; they convey something else, which draws humans into reality they portray. The priest utters that, ""your sins are forgiven"" (Luke 5:20). The signs embraced during this Sacrament of Penance reinforce the density of the forgiveness attained. Therefore, the Penance that we seek is to strengthen our faith.
References
Beguerie, P., & Duchesneau, C. (1997). How to understand the sacraments. New York: Crossroad.
Billy, D. J., & Keating, J. (2006). The way of mystery: The Eucharist and moral living. New York: Paulist Press.
Cooke, B. J. (2004). Sacraments & sacramentality. Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications.
History & Development of Sacrament of Confirmation. (2017). Loyolapress.com. Retrieved 15 July 2017, from https://www.loyolapress.com/our-catholic-faith/sacraments/confirmation/history-and-development-of-sacrament-of-confirmation.
Sherry, P. (2008). The Sacramentality of Things. New Black friars, 89(1023), 575-590.
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Motif of Conscience and Principle in A&P
Introduction
Conscience is the moral sense of right or wrong in a human being. It is perceived as the guide to someone's behavior. It is the conscience of an individual that raises alarm when the person is doing wrong or right and helps the person to adjust accordingly. A principle on the other hand is a firm belief or rule that governs the attitude and behavior of an individual. Principles of a human being determine the character of the person. Conscience and principle are related in that the conscience of a person always reminds him or her of their principles. John Updike's A&P has vividly demonstrated these two motifs. Sam visualizes that sticking to the morally right principles does not always lead to positive results as most people would expect. A&P is narrated in the point of view of Sammy who tries to be a hero only to realize that heroes seldom get far in the modern world. Sammy is a cashier at A&P and while at work identifies three beautiful ladies but their dress is a mess according to Sam and he is uneasy with them. He suspects one of them to be their leader whom due to romantic interest names Queenie. Sammy's character of being opinionated doesn't allow him to hide his disdain for his older co-workers and he is not ashamed of his interest to Queenie. Sammy can be described as an individual who is bored with life in the town of Massachusetts where he grew up and he longs to break free from the trappings of the society. Sammy's voice is also explicitly humorous. When he first sees the girls, he cannot remember whether he has rung up the box of HiHo crackers under his hand. I ring it up again and the customer starts giving me hell. She's one of these cash-register watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made her day to trip me up. She's been watching cash registers for fifty years and probably never seen a mistake before. Sammy's character greatly shows one who sticks to his principles. He is highly driven by conscience and this lands him between a rock and a hard place. In the beginning, he is humorous, sarcastic and has high self-esteem but in the end, he is disappointed, hopeless and stigmatized. Lengel reminds the girls that A&P is not the beach and this hits Sammy like a blow though humorously. Back in the office all characters in Sammy's language become animals. Lengel scuttles crablike into his office when he sees the girls the first time. All other customers group like sheep and pigs in a chute when they see chaos at the front register. The three girls according to him seem to buzz; the Queenie like queen bee and the other two buzz like drones around the queen. Sammy's sweet voice, his humor and his categorical descriptions of the supermarket setting undercut the implicitly sentimental situation of the story. Lengel's principles lead him to question the girls about their dress and they have a heated argument of the word '?decent'. For instance, the word reverberates with socioeconomic import. Sammy boldly stands to defend the girls yet he had earlier shown that his attitude towards the dress code of the girls is similar to his. He put across that it is one thing to have a girl in bathing suit down the beach. Updike's A&P has greatly achieved the motif of principles in how Sammy before seeing the girls is humorous, sarcastic and held in high self-esteem. When Sammy first sees the girls is uneasy because of the bath suits the girl are wearing. His conscience tells him that the kind of dress code they are in is not fit for the environment they are in. He cares how the other customers are going to think about the upbringing and character of these girls. Deep in his heart, he expects that everyone comprehends his principles and that they have similar principles and should therefore not make the mistake of coming to A&P in bath suits. Lengel is another outstanding character who portrays sticking to his principles. Lengel the manager is privileged to encounter the girls as they are entering the A&P and thanks to his moral principles that drive him to questioning the girls and he tells them that they are not at the beach. Although Sammy tries to defend the girls seriously, Lengel is not at all seemingly going to agree that it is rightful to come to A&P in such a dress code. Sammy in an operation to hinder bathing-suit policies not only in A&P grocers but also everywhere quits his job. This shows how he is stuck to his moral principles and how he is faithful to them. Everyone expects that he is going to be a hero and he himself believes in the same. Contra to his expectations, Sammy quits the job and joins the society that the girls are in. Being in the same society with these girls automatically would not promote his stand against no-bathing-suit but rather influence him in supporting the same and this causes the story to end in a gloomy mood for Sammy the protagonist. The three girls dressed in bathing-suit-clads walk to the grocery store confidently without fear since they have principles which do not allow them to notice they might be making. They have no shoes put on and their conscience does not deny them to walk to any public place. This alludes the immoral principles that have enslaved them. The girls seem to do anything they think is right according to them without considering their societal relationship. Their conscience isn't seemingly alerting them and this explains their character. They must have noticed they are sexually provoking but don't seem to care. Conscience on the other hand seems to be guiding most characters in the John Updike's A&P. Sammy the main protagonist in the story greatly shows his emotions. Sammy's conscience helps him visualize the poor dress code of the three girls. He would even start admiring the girls owing to the girls' attractive nature and dress code. Sammy is eventually seen to quit his job to defend and uphold his principles. This decision is informed by Sammy's conscience. Lenger the manager of the A&P grocer on seeing the three girls in poor dress code does not conceal his emotions and his conscience causes him to utter his mind. He tells the girls off that the A&P grocer is not a beach. Thanks to his conscience despite Sammy's defense to the girls, Lenger is firm since he is cock sure that his conscience can't mislead him. It takes much confidence to tell the girls that they are dressed inappropriately but Lenger's conscience does not allow him to bear the embarrassment and let the ladies make away with that. The three girls are other characters whose motif of conscience has been portrayed highly. The girls act like they have been deprived of their motif of conscience. It is common sense that it is not right to go to a public place half naked or without shoes. Not even a single society would tolerate that but the girls shamelessly go to an A&P grocer in their bathing clad and they do not seem to care. The author uses these characters to show that not all people's conscience is active in life. Anybody would have expected the girls to have changed before they left home informed by their conscience. Sammy's decision of quitting job is informed by his conscience. He has an aim to curb the habit of indecent dress in public places and he thinks that quitting his job will help cease this habit little does he know that his efforts are in vain since he is going to the same society with the girls and would end up supporting them owing to the fact that he has interest in one of the girls whom he nicknamed Queenie. His conscience is right because if Lenger, his manager considers him and negotiates to return him to his job, he would be curbing the habit but the story ends in a cold mood where Sammy is sadly glaring at his boss without a glimpse of hope to get his job. Sammy taking off his apron and bow tie is another occasion where the motif of conscience is evident. Sammy takes off his apron and bow tie to show that he is quitting job. He is different from other workers who fail to report to work or boycott work activities or even influence others to a strike. His decision is not only dignified but also vividly shows his aggravated emotions. He has arrived at the decision after being guided by his conscience. From the beginning of the story, almost all the characters are principled. Starting from the main protagonist Sammy who in many incidences has a lot of things he does compelled by his principles can be referred to as the chief principled character. Despite the attractive nature of the girls, Sammy does not misbehave or reveal any evil thoughts with the girls. This shows his dignified and moral principles that he strictly adheres to. When Sammy quits job, Lengel tells him that he would feel the same disappointment even after quitting job. This is meant to intimidate him and discourage him from quitting the job but since Sammy is a man of principles, he remains firm and does not turn back. This alludes that Sammy is unshakeable as he comfortably quits the job which is enough prove that a person should stick to his principles come rain come sunshine.Conclusion
Conscience and principle are key motifs used by the author to build his characters commencing with the main protagonist Sammy who is unshakeable. By quitting his job, he demonstrates believe and trust in his conscience. Lenger the A&P grocer manager is another key character who is bold enough to tell off very attractive ladies due to their provocative dress code. This is least expected as men's weakness for half-naked ladies is so strong a desire to bear. He tells them that the A&P grocer is not a beach and hence there is need to dress decently to show respect to other customers.Cite this page
Motif of conscience and principle in A&P. (2018, Dec 18).
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Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Erosion Control, Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plans
CLEAN AIR ACT
Air pollution is a critical factor to consider in an environment where various forms of living things prevail. Previously and currently, the atmosphere has been contaminated by various forms of air pollutants from diverse sources most probably, construction companies. Hence, the federal government has responded on this issue in different scopes, creating rules and regulations to help curb the ongoing disaster of air pollution. The effects of air pollution have been termed as hazardous, and if condition persists, more impacts that are beyond control might be experienced in various parts of the world, caused by global warming (Palmer, 2015). Therefore, the clean air acts put forward by the government will help and have assisted in regulating the increased rates of the pollution of air that has been facilitated by construction companies and other institutions t large. This paper will discuss the laws or rules that have been put in place to regulate air pollution. The sources of air pollution and specifically construction management or engineering departments related to construction, e.g., civil and mechanical will also be discussed. The effect of air pollution on the job sites of construction companies and the environment at large and how the companies have responded to the clean air act will be reflected upon. It will also touch on how air pollution can be controlled or reduced to create a better world to live in.
It will be essential to discuss on sources of air pollution and to be more specific, construction management, and the effects they cause on the construction job sites as part of the environment (Burtraw,2015) Later, it will be revealed how the clean air act has played its role in regulating such instances of air pollution cases conducted by the construction companies and the strict acts of law that have been put in place for companies or institutions that go against the law.
Air pollution is a practice whereby, harmful substances in the form of dust particles, moisture and gases have been released into the atmosphere of the earth. Emission of such particles happens mostly when human being in different parts of the world carry out their activities as a means of survival. They include Construction of houses to create shelter, offices, and business institutions, schools and hospitals, and marketplaces. Also, infrastructure in the transport and communication industry, e.g., highways, railway lines, and stations, airports, and seaports etc. Have been constructed. When such activities are ongoing, they may employ various mechanisms to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of their projects (Paul, 2015). They may also involve other departments such as mining and raw material companies relevant to their field of activities, that is construction. Therefore, it is evident that pollution of air is as a result of the chain of events which includes various departments in one way or another.
In scenarios where construction companies intend to create a job site, the may be required to carry out the land reclamation process. It entails clearing of a particular land which might be inhabited by vegetation such as trees, thickets, shrubs, bushes and other types of plant materials. It occurs when a site is needed for construction of roads (highways), railway, port, a building and other forms of infrastructure that a construction company may intend to put up. The primary reason for land clearing is to enable them to mark the job site as per the project they intend to establish. Clearing of land is a major causal factor of air pollution. When vegetation is cleared, the carbon cycle is interrupted. Carbon cycle consists of a pattern in which gasses, specifically carbon and chlorofluorocarbons, rotate in the atmosphere in a balanced manner by the help of existing green plant vegetation available on the surface of the earth. Hence, clearing of vegetation breaks or alters the normal process of the carbon cycle (Pan, 2015). It leads to excessive accumulation of harmful and toxic gasses in the atmosphere that lead to the greenhouse effect.
The toxic gasses which include carbon monoxide, nitrogen ii oxide, Sulphur oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, etc. are occasionally released by machines, vehicles, mining sites, manufacturing companies, all who have direct or indirect relationships with construction companies. Furthermore, for a complete construction project takes place, various forms of machinery have to be employed together with manpower. They include; tractors, caterpillars, multitasker cranes, back- lift loaders, front-lift loaders, etc. most of the machines are diesel driven. Diesel is a carbon fuel which emits enormous amounts of carbon gases into the atmosphere during combustion hence causing air pollution (Greenfield, 2014). Lead is also released in huge amounts and has detrimental effects on matters of air pollution. Also, when the mixture of cement and sand is done in the manufacture of bricks and concrete, some dust particles are released into the atmosphere thus causing air pollution. In mining locations, where bricks, sand, and ballast are extracted from, the activity of mining machinery is thorough and continuous hence the rate at which dust particles and gases are emitted in the atmosphere is high hence promoting air pollution.
Contamination of air as a result of construction activities has numerous hazardous effect on the environment and the job sites of constructions too. As explained earlier, gases, moisture and dust particles emitted in the atmosphere have a major role in causing the greenhouse effect. It involves the excess accumulation of carbon in the atmosphere hence leading to the destruction of the blanket-like material known as the ozone layer. Also, the greenhouse effect leads to global warming which is a major causative agent of experiences in the irregular patterns of climate change in the current century. Climate change is the major and direct factor where effects based on air pollution are exhibited (Bodine, 2014). Impacts such as abnormal heavy rains, prolonged periods of sunshine have been observed. Their effect on construction sites and the environment are clear too.
To start with, floods, as a result of climate change, have led to mass destruction of property which includes roads, railway lines, buildings, airports and seaports, mining sites, machinery used during construction and many others. The negative impacts can increase to the extent of people working under various construction sites to lose their lives too. For a construction project to be established, a lot of planning, research, time, resources which include capital, machinery, and manpower have to be employed for that specific aim or goal to be achieved (Nowak, 2014). Moreover, a country develops when projects set by different departments in the government progress smoothly without major disruptions since all the required and necessary resources for the projects are often put in place at the start of every project. Hence, air pollution can be seen as a major factor that affects the progress of projects in construction management. Adverse weather conditions, as a result of air pollution, also have a significant impact on construction management. A smooth process of construction of facilities on job sites cannot take place when harsh weather conditions are being experienced. Such conditions include prolonged periods of fog and mist, prolonged cold, snowing periods taking more time than normal, and prolonged periods of sunshine. Excess sunshine periods has a scorching effect on manpower under an ongoing construction project, etc. likewise, such conditions may alter the normal progress of projects and to some extent cause destruction if the project established by a construction company was on a critical stage of attention.
Indirect impacts of air pollution have been experienced in regards to construction management. As discussed earlier, pollution of air can lead to the destruction of the ozone layer (Hirabayashi, 2014). It plays an essential role in preventing harmful solar radiations from reaching the surface of the earth. The ultra-violet rays from the sun have dangerous effects on human beings in matters relating to skin diseases such as cancer among others. Manpower operating under the scorching sun are prone to contract some skin related infections. It can lead to a great blow in construction management when skilled workers in the company fall out of the job due to such infections. Again, it might slow the construction process thus delaying development. Training of new manpower in construction might take a lot of time having in mind that an ongoing project has to be completed in due time. Another indirect factor that isn't common but is possible to take place is food security. Disaster-related to clime change due to air pollution, e.g., floods, may destroy the food reservation facilities like warehouses and silos. On the other hand, it is clear that a hungry nation cannot function effectively. Similarly, manpower in construction sites requires energy from food for the construction work to be efficient and effective. Hunger would lead to negative impacts as far as construction management is concerned.
Having discussed the sources of air pollution and their effects in construction management, it is now relevant to discuss the laws that regulate how different institutions are supposed to behave towards the air pollution concept.
Initiation of the clean air act aimed at controlling the pollution of air in the USA. It was approved in 1963. However, amendments relating to the act were added later, specifically 1970 and 1990 respectively (Shadbegian, 2014). It entails an inclusive program that focused on lessening of ambient origin specific pollution of air, that is minimizing the rate of pollution from sources or sites that have already been identified. The act was then amalgamated in the USA codes; Title 42 in chapter 85.
Back in 1963, the act offered federal investigation support, emphasized the enhancements of agencies controlled by the state, and involved the government in pollution matters experienced within the state. The first role of the federal government in the policy took place in 1965 where the adjustment obligated the departments of education and health to build and administer release standards that would be followed. In 1970, the act gave actual supremacy to the central government and not to states as it had done earlier. The same act formed the foundation of the united states control strategy of the pollution of air. It had some components which included;
- Putting the national ambient standards of air quality which aimed at protecting the environment and human health. They were developed by the EPA and they specifically aimed at chemicals that polluted the air.
- Establishment of a new basis of performance standard by the EPA that would define what extent of pollution by construction industries and other companies in various regions would be allowed.
- Control of emissions that were released automatically and aimed at reducing of different gases by a huge percentage through specification of standards by the act.
- Encouraging states to initiate plans that would lead to the achievement of the set standards and emphasized the approving of the standards by the EPA. Failure of the state to follow the laws of creating plans, the EPA would enforce laws for the sake of that state.
Consequently, more modifications regarding the act were added in 1977. They targeted the states that were not able to achieve the objectives laid at the national level on automatic emissions and procedures to avoid deterioration of the quality of air in regions where the air was always clean in the past. The final amendment to the act was done in 1990 (Wolverton, 2014). It focused on environmental related issues like ozone layer destruction, toxic contaminants, and acidic rain. The formation of acid rain was to be regulated minimizing the emissions of particular gases like carbon dioxide. The immense decrease in the release of gases also targeted to control the depletion of the ozone layer and dangerous effects toxic contaminants release.
Since 1990, the EPA is still greatly responsible for putting in place standards that enforce cleansing of the air. However, regulations of air pollutants take place at the local and state stages. Another function of the act is to define the responsibilities of the EPA which include the decline in the destruction of the ozone layer and improvement of the quality of air in the atmosphere.
EPA also create limitations on various pollutants of the air. It defines the amount pollutants that are expected to be in the atmospheric zone of the USA. The act assigns the EPA supremacy to regulate emissions that pollute the air emanating from construction companies, chemical plants, practicalities, and other factories like steel mills (Freedman, 2015). States have the independence of setting their laws in regards to the pollution of air but should not be weaker than those emphasized by the EPA.
However, EPA must scrutinize the unique laws created by states and local agencies to regulate the high rate of air pollution. If the minimum requirements that are necessary are not met, authorizations are issued contrary to the state by the EPA, and if necessary, it can replace the state administration responsible, in implementing the original Clean Air Act in that region.
Programs implemented by EPA aims at eradicating pollutants emanating from sources that are stationary which include power systems, sources that are mobile, e.g., planes, cars, trains, etc. EPA must work for hand in hand with state and local agencies in the identification of regions that don't meet the specific limits for common pollutants of the air. Plans and procedure must be created to clean up the pollutants in construction sites, factories, industries and other pollutants sources.
For the various sources to reduce pollution, construction managers are required to use machinery whose engines are cleaner and which use cleaner fuels from producers. Regions with adverse air pollution incidences should embrace the maintenance and inspection programs for passenger vehicles. EPA has given out rules to govern private and passenger service vehicles that will eventually minimize the rate of release of air contaminants (Freedman, 2015).
EPA also gives instructions that aim at reducing gasoline emissions under the authority of the clean air act. It also requires that regions under intensively destroyed ozone layer to adopt the usage of gasoline that have been undertaken through the process of reformulation to minimize the pollution of air. Catalytic lead converters should also be fitted in exhaust pipes of vehicles if the gasoline in the car has not been reformulated. Lead pollutants lead to smog formation.
The act also emphasizes on the sale of substitute fuels (Lang, 2015). They include transportation fuels instead of diesel and gasoline. Some other forms of fuel are purer than diesel and gasoline. They include biodiesels, methanol, propane and several others. They are biodegradable and minimize emissions related to carbon. EPA is required to inaugurate programs that should be dealing with renewable fuels in the nation and at the same time try to eliminate fuels rich in carbon.
Cleaning of engines and introduction of Low-Sulphur fuel has been enforced on individuals who own non-road and on-road cars. In this manner, pollution is addressed in a wider scope which includes marine vessels, tank engines, and small garden tools.
Conformism requires being established in accordance with the act. Projects in the field of construction management, e.g., highways constructions, subway and transit lines constructions cannot be funded by the federal government lest they conform with regulations placed by the state on pollution of air. They insist that such projects should not in one way or the other create new desecrations of the quality standards of the air by deteriorating the prevailing ones or by adjourning the accomplishment of the quality standards of air.
It is also a requirement by conformity that transportation schemes in regions that have a poor quality of air should study the long-term impacts of air quality on their schemes of transport and ascertain that they are closely related or alike to those in regions with good quality of air (Samoli, 2013). EPA, local agencies, and states must cooperate to ensure that the pollution of air is controlled. Prevention is better than cure. Some of the effects of pollution are too extreme in that they unrepairable.
To conclude, it is evident that the law has a major role in making sure that air pollution is contained. Effects of air pollution have also been focused on. Most of them are too costly to handle than to prevent them. The laws limit various institutions in emitting pollutants in the air. Some of which include construction companies. The law also proposes the favorable options and ideas to follow with the aim of combatting air pollution. The presence of clean and good quality air improves the health of environment at large, and hence projects set to happen in construction management are implemented smoothly. Tree planting is an important practice that can't be ignored in the regulation of air pollution. Finally, the construction companies should adhere to the rules and regulations of the law for efficient flow of projects that are bound to happen to enhance further development of the country.
CLEAN WATER ACT
Water is an essential requirement for life. Any living organisms on the surface of the earth cannot survive in one way or another without water. Moreover, water covers the largest portion of the earth which accounts for around 70%. Therefore, water management regarding usage and pollution have been reflected on greatly to ensure water sources are protected from all sorts of pollution. Laws have also been enforced, targeting the proposed sources that could be polluting water in one way or another.
Construction management department is one of the sources to get concerned with when discussing the topic of water. Both aspects, have a significant relationship on impacts related to pollution and destruction. Construction companies have a great effect on pollution of water. Also, water has a great impact on construction sited and structures in an indirect and direct way. Therefore, this paper will discuss on water pollution and the sources of water pollution, construction companies being one of the major sources. It will also elaborate the effects of water on construction sites and how to regulate them. Thirdly, it will focus on the measures that construction companies should apply to curb the activities of water pollution.it will also venture on the clean water act put forward by the federal government to control water pollution in the country at large. Finally, the paper will discuss the effects of water pollution on living organisms on the earth surface and how it indirectly affects the construction companies.
Water pollution is the act of contamination of various water sources by adding or depositing toxic or unwanted substances in water sources or drainage pathways that direct water into their source. In discussing water pollution, both surface and underground water play a significant role in determining how water has been polluted (Milazzo, 2016). It is as a result of a direct relationship that exists between surface water and underground water. When surface water is polluted, underground water is prone to pollution in the same manner since most of the surface water is infiltrated to the lower ground levels.
To start with, there are various ways and sources of water pollution in regards to construction companies. They include pollutions from oil and diesel, paint pollution, solvent pollution, cleaners' pollution and erosion of soil and other toxic substances from construction sites by the wind. The eroded substances are then deposited in various water bodies.
Oil and diesel are one of the major aspects that lead to water pollution from construction sites. Various machinery used in construction sites are diesel driven (Sawyer, 2013). Their engine systems use oil for cleaning and lubrication purposes. Some of the machinery include tractors, bulldozers, crane lifts, lorries, back-load lifters, front-load lifters, etc. in several instances, oil may spill on the surface of the earth, on the job site. The spilled oil is then carried to water bodies through surface run-off hence leading to water pollution. Also, a reasonable percentage of water from surface run-off is sucked into the ground through the process of infiltration thus forming a part of the underground water. In this manner, the underground water is said to have been polluted.
Paint pollution takes place when several unsealed paint containers on a construction site are carried away accidentally by surface run-off as a result of the flood or heavy rains, and directed to water bodies. A mixture of the paint with water lead to contamination since most of the paints is made up of the toxic component. Wet paint on a building might also be washed off by rainwater and result in being drained into a water body by surface run-off or infiltration into the ground to mix with the groundwater. Such incidences lead to water pollution.
Solvents and cleaners in the construction site might also contribute to water pollution. Solvents are materials that are in chemical form and are used to dilute or dissolve insoluble substances in water. They may function as fuels to some extent (Privette, 2013). Some examples of the commonly used solvents include xylene, white spirit, hexane, petroleum spirits, etc. when driven to water sources through surface run-off, or through infiltration caused by stagnation of water on the construction site, they lead to water pollution. Cleaners are also in the form of chemical spirits and pollute water in the same way as solvents.
Erosion is a major aspect to consider in matters pertaining water pollution. For a job site to be created, clearing of vegetation must be done in most cases. Vegetation cover is essential since it reduces or minimizes the exposure of soil to agents of erosion like wind and water. Therefore, clearing of vegetation on a construction site leads to erosion of soil which is then directed to water bodies leading to siltation and also turbidity (Gross, 2014). Turbid water pathways are always sunlight-proof hence lead detrimental effects on living organisms living in water bodies.
Also, heavy rains and floods may lead to surface run-off that may erode construction materials that are not properly stored or covered. Some of the construction materials like cement, ballast and other toxic substances are major participants in the pollution of water.
Having discussed the various ways in which water pollution takes places concerning construction management, it is important to venture on the various effects of water pollution in the environmental ecosystems at large. Impacts of water pollution are greatly felt by living organisms in the environment which includes human beings, animals, sea creatures, and plants. Human beings consume underground water which is retrieved through drilling. Pollution of underground water can, therefore, lead to health problems associated with water. They include ulcers, typhoid, schistosomiasis, dysentery, guinea worm disease, etc. such diseases are responsible for a death toll of around 3 million per year in the world. Hence, it might affect construction management where some skilled individuals might fall victims in the death count, unfortunately. It might delay the progress of the project since it is time-consuming to recruit new employees into a new industry of job. Water pollution has also affected wild and domestic animals which feed on water sources that have already be contaminated by various agents of animals. Death of some animal species that are almost getting extinct can be a major blow to the nation and the geography world. Marine creatures can also be affected greatly by pollution of water. Most of them die hence increase the pollution rate due to awful water smell from water and air. Some marine creatures are also a source of food to most individuals in the nation. Hence the death of the organisms as a result of pollution can be a blow to the food industry that affects the construction agencies indirectly. Many resources are put in place to clean the already contaminated water. It might reach the extent of previous other projects like those in the construction management to deal with the water pollution crisis.
On the other hand, water has serious effects on construction management that would lead to hazardous consequences if not taken into considerations. The effect of water on building sites might be slow but the results might to 100% loss and destruction (Hayes, 2013). The effects are mostly based on the groundwater which has a direct relationship to the water found on the surface of the earth. The following are some of the effects of water on construction sites; flooding, swelling, chemical attack, dampness, cracks and hydrostatic pressure that causes uplift.
Flooding is a phenomenon that is characterized by a vast amount of water flowing on the earth surface as run-off, caused by heavy rainfall. Most probably, it is experienced on ground levels that appear raised, flat and the presence of blocked systems of drainage hence leading to accumulation of water at one point. Heavy rains experienced for a long period can be as a result of climate change caused by air pollution. Consequently, floods lead to the damaging of materials and constructed structures which can lead to the total downfall of a building. Forces subjected to the building by floods may lead to the formation of cracks that may hence affect the stability of that particular building.
Swelling is another damaging effect caused by water. When groundwater increase in level, clay soil on the construction site tend to absorb a lot of water hence leading to swelling of structures constructed with clay materials (Sawyer, 2013). Such conditions might cause a significant building difficulties based on stability. Continuous occurrence of such conditions may lead to collapsing of the constructed structures thus creating a huge loss.
The hydrostatic pressure of uplift caused by underground water is another factor to consider in matters pertaining water-construction sites relationship. If groundwater starts approaching the surface of the earth on a construction site, the basement foundation of a building may exhibit a decline in the bearing capacity of a significant percentage, usual twenty-five to fifty percent. It creates some lines of weaknesses that challenge the stability of the building. Since the complete impact on a building takes a while to reveal itself, the resulting damage may be hard to recover from or repair.
Ares with high groundwater is prone to have a higher sulfate concentration in water. Thus, if the water manages to get into contact with the basement of a construction structure, weak faults might be formed and hence affect the construction stability. Continuous formation of cracks as a result of high Sulphur concentration may lead to the breakdown of the building leading to total damages.
In construction sites where groundwater rises regularly, the earth surface is prone to wetness and softness of soil. Thus, soil with clay characteristics may accumulate the site (Privette ,2013). As explained earlier, the clay soils have a habit of swelling when ground water rise closer to the surface of the earth. The same soil may shrink if the level of groundwater moves deeper into the ground. The swelling and shrinking patterns of the clay soil develops some lines of weaknesses on the building walls of the basement. Thus, the stability of the building deteriorates gradually and collapsing may result later.
Dampness is another effect caused by groundwater. It the moisture mount that accumulates in the base of construction structure (Kunkel, 2013). Capillarity is usually the process in which groundwater rises to the walls and floors of a building. Wetness creates a stuffy condition in the building which makes very uncomfortable for people to dwell on it.
Having discussed the effects of water on construction sites, and the different sources or agents of pollution of water, it is relevant to discuss the laws that the regulate the pollution of water and the measures they have put in place to cleanse the water and prevent further pollution. The clean water was developed by the federal government to regulate water pollution in the United States.
The act was initiated in 1948 as the federal water pollution control act but was later expanded in the year 1972 and entitled as the clean air act. Its sole purpose of creation was to regulate the standards of water found on the earth surface. The EPA department was then created to operate under the CWA, whose purpose was and is to make sure that the set rules and regulations are followed strictly by the state and local agencies. Several schemes have been created under EPA which entails setting standards on wastewater for industries. Standards for improving the water quality have also been set for pollutants that exist in water, on the surface of the earth.
The EPA operating under the clean water act enforced that it is unlawful to release any contaminant to any form of flowing water that may lead the contaminants into the water bodies. It would not be accepted unless permission was granted by the law. The national pollutant discharge elimination system created by EPA grants permissions of controlling discharges to schemes that have been established.
Trenches and pipes created by human beings are the distinct transferences. Homes belonging to specific individuals and that have a connection to the metropolitan systems, don't have a discharge on the surface of the earth. Hence they don't require permission from NPDES. Though, the metropolitan systems must acquire permits if there will any of their discharges flowing directly to the waters on the surface of the earth (Gross, 2014). The NPDES scheme created by the CWA controls the sources that release contaminants in the surface waters of America. Monitoring in the system incorporates a variety of skills obtained from monitoring reports from discharge reviews, compliance examinations and offers help to develop amenability with the permissions offered by the NPDES. They aim to discourse the major problems and to enhance amenability among the controlled community. The amenability examination manual gives info on how submission examinations are carried out.
Monitoring of submissions enhanced by NPDES scheme functions greatly at the level of the state. All except four states have been given authority by the EPA to instrument their own made schemes of the NPDES to regulate the pollution of water. It inspects the progress on the authorized schemes in the states and has straight-forward execution responsibilities of the states where authority have not been issued.
The compliance strategy provides by the NPDES of the CWA gives guidance on executions to regions under the EPA authority by explaining frequency goals of inspection done by the EPA (Hawkins, 2015). Permissions are granted to any organization that releases pollutants into the USA waters directly.
The clean water act has section 404 that controls the location of various forms of water. Their goal is to prevent and reduce fatalities to Everglades and to recompense for losses that are preventable using restoration and mitigation. There is always the division of labor between the Corps and the EPA in the implementation of section 404 (Dodge, 2014). Both schemes are accountable for on-site research and implementation of discharges that have not been permitted by section 404 of the clean water act. The functions of the two schemes are drawn in the memora.
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Is Richard II Saint or Sinner?
Saint person is associated with doing good things to other people while a sinner refers to individuals who ways and actions targets to harm others. Richard II was a young king of England according to act was written, William Shakespeare. The actions and deeds of this young king have well portrayed his character to be of negative action to many people whom he is their king in England. King Richard was involved in the extraction of his uncle Thomas of Gloucester, but the execution accused to Thomas Mowbray,(Shakespeare & Henry, pp.62-113). This is seen as Gaunt fail to revenge his Gloucester's murderers is because he cannot rise against the king since strongly believe that King Richard II of England is appointed by God. It is also claimed that Richard II himself was involved in a conspiracy with the intention of killing Thomas, his uncle. Killing is associated with evil people, and hence King Richard II association with the killing of his uncle proves him to be a sinner. Throughout the play, most of the people are complaining about the organization, behavior, and action of the Richard II the king, for instance, most of the people are wonders on how king ought to behave. This proves that people are not satisfied with his behavior as a king of England.
King Richard II judgment towards Bolingbroke and Mowbray proves nepotism the king was. He only expelled his cousin Bolingbroke ten years which finally reduced to six years while Mowbray was expelled for life to stay outside England. As a good judge, he could have given both of the equal judgment since they had committed almost similar crimes. King Richard uses is powers and authority as a king to punish Mowbray whom many believes he was involved in the killing of Thomas uncle to the Richard II together with the king himself. Richard is also seen as to be very merciless, both Bolingbroke and Mowbray laments hopelessly have they have been expelled outside England as a punishment but he fails to consider their cry,(Shakespeare & Henry, pp.62-113). Thus proving how cruel Richard II the king was. Richard is very happy when he receives news that his cousin Bolingbroke and whom has many commoners behind him has left England to Europe. He feels relieved that his greatest political enemy now has left the country and hence he can rule and exercise his power in peaceful way without any political rival that can divide England. The evil behavior of King Richard is also seen in his happiness mood after he receives news that his uncle, John of Gaunt father to Bolingbroke was almost to die,(Shakespeare & Henry, pp.62-113).
The king immediately makes plan of selling Gaunt's possession after his death and use that money in his war that he is planning with Ireland. Further, the king has planned to conquer Ireland for no good reason. It seem as if his war with Ireland is just for personal benefits. He also plans to tax England citizens' heavy taxes to finance his war with Ireland and war that has no benefit to the country. He even plans to demand much money from wealthy men and also borrow extra funds from them with the intention that the wealthy men will be compensated from taxpayers' money. His bad leadership is exposed by Gaunt his sick uncle after he pays a visit to him with his supporters after he had received news of his uncle's sickness.
Gaunt rebukes Richard for heavily taxing England people, accepting wrong advice from his advisers who are just flattering him, sending to exile Bolingbroke his son as well as wasting people taxes,(Shakespeare & Henry, pp.62-113). I response, Richard the king becomes irritated and swears that if Gaunt was not from the royal blood, he could have killed him. This proves how the Richard the king had merciless heart. It also shows how Richard was ready to kill anybody who rebuke or condemns his evil behavior/character. Immediately after the of his uncle, Richard goes as per his word, he sells all his uncles wealth without even considering his cousin Bolingbroke since he was the beneficiary of such wealth by the fact that he is the son of Gaunt,(Shakespeare & Henry, pp.62-113). He then sails to fight Ireland with his army. This proves how Richard used his power as a king of England by organizing and leading a war to Ireland.
Instead of King Richard II keeping peace and ensuring that England relates well with other countries, he is only after going for war with his neighbors. After he sets back to England from Ireland and found that already his cousin Bolingbroke has rebelled against him and many lords of his country were against him, he promises that his crown will only be taken after the soil England has been watered by people's blood,(Shakespeare & Henry, pp.62-113). This is as if he only anticipates for war between him and his cousin that would result to massive killing of many England population. This is also another evident of his evilness in him. His cannot lead people fairness and at the same time he don't want somebody else who can lead England fairly to overtake the kingdom. People's happiness after Richard cousin Bolingbroke have overtaken the kingdom also proves how King Richard leadership was cruel. People are throwing rubbish on his head as a sign of fake leadership that had been imposed to them.
The whole play poetic nature, many poetic metaphors have been highly used in this play. But the poetic increases towards the end of the play especially when Richard is parting with his wife as he heads to Pomfret Castle Prison while his wife in order to go back to France. They sigh, kiss each other and weep with many rhythmic poetic words. For instance, weep thou for me in France, I for thee here"",(Shakespeare & Henry, pp.62-113).
Work cited
Shakespeare, William, and Henry Norman Hudson. The complete works of William Shakespeare. Colonial Press, 1900.
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History Event
Introduction
Over the past centuries in the World, quite a lot has happened. Whatever has happened in the past is often referred to as history. For our study purposes, we are going to consider a historical event which happened in the past. Definitely these historical events affect the way people in the World behave and interact with each other. By this, I mean that the event has a psychological impact on the lives of the people who were affected by the said event. For some people fear is created, trauma, while to others the events create room for more coexistence between the involved parties.
In some cases, these historical events have an underlying effect on the relations between various countries and their neighbors. About this, some historical events lead to greater interactions and relations between the involved countries, while to others increased enemity is created. This can't be blamed on the government of the day but on a historical event which led to strained relationships between the two. However, there is still room for countries which became enemies and foes due to a historical event to reconcile.
On the other hand, we have to consider the impact of the historical event to the World. Would the World still be same as it is currently without the historical event? To better understand this, we are going to have a look at the impact of the historical event regarding economic impact, social relations, international relations, foreign relations, etc. Some historical events have greater impact compared to others.
Based o the above introduction, I guess the reader is motivated to read the historical event I'm about to introduce. In the mind of the reader, vivid pictures concerning the historical event have already begun being visualized. Just a preview of my historical event, it will cover a war which happened in the World in the 20th century. This event will be discussed and researched by scholars for years to come in the World. From my research, no historical event will even surpass this war. Other than the myths on creation and evolution which might compete for top position in this war, the rest are just lesser historical events. What I'm talking about is the Second World War (Stuart 2012).
Overview of the Second World War
The Second World War is a war which happened in the World in the 20th century. It took place between the years 1939 to 1945. This marked six years characterized by bloodshed and property destruction. The war involved most countries of the World which were superpowers at that particular time. The war mainly involved over three countries which were assumed to be the most economically developed countries in the World. When it came to war technology, the countries were considered among the best. This is the reason why they were being referred to as the World Superpowers at that particular time.
However, this doesn't mean that the rest of the countries in the World were not affected. In fact, almost all the countries in the World Produced some soldiers who were directly involved in the Second World War. For instance, during the war, most countries which had not been colonized were protectorates of the superpowers mainly involved in the war. Hence the colonizers took the soldiers of their subject countries and put them on the battlefield to fight on their behalf. This explains one of the reasons why the war is considered to be the greatest war ever experienced in the World.
Secondly, the war is the greatest based on the number of the casualties and the property destruction. It is estimated that to the minimum 50 million people lost their lives and on the higher side 85 million people are assumed to have died. Most of those who died were civilians who were caught in the crossfire while the soldiers engaged each other. Other than the deaths most people have scars and health conditions which have been transferred over to the next generations genetically. Examples include those who were affected by the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Further, when it came to the destruction of property, some countries were wiped to dust. Considering that most of these countries were recovering from the effects of the First World War, now they were hit by another catastrophe in the name of the Second World War. It would take years for most of these countries to recover from the effects of the war. Most of the developed countries we are currently seeing were some of the most affected by the Second World War.
Major Players in the War
Though the Second World War began in 1939, it is often believed that instances leading to the war had begun as early as the year 1937. This marked two years where most countries were almost certain that a big military conflict was about to happen in the World but no country was willing to start the conflict. The war began in the current region of Asia and the Pacific region. During the 1930's Japan was the most economically developed and industrialized country in the region. China followed it. However, Japan wanted to be the undoubted supreme ruler of the Asian and Pacific regions. To achieve this, it had to eliminate competition from China. This could only be done through war, where Japan began attacking China in wars such as the Balkan War (Anthony 1994).
However, the actual war began on the 1st day of September in 1939. It began with Germany attacking the country of Poland. Germany was under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. As a result of Germany attacking Poland, allies of Poland declared immediate war on Germany. These allies were first led by France which declared war on Germany immediately. France was backed by the United Kingdom and China. The countries behind Poland and France were referred to as the allied nations during the war. However, Japan attacked the US in the year 1941 marking the late entry of US into the war under the allied forces. With no time the US had taken control of leadership among the allied forces.
On the other hand, Germany fought under the Axis forces umbrella. Germany got support from, Japan and Italy. Initially, the axis forces had gained more control in the European region. It was now becoming a reality that the Axis forces would emerge the eventual winners of the Second World War and assume superiority in the World. However, in 1942 the odds began to change when Japan was defeated in the Mid Way battle. On the other hand, Germany and Italy were defeated by the Allied forces in Africa. However, the war had to wait till 1945 for it to end. First, it began with the capture of Italy by the allied forces later followed the suicide of Adolf Hitler forcing Germany to surrender. However, it was not until September 2nd when Japan surrendered to the allied forces marking the end of the war. Also, this marked the win of the allied forces. In 1945, the US used atomic bombs on Japanese soil dropping them at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In history, this is the only time atomic bombs have ever been used in the World (Charles 2012).
Now from the chronological effects of the participants and their involvement in the Second World War, this is what has shaped the current political and economic position of the World. This has been achieved through some ways as we are going to see later in the following chapters of the paper.
The War Led to the Formation of Various Bodies
After the war ended, we had the formation of various bodies, both NGO's and economic-based bodies. Allegiance formed These bodies. Others were formed by agreements. Also, most of the trade forums in Europe are attributed to the Second World War. Let's have a look at some of the bodies formed.
United Nations (UN)
United Nations is arguably the largest Non Governmental organization in the World. UN has very many subsidiary bodies which include UNICEF, UNCTAD, etc. The major participants of the Second World War have the greatest membership when it comes to allocation of executive positions at the UN. They include US, United Kingdom, China, Japan, Russia, Germany, Italy, and France.
The UN was initially formed to prevent another war as great as the Second World War from happening in the World. This explains why the UN is at the forefront when it comes to acting as a mediator in countries on the verge of experiencing war. On the other hand, the UN acts as a negotiator between fighting parties in the war to come up with a binding agreement and solution to the war. The UN also has a special branch composed of military personnel from almost all member countries. This military personnel is deployed to areas experiencing war to protect the citizens and bring a sense of calmness (Karen 2007).
Further, the UN offers humanitarian aid to both soldiers and civilians affected by war. The resources used to cater for humanitarian aid are obtained from the member countries and other good wishers in the World. The special military branch of the UN also offers protection to those providing humanitarian aid to the victims. If not for the Second World War UN couldn't have been formed.
Formation of the World Bank
After the Second World War most countries were left struggling economically. These countries had limited workforce since most of their civilians had been killed or injured during the war. Further, the industries in most of these countries had been destroyed. In short, economically these countries were at their knees. An urgent solution was needed to bring the economy of these countries back to their feet.
To achieve this, these countries required funds and capital to do so. Countries which had capital surplus came up together and pooled their resources in one common pool. From this common pool, countries largely affected by the war had to borrow from this pool to rebuild their economies. The common pool of resources is what was referred to as the World Bank. To date, the World Bank offers loans to countries which are in need of financial aid. Most of the aid is channeled towards development. The World Bank has also helped countries like Greece to recover from the recession.
Formation of the Common Wealth
After the Second World War, the United Kingdom saw the need of having a strong force to back it up in times of need. To achieve this, the country decided to bring all its protectorates together. Hence the Commonwealth is composed of countries which were colonized by the UK including the US. These countries are brought together with common agendas amongst themselves.
The main agenda of the Commonwealth is to empower all its member states economically. Secondly, the Commonwealth comes handy to assist member countries which are experiencing an economic or political crisis. This explains why commonwealth is at the forefront in ensuring peaceful power transition in its member states.
Creation of Trade Agreements and Economic Relations
When it comes to trade agreements and relations, this topic should be approached with a lot of caution. This is the main reason which has created friendship and enemity between major players of the Second World War. Let's start with the trade relations between China and Japan. Since the Second World War, the relations between Japan and China have never been fully mended. To date, these two countries are experiencing some enemity between themselves. This has also affected the relationships between citizens of both countries.
On the other side due to the Second World War relations between some countries were strengthened. A good example includes the relation between Japan and the US. Though these countries were fighting against each other during the war, after the war they became a great friend regarding foreign affairs and trade too. After the war, US took over control of Japan to disarm the country. However, this did not affect the relations between Japan and the US are currently in a strategic meeting on how to prevent the increasing threat posed by North Korea to the World security and Peace. Also economically US and Japan are major trade partners (Peter 1996).
NB
After the Second World War, most of the countries in the World reached an agreement that at no time in the World will atomic weapons be used again in war. This was based on the destruction witnessed at Nagasaki and Hiroshima. To date, no atomic weapons have been used again in war though Iran and North Korea are posing a threat to this.
Conclusion
From the above, one gets to see that the current position of the World has been largely influenced by events after the Second World War. If not for the limited number of pages I would have given more examples.
References
Stuart, D. The Soviet Japanese War of 1939. The Diplomat (2012).
Charles, F. The Defeating of Japan. Palgrave Macmillan Press (2012).
Antony, P. The Second World War in the Making. New York: Routledge Press (1994).
Peter, L. Does Conquest Pay? Effects After the Second World War. Princeton: Princeton Press. (1996).
Karen, A. United Nations Activities in the 21St Century. Westview Press (2007). ISBN 978-0-8133-4346-4.
Cite this page
History Event. (2018, Dec 18).
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Nurses’ Competencies in Disaster Nursing: Implications for Curriculum Development and Public Health
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OPEN ACCESS
- 1. Introduction
- The ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies
- 2. Study Methods
- 2.1. Participants/Sample Selection
- 2.2. Group Interviews
- 2.3. Written Inquiry
- 2.4. Data Analysis and Establishing Trustworthiness
- 2.5. Ethical Considerations
- 3. Results
- 3.1. The Participants
- Hong Kong Nurses Perceived Competencies for Disaster
- 3.2. Prevention and Mitigation Competencies
- 1.Risk Reduction, Disease
- 3.3. Preparedness Competencies
- 3.4. Response Competencies
- 3.5. Recovery and Rehabilitation Competencies
- 4. Discussion
OPEN ACCESS
1. Introduction
With disasters occurring more frequently threatening people around the world, the need to prepare nurses for disaster has never been greater [1]. Nurses should be equipped with the necessary knowledge and abilities to work in a disaster and to meet the needs of the respective serving community. However, more than 80% of nurses who volunteered to serve for a disaster event had no previous experience in disaster response [2]. It was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) that all nations, no matter how frequent (or infrequent) the happenings, should prepare healthcare workers for a disaster. Nevertheless, most nurses were inadequately prepared for disaster [3]. It is only through education and training can nurses can be equipped with the competencies required during disasters. As the largest manpower group in the healthcare team, nurses play an important role in disaster care. Nurses roles are not only in the emergency phase of a disaster, to rescue life and safeguard the health of the disaster sufferers, but in fact, nurses have special roles in disaster preparedness and aftermath long- term recovery [4]. By providing leadership and guidance in different phases of a disaster, nurses can safeguard the health of the general public and reduce death tolls [5]. Nurses need to be competent in order to deal with disastrous situations. Competency refers to the actual performance of a person in a specific role, in a given situation [6]. It is defined as a combination of the knowledge, skills, abilities and behavior needed to carry out a job or special task [7]. Although there are many sets of competencies being developed to prepare healthcare workers to respond to disaster, they have been found inconsistent and imprecise. Disaster nursing core competencies specific to general nurses were limited or not verified. Further effort has to be made and directed toward the development of an accepted and adapted framework of competency for universal disaster nursing education [4]. The awareness of disaster preparedness and competencies among Hong Kong nurses is generally weak [8,9]. With limited research, training and education in the field of disaster nursing in Hong Kong, it is important to understand nurses perceived competencies in disaster care prior to curriculum development. A better understanding of nurses perceived competencies and their learning needs for disaster nursing is the first and essential step if nurse educators and health care administrators are to launch a disaster nursing course/continuing education program that meet the needs of nurses. This study adopted the framework of disaster nursing and key competencies delineated by International Council for Nurses and World Health Organization [10] as the standards to scrutiny Hong Kong nurses level of competencies for disaster nursing.The ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies
With an urge to develop a set of core competencies for disaster nursing education, the ICN launched a framework of disaster nursing competencies in 2009 for general nurses. It aims to work as a common set of competencies in disaster nursing for the global nursing workforce and to provide clarification of nurses role in disasters [10]. The framework of nursing competencies should be applicable globally and the content can be modified to be culturally specific for different regions and places. It is also emphasized that in-country interpretation of the framework and regular review of the competencies is important to ensure relevancy to the community served. The ICN framework of disaster nursing competencies was built on the ICN framework of competencies for general nurse, which has been widely used as a guideline of nurses competencies at an international level. The ICN disaster nursing competencies framework was developed according to the competencies in the areas of public health, mental health, healthcare workers, emergency managers, nursing and disaster nursing. The framework also based on the two sets of widely-used disaster competencies for general nurses, the Nursing Emergency Preparedness Education Coalition [11] for mass casualty incidents and the Centre of Excellence, University of Hyogo (Kobe, Japan) [12] Disaster Competencies [10]. The ICN framework of disaster nursing competencies consists of four areas in the continuum of disaster management that corresponds to the four stages of disaster: the prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery stages. The four areas include ten domains, consists of a total of 130 items, in which nurses play numerous and multiple vital roles in disaster care and management [10].2. Study Methods
The aim of this study was to identify nurses perceived competencies for disaster. The study was divided into two parts: focus group interviews and a written inquiry. The focus group interviews were to explore the competencies and knowledge of disaster nursing readily reported by the nurses with minimal guided questions or information. They were, given an explanation of what entails a disaster at the beginning of the interview sessions. The written inquiry was then followed, which consisted of a table specifying the four stages of disaster according to the ICN disaster framework as prompt, and nurses were asked to write down what they considered were the nursing competencies required for each of the four stages of disaster.2.1. Participants/Sample Selection
The study focuses on nurses working in the medical/surgical, critical care and community health settings. These three groups of nurses were selected for their representativeness of the major nursing workforce during disaster. Medical and surgical nurses constitute the largest group in the nursing workforce; their competencies represent the competencies of general nursing for disaster care. The critical care nurses work in high-dependency units including the intensive care unit and the emergency department; they are the first to response and help victims in disasters. The community health nurses work closely with the general public, and are most likely to understand the needs of the community they served. The perceived disaster nursing competencies of these three groups of nurses could provide a better understanding of the overall competencies level of Hong Kong nurses. Nurse leaders from specialty associations, with extensive experience in their respective clinical specialty, were recruited for group interviews. There were four to six nurse leaders from the three specialties in each of the interview groups. Convenience sampling was used for the written inquiry. The participants were referred by senior nursing staff in hospitals or clinical settings. A total of thirty participants, ten from each specialty, were invited to complete the written open-ended inquiry.2.2. Group Interviews
Group interviews were conducted separately among nurses in the three specialities. They were asked to state the competencies they considered to be necessary to handle disasters in their specialty area. Simple explanation on the definition of disaster was given. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed within one week after the interview. The interviewer repeated and summarized the participants stated competencies to get an immediate indication of their agreement that the summary was a true and comprehensive list of their responses [13]. To ensure accuracy, these initial sets of compiled competencies were checked by two nurses, who verified the tabulated competencies separately to ensure exactness [14]. A table is used to summarize the nurses perceived disaster competencies, which were tabulated according to the specialty areas and according to the domains of the ICN framework of disaster nursing competencies.2.3. Written Inquiry
Written inquiry was conducted to further substantiate the findings of the group interviews. Written forms of data collection have the advantage of putting the participants under less pressure and giving them time to ponder upon what are being asked. A table listing the four main disaster stages and ten domains of disaster nursing competencies according to the ICN disaster nursing competencies framework [10] was given to the nurses in the three specialty groups (general medical/surgical, critical care and community health) to further substantiate information collected from the group interviews. The questionnaire was distributed and collected by the researchers in person.2.4. Data Analysis and Establishing Trustworthiness
Tabulation of the group interview responses was done in a systematic, sequential, verifiable way separately by the two researchers for the confirmability of the data. The interviews were audio-recorded and also preserved for repeat auditing. The transcription and tabulation of the data was done within one week of the interviews. The content (stated competencies) was categorized according to the four areas and ten domains of the ICN framework of disaster nursing. The tabulation were discussed and verified by the two researchers for rigor of the study [14]. For the written inquiry, the written responses of the specific competencies were directly categorized and tabulated under the four stages and 10 domains of the ICN framework of disaster nursing. The findings of the three interview groups and three written inquiry groups were merged in one table for ease of comparison.2.5. Ethical Considerations
Ethical approval was obtained from the institute where the researchers work, and the conduct of the study was according to the stipulated regulation of the institute. The nurse participants were given an explanation of the aims of this study, and assured that participation was voluntary. All studies were completed in anonymity so that their personal identity could not be identified. Participants who willing to join the group interviews and being recorded, or complete the written inquiry were considered giving an implied consent to the study. The audio-recordings, notes and interview transcripts were anonymous, and contained only information on the nurses specialties and work experience.3. Results
3.1. The Participants
A total of 45 nurses participated in the study, the majority of them were female (82%). Group interviews of 4–6 nurse leaders from the three specialties were conducted separately to explore nurses perceived competencies in disaster management. All were experienced nurses with 3 to 23 years of experience, averaging of 17.2, 13.8, and 15.3 years of experience in the medical/surgical, critical and community specialty respectively (Table 1). A total of 30 participants, 10 from each specialty, were invited in the written inquiry study. They had 3 to 28 years of working experience in their specialty, with an average of 16.4, 14.7, and 10.7 years of experience in the medical/surgical, critical, and community specialty.Hong Kong Nurses Perceived Competencies for Disaster
Hong Kong nurses perceived disaster competencies solicited from group interviews and written inquiry were tabulated under the four main areas (stages of disaster) of the ICN framework of disaster nursing competencies. The findings are discussed below according to the four stages of disasters (Table 2).3.2. Prevention and Mitigation Competencies
From the group interviews, there was consensus of nurses from all three specialties considered: risk assessment and management", provision of appropriate protective materials", development and planning of organizational guidelines or protocol for disaster management", and planning for specific incident management" as required disaster nursing competencies. However, only the critical care and community health nurses regarded adhering to infection control principles" and the need for contingency plans for disasters as important competencies in disaster prevention.1.Risk Reduction, Disease
From the written inquiry, nurses of the three specialties identified that the risk assessment and management" and adherent to infection control principles" as important in disaster prevention. Only the community healthcare nurses considered vaccination and epidemiology" as required competencies in disaster prevention. Whereas, the medical/surgical nurses expressed their concern on the plan of manpower deployment", the critical care nurses concern about occupational health and safety", and the community nurses highlighted the significant of public health policy in disaster prevention planning".3.3. Preparedness Competencies
In the interviews, "the knowledge of legal and ethical aspects of disaster care" was not addressed by any of the nurses. While all nurses across the three specialties were well aware of the importance of "developing good communication skills" and that "debriefing and incident reporting" was necessary. Education and preparedness for disaster related to "drills, audits or talks", and the "knowledge and skills in different disaster situation" were reported by nurses in all three specialties as required competencies. The findings from written inquiry were somewhat different. All nurses recognized that professional obligation" and code of conduct" are the required competencies in disaster care. The medical/surgical nurses considered legal liability" and professional code of conducts" should be reinforced in disaster care. Critical care nurses acknowledged human dignity" and absence of discrimination" in disaster care, while the community nurses opined that there is need for a complaint system" and knowledge of legal practice". Nurses from all three specialties considered the need for communication skills and reporting systems" and recommended the use of various tools for communication and information sharing". Only the medical/surgical nurses were able to point out the importance of updating information about new diseases", training in information technology and communication skills", skills in psychological intervention", and understanding the nature of disaster" as essential competencies.3.4. Response Competencies
The interviews revealed that nurses from all three specialties regarded that allocation and distribution of resources" during a disaster needed to be addressed, and they were concerned about psychological care and crisis intervention" in a disaster. Both medical/surgical and community nurses regarded it necessary to have knowledge of prioritizing care". Critical care nurses suggested the use of reminder cards for management of specific disasters", in order to enable efficient triage and prioritize care. Only the community nurses aware of the fact that the establishment of escape routes and personal safety" as disaster preparedness for the community. They also acknowledged that there is a need to care of vulnerable groups as a neglected population with special needs". From the written inquiry, the medical/surgical nurses addressed the need to establish logistic for care of victims", perform holistic care", and help desk for enquires". The critical care and community nurses stressed the need for multidisciplinary approach to care". Community health nurses emphasis the need for psychological care, including introduce coping skills and knowledge on disaster care", and post-traumatic stress disorder care".3.5. Recovery and Rehabilitation Competencies
The findings of the interviews showed that only medical/surgical nurses talked about the important to have a plan for evaluation and planning in management during and after a disaster". The findings of the written inquiry revealed that nurses in all three groups addressed the competencies of post- disaster care. Medical/surgical nurses identified the need to learn restoration of normal services. Critical care nurses noted the significance of multidisciplinary approach in the recovery stages of a disaster and the knowledge of psychological care for victims. The community nurses emphasis the collaboration between community and family for post-disaster recovery, systematic long-term care for disaster recovery", and district support in resources allocation", as well as evaluating and planning for future disaster management".4. Discussion
There is a global need for all healthcare workers to be prepared and be competent in disaster care. Previous studies have found that most nurses were not adequately prepared [8,9]. The findings of the study indicated that nurses were not aware of their roles in preparing the community or the vulnerable population for disaster. In order to be prepared and be competent for disaster, all nurses should be equipped with knowledge and skills for disaster care through continue education and training. Disaster nursing" has not yet been established as a core topic/subject to be included in nursing programs in Hong Kong, though it is a global demand for the inclusion of this component of disaster care in our education program. The findings of this study provide a clearer picture of the inadequate preparations of nurses for disaster, in that it provides nurse educators and/or health care administrators a guide to delineate a tailor-made education program for nurses. The results of this study showed that Hong Kong nurses have some understanding of the needed competencies in prevention, preparation, response, and recovery" phases of disaster care. In fact, the ICN has suggested in its disaster nursing framework that more attention is needed related to planning and preparation, as well as the understanding of the whole disaster management process. It is reflected that although there were quite a number of studies have focused on disaster response, there are also some studies conducted in Hong Kong on the disaster preparedness of families with young children [15] and elderly people [16] in Hong Kong. For post-disaster care, a study was also conducted that explore the experience of China nurses after the Sichuan earthquake rescue [17]. In the stage of prevention and mitigation phase" of disaster care, the most neglected competencies were the preparation of health staff and the public in preventing disaster", regular review of protocol", and quality and safety guideline". In the preparedness" phase, the less mentioned competencies were practice according to professional standard", updating information about new diseases", training in information technology and communication skill", skills in psychological intervention", and understanding of the nature of disaster". During the response phase, the competencies related to forming critical incident support team", familiar with different resources, support network, and referral for victims and families, and the ability to identify vulnerable populations", post-traumatic stress care", and care of special population with special needs", were not attended to. In the recovery phase, the competencies of evaluation and planning of management after a disaster", restoration of normal service", collaboration between community and family for post-disaster recovery", systematic long-term care for disaster recovery" require more attention. If health workers are to prepare for disasters, all these competencies needed to be included in the all nursing curriculum and continuing nursing program. None of the nurses in this study mentioned their own preparation and that of their families for disaster. A study in Hong Kong have found that the nurses preparedness of their families affect their willingness to report to work during disaster [8].Cite this page
Nurses' Competencies in Disaster Nursing: Implications for Curriculum Development and Public Health. (2018, Dec 18).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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Dwarf Planet Pluto: Facts about the Icy Former Planet
The following is an article authored by one contributor of space.com, Charles Q. Choi on November 14, 2017. In his article, Charles explores and reports what he considers as facts about the planet Pluto. He starts by giving necessary information about the size, distance from the sun and other planets, among several different characteristics of Pluto. Charles then goes ahead to talk about the size of the planet and how it has stirred debates and attracted a lot of controversy both to the general public and the scientific community. For instance, the author first talks about how planet Pluto was initially thought to be the ninth planet and the most distant from the sun. Choi then comes on to state that more information had been discovered including the planet's actual size, which was slightly wider than earlier thought, and a variety of the surface features on the planet. This information, he claims, was discovered and reported by NASA in 2015.
The information written by Charles is based on a recent finding by the most proficient and skilled scientists in the world, this means that it is mostly factual although sometimes contradictive and unsure. A good example is his version of the planet's formation and origin which is based on a hypothesis. A lot of theories for the same exist, but he sticks to his and believes it is accurate since it was reported by NASA. He has a perfect title for this article since most of the detailed information revolves around the title, though a bit fancy, it still fits1 the article. The facts he writes about are accurate and up-to-date according to the 2017 NASA reports. According to the reports from their research, Pluto is extremely cold with temperatures ranging from -375 to 400 degrees Fahrenheit, and because of its far distance, little information is known about, they rely on pictures taken their New Horizon spacecraft. The following is a report from a similar source as Charles.
Pluto remained undiscovered until the year 1930 while it orbited in the frozen and dim outlands of the solar system. Early reports from scientists had put it that the planet Pluto's size was almost like that of Earth. Further and detailed research, however, proved that Pluto is only about 1473 miles, which is an equivalent of 2370 kilometers in diameter. It has a sizeable heart-shaped feature that was unofficially named Tombaugh Regio, a name obtained from that of Pluto's discoverer Clyde Tombaugh (Tate). Close photos of the heart-shaped element reveal something that seems to be a craterless plain called Sputnik Planum, a name that was also given by scientists after the first-ever space satellite. Astronauts and scientists estimate that the plain, which is mostly made of frozen carbon monoxide, is less than a hundred million years old. There are visible pits and mounds on the plain and also appears to be sub-divided into several irregular polygons. The arrival of New Horizons towards Pluto revealed more detailed information that included, Pluto has a more complex surface that is varied and has more bright patches as well as dark patches. It is covered or surrounded by a thin atmosphere comprising of carbon monoxide, methane, and nitrogen. Changes in the distance of the planet Pluto from the sun determine the thickness of its atmosphere.
Work cited
Tate, Karl. ""A Dwarf Planet Oddity."" SPACE.com (2012).
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Comparing and Contrasting Depiction of Ethnic Identity
Ethnicity refers to a group of people who have similarities that identify them such as culture, language, nation, ancestry, or society. Ethnicity is inherited and members are known to share a similar history, homeland or cultural heritage. Norton and Bonny (45) asserted that ethnic groups from the same historical background usually speak the same language and it is also common to share the same gene pool. Panethnicity is when two or more ethnicity groups combine to form a single ethnicity while clans or tribes are subdivisions of a larger group. It is possible for one to leave one ethnic group for another through religious conversion, adoption or shifting to another language. It is common to find people from one ethnic group in one geographical area or in one nation. There have been many theories or approaches used by social scientists in studying ethnicities such as modernism, primordialism, perennialism, instrumentalism, essentialism, and constructivism.
Ethnicity can be used to benefit the society or to harm it. For example in Africa, many ethnic groups have fought one another due to the differences existing between them. Genocide is a term used to refer to an ethnic group that performs mass killing to another ethnic group in order to end its existent. It was in 1994 in Rwanda when one of world's genocide was carried out when Hutu and Tutsi ethnic group clashed. Likewise, holocaust means when one race intends to terminate another race such as that of Nazi to Jews. Genocide, holocaust and all forms of ethnic cleansing must be avoided at all cost. They are all evils against human beings and unacceptable to any democratic society. The following paper, therefore, compares and contrasts the role or depiction of ethnic identity.
Ethnicity is in the singular because it is in a countable and uncountable noun. For example, we can say ""Halim family has Indian ethnicity"". The plural of ethnicity is ethnicities. Mixed or Mestizo refers to persons with mixed blood with Asian ancestry. Other people with mixed blood are found in Peru, Ecuador, and Mexico. Isaji and Wsevolod (115) said that the main limitations of a major social anthropological issues o ethnicity are considered. It is then suggested an overall classification of inter-ethnic contexts and the criteria to differentiate these contexts is then suggested. An understanding of cultural differences should go hand in hand with the formal features of ethnicity considered in either to the level of interaction or social formation. In Zoot Suit, Luis Valdez unfolds a story with real-life events. Henry Reyna was a gangster whose group was prosecuted unfairly for a murder. The prosecution jailed them for a murder they had not committed. The Pachucos start with Spanish and the shift to English on realizing that the Anglo- Americans who are not Mexicans could not understand what they were saying. Then a rival group, Chicano, appears at Sleepy Lagoon and Hank Reyna warns of manhandling Hanks brother. Hank is convinced that police have to charge him with a murder as Pachuco warns him that he wasn't in his country. This means that Hank charged due to race factor.
In the Devil in a Blue Dress, Ezekiel Easy Rawlins is the main character and had worked as a day laborer before becoming a detective. The detective, Easy is an African- American and the novel contributes to an ethnic defective. Easy use African-American English and when in dangerous or stressful a situation brings the essence of gender identity and ethnic detective. In formal approach, ethnicity concepts are a social process where ideas of cultural differences are discussed. This makes it simple to deal comparatively with ethnicity and to deal with ethnic phenomena without crude ideas of people and culture. Social circumstances and the historical base in which a particular ethnic has been developed. Place and time where the ethnic phenomena have developed are important as it should be investigated. The idea comparing and contrasting the role of ethnic identity is evident on where it evolved. This makes it easy for study and analysis.
Another important aspect is the boundary that defines the group and not the culture it possesses and that ethnicity deals mostly with relationship. However, there is no doubt that ethnic distinctions exist despite the insignificant differences of objective cultural trait distribution. These cultural differences seen in all ethnic differences may or may not have a deep effect on the ethnic relations. The differences should be investigated, including their form of articulation and contexts on discussion should be well understood together with inter-ethnic communication actions. Fearon, James, and David (75) asserted that the cultural differences in its ethnical interaction have proved impossible to be compressed to its form without loss of comprehension analysis. Brass and Paul (330) said that in a particular point in ethnicity analysis, where familiar differences don't permit a meaningful interaction, it is not possible to neglect important features such as cultural, social and, historical context. Therefore, formal modeling of ethnicity may fail due to many reasons such leaving out aspects ethnicity and by not regarding the importance of cultural differences.
In the novel, The Big Sleep, features a detective known as Philip Marlowe. Marlowe is called by a wealthy man by the name of Gerald Sternwood to prevent an attempt by a bookseller to blackmail his daughter. The daughter had been earlier blackmailed by Joe Brody. Then Marlowe concludes that Carmen is the one who killed Rusty. Marlowe confronts Vivian and at last, she confesses that Rusty is buried and Mars was paid to bury her. Marlowe death names it as the ""big sleep'' and at the end, he comes to the conclusion that death is the only escape from nasty life. Marlowe experiences ethnicity in that he comes from a different background and is accepted in the new society and given an investigation job. However, due to different cultures, there follows a complicated murder in which in which innocence is charged due to ethnicity. This scenario brings out the comparison and contrasting the depiction of ethnic identity in that the main character is led by ethnicity in his investigations. Marlowe at some point, returns the gun to Carmen and even takes her to shooting practice.
In my opinion, the ethic differences should not be taken for granted in analysis and in their description. Brass and Paul said that the ethical description is that which is in favor of taking the representations of ordinary agents in a serious manner. A lot of the people would argue or rather prefer the struggle for social autonomy and cultural identity was not for sake as manipulation of symbols. Native should neither act as alternate to universal form nor should not replace analysis. The idea of culture should be held in such a way that individuals or an ethnicity group are not used for analysis but for context interaction. Ethnic differences and a form of language games and extends to cover communication that can be described and observed in cultural difference. Culture cannot be regarded as a fixed property, this means it cannot be measured and its differences cannot be identified. In the novel The Big Sleep, Marlowe as a detective also does not have an accord with ideas of those surrounding him in that they are all inclined to one ethnicity group and ideas or the other. Ethnicity should be encouraged to promote peace and good morals between members of a different group. People from a different ethnic group should be able to accommodate others and be able to learn positively from each other.
Conclusion
In conclusion, In Zoot Suit, Luis Valdez does accords with the ideas of those around him in that when his gang is charged with a murder they have not committed it affects the whole group. In the Devil in a Blue Dress, Ezekiel Easy also does not accord with the ideas of those around him in that he is biased his investigations.
Work Cited
Isajiw, Wsevolod W. ""Definitions of Ethnicity."" Ethnicity 1.2 (1974): 111-124.
Norton, Bonny. Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change. Editorial Dunken, 2000:45.
Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. ""Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war."" American political science review? 97.1 (2003): 75-90.
Brass, Paul R. Ethnicity and nationalism: Theory and comparison. Sage Publications (CA), 1991:37.
Brass, Paul. ""Language and ethnicity: The view from within."" The handbook of sociolinguistics? (1997): 327-343.
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Double Consciousness
"The Souls of Black Folks" investigates the concept of double consciousness. According to W.E.B. Du Bois (1903) double consciousness is looking at one's self through the eyes of another who sees you with amused disapproval and contempt. The concept discusses the progress and the struggle for freedom that African American went through up until 1903. Du Bois explores the inner struggle that the African American went through in the Caucasian-dominated culture. This paper examines Du Bois theory of double consciousness within the context of how Africans American see themselves through the eyes of European Americans who saw them with contempt and disregard. The black that is the African American had no ways to describe the feeling or the pain that the American subjected them. The two different views from each thus resulted in the concept of double consciousness. Primarily, double consciousness was developed as a result of close to three centuries of slavery experienced by African Americans. They experiences al sought of prejudice from the mainstream culture. To Du Bois, the concept of the veil referred to one the dark skin of the blacks which was the real distinction of the blacks from the whites. Second, it represented the lack of the whites to see the blacks as true Americans and also the lack of the blacks to view themselves different from what the white saw them. In their lifetime the African American had their most devastating time at the time the realized they were blacks and that was a problem and this to them was a life-altering encounter. The blacks had a hard time as they had to split their inner self to fit in and they had to see themselves in the eyes of the white. To DuBois, the veil meant that the white could not see the black beyond their race and the black, on the other hand, could not see themselves beyond the "negative part" that is his color. The veil, therefore, puts more emphasis on the black who had the two-ness in them in that they were half blacks and half Americans (Du Bois, 2008.) Moreover apart from the problem of their physical appearance the blacks still did not acquire full and equal citizenship as the whites even after slavery came to an end. The African Americans still struggled to overcome their experience like political power and physical freedom. As they tried to move on the blacks had more to unfold for example they had to struggle to get the right to vote and once they acquired the right to vote they had to fight against segregated education. The African American, therefore, have to fight to acquire equality at all levels, and until then they will still have the concept of double consciousness deep in them. The deep-rooted double consciousness was a result of the inner turmoil that the African felt and this highly manifested in the hesitant of trying to attain equal status as that of the Caucasian man. Du Bois claimed that there is a deep struggle for the black Americans to be fully considered as Americans and still hold on their African heritage. They had to ever feel the twoness in them, an American and a black person, have two souls' two thoughts and two worrying ideas and one black body. Du Bois, hoped that instead of holding on to the twoness or the different identity, one day the Americans and the African American could be able to coexist peacefully (Du Bois, 2008). He hopes that they can be considered in their identity without feeling threatened split, discriminated or cursed right on their faces. The expectation of the culture group to Du Bois was beyond the desire to thrive in a world that gave them limited opportunities. It was then that it dawned on the black Americans that their struggle was unproductive it deemed to them that they had to be themselves and not another to gain their true identity. They had to replenish their minds with new ideas from the system of slavery and racial stratification. They had to act to open the door of prosperity that had been closed and leading to the state of double consciousness. The influence of racist practice had a high degree of negativity on the black Americans and deeply extended the double consciousness in 19century. Notably, Du Bois worked towards mitigating the social injustices in the society brought about by prejudices and discrimination based on color. He believed in a vibrant culture of education and internal awareness as a way of recovering from the double consciousness and the practices of the racists. To acquire an egalitarian society, Du Bois believed that both the Americans and the Black Americans need to realize and examine their characters and success since emancipation. Self-determination and encouragement would encourage the African Americans in achieving oneness, and no longer view themselves in the concept of double consciousness.
References
Du Bois, W. E. B. (2008). The souls of black folk. Oxford University Press.
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Review on Payne’s “I’ve Got the Light of Freedom”
The book "I've Got the Light of Freedom" by Charles M. Payne's is a very educative book with a lot of information since it a book with the contents on organizing, something which is necessary to every individuals regarding the normal activities. We realize that this book highlights the families' organizations that are enhanced togetherness during that movement at that time[footnoteRef:1]. Payne bases his argument his manner of describing the struggles that the African American went through while they were fighting for their civil rights during the 20th century. [1: Payne, Charles M. I've got the light of freedom: The organizing tradition and the Mississippi freedom struggle. Univ of California Press, 2007. The book is an important focus on an analysis how the freedom movement was carried out from a different dimensions as well as the efforts against how the African American people were oppressed. It brings out clearly how factors like strategic organization and the organizing dynamics between the whites and the blacks seems to be the main themes and factors for success. The fact that this was during a movement on fights for civil rights then, we see how the organizations brought into being by the Ella baker/septima school which clearly shows the importance of being organized to an extend of developing leadership[footnoteRef:2]. This is something very encouraging since leadership to them implies that someone is responsible for them to come up together in order to develop strategies as well as personal leadership. Payne's brings it clearly to show how such strategies are of much value not only in such an activity that sees the struggle for freedom by the millions of people but also its value in our day to day activities. [2: Payne, Charles M. I've got the light of freedom: The organizing tradition and the Mississippi freedom struggle. Univ of California Press, 2007. From Payne's book, the theme of change tends to be clear from his argument as brought about information on so many aspects[footnoteRef:3]. We find out he brings out some of the downfalls also known to be a snowball effect, of the success of the various activism at that time. These struggles as seen through the various activists are what results to their use of knowledge at the same time some of the organizations such as SNCC got advantage on this information through guidance. It is through this that through such information and guidance, organizations easily pick up well and with much energy that results to greater growths. Everyone develops and are in transformation towards better leadership. This has greatly been recommended by Payne's who has seen tactics for progress that brings change where change seems to be the main theme. [3: Payne, Charles M. I've got the light of freedom: The organizing tradition and the Mississippi freedom struggle. Univ of California Press, 2007.] Critique tends to be based around on what clearly the book doesn't come out very well. The history of such a movement especially in 1963 we realize that a lot of information during this time wasn't brought out very clear.
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Nursing and Patients Aith Diabetes
- Step 1; the chosen topic is Diabetes
- Step 2
- What applications would I upload?
- Reason as to why I would download these apps
- Step 3; creation of a concept map
- Information about diabetes
- Guide
- Communication
- Step 4
- Provider based medical application
- Step 5
- Information
- Guide
- Reminders
- Step 6
- How the research supports the use of medical applications
- Reference
Step 1; the chosen topic is Diabetes
Step 2
Two patients based medical applications ?· Enhancing inventory control and reducing costs ?· Eliminating errors caused by manual interventions and workaroundsWhat applications would I upload?
?· Record of prescriptions, pharmacy information and medication consumption actions ?· Set of reminders for medications from various time intervals such as hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly ?· Manage medications and assist hospital pharmacy refill with proactive reminders.Reason as to why I would download these apps
Being a patient, I have been advised by my medical doctor about certain apps that I need to have in my Smartphone or computers that will help me review swiftly on the issues affecting my diabetic illness (Gordon, 2005). The main reason as to why they came up with this modern technological compliance is to cut off the health care costs that would be consumed by the medics during the examination process and also save the transport cost of patients and these apps are known to provide the patients with the most recent information about the diseases or rather the illnesses that they suffer from.Step 3; creation of a concept map
Information about diabetes
Diabetes is a World widely known form of disease that has been caused by excessive consumption of sugary materials or rather meals. It is therefore a group or type of disease that is brought about by the excessive consumption of sugar and specifically the high blood glucose sugar. In conjunction to this consumption, there is the insulin which plays a very great role in the body. [image: G:Downloadimages-3.jpeg] The hormone will provide assistance to the glucose when it is getting into your blood cells and thereby giving it the energy to perform its intended functions in the body. There are two major types of diabetes which is the type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Gordon, 2005). [image: G:Downloadimages.jpeg] The type 1 diabetes is the one when it affects you, the body will not be in a position to make insulin while on the other side the type 2 diabetes is that when consumed, the body will not make or even consume the insulin as well.Guide
This is the criteria in which the personnel's concerned will make the effort of identifying those individuals who have not been affected by the illness and advising them with appropriateness on the side effects of excessive consumption of sugary food. This education process can be done in all the sectors of the world, be it in governmental sectors, the hospital process or even in the general annual meetings and seminars that we do attend within our societies( Gordon,2005). When the issues are dealt with in time, there is high chance of saving the lives of our fellow human beings. Therefore the creation of awareness should be done globallyCommunication
As a patient who have suffered from diabetes, I would take this chance to highly request our governments and the medical sectors to take the role of communicating to the general public on their health and not only in diabetes but also in any other illness in the world( Gordon,2005). This can be done through the social media which involves through the computers and mobile phones and not forgetting the general public medias such as the Television and the Radios.Step 4
Provider based medical application
?· Enhancement of responsiveness and patient satisfaction ?· Collaboration among the mobile staff in order to deliver better results ?· Improvement on patient care and documentation ?· Streamlining of communication by integrating voice, images and text messages in a single deviceStep 5
Information
As a doctor, there is need to provide the most adequate information regarding diabetes to my patients in order to have an effective and good coexistence with my clients( Gordon,2005) [image: G:Downloadimages-2.jpeg]. Diabetes is a World widely known form of disease that has been cause by excessive consumption of sugary materials or rather meals. There are two major types of diabetes which is the type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [image: G:Downloadimages-1.jpeg]Guide
As a doctor, I am entitles to adhere to the doctors Acts and Laws which clearly states the exact rules and regulations that I am supposed to adhere to when dealing with patient( Gordon,2005). This involves very close communication with the patient and getting to understand what he or she is suffering from and offering the most effective medication ever and also good prescription.Reminders
As a doctor, I am entitled to providing the most effective reminders of my patients about how they should carry out themselves in accordance to the diseases one is ailing from( Gordon,2005). This is done through constant communication with the patient through mails and invoices to check on the patients' progress.Step 6
How the research supports the use of medical applications
Through a thorough research that is done on a daily basis, we are in a position to note that there has been great transformation when it comes to the medical sector as we are able to see the use of most modern machinery on the patients according to each illness that one suffers from (Gordon, 2005). We are also able to note that there are enough doctors and nurses to deal; with the illnesses of the patients.Reference
Backhed, F; Ley, R.E.; Sonnenburg, J.L.; Peterson, D.A.; Gordon, J.I. (2005). "Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine". Science . 307 (5717): 1915–1920.Diabetes: 2005Sci...307.1915B .doi :10.1126/science.1104816 .PMID 15790844 .Cite this page
Nursing And Patients Aith Diabetes. (2018, Dec 18).
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Expository Paper
Introduction
The expository paper is a category of the essay that requires the student to develop an argument concerning the idea in that paper whether it's clear and concise manner. A written good essay allows the reader to understand the information in the essay. To develop a good essay there are the guidelines that need to be followed. Examples the writer has to decide what he wants to write, preparing the outlines of the topics. The writer has to write a thesis statement which introduces the essay which explains the discussed topics. Proper use of grammar and punctuation have to be used, the writer is also required to develop clear and understandable paragraph in the body. Moreover, conclusions at the end are important because of the recommendation of the discussed topic. When this all guidelines are applied in the essay the students will able to pass the information and hence get the good grade. Sonny blues is an essay written by James Baldwin, the essay is not clear and concise manner because of the following reason.Introduction format
Firstly, the introduction in the essay is not in a concise manner, a good introduction prepares the person reading the information. The introduction should inform and give the facts of the topic straight up. Also gives the reader the interest in reading the story, it attracts the minds due to proper arrangement of the flow of the story. After reading the introduction the reader is able to tell what the topic is about and the expectation. In the sonny blues essay, the introduction is not clear and it's hard to explain the information conveyed by the writer. They are also poor grammar and punctuation in the introduction which contributes to a poor grade (Irmscher, p, 30). The writer has repeated word many times in the introduction '?I read' this makes the introduction to be boring and difficult to understand. The writer has also used poor grammar in the introduction example '?spelling out the story' this makes the reader become bored and may not get the information the writer is conveying.Transition
In addition, the writer of Sonny blues has not used transition in the essay. Transition words are used to link words, sentence and the phrases in the essay. They attract the mind of the reader and give him the deeper understanding of the story. Transition words assist the reader to progress from the one information to the next information in the paragraph. They also improve the information conveyed by giving the sentence weight, especially where they are important information that the writer wants to convey. Moreover, the transition words build up coherent relationship inside the text. The Sonny blues essay lack transition words in the paragraph, this make it difficult to understand the information that the writer is conveying. The writer could have used the transition word so that he can be able to attract the reader attention. Lack of transition word in the essay makes it more boring and the reader may ignore some part of it hence missing the information conveyed.Topic sentence
Furthermore, the Sonny blues essay lack the topic sentence which is very important when writing an essay. The topic sentence helps the reader to identify the main idea in the paragraph; it always appears first before starting the paragraph. The topic sentence introduces the point the writer wants to talk about, it usually guides the reader when reading. It also shows the flow of the story the writer is narrating, this helps the reader to capture the message in an easier war. The writer of the Sonny blues did not use the topic sentence in the essay; this makes reading difficult to understand what the writer is talking about. It hard to understand some sentence in the paragraph this result to different ideas in the same paragraph; these ideas tend to confuse the reader. Topic sentence mostly attracts the reader attention and gives him the moral of reading the story, in the Sonny blues the writer have to ignore the topic sentence hence boring the reader.Short paragraph containing different ideas
Additionally, the writer of Sonny blues has used short paragraph which has no meaning. He has also used the wrong paragraph which the sentence has been repeated several. The paragraph in an essay should discuss ideas in the sentence topic, this attract the mind of the reader and get the information easily. The effective paragraph contains the following topic sentence which contains the ideas to be discussed in the paragraph. Coherence is another factor to be considered, which refer to how the flow of ideas has been discussed in the paragraph. Moreover, the paragraph should be adequately developed this describes and explain the topic sentence. And also they should be unity of sentence; this explains how the ideas of the paragraph have been connected together. Through the paragraph will able to convey the message the writer is trying to, this will attract the reader attention and also been able to understand the story. The Sonny blues story paragraph have not been constructed well, some paragraph contains more than one idea which results in different ideas in one paragraph. This tends to confuse the reader and may get tired of reading the story.Wrong punctuation
Additionally, the writer in the Sonny blues has punctuated the sentence wrong resulting in different information from which he wants to narrate. Punctuation is the application of conventional signs and spacing. Punctuation allows correct reading of the paragraph and also helps the reader to understand the information or the story narrated by the writer. English punctuation is a must because the reader cannot understand the information communicated without punctuation marks. In the Sonny blues, the writer has used punctuation wrong making difficult to understand the story he is narrating. He has used wrong punctuation in the conversation example, "sure," I said. "You do that. So long" this is wrong conversation statements it confuses the reader and he may lack to get the information the writer is conveying.Conclusions
In conclusions, to develop a good essay they are some important factor should be considered. These are proper punctuation, topic sentence, use of grammar and vocabulary. These factors help the reader to get the information conveyed by the writer. When they have ignored especially the punctuation they tend to change the information of the writer. Proper punctuation, good grammar, and use of topic sentence they attract the attention of the reader. This helps him to understand and have the moral of reading the story. The writer in Sonny blues has ignored this factor resulting in poor essay format and different ideology in the same paragraph.Works Cited
Hidi, Suzanne, and Valerie Anderson. "Situational interest and its impact on reading and expository writing." The role of interest in learning and development 11 (1992): 213-214. Irmscher, William F. Teaching expository writing. Harcourt School, 1979.Cite this page
Expository Paper. (2018, Dec 18).
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