Month: December 2018
Significance of the Black Death
One of the well known massive disasters that happened in the history of European is the Black Death. This fatal plague led to huge loss of between 17 million and 28 million lives in whole Europe. It took place from 1345 to 1353 and the death arrived by sea during the time when twelve Genoese trading ships had actually docked at the Sicilian port after travelling through the Black Sea. A horrifying surprise befell the individuals who were gathering on the docks when they realized that a great number of sailors had died, and the lucky sailors were extremely ill. In addition, they were covered by mysterious black boils which oozed pus and blood (Cohn, pg 514). This is why they named this kind of illness as theBlack Death. Then what followed were other various symptoms such as vomiting, fever, diarrhea, chills, severe aches and extraordinary pains- and then death.
What is the significance of Black Death to the Italy, Russia and the entire Europe? This gravely illness had great impacts. In fact, the gruesome signs and deadliness, have over time fixed the Black Death in very extraordinary imagination among many people. Over decades scholars has discovered various impacts of the disease on the economy, social and cultural lives of the natives of the affected areas. It is clear that the Black Death is important to the Europeans because it changed their economy to better. This essay analyzes the Black Death and also illustrated the significance of the plague.
The Black Death is very significant to the Europeans in that its timing led a superficial labeling because it was the turning point for many natives of Europe. The plague portrayed an economic history of Europeans changing to almost inevitable because the urban life had reemerged, manufacturing and textile companies as well as better businesses innovated, increased population, long distance trade revived and agricultural farming grew. This is from the fact that the disease had arrived nearly at high middle Ages (c. 1000 to c. 1300).
The impact of the Black Death on trade can be said to be full due though it strengthens the variety of the effect of the plague from industry to industry, merchant to merchant as well as from city to another. It portrays that failure or success was likely to happen after the illness and the game favored, opportunity, adaptability, foresight, nimbleness and creativity. This is proved by the fact that when magna pestilence had already passed, the entire city continued with supply of labor more decimated than in countryside, simply because of the great number of rate of urban death (Gottfried et. al, pg 817). However, the city could attract new labor from country side so as to make sure that they reverse the initial condition. Now in the new era portrayed by Black Death, the business techniques and new valuable judgments are perfected by many in Italy. They found great opportunities within the diversity and actually made use of the chance and became successful. They learn that a successful businessman need to manage and control risks, and make use of the any opportunity that comes on their way.
The Plague of the Black Death has led to great contribution to popular revolution. In fact, it is clear that it led to expansion of the perspectives of the many peasants in Europe. In addition, it also fueled some sense of criticism hence leading to great changes in the society. However, probably in one way or the other, this plague may have undercut the level of devotion. This is because there was a certain myth that preserving manorial economic-social arrangements was very vital to living of everyone in the entire society. That is why we see social revolutionary of preachers such as John Ball of England. However, after the disease, change seemed to become inevitable as well as apparent to everybody (Benedictow, pg 923).
The reconstructuring influenced by Black Death portrays that the chances and possibility of better economies in many parts of Europe such as Italy. The fatal disease had returned to Europe and destroyed individuals but not property. Moreover, there was just a small population left alive which could not actually exploit all the resources in the Europe. The statistics record that the available resources were by then far more substantial by an approximately 1354 than they were in the last one and half decades. From this kind of surrounding, many of those who were lucky enough to survive also benefited greatly from the improved technologies and also new advanced commercial skills which had developed during high Middle Ages. This improved their living standards. In one way or the other, we can conclude that Black Death was just a mere cataclysmic occurrence and also lowering of expenditure was inevitable indeed. But it greatly reduced economic impediments and gave room for new opportunities for many people in Europe- especially the businesspeople (Nohl et. al, pg 1342).
In conclusion, the plague of the Black Death is very important to the history of the Europeans. Despite the very many new ways of understanding its significance and its wonders, the plague shows some effects or impact on the social, economic and political lives of the people in the society. Now that many people did not understand this kind of disease, many though it was a punishment from God for their sins such as heresy, greed, fornication and worldliness, they believed that the only way to overcome God's Wrath was through repentance. Hence the Europeans society learnt the importance of doing the right things.
Work cited
Benedictow, Ole J??rgen.? The Black Death: the complete history. Boydell & Brewer, 2004.
Cohn, Sam.? The Black Death transformed: disease and culture in early Renaissance Europe. Arnold, 2002.
Gottfried, Robert S.? Black death. Simon and Schuster, 2010.
Nohl, Johannes, and Charles Humphrey Clarke. "The Black Death. A Chronicle of the Plague."? The Black Death. A Chronicle of the Plague.? (2000).
Cite this page
Significance of the Black Death. (2018, Dec 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Diary of Medical Mission Trip Videos Dealing with the Catastrophic Earthquake in Haiti in 2010
- What should be done immediately after a catastrophe such as an earthquake?
- What do you think should be the next step after the emergency rescue?
- How can you handle the families of the deceased and the direct victims (injured)?
- What are some of the residual effect that the victims might suffer?
- How should a nation stay prepared to handle future disasters?
- References
What should be done immediately after a catastrophe such as an earthquake?
The first thing that should be done in the event of an earthquake should be the mobilization of several rescues and humanitarian experts to help in rescue exercise. At the same time, a temporary emergency rescue center near the site of the disaster. Emergency rescue teams in ambulances and paramedics should be mobilized to arrive the area within no time. The rescue center at the site should then sort the victims with the critically injured being airlifted for specialized medical attention. Having rescued all the victims and recovered the dead bodies, a specialized treatment center should be set free-of-charge to cater for serious conditions such as spinal cord problems, severe burns, and mentally affected patients.
What do you think should be the next step after the emergency rescue?
The government should set a center to carry out DNA body identification and facilitate burial of the bodies especially in developing countries such as Haiti.
How can you handle the families of the deceased and the direct victims (injured)?
The families of the deceased and the direct victims should be relocated to secure, and safer areas and their basic human wants met. Care should be taken when handling these family members as they are likely to suffer from
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD), anxiety, and depression.
What are some of the residual effect that the victims might suffer?
Care should be taken when handling the injured as they are likely to face long-term effects such as trauma, some may become life-long cripples and respiratory problems.
How should a nation stay prepared to handle future disasters?
The government should invest in research to ensure that earthquakes are predicted and people evacuated in time.
Emergency rescue systems and ambulances should be put in place to ensure that such disasters are responded to immediately. Local search and rescue (SAR) should be strengthened together with training the general public on how to respond to such disasters to reduce the number of deaths and severity of injuries. Finally, community health workers should be decentralized and strengthened to improve service delivery (Bayard, 2010).
References
Bayard, D. (2010). Haiti earthquake relief, phase two”long-term needs and local resources. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(20), 1858-1861.
Cite this page
Diary of Medical Mission Trip videos dealing with the catastrophic earthquake in Haiti in 2010. (2018, Dec 26).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Influence of Society Views on Gender Identity
Gender identity is the personal conception of being a man or a woman and the society creates standards and comes up with gender roles basing them on existing norms and traditions which will in turn influence gender identity. For instance, most societies associate strength and dominance to be masculine roles while caring and assisting or subordination known to be feminine roles. This clearly makes gender identity be bred within the society. One's identity is important as it influences his or her life through events like life experiences, how one is being taken or treated, how to do one associate or socialize with others, the type of job one will have to do and also opportunities that may come up favoring a certain type of gender identity.
One is also likely to face obstacles or discrimination due to his or her identity. The traits perceived to be possessed by certain gender identities are instilled to the children while they are growing as the society have strong influence over the preferences and the behaviors of the young ones in that by influencing the interest of children they bring them up in a manner that the children start stereotyping before even they know what the stereotypes actually are since they have been brought up in an environment that they have known that certain traits or activities are appropriate or inappropriate for them. They then tend to internalize and that becomes the way to go or do things in their whole life. As women are traditionally known to be child bearers, the society gives them the role of mother. This influences the type of work a woman can perform and the role she plays in the society.
This conceptually distinguishes them from the male identity and masculine gender cannot acquire such roles within the society in that biologically, a man cannot bear children due to the hormonal states involved. This clearly makes childbearing to be a famine identity and the society to identify the role of masculine identity in the society. As most traditions believe that women are more of able to nurture as compared to men so feminine gender role is to care for the family by dedicating her full time rather than employment outside the home. Most societies divide labor basing it on sex as explained by either the physical characteristic or gender. As the society majorly use the biological differences between a male and a female, society use reproduction issue when allocating tasks. These tasks are allocated according to the convenience and the cultures pertaining a certain society thus determining feminine and masculine roles. The activities that require much strength have been termed to be masculine while those that were done with care are known to be famine.
When the society allocates labor in this manner, one is able to identify his or her identity. In any given society, feminine identity performs roles which are determined by the societies' legislation, it's religious and norms, economic class, as well cultural values, ethnicity and the type of the productive activity in various households. The society giving masculine identity the role of heading household and also lead in other places. This has lasted for centuries in the spheres of the society giving it to the rise of gender identities. The gender identity in society thereby has created a condition in which one gender is viewed as more superior than the other, for instance, allocation of roles among male gender has been skewed in favor of men, hence the female gender is demeaned. In addition, most cooperate and organizations have a lower participation of women or girls in cooperate governance and leadership position. Therefore, this means that the decision-making process is mainly vested in the male gender due to the stereotypes that have existed and have been inherited over time. This arises because of historical marginalization of women and girls in the education system, whereby the system created a perception in which women or girls can only take up careers in social sciences and "home economics".
Over the decades has reinforced the perception that a woman/ girls place is only to look after of the affairs the household. This has deprived the society necessary economic progress and development because women/girls cannot utilize their unique capabilities. Feminine gender can be having certain talents but due to the way the society take them, these talents have been underrated as some are viewed as masculine and the famine gender is discouraged. From the education system, the psychology of women /girls has been set to believe that their rightful place is only in domestic affairs, as such they have low self-esteem and they can only play subordinate roles. In addition, over the years UNESCO studies have shown that the enrollment of girl child right from elementary level has been declining, and this also has affected up to the institution of high learning thereby affecting the women gender participation in society. As children are known to grow more stereotype, certain ideas grow regarding which subjects are favorable and suitable for each and every gender. For instance, the most common example is math and sciences where there exists a notion that the boys perform better in these subjects compared to girls. Therefore, it is clear that social influence greatly affects the perception of gender identity and certain roles. However, such perceptions lead to stereotype threads clearly known to contribute to fear or nervousness in which one's behavior will definitely show a negative stereotype concerning his in-group and thereby, in this essence, confirms the accuracy of the stereotype.
Based on the factors explained above representation of women in political position is poor and does not inspire confidence among women/girls to create role models. Therefore, many governments and states world over struggle with the phenomena of women empowerment, indeed this situation has been acknowledged by the United Nations and has passed the resolution of women empowerment and affirmative action as part of Millennium Development Goals (MGDS). This resolution forces states and government to mobilize resources to empower women, hence this will serve to correct the gender imbalance and accelerate gains of women participation in economic development. Due to low self-esteem, women/girls cannot venture into competitive careers because of the combination of sociocultural and economic factors. Many of this factors, does not take into consideration the capabilities and the abilities that women have put rather societal ascribed roles. Furthermore, with these mindset girls in schools have a preconceived mind that certain subjects or courses belong to or can only be taken by boys, for instance, courses like engineering math's and the like girls have the negative attitude towards such courses because psychologically they already have that perception in their minds.
The family which is the first agent of socialization, and leaning gender roles shows that boys are socialized differently when it comes to allocation of duties and resources. for example, in most families' allocation of resources including learning materials is skewed in favor of boys against girls in most cases girls are left at home to attend domestic chores while boys can further their education. In other cases, girls are subjected to other forms of inhumane treatment including female genital mutilation and forced early marriages. Naturally due to physiologically processes that girls undergo they require basic necessities such as sanitary towels. Many girls may not afford such needs hence forcing them to miss school for that entire period. Eventually cannot be compared with their male counterparts in terms of performance in school. In addition, allocation of resources such as factors of production for instance land, boys are considered having the right to own or give part of the share while girls are discriminated. This gives the boy an opportunity to view girls as less important persons in the society, hence the social contraction and cultural transfer of gender, roles and decision making in society become generational.
Conclusion
In conclusion, there is a glass ceiling that women have been confined by the society because of social-cultural stereotypes that makes them unable to utilize their unique given capabilities to achieve their objectives. Therefore, there is an agent need for cultural transformation to get rid of retrogressive cultural practices in order to uplift the living standards of women and girls' society which have been socially bred for a very long period of time making them lack..
Cite this page
Influence of society views on gender identity. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Sexual Assault
Sexual violence has become a day to day activities where both men and women claim to be assaulted sexually in different ways. The sexual activity which involves any form of sexual contact with an individual without their approval results to sexual assault. The different nature of sexual harassment has been greatly documented in various platforms mostly involving men as being responsible for the majority of assault. Mostly the victims of sexual assault are normally ladies and young girls. This problem has raised numerous debates concerning the main causes of sexual assault with different arguments where people conflict on whether sexual assault is a result of nature or is being greatly contributed by the way individuals are nurtured. This has led to the development of a lot of social problems, political issues as well as the development of non-governmental bodies which have emerged to be in the frontline to advocate for the protection of individuals from the events of sexual assault.
This has therefore led to the creation of awareness to sensitize the issue to ensure that the cases of sexual assault are reduced to the minimum levels so as to develop a safe environment which is safe from any form of sexual mistreatment. Different arguments have been made on the main causes of sexual assault. Some people argue that the behavior of the victims in the event of the sexual assault has great influence on the occurrence of the act. They argue that such behaviors entail situations where the victim is drunk, where they move at night in private places, where the victims wear sexy clothes or situations, where the victims send sexual signals to the perpetrators, increases the chances of the victim to be sexually assaulted (Elliott et al, 204). Others argue that sexual assault results when a perpetrator of the sexual act utilizes the advantage of either power, social class or status they have to undertake the act. Therefore, it is required that the people who are vulnerable to sexual assault should take care of themselves and ensure that they do not undertake activities that would increase their chances of being sexually assaulted.
These activities require that women should be responsible for the things they due to their perceived mode as being major motivators of most sexual assault instances (Bryant-Davis, 348). Biologically, it is argued that men dominate over the females in terms of sexuality and this aspect also forms the basis of perceiving men as the main perpetrators of sexual assault since they are always actively trying to enhance the continuation of the species along the biological line. The main forms of sexual assault which are normally common involve cases of rape where the perpetrator forcefully penetrates the victim irrespective of the circumstance (Ullman, 3). Sexual assault may also be facilitated by the use of drugs by the perpetrator to the victim and take advantage over them while they cannot consent to their will since they are under drugs or in the influence of alcohol. This activity may also be attributed to the use of verbal activities such as the use of whistles, shouting, and use of either implicit, explicit or proposal phrases that are not entertained by the victim. This activity has been lately emphasized as a form of sexual assault and are enforceable by the law (Spohn, Cassia, and David Holleran, 651).
Other form of sexual harassment commonly practices involves child abuse where perpetrators take advantage of the young ones to abuse them sexually. Marital rape is also considered a form of sexual assault. This entails situations where the non-consensual sex in forcefully done to a spouse. Though this kind of assault is not mostly reported since most traditions argue that a man is entitled to sex due to their legalized marriage but attempt have been made in numerous countries to enforce legislation of marital abuse to protect the victims of marital abuse (Ullman, 30). Sexual assault is perceived to have great effects on the victim which involves both physical, mental as well as emotional effects. Most physical effects involve physical injuries which may occur in the event of the exertion of force by the perpetrator to the victims (Bryant-Davis, 340). These injuries may be informed of bruises, physical bleeding, walking problems, development of sores, fractured bones, dislocation as well transmission of STIs and pregnancies. Most mental effects may include stress associated with the flashbacks of the event leading to depression, a feeling of hopelessness and loss of interest (Bryant-Davis et al, 336).
Prolonged stress may lead to weight loss or gain, continuous dissociation with people leading to loss of focus on the daily activities the victims used to undertake such as work or school as well as thoughts of committing suicide. Sexual assault is also associated with emotional problems such as loss of trust to other people, increased instances of unconditional anger and increased blame, instances of shock which may lead to numbness. This event may lead to instances of loss of self-control as well as disorientation. Due to the increased cases of sexual abuse, different measures have been suggested to be undertaken by those individuals who are perceived vulnerable to the events of sexual assault. These include traditional measures of preventing the chances of the risk of women and girls to being assaulted (Elliott, 209). Mostly, people argue that the vulnerability of women to such cases by being prevented by the logic activity of women to behave well. This refers to practices such as an individual knowing their drinking limit to ensure that they do not over drink, always walking in safe places, ensuring that they maintain ethical practices with their colleagues, dressing appropriately as well as understanding the dynamics and the risks associated with sexual assault.
This understanding will ensure that individuals act reasonably. Other measures which have been undertaken to reduce the instances of sexual harassment and assault include the implementation of strict laws and punishments by the authorities to scare those with sexual intentions. These include implementation of thorough punishments to those who are found guilty of any form of sexual harassment (Spohn, Cassia, and David, 653). To ensure that sexual harassment case is reported to the authorities, there has been developed various non-governmental organizations which advocate for human rights and which ensure that sexual harassment perpetrators face the law. In conclusion, sexual harassment has been a serious issue which needs to be examined and various issues which constitute the act be adequately stated. This involves the act of stating the various causes as well as the main aspects which motivate the occurrence of the event. The analysis of the problems encountered by the victims of sexual harassment should be used as indicators of the adverse effects caused by the occurrence of such events.
Cite this page
Sexual Assault. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Contemporary Art Space
Cite this page
Contemporary Art Space. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Literary Criticism and Review
Marriage
The theme of friendship depicted in the short stories This Blessed House. The author informs us that Sanjeev and Twinkle know one another at a birthday party. Twinkle was impressed by Sanjeev because of the way she refilled her teacup during their conversation. After only four months of frequent visits and long phone calls, Sanjeev marries Twinkle and moves in with her to a new house. Their wedding attended by people that Sanjeev could hardly recall from his childhood. Modern day relationships are characterized by two people infatuated with each other. The infatuation leads them to believe that they are in love and as a result, they rush into marriage without taking time to know each other. Unlike the traditional relationships where the couples were forced to marry each other with or without their consent, Sanjeev's and Twinkle then introduced to each other by family friends. Introduction of people through friends is standard on the present days. After rushing through marriage, Sanjeev begins to question if he loved Twinkle. The doubt provoked by Twinkle's fascination with Christianity when she finds several sculptures in her new house. According to Sanjeev, he expects that being from the Hindu religion Twinkle would show no interest whatsoever in Christianity. He notices negative traits such as Twinkle's laziness and her inability to cook most Indian dishes. He laments in regret how his parents had sampled different girls for marriage who were equally hard working. Their relationship depicts two strangers who have not courted long enough to cope with their differences. Twinkle and Sanjeev represent the reality of modern-day marriage as rushed as a result of desperation. In the text, the necklace, Guy de Maussapant conveys marriage as the only means that women hoped to maintain or become wealthy. Maussapant reveals this by introducing us to the character Madame Loisel. The young lady is born to parents from the lower class. Madame Loisel's parents are artisans. The author depicts the role as a woman who had gotten used to the lower standards of living and had no ambitions whatsoever on the type of man she would marry. From the author's description, it is predictable that Madame Loisel was bound to settle for any man that showed any interest to marry her. She decides for a little clerk at the ministry of education. Madame Loisel spends most of her time lamenting on how she wishes that her husband could provide her with the delicacies and the extravagant life she craved. The fact that she is married off to a poor man consumes her and causes her to have a low self-esteem. Maussapant informs us that she has a wealthier friend whom she hates visiting. Madame Loisel alienates herself from her best friend.Her husband is prosperous, and that makes her suffer. Madame Loisel is unhappy with her marriage because she desires the lavish life. The state of her unions changes ten years down the line when she loses Madame Forester's "diamond" necklace, and the couple cooperates to pay off the debt (Cohen). J.D Salinger, in the text A Perfect Day to Banana Fish, describes a single kind of marriage. The author introduces us to two characters namely Muriel and Seymour. Seymour is Muriel's husband. Seymour has post-traumatic stress disorder due to his experience at war. Muriel is least concerned about the well-being of her husband's mental condition and focuses on the wealth benefits she gets. When Sybil meets Seymour lost in thought at the beach and asked him about the whereabouts of his wife, he tells her she is at the salon getting her hair dyed mink or making dolls for the sick child. The response is a lie to Sybil to cover up for his self-centered wife. The author depicts this marriage as a selfish marriage. The conclusion based on the fact that Muriel does not offer any emotional support required helping her husband recover from post-traumatic stress disorder, and therefore he has to spend his time around Sybil who is only an innocent child.Materialism
The theme of materialism has been brought out in The Necklace, Everyday use and A Perfect Day for Banana Fish. In the short story called The Necklace, the author introduces us to a homemaker who desires to have a more satisfying life. Madame Loisel's perfect experience is that in which she can afford anything she likes. However, her aspirations cut short because she is married to a little clerk in the ministry of education. Madame Loisel's friendship with her best friend limited because of their apparent differences in their social statuses. The epitome of Madame Loisel's materialism is depicted when her husband comes home bearing an invite to Madame Ramponneau party that is exclusive. The husband expects her to be happy because he is among the few people at his office to be invited to such an individual. In an unexpected turn of events, Madam Loisel's breaks down into self-pity. The wife laments that she has no dress to wear to the party and everyone is going to know that she is poor. After futile efforts of the husband convincing her that to wear her theatre dress, he offers to buy her dress with money that he has been saving up for a gun. Madame Loisel further claims that she has no jewelry to accessorize in the suit. The husband advises her to borrow jewelry from Madame Frostier. Madame frostier lends her a "diamond necklace." The author describes how Madame Loisel's beauty stands out at the party and how much she loves looking vibrant and beautiful. Madame Loisel remembers with nostalgia how cute she looked at the side. We can conclude from her fantasies that that was the only day she truly lived. Materialism, in a perfect Day to Banana Fish by J.D Salinger, has been brought up by the character of Muriel. Muriel is a materialistic lady who is willing to stay with a mentally ill husband due to the material things he can provide for her. In a conversation with her mom, Muriel dodges a question about the stability of Seymour and discusses a dress. She states that the suit was ugly similar to the one that they saw in Bonwit's window. We would expect that her priority would be trying to help her husband cope with post-traumatic stress Disorder. In another scene, Sybil meets Seymour at the beach and asks him about the where about of his lady. The ex-soldier claims that the wife is at the salon getting her hair dyed mink. The fact that Muriel is willing to put her life in danger married to a mentally unstable person without necessarily caring about him getting better concludes that she is very materialistic. If Muriel were more emotionally supportive of her husband, he would not have committed suicide. In the story, Everyday Use the theme of materialism has been brought out through Wangero. The story depicts an innocent girl (Dee) born of a single family who changes when she becomes learned. Dee's mother and Maggie are illiterates, and they have grown accustomed to that kind of life. When Wangero returns home, she is a different person who appreciates her African roots more than she did before. The unusual twist of events because Dee's mother believes in the connection that is evident in families. Wangero's materialistic nature sets in when she wants specific quilts that her mother had promised her sister all to herself. The author informs us that she had been offered the same quilts by her mother before she joined college but claimed that they were too old-fashioned. Wangero's material nature also reveals itself when she spots the churn during a meal. Dee jumps ecstatically and stands to a corner and claims that the churn top is what she needs. In this text the reader can relate Wangero's materialism to the exposure, she finds after pursuing further education. The conclusion is drawn based on the fact that her younger sister, although her mother had promised her the quilts, lets Wangero have them. However, Dee's mother intervenes by taking the quilts off Wangero by force and gives them to Maggie.Identity
In both genders, the theme of identity revealed through the narrator who is female. Unlike the assumption that she will act like the girls and stay the narrator rebels indoors from being ladylike. She grows attached to her father more than her mother. The narrator respects the work of his father. The narrator's mother wishes that Lard would help his father more so that her daughter can stay indoors. An incident happens, and the narrator realizes that she can object to some stereotypes without necessarily trying to do chores meant for boys. The theme of identity revealed through Twinkle and Sanjeev in the story The Blessed House. Sanjeev is a sensitive person and cares about the opinion of passersby when they spot the statue of the virgin marry on his property. Twinkle on the other and is a free spirit. She is curious and adventurous. Twinkle is aggressive with her identity as she corrects Sanjeev who lies to his colleagues that her name is Tamina. In the book Everyday Use, Wangero knows very little about her identity. The heirlooms are Maggie's and her family's true identity. She is misinformed about how quilts are made even thug she appears to be deeply rooted in her African tradition.Conclusion
The theme of marriage ten depicted in the short stories This Blessed House. The author informs us that Sanjeev and Twinkle were introduced to one another at a birthday party. After only four months of frequent visits and long phone calls, Sanjeev marries Twinkle and moves in with her to a new house. Their relationship depicts two strangers who have not courted long enough to cope with their differences. Twinkle and Sanjeev represent the reality of modern-day marriage as rushed as a result of desperation. In the text, the necklace, Guy de Maussapant conveys union as the only means that women hoped to maintain or become wealth. Madame Loisel spends most of her time lamenting on how she wishes that her husband could provide her with the delicacies and the extravagant life she craved. Madame Loisel alienates herself from her best friend. Her husband is wealthy, and that makes her suffer. J.D Salinger, in the text A Perfect Day to Banana Fish, describes a single kind of marriage. The author introduces us to two characters namely Muriel and Seymour. The author depicts this marriage as a selfish marriage. The conclusion based on the fact that Muriel does not offer any emotional support required helping her husband recover from a post-traumatic stress disorder, and therefore he has to spend his time around Sybil who is only an innocent child. In the Necklace, the epitome of Madame Loisel's materialism comes when her husband comes home bearing an invite to Madame Ramponneau party that is exclusive. The husband expects her to be happy because he is among the few people at his office to be invited to such an individual. In an unexpected turn of events, Madam Loisel's breaks down into self-pity. The wife laments that she has no dress to wear to the side and everyone is going to know that she is poor. Materialism, in a perfect Day to BananaFish by J.D Salinger, has been brought up by the character of Muriel. In a conversation with her mom, Muriel dodges a question about the stability of Seymour and discusses a dress. The fact that Muriel is willing to put her life in danger married to a mentally unstable person without necessarily caring about him getting better concludes that she is very materialistic. In the story, Everyday Use the theme of materialism has been brought out through Wangero. The story depicts an innocent girl (Dee) born of a single family. She changes when she becomes learned. Wangero's materialistic nature sets in when she wants specific quilts that her mother had promised her sister all to herself. Wangero's material nature also reveals itself when she spots the churn during a meal. Dee jumps ecstatically and stands to a corner and claims that the churn top is what she needs.References
"Analysis Of Conflict In Jhumpa Lahiri's This Blessed House." 5 Dec 2017. 123HelpMe.com. 6 Dec 2017 <<https://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=160876>.>. Chris Sabatino, Brigid McCusker, Chris Boutsikaris and Sam Pastuzyn. "A PERFECT DAY FOR BANANAFISH themes." n.d. weebly. 6 Dec 2017 <https://salingerbananafish.weebly.com/themes.html>. Cohen, Madeline. Suduiko, Aaron ed. "The Necklace Themes." 29 October 2016. Gradesaver. 6 December 2017 <https://www.gradesaver.com/the-necklace-and-other-stories/study-guide/themes>. E, Charles. "Boys and Girls - Themes and Meanings" Comprehensive Guide to Short Stories, Critical Edition Ed." May 2004. Notes. 6 Dec , 2017 <<https://www.enotes.com/topics/boys-girls/themes#themes-themes-and-meanings>>. "Everyday Use Themes at a Glance." n.d. notes. 6 Dec 2017 <https://www.enotes.com/topics/everyday-use/themes>. Ives, David. "The Sure Thing." Ives, David. . . ". 1988. Lahiri, Jumpha. This Blessed House. interpreter of the maladies, 1999. Maussapant, Guy de. The Necklace. n.d. McKeever, Christine. Weinbloom, Elizabeth ed. "Interpreter of Maladies This Blessed House Summary and Analysis." 27 November 2011. GradeSaver. 6 December 2017 <https://www.gradesaver.com/interpreter-of-maladies/study-guide/summary-this-blessed-house>. McManus, Dermot. ". "A Perfect Day for Bananafish by J.D. Salinger." ," 8 Sep. 2014. The Sitting Bee. The Sitting Bee. 6 Dec 2017 <https://sittingbee.com/a-perfect-day-for-bananafish-j-d-salinger/>. no_one. "Boys and Girls." 28 April 2004. Everything. 6 Dec 2017 <https://everything2.com/title/Boys+and+Girls>. Salinger, J. D. " A Perfect Day for Bananafish." Salinger, J. D. A Perfect Day for Bananafish. New York: The New Yorker, January 31, 1948. , pages 21-25. SparkNotes Editors. "SparkNote on Everyday Use." 5 Dec. 2017. SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. . 6 Dec 2017. SparkNotes Editors. "SparkNote on A Perfect Day for Bananafish." 5 Dec 2017. SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 6 Dec 2017 <https://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/a-perfect-day-for-bananafish/themes.html>. SparkNotes Editors. "SparkNote on Everyday Use." 2007. SparkNotes.com. 6 Dec 2017 <https://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/everyday-use/citing.html>. "The gender conflict in Munro's "Boys and Girls." n.d. <https://www.engelska.uu.se/digitalAssets/299/c_299583-l_1-k_a-level-discussion-essay.the-gender-conflict-in-boys-and-girls.pdf>. Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. 1944.Cite this page
Literary Criticism and Review. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Gender and Sexuality
- Gender and Sexuality
-
Weak Gender Management
- Inability of the Constitutional Agencies and Gender Rights Organizations to Enhance Gender Parity
- Enhancing Evaluation of Private Organization on Matters of Gender
- Creating New Laws That Mandate Every Organization to Have Gender Parity Policies
- Training Of the Management Boards of Private Organizations on the Issue of Gender Parity
- References
Gender and Sexuality
According to Arndt (2017), sexuality denotes person's physical, biological and chemical makeups. To differentiate two persons on the basis of sexuality, you will incorporate differences in chromosomes, genes, internal and external sexual organs and hormonal profiles. On the other hand, gender denotes the roles and responsibility that persons of the two sexes have in the community. It designates all those traits that are ascribed to men or women by the members of a community or by the culture (Kalaramadam, 2016). For this reason, it can be said that gender roles and responsibilities have variations across diverse cultures, beliefs, and civilizations and countries. Gender roles ascribed to males have an aspect of masculinity whereas those ascribed to a female have aspects of femininity.
Patriarchy is the main system in many societies that govern the relationships between males and females. Patriarchy system denotes the rule of the males in a social unit where the male takes a dominant role. On the hand, women play subordinate roles (Freysinger, 2013). This is one of the various reasons why women are oppressed in private sectors. Economic systems have also enhanced gender-based violence and abuse in private sectors. In our society today, men are considered as the breadwinner in our families. For this reason, some organizations pay them well compared to women. On the other hand, women in some societies perform jobs that are not paying. Such jobs include caring for the babies and keeping their families intact (Worell, 2002). Such roles are not considered when the country is adding up domestic products. When it comes to inheritance of properties, women in some communities are discriminated against. This has influenced some private sectors to pay workers in accordance with their gender.
Culture and norms of society also have led to women oppression in private sectors. Culture is the way of life of any society. For instance, gender roles, responsibilities and types of certain behaviors are passed and ascribed to males and females. Boys are not expected to cry. According to Hellinger (2015), men have the role in protecting the family and social roles linked to men have power and control. This consequently has influence sharing of the position of powers in private sectors.
Political systems have also led to oppression of women in private organizations. It is worth noting that it was until the 1970s that women were allowed to run international organizations, governmental institutions, and big business. This has led to situations where women continue to live as second-class citizens and are discriminated against in our private organizations (Jones, 2016). Despite the fact that many organizations are fighting for the rights of women today, discrimination, as well as oppression, will take a lot of time to alleviate.
The ability of the law to fight gender violence in private sector is affected by many things as discussed below.
The Failure of the Organizations to Embrace Set Rules For Gender Parity.
Despite the fact that many countries recognize equal rights between genders; this is not always the case. Many of these countries have come up with regulations that intend to counter-attack discrimination, and grantee women access different programs such as health, economic rights and education (Rizwaan & Mantry, 2014). However, these same regulations bear no fruits. A compassionate institution to bridge this gap concerned gender equality is needed.
Weak Gender Management
Gender management system operations require enabled environment. When the environment is weak, main activities of gender management system has a role to add strength to it (Leonard, 2017). Various factors interrelate to determine the level to which environment in which the gender management system is being set up does or does not enable effective gender mainstreaming.
Inability of the Constitutional Agencies and Gender Rights Organizations to Enhance Gender Parity
The constitution of any country is one of the liberal as well as progressive in the whole world. However, the question is how many constitutional agencies and gender rights organizations are willing to enhance gender parity is another matter (Kimura, 2016). To promote gender equity, these organizations must interpret the constitution in accordance with its doctrines. They should encourage the election of number women to satisfy gender equity rule. This can even be achieved through nominations to increase the membership figure in national bodies.
The challenges mentioned earlier can be overcomed in various ways as discussed below;
Enhancing Evaluation of Private Organization on Matters of Gender
Evaluation strengthens the ability of private organizations in achieving gender-based equality in three ways. First, evaluation enables the administration to have a critical look at existing norms and existing programs and ask whether the organization is doing the right things (Denmark, Rabinowitz & Sechzer, 2016).? Secondly, it allows the administration to revisit operational outcomes in the process of understanding what is working and why. And third, evaluation offers a window for comparison of results in the world to foster knowledge sharing.
Creating New Laws That Mandate Every Organization to Have Gender Parity Policies
The government should create new laws that mandate all private organizations to have gender parity policies. All types of activities in the private organization should mainstream in a gender perspective. Gender mainstreaming that is globally accepted should be made a law in all organization to achieve gender equality amongst the employees (Baker & Wiseman, 2009). Gender mainstreaming ensures gender equality is central to all types of activities. These activities include research, legislation, resource allocation, planning, dialogues, monitoring and implementing of projects and programs. The 2001 to 2006 report by Commission on the Status of Women (CWS) indicated that equal participation of both women and men in decision making was not enhanced by many organizations and was not incorporated in the laws of many organizations.
Training Of the Management Boards of Private Organizations on the Issue of Gender Parity
Training the boards of management in private organizations on issues of gender equality can play a vital role of providing them with the knowledge, values, and skills that will enable them in their contribution to attaining effective and efficient implementation of gender mainstreaming. Any organization that invests in training its board members help them to identify gender inequalities in various activities, define the objectives of gender equality and put into consideration gender while planning and implementing policies (Cedillo, 2013). All these activities require adequate knowledge skills and at times change of attitudes and behaviors. Therefore training is an essential element in handling gender equality in private organizations (Demos & Segal, 2009).
As illustrated in above, it is evident that private organizations experience gender-based violence amongst the workers. To overcome these challenges, every person must be in a position to respect the rights of every member of these organizations (Bustelo, Ferguson & Forest, 2016).? The government has to come up with policies that will enhance equal rights at places of work.
References
Arndt, J. (2017). Gender and Sexuality; A Practical Approach. S.l.: Worth Publications
Baker, D., & Wiseman, A. (2009). Gender, Equality and Education from International and Comparative Perspectives. Bradford: Emerald Group Publications.
Bustelo, M., Ferguson, L., & Forest, M. (2016). The politics of feminist knowledge transfer: Gender training and gender expertise. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cedillo, E. (2013). Gender Policies. Ottawa: North-South Institute.
Demos, V. P., & Segal, M. T. (2009). Perceiving gender locally, globally, and intersectionally. Bingley: Emerald JAI.
Denmark, F., Rabinowitz, V. C., & Sechzer, J. A. (2016). Engendering Psychology: Women and gender revisited. London: Routledge.
Freysinger, V. J. (2013). Leisure, women, and gender. State College: Venture Publications.
Hellinger, M. (2015). Gender Politics; Role of Men in the Family. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Jones, O. (2016). Why Women fear being Leaders in Organizations; A critical approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kalaramadam, S. (2016). Gender. New York: Taylor and Francis.
Kimura, M. (2016). Unfolding the 'comfort women' debates: Modernity, violence, women's voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Leonard, M. N. (2017). Gender equality and identity rights. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest.
Rizwaan, M., & Mantry, A. K. (2014). Gender equality and women empowerment. New Delhi: Saad Publications.
Worell, J. (2002). Encyclopedia of women and gender: Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender. San Diego: Academic Press.
Cite this page
Gender and Sexuality. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Buddha Teaching about Greed and Hatred
Introduction
According to Buddhist greed and hatred are referred to as poisons or fires (Harvey, P. 2012).? . The metaphors used to describe these two vices suggest how they are dangerous and also afflictive. Greed can described as being selfish, having misplaced desires and satisfying outward needs. On the other hand anger can be referred to as aversion and repulsion towards wrong views concerning reality. As a result of failing to control hatred and greed, actions which might cause suffering or unhappiness among the people. Generally in this paper, I will discuss the teachings concerning hatred and greed as per Buddhism teachings. Sankrit dvesa is used in Buddhism to mean hatred. In most situation hatred results from ignorance as people does not connection between various issues apart from the experiences they have. Dvesha is usually represented by a snake. Due to the fact that human beings see themselves as different from everything which is judged to be desirable (Epstein, M. 2013). Such issues make people to fell averted and always seek to avoid them. An individual may become angry when one interrupts anything which one wants to be done. Jealousy is also developed particularly when other individual have things which we do not have. Hatred I is also developed when something frightens us or seem to poses a danger to us. The symptoms of hated can be demonstrated through hostility, dislike or either wishing harm to another person. Human beings in most case usually avoid feeling and circumstance which most people do not like. At many times human beings want everything to be comfortable and satisfactory at all times. This behavior acts as reinforcement towards one perception about duality and separation. Lobha is actually represented as a wheel of life by a cock. The word lobha is actually found in sankrit and Pali, but in most cases used raga instead of lobha to mean the same thing. (Williams, P., Tribe, A., & Wynne, A. 2012). Greed can actually take different forms like acquiring property in order to raise one's status quo. In most case individuals like to wear the most fashioned clothes so that they can be liked and admired, this will be expression of lobha. In general hatred and greed are usually linked to how personalities are conditioned. Human being is controlled by these two vices and they can be regarded to as roots which are buried deeply into individual's mind. Understanding how to control greed and hatred may empower an individual and also choice about how to deal with these factors. According to Noble teaching about four truths, when an individual embraces and also understands exactly what causes dissatisfaction and suffering necessary action can be undertaken to extinguish such causes from ourselves. Greed is a burning need, craving and unsatisfied thirst. Human beings always require objects which can give a long lasting satisfaction. When the desires and needs have been satisfied, an individual feels self-worth and complete. This vice of greed basically creates internal hunger as this may be seen to strive towards undertaking which may be seen as unattainable. Happiness will depend whether an individual has attained a particular goal. Greed raises when one looks himself towards achieving the next planned goal, satisfaction is thought to be achieved successfully. Human beings are never satisfied fully due to greed. This is mostly manifested by lack of compassion and also generosity towards other people. Even honesty and introspection can actually reveal how greed can be deeply rooted in one's heart. Symptoms o greed can be experienced mostly in trivial instances which can be destructive and compulsive. Human beings desire to get more and more or usually want to fulfill the inner thirst. This is regarded as greed for wanting more and it affects one's personal life, politics and also the domain crated by international business. The conflicts which is experienced globally is as result of symptoms political greed. Greed in human beings affects individuals on either at personal or at global level. People's greed is actually endless and pernicious which seems to bring suffering and also unhappiness when it is kept awake. To overcome greed, selflessness and generosity should be practiced. If greed is experienced by individuals, contemplation of the impermanence can be applied. Giving away can actually be practiced through giving way items which we do not actually require. Also the acts of selfless service and also charity can be practiced as this will make the other people to feel recognized. There is no doubt to enjoy sharing beauty and pleasures of this world which is treated as material. The problems which are associated with greed are actually arise when individuals mistakenly believe and also act as if happiness is extrinsic factor. Hatred can be manifested through symptoms of anger, dislike, hostility or ill will against another person. Due to aversion, human beings resist and avoid feelings which are unpleasant and also people whom we do not like. Human beings desire everything to be comfortable, pleasant and satisfying at all times. This behavior acts as a reinforcement about perception concerning separation and separation. Hated and anger forces human beings to in vicious circle of being in conflict and also having enemies in anywhere they occupy. When there conflict and also perception of enemies around us, the mind becomes neurotic and endlessly occupied with seeking strategies to protect or revenge against ones actions (Kornfield, J., Ed, 2012).? . Conflict can also be created within human beings when one develops an aversion towards feelings which are uncomfortable. Development of aversion and hatred, inner feelings like fear loneliness are usually treated as internal enemies in life. Due to this ill of hatred, mostly conflict and enemies are created within us all over the world. Most individuals have been influenced by greed and hatred. The work of carrying out purification and also transformation is not actually influenced by obedience to impatience desire to achieve quick results. Any work being done by any individual demands persistence, care and compassion for others and as well as ourselves. Buddha taught that the ills of hatred and greed, which in many cases cause much suffering to human beings, can actually be purified and transformed. The chain of suffering and negative karma can be broken and live a fulfilling and happy lives. The excellent teachings from Buddha reveal that enlighten is a true nature and will shine naturally especially when the mind is purified.in this view, the goal of spiritual practice is actually to liberate an individual from defilements which obstruct radiance, natural clarity and joy resulting from ones enlightenment. To overcome hatred, human beings should learn on how to practice compassion, forgiveness and also patience. Reaction s about unpleasant circumstances or people with hatred can be used to overcome this poisons in life. Individuals can learn to embrace openly the spectrum of their experiences without applying hatred. The way an individual is prepared towards coming across unpleasant experiences in the world with patience and kindness, it should also be prepared to meet one's own unpleasant t experiences in the same way. Individuals feeling of being lonely, fear, insecurity and depression require one to be open and kind- loving. Challenges in spiritual practice softens habitual defenses, open our hearts and makes hatred to go. Through this method, individuals are able to meet and embrace themselves, other people and all the other experiences by applying great wisdom and compassion. According to Buddhism, hatred and greed are regarded as main causes of which keep the human beings to be trapped in samsara. According to the wheel of life (sanskarit bhavacakra) the six realms of Asmara are given birth by hatred and greed. Ignorance is regarded as the main root cause of anger and greed (McWilliams, S. A. 2011). Ignorance is viewed as willful truth in the nature of life. It is also regarded to as blindness which obstructs the reality. Each individual is regarded as an important component of life as well as a victim of immense possibilities in it. Ignorance is actually regarded as a fundamental darkness because it obstructs the reality of life.in Buddhism ignorance is associated with identification of one self as each individual regards himself or herself as separate being. In many situation the word I is used and not anything else ton refer tom the individual. Collective generations avoided because every individual feel that he or she is unique from one another. This identification acts as basis for dualism views as since everyone is unique on one way or another. Creation of splint between individuals causes reaction which occurs on positive ways. On the other hand, there exist issues which seem to threaten and undermine ones existence. May be on way or another such issues seem to harm us or rather take away our identity as human beings. In most case they act as danger to our security. Base on this thinking, aversion crops up and again there are other issues which are so nice. Such issues are mostly desired to gain by everybody and this greatly increases the attachment between human beings. Specially, the practice of Buddha does not actually relieve sufferings from an individual from the time of birth until death unless one perceives true nature and reality of life. Greed and hatred acts as vice in any given community and individuals should strive to control such poisons of life to make life simple.Conclusion
In conclusion, by learning more Dharma and applying its teachings in a proper manner in our lives, the stubborn behavior and habits will seek to exist gradually. This will liberate individuals from suffering and also unhappiness. This is actually referred to as "taintless liberty of the mind" according to Buddha.Cite this page
Buddha Teaching About Greed and Hatred. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Ethical Decision Making in Health/Social Care
Introduction
Ethical decision making is a good thing to all the clinical psychological practices which is by the formulated ethical frameworks of the ceiling professional. For every professional, it is important to be ethical mindful of the ethical basis and practices that are required for each, and everyone qualifies a member of a given profession. In deterring this topic, we must defy the terminologies used to make sense of the whole discipline. Ethical decision making is defined as the process used by clinicians or even cancellers to define their actions and the choices they make. This issue is drowning from the professional values, standards and behavior that are informed by the practices (Ruger, 2004). The whole practice involves gathering information, facts to help determine whether the problem or a dilemma exist in the context of the decision. Professional makes use of the framework of the client right and the professional responsibility to make a good decision. It also gives a process of making a divergent cause of action and their application as applied by the client. This also chooses the light of the conflicting values and principles as well as the responsibilities that are used to determine the individual interest. Is guilty of unsatisfactory professional conduct under section 139B of the National Law in that the practitioner has: Engaged in the misconduct that demonstrates the Knowledge of the skills and judgment that is possessed or is care exercise by the professional on the practice of psychology. There are some particulars that are very important to the practitioner but were not followed in this case. The practitioner must notice that when two of the particulars are not well followed, there should be found that can tell the practitioner that the findings are right. This also shows that the finding is justified. The other part Is that the practitioner failed to provide and adulate environment for the treatment of Patient A. he did this by failing to review the temporary diagnosis of the drugs during the therapy. The practitioner failed to provide adequate care and treatment to Patient A in that he: Failing to consider another therapy means failing to form a clear and strict relationship with the patient. There was also no proper care treatment to patient A in the sense that he suggested to the patient to review material such the book, the photography work of the Hamilton, and some sexually related material which did not make any sense to the patient In the year 2011, the practitioner failed to correctly manage the reference and counter-transference issues of the patient which are related to the patient A .this is through failure to seek an advisory opinion from a senior and a more experienced collogues. He also failed to terminate treatment of the talent and offer a transfer to the patient. Also failed to terminate the treatment of patient Cant give and transfer for another treatment. And Finlay accepts a new patient to is treatment rather than transferring him to another psychological doctor. Ethical, professional, social and legal elements of the case study identified. There are several ethical issues of the above case study. It was unethical for the practitioner to fail to provide an adequate care and the treatment to the patient. The psychologist profession request that the practitioner takes maximum caution of the patient under their care without fail or any compromise. He did not demonstrate his professional duty when he failed to review the provisional diagnosis during the therapy. The Practitioner. The social and legal element was violated by the practitioner when he failed to create a conducive environment of the relationship between him and the patient. The social conduct of the psychological and therapist requires that there should be a relationship that exists between the practitioner and the patient and this relationship should be kept at a professional level as possible. For this case, the failure by the practice to provide the patient with treatment and instead discrete patient A to go and read certain area which some were sexual ordinate shows that he did not obey the social values of the profession. On the legal issue, the practitioner also violated that law by allowing the patient to make a choice for him or herself over the kind of treatment they would desire. This is not right as the practitioner could easily refer the patient to a different doctor for a professional attention. Additionally, it is against the law f psychological practice for professionals to engage with their doctor sexually. According to this case study, the professional advice the patient to go read material the was sexual suggestive a matter that automatically suggests that his intention for the patient was to has sexual advances toward him. Appropriate professional and legal responses to the case study outlined, based on codes of ethics, professional standards and legislationAn appropriate response to the case study
According to the Australian code of conduct of the Australian, the patient welfare is one of the key concerns of every practitioner. The psychologist should seek to contribute to the welfare of the pertinent of the all the atoned they interact with. According to this case, this was not the case since the practitioner did not put into consideration of the patient welfare bust instead left them to do reassert for themselves. In this tonight practice, the psychology should way the welfare and the right to their patients. Users costal from the tire, when there is a conflict, the psychology must be able to solve the concern and at the same time perform their roles in a more responsible way to avoid harming their patient (Mechanic &Rochefort, 2013). They should also ace ice their powers to the real sense that ascribe to differences in power other and do not explain mislead people during the are professional practices. Contrary to the case, the psychologist is always a concern to divert the cause of human suffering. When doing this research, they strive to work towards the advancing the scientific psychology. This case involved psychology who have majorly misuse their work. This is the cause of the law compliant and encourages the development of the law social policy that will serve the patient interest. In admitting the new patient, one of the leys issues is that the patient should be to be admitted when the practitioner is ready to do so and can administer the tea the in the right way.Relevant literature on the code of ethics issues.
There are general ethical standards that govern the conduct and behavior of the psychologist practices and enhancements. The psychological society of Australian presents and articulates some set of specific standards that help in guiding the members that are to the public and helps in clearing the understanding of the expectation of the society members. This stipulates what is required of the entire psychologist. This body put a mandatory and emphasis on the importance of reviewing the code of conducts all the professionals who are engaged in the acts and the situation of the law. This cause relevance association and the environment. The atrial body was incepted in the year 1960 has been having a periodic review such as in 1960, 1968 and 1997. This society has attempted to reflect on establishing the principles, and the practices carried out by the professional within the context of the body. The main purpose of the reviewing is to incorporate the changes that have been taking place ever since its inception. These changes are very important since they are mending to accommodate every professional member who joins the body. The current code has been development form the on-going process that involves reflection within the society on the ethical issues, and responsibilities for the psychological reviews started in 1997 code of conduct. This is not compared to the working of the entire body. The code is formulated based on the three general principles of human ethics. The first principle is- Respect.
- Priority
- And the integrity of the human wellbeing.
Cite this page
Ethical Decision Making In Health/Social Care. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
A Short Story
Once upon a time there a lived a barbarian king who loved his daughter so much that he did not want her to date, anyone. Whenever he finds any man near her daughter, he would execute them. He was a deranged man who had no empathy for anything or anyone. He triumphed in blood since he loved conquering neighboring other kingdoms and take over as an empire. After many wars, the king builds up the city and makes the empire stable than before and this time peace prevail in the kingdom.
The king has a daughter called hella. Her beauty is beyond imagination with her mercury red hair and syrup lips. She has a happy personality, unlike her father. She was a wasp waist, well-varnished fingernails, rapture blue eyes and a soothing voice. Her mother died of sickness, and she was left alone.
She loves but also fears her father because she thinks that her father has no heart. (In the palace in her room hella is with her servant, her friend) Hella: am bored I want to take I walk in the fields, will you come with me? Shree: after I finish making your hair and nails we will go wherever you want princes, you better make a smile on yours. Hella: (smiling) you are the best shree. Tell me something, who is the boy I saw across the fields yesterday, do you know him Shree: don’t even think about it you know your father, do you want to send the boy to his early death. Hella, the princes, had fallen in love with various men on the back of his father who will never want any man marry his daughter.
The king thinks that his daughter cannot be associated with a commoner. All the three men were sentenced to death in the arena for people to see and get a warning. As a punishment, the king would expose the boys to the field and let a beast devour them. All men in the kingdom feared to be associated with the princes because they knew what would happen if the king finds out. (After shree finishes making the princes hair they walks out to the yard in the neighboring village with their hoses) Hella: it is a beautiful day, just look at how the sun is shining, and the birds are singing in the sky, wow! It is lovely. Shree: am used to this you know, maybe us should stop spending most of your time in the palace Hella: you sometimes I think am cursed, everyman I fall in love with eventually dies or worst. That is why I rather stay in my room than walking out, people fear me because of my father, and no man likes to be associated with me. For how long will I live like this? Shree: am sorry princes, but I know everything will be just fine, one day your father will come to realize that and permit you. Hella: haha (she laughs) that barbaric father of mine? So selfish he wants me to marry the prince of west Lands because he wants to make a coalition with them. We want me to accept so that I would control the prince after he becomes king. (They reach a forest, and they alight from their horses as they head to the river to take some water. As they arrive, they find a young man on the opposite side of the rive giving his horse water.
Hella’s eyes meet the young man’s his name Martin. The boy had a Viking-gold hair, defined cheekbones; he was shy with deep voice wearing stylish clothes. His personality was adventurous. From that day Martin and Hella fell in love secretly. They continuously met each other in the river every day for six months until one day the king realized his daughter had fallen in love with another boy. (The king call for the commander, Peter) Peter: My king I have heard u needed to talk to me King: I want you to bring me a particular boy from the Kuchi village; he is seeing my daughter, and I will not let it happen Peter: as you wish my king (Peter walks out to take his horse and rides to the West Lands.
The following day he returns with the boy with his hand tied to the king. King: well well well, what do we have here, I have heard you are seeing my daughter, do you know what I do to people like you Martin: am sorry your highness but I love your daughter, and I do not have bad intentions for her King: how dare you! Send this fifth to the cell as we wait for his execution. (The king decides to execute the boy in public the same way as other men who were associated with his daughter. Everyone knew what will happen to the boy and they feared for him) Hella: dad please doesn’t do this for God’s sake. I love him, and it is my fault not his, kill me instead Hella pleads with his father and reminds him what her mother would want. After some hours of asking the king decides to offer some option to the boy. King: this is what I would do, I will give the boy a fair trial, I would provide two doors, one door would be empty, and the other one would have a hungry lion inside. If the boy gets luck to open the hollow door, then he would be innocent of his crimes. If he opens the door with the lion, he would be guilty, and he would be eaten by the lion. That is the best I can do for the sake of your departed mother. Hella: thank you daddy (she is relieved because at least she has some hopes that her lover might survive) The king, on the other hand, does not think that the boy would escape this punishment, he believes the boy is guilty of falling in love with his daughter. Peter: (kneeling down on the floor in prison) oh! God! Don’t let me be killed like the other men and I have done no wrong. The princes, on the other hand, try to find out which door would contain the lion and which one would not to save his lover’s life as the days continue to count for the execution. Hella: shree… I can’t believe what would happen to him, I love him, and I don’t want anything to happen to him Shree: calm down dear, everything is going to be okay Hella: I don’t know that, help me find which door will contain the lion so that we might save Martin Shree: I hate it when you look at me like that, okay let go and find out They go and peep at Peter as he takes a big hungry lion to the entrance, unluckily Peter realizes they were spying on him and warned them. Peter: princes I know you are hiding in here, come out, you know this has to happen. Am in kings orders, and I cannot go against him although I understand this is wrong.
Just leave before the king realizes you are hearing. (hella and shree walks away in pain and despair because they have failed. Hella knows for sure his lover will die. The following day is here, and it is seen as a big day. The king orders the servant to bath the boy and is sent to the arena where people would be entertained. Everybody arrives at the stadium with Hella seated beside his father. Without further ado, Martin enters the stadium in front of his is two big doors. He is expected to open either one of them.
The wrong choice would cause him his life. Martin: trembling with fear, threw his eyes and met Hella’s God, I don’t want to die please save me He could not believe that death stood before him. The crowd is silent as they know for sure the boy is going to be eaten King: my daughter I told you to stop falling in love with low life people and you won’t listen now you have to see once again someone getting killed because of you Hella: (with a weak voice) promise me if he survives you will let us be King: if the boy survives I will give him marry you Martin, on the other hand, struggles to make a step forward.
With a deep breath, he opens one of the doors. Silence in the arena with shocking faces everywhere. Alas! Hella: Hurrah, Hurrah Crowd: heee, heee. The king walks away in anger. Martin at last survives, and the king changes his heart and allows his daughter to get married to the man of her choice.
Cite this page
A Short Story. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Comparison and Contrast Paper: Beowulf Vs. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
There are a number of characters that can be created by the author depending on the massage that they want to pass. Both Beowulf and Sir Gawain are the main heroic characters in the ancient Greece. They bare such qualities as famous, come from noble families and may at the end bare a tragic fall. They are said to be brave, gallant, and strong and can bare supernatural powers. They are skilled men who are victims of perfection. They rule a nation or state and are believed and given much attention by their subjects. Heroes are therefore supposed to be idealizing people since they face challenges and temptations and should be able to deal wisely with them (Woolf 12). Tragic heroes later come to a fall. The fall may be caused by their close friends or relatives who are conversant with their secretive lives in detail.
The lives of these characters therefore help us to draw their similarities and differences. Both Gawain and Beowulf are great leaders. They are liked and loved by the people they lead. They are both brave and loyal leaders. They respect their kings and kingdoms. This is by following the set doctrines and ways. The fact that the two characters represent good makes them similar. The author presents them in a way to show goodness. For instance when Beowulf fights with the terrible creatures the monsters and wins the author is so happy and congratulates him for that comments him and says the Beowulf will always defeat the evil one (Greenblatt17). The same also happens for Sir Gawain and the monster the Knight. Even after he is defeated the author takes his side and claims that when we fail and become true to ourselves then the goodness in us pronounces us as winners. The thematic concerns of the two tragic heroes are similar. In both works the audience meets a well-shaped and brought out hero by the author. The heroic figure is brought out by the physical, emotional and psychological prowess endowed in them. This enables them to be well equipped for the tasks and challenges ahead of them. They both command leadership and fight winning battles. They also comprehend heroic behaviors and epic journey.
There are major differences that can be highlighted from the lives of sir Gawain and Beowulf'. Beowulf is mainly known for his bravery while sir Gawain is mainly known for his honor. Sir Gawain's honor is best shown when he succeeds greatly in his search for the green knight. Beowulf also shows his bravery in killing Grendel's mother and also when he fought with the robust dragon. Sir Gawain and Beowulf also differ in the responsibilities they take. Beowulf is a hero while sir Gawain is a knight. They bare different sources of inspiration on how to go about the battles. Beowulf follows the heroic doctrines that pay more attention to honor, ability to be strong and courageous while sir Gawain follows those of soldiers. They each represent the values of their culture. Beowulf represent the spirit of the warriors which was more concerned with bravery, physical strength and loyalty while Gawain represents the ways of the soldiers which mostly emphases on courage. This difference therefore is clearly illustrated in the way the two heroes fight the evil monsters. Beowulf defeats the monsters and wins his people fifty years of peace before the robust dragon. Gawain's case is different because he is defeated by the monsters and starts a personal fight with his inner self. As the story comes to an end, Gawain is a failure, while Beowulf emerges a success.
Gawain fails in the fact that he is in such of perfection although he had done what had not been done by any other soldier or were willing to do. Beowulf gets victory from the fact that he fought successful battles, defeating the monsters and won liberation of his people for fifty years. Both heroes differ in the way they acquire their tragic flaws and hamartia. Sir Gawain as a hero gains his flaw from his concerns for his dear life. He loved himself and valued his own life and therefore he could never gain courage to fight against his own reputation. The tragic flaw of Beowulf came from his own excessive pride. Beowulf kept on fighting monsters although he was very old. He wanted fame from his subjects and was also characterized by greed and lust. Sir Gawain differs from Beowulf in the fact that he is a believer In the Christian faith while Beowulf believes in the pagan history. He only believes in fate and knows that it is only fate that will unfold and testify. Nothing can change fate. Sir Gawain believes in Christ the power and through him he can be change things. He therefore believes in brotherly love, chastity and courtesy unlike Beowulf who is undisturbed of whatever fate is placed on him. He has nothing to do with it because it must come to pass.
Work Cited
- Greenblatt, Stephen, gen. ed. "The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 9th. ed.Vol A. New York: Norton, 2012
- Woolf, Virginia." The Mark on the wall." " The Norton Anthology of English Literature". 9th ed. Vol F.
- Stephen Greenblatt. New York. Norton, 2012
Cite this page
Comparison and Contrast Paper: Beowulf Vs. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Interaction between Violence and Distance in “Assault”
The novel Assault as written by the Dutch author Harry Mulisch is one of the literally work that effectively portrays a combination of emotions in the manner it is written. The novel narrates a story of a young man named Anton that was living during the Second World War. The effects of the war that was there in the whole world are evident from the beginning of the novel where Anton had to move far away from his home after his two parents were killed. The author has managed to bring out a close relationship that exists between violence and emotional distance. Anton is described to be full of strong emotions as a result of the death of his parents that also leaves him homeless and had to live with relatives far away from home.
Anton is in a constant struggle with strong emotions after the parents were killed and he moved from their homes. He lived in a bewailing mood for many years yearning to go back home where his family was killed. Seven years later the after the massacre he gets back to their home only to find the find the burned down residence. The main reason that he Anton cannot manage to stay all his life normally without going back to his burned residence is that he felt attached to the bond that existed between in their family before the massacre causing an emotional stir. It is only when he gets back into the burned residence that the events that took place on the fateful day become vivid in him. While he is far from home he does live in denial for all the time.
After the opening of the book where Anton watches the death of his parents and killing of the neighbors which subsequently led to the burning of their residence the novel jumped to 1952. The author describes the events that took place over the period not to be very important. Though the novel might not contain much explanation about the life of Anton over the given period there is still a lot that was undergoing in his life emotionally. As he tries to continue living a normal life and he goes to school to become a doctor later on in his life the night of the massacre becomes more vivid as the development took place. The events that he saw become more unbelievable. In cases that a person undergoes emotional trauma just as Anton did it is important that they do accept the situation that took place and moves on and it is only possible if they are not taken very far from the site of the action for him to live in acceptance, When they are taken away, they tend to live in denial and it can affect their emotional whole life negatively.
The subsequent episodes that take place involve Anton meeting with different people attached to the killings that took place during the world war. In 1956 they share a moment of an emotional spat with the Fake Ploeg as Anton informs that his father was killed by the group that the father to Ploeg belonged to. Fake is also in denial of the event that had taken place and that is why he seeks for someone to blame in order to comfort his life. Anton, however, does not allow him and gives a correct recount of events that took place. It possibly was hard for Ploeg to accept the death of his father easily without knowing to whom it was supposed to be blamed on. For all the years that they lived in distance with Anton he all along had the wrong information that caused his heart to remain in anger. If only there was no existence of the long distance then they would have shared on the matters concerning the issue and started the journey towards healing emotionally.
As the novel continues the author introduces more characters that meet Anton who are most people of his generation. During the meetings, it emerges that there is antagonism that is held in each person's hearts thinking it is their neighbor they are to blame for the massacre of their families. It was hard for each of the people that Anton met in his life to accept that their neighbors were not on the opposite side of the war some even being Nazis supervisors. The separation that took place after the violence made it hard for any reconciliation to take place since each of the survivors went their way without even knowing how their massacred brothers, sisters and parents were buried. It only emerges when it is too late that the neighbors thought that their enemies were next door and had cost them their beloved parents and siblings. The distance that was created emotionally detached the people that were once in unity. The author describes that the greatest challenge that the people faced after the war was the emotional alienation and detachment from their fellow survivors. It was hard for the people described to determine who could be trusted and the one that should be treated with contempt. All the events that unfold however make the issue of guilt and innocence become more vague and hard to comprehend as the blame game ensues.
Mulisch managed to show Anton as a character that had great depth of emotions that was characterized by trying to cover up his emotions that were really huge especially after the separation of the people that he loved. The fact that the after the massacre Anton went to live with a people that had not experienced the war it was hard for them to associate with his emotions that were quite sad. If at all he had got a chance to continuously share with the people that they had the same emotional problems then it would have been easy for the continuous healing from the trauma. It was unfortunate for the characters that they had no chance of being together and share on matters affecting them emotionally after the massacre.
In conclusion, Mulisch manages to show the emotional effects that people that have gone through a certain war trauma have to undergo and especially if they are separated from each other and from the place of their residence. Anton being the main character suffers greatly emotionally even he undergoes tough times as he also tried to unearth how his parents died.
Cite this page
Interaction Between Violence and Distance in "Assault". (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony
Beethoven's fifth symphony is one of the best compositions of classical music and one of the most played symphonies (Schauffler, 1933). It was composed between 1804 and 1808 and first performed in 1808 at a concert in Vienna's Theatre. At the concert, since it was performed late many people did not really get the music therefore its reception was not as expected. It was after E.T.A. Hoffman, wrote an interesting review of fifth symphony that the public started appreciating it. Some described it as a song of war time victory. It was thus used during World War II as a campaign tool by the allies.
Beethoven was a significant musician and writer especially in the transition in the western music from classical to romantic eras. He was one of the best producers of classical music. He composed 5 piano concerts, 9 symphonies, 16 string quartets, one violin concerto and 32 piano concerts. He was good especially in instrumental music. He started music from a young age and moved to Vienna when he was twenty one years old to study music and that's where he became a pianist. He did not start out as a composer but first dedicated himself to studies and performance. He became a good instrumentalist and some people noticed his talent and offered financial support for his career. He first performed in Vienna one of his piano concertos. He also started publication of his works. After some of his symphonies between 1800 and 1803 he was regarded as one of the young influential composers in music. He continued to grow his music in terms of the depth of emotions, high level of originality and strength of character. He also taught a few young people who took after him and composed their own music. After losing his hearing he reduced the level of performance at concerts but still composed music until his last days.
Fifth symphony was one of Beethoven's successful music that he composed. The style of this music was classical, mostly accompanied by many well played instruments. This song has elements in the popular culture such as rock and roll and disco versions.
Beethoven describes the opening words as ""fate knocking at your door."" The rhythm of the music is the most important part of it. It has four parts, also referred to as movements, that is, Allegro con brio or Sonata, Andante con moto, Scherzo Allegro and Allegro.
The first part, Sonata, is a very powerful part since it's the beginning of the song. It is one of the most famous rhythms in western music. It brings out a feeling of intensity, anxiety, suspense and mystery. It prompts the listeners to ask what the meaning is. For example, the oboe has a brief unaccompanied cadenza almost at the beginning of the recapitulation. The opening of this movement involves the horn which brings out the fate rhythm, followed by the violin which is softer and then accompanied by an even softer and lower strings. This movement is amazingly dramatic and melodious due to the change from dark trombones to the sweet woodwinds. It ends with a massive coda play. Many conductors have argued on how to play the first movement, some saying it should be allegro tempo, others think of a weighty treatment and others argue that it should have a slow tempo.
The second part, Andante con moto is a lot calmer than the first movement, but also has a few grand moments. Two themes alternate in this movement, the first theme is sweet and melodious followed by the second forceful one. It opens with a unison play of violas and cellos, accompanied by double bases. It is then followed by a harmony of clarinets, violins, bassoons and bass which bring out the second theme. It has a lyrical theme which kind of resonates and reminds the listeners of the first theme. It ultimately expresses bliss.
The scherzo allegro has a kind of free form or song form consisting of scherzo and trio or intermezzo. It is a forecast of the last movement and also shows a little of the drama in the first movement. It is seen as the climax of the symphony. The opening is accompanied by winds, returns to the main key C minor, then the horns follow and the music goes on. Beethoven recasts the theme in a completely new dynamic and orchestration.
The fourth movement, allegro, is a uniquely surprising move as a lyrical theme is introduced and also another key, C major is introduced which is unusual. This movement expresses joy and victory. It ends the music in a joyful and celebratory mood.
Fifth symphony uses a number of instruments; piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 bassoons, strings, timpani, 2 trumpets, 2 horns, 2 clarinets, 2 oboes, 3 trombones and a contrabassoon. These instruments bring out the standard orchestration. To elaborate this, in regards to brass, the music has two trumpets, three trombones (alto, tenor, and bass) and two French horns (E flat & C). For woodwinds, two clarinets (B flat & C), two bassoons, two flutes, one double bassoon, and one piccolo are used. In general, different instruments are used to bring out the orchestration. The instruments are in some occasions played simultaneously while in other cases they are played separately. For example contrabassoon and the trombones are only used in the final movement, while instruments such as the piano and horns are used in almost every movement. For example, in the second movement the violas and cellos are played in unison while as the first movement begins, only the horn is played.
Fifth symphony uses C minor as the main which is very unique and make it a special form of symphony. The tempo of this song has proved to be a difficult one for most conductors. However it is recommended that each movement has its own tempo. The first movement, Allegro con brio, should have a tempo of 108 to the half note , the second movement has 92 to the eighth note, the third movement scherzo Allegro, should be 96 to the dotted half note while the forth movement Allegro should be 84 to the half note. Generally the song should be played at a tempo of 108BPM. The song also brings out a heroic and celebratory mood. The song was released shortly after Beethoven had lost his hearing ability. He said that ""it shall not bend or break me completely,"" which relate directly to his music which he describes the struggle as ""fate"" which ""knocks at the door."" This song is kind of a narrative which he uses to show he's a hero. The heroic life struggle is described in the opening of the song in C minor to the transition to C major as the song comes to an end which shows a progression of emotions. The strong lyrics and instruments show power and nobility.
When fifth Symphony was performed for the first time at Vienna, it did not attract the best reception. In fact there were many critics and negative reception. The orchestra failed to perform well and at some point the performance messed up and Beethoven had to start the song all over again (Robins, 1992). Critics such as Dionys Weber and others at the time described the song as a disappointment because the first movement began with what they regarded as discord. Others said it was absurd. Years later, most of them reversed their criticisms and spoke highly of the music. One of them E.T.A Hoffman, dedicated his review and analyzed Symphony and praised the instrumental work and C minor key. This changed people's view and the song was played in various concerts and events. People have realized that fifth symphony was a song that not only brought out the emotions in the tone and tempo but also the way instruments were played conveyed an inspiring message. People have learnt the meaning of the music and now receive it more positively.
It is amazing how people changed their view of this amazing song and got to understand the music. It is also evident that Ludwig Beethoven had a lot of skill in composing music and singing. It is especially surprising how he uses C minor in his song which was also very hard for people to believe then. It is a perfect song that resonates with mood, instruments, captures people's attention and also entertains which is one of the main aims of music.
References:
1. Schauffler, Robert Haven (1933). Beethoven: The Man Who Freed Music. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran, & Company. p. 211
2. Landon, H.C. Robbins (1992). Beethoven: His Life, Work, and World. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 149
Cite this page
Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
“Siddhartha” by Hermann Hesse
"Siddhartha" is a fiction story written in 1992 by the novelist Hermann Hesse. As such, the novel describes a tale of a man pursuing a spiritual journey in discovering himself. This comes at the time of Gautama Buddha where the author examines the Buddhist philosophy and Indian culture which are well expressed in his final epiphany.
The story is set in a small district of Kapilavatsu in Nepal where the protagonist decides to leave behind his home and search for spiritual growth. In the process, he becomes a beggar of Shramanas in a new environment (Hermann n.p). Remaining true to his goal he renounces all the earthly possessions, meditates intensely and fasts a lot while still homeless.
Religion is the main theme which outlines the desire to understand one's spirituality and enlightenment. As such, spiritual nourishment is void of earthly possessions and materialist desires. Even though Siddhartha is a pious man, he is influenced by a friend he meets who inspires him with Buddhist philosophies, but despite the wisdom in them, he acknowledges that true spiritual understanding cannot be sought by intellectual understanding. Also, the protagonist is known to immerse himself in a scriptural study of both Buddhist and Hindu scripture (Hermann n.p).
There is a similarity between the life of Buddha and that of the protagonist. As such, the author uses a similar analogy to show the hunger for spiritual growth by Siddhartha. In the bible, a man named Abraham had to leave the comfort of his family to an unknown land. Similarly, Siddhartha imitates such an experience in search of spiritual nourishment.
The theme of love is pivotal to this story as the protagonist denies himself comfort to please his believer. Self-sacrifice and total devotion to a godlike power is an expression of love.
Works Cited
Hesse, Hermann. ""Siddhartha, trans."" Hilda Rosner. New Delhi: Rupa and Co (1922).
Cite this page
"Siddhartha" by Hermann Hesse. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Marketing Strategies for Real Estate Industry
The authors examine whether the Basel capital framework that introduced the ratings-based system for the regulation banks had any profound effect on the link between finance and economic growth. Hassan, Hassan and Kin (2016) review the GDP growth per capita and the rate of international bank lending across 77 countries from 1999 to 2013 to get their results. The results revealed that ever since the Basel 2 capital regulations were implemented, the weight of risk associated with sovereign credit rating systems have had a significant effect on economic growth in both the lending and recipient states. Hassan, Hassan and Kin (2016) also found evidence that indicates the tendency of multinational banks to increase overseas lending to sovereign investments due to the lower risks, has contributed to reduced economic growth in the beneficiary nations. Nonetheless, the negative effects of the Basel regulations are negated due to the presence of open financial markets that have more advanced banking systems.
Hassan, Hassan and Kin (2016) conclude that the results mentioned above will have apparent effects for the upcoming Basel 3 regulations that are being implemented progressively across the globe. The Basel 3 rules will usher in a capital ratio that reduces risk of investment; it will be an important benchmark for financial markets in the future. Due to this and the increasingly narrow definition of regulatory capital, the association between the lending decisions that banks make and risk weight transforms. Ultimately, the association between finance and economic growth will become more prominent. Since the researchers establish the link between the ratings-based regulation and credit allocation by multinational banks, future studies should focus on the impact of ratings-based regulation on distribution of income.
Venkateshwara and Hanumantha (2012) analyze the role of credit rating services in the Indian financial sector by evaluating how the sector helps in the evaluation of risk and return on investments. They place their focus on new and existing Indian companies which have sourced their financing from the capital markets from 2000-2010. The authors note that the competition among corporations for investors has increased rapidly. This has been facilitated by the rise credit rating businesses which have helped to reduce the gap of knowledge that existed between lenders and investors, on one hand, and issuers, on the other hand, regarding the creditworthiness of countries and companies. Venkateshwara and Hanumantha (2012) also note that the credit rating sector in India is very significant since it is the platform that facilitates economic growth due to three factors. These include; increased circulation of money in the Indian market; reduced dependency on the cooperate bond market, and implementation of the Basel 2 regulations. On top of this, they note that credit rating is important for the development of financial markets. The increased circulation of money in the market is brought about by capital investments that have been enabled by debt. Due to better access to debt services, the dependency on the cooperate bond market is reduced.
The authors conclude that an investment grade rating can enhance the reputation of a country, company or security on a global scale, hence, attracting foreign investments and boosting the economy of any given nation. Such ratings are especially important for emerging economies since it shows their worthiness of receiving foreign investments. In this regard, future research should focus on how ratings enable efficient financial markets.
Becker and Milbourn (2011) analyze how the entry of a new player (Fitch) in the credit rating business, has affected the credit system as a whole since it has been dominated by two firms (S&P and Moody's) ever since its inception. The authors empirically analyzed how the entry Fitch to the industry has affected the credit system in developed states. Becker and Milbourn (2011) conclude that the enhanced competition brought by the entry of Fitch has coincided with reduced quality ratings from officials. The level of ratings increased while the effect of ratings on the financial markets decreased. Further, the ability of ratings to forecast rate of defaults decreased. Such observations bring into question the decision of liberate the credit rating industry.
The researchers conclude that the negative association between quality and competition is statistical and cannot be explained by the concept of reverse causality. Furthermore, it's unlikely that the shopping for rates or its growth can explain the negative patterns. The economic effect of increased competition in the credit ratings industry has a significant economic impact. For instance, a single standard deviation increase in the market share of Fitch is forecasted to enhance the average bond and firm rating. Therefore, the entry of a new player in the credit ratings market will reduce the quality of ratings and this will negatively affect economic growth. Becker and Milbourn's (2011) research is very significant for policy makers and regulators since the increased competition in the industry introduces the risk of running the reputation of quality ratings. Future research should be centered on the exit effect of a credit rating firm on the quality of the credit rating system.
Fakultet u Rijeci, E (2012) centers his research on the inability of credit rating systems to perform their primary goal, that is, forecasting, and how this has enhanced the financial crisis being experienced in the European Union due to real state. The author derives his empirical evidence by focusing on the three global credit agencies, Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's, and Fitch Ratings and their influence on the escalation of the Eurozone financial crisis.
Fakultet u Rijeci, (2012) asserts that the Asian, Latin and Russian economic crises that have been experienced in past two decades, as well as the economic meltdown of 2007, have been as a result of the failings of rating agencies to predict the ability of debtors to repay private and public debt within the required time period. Hence, the functionality and existence of rating agencies is in doubt since many evaluations have exposed significant deficiencies in the credit ratings of individual nations. Fakultet u Rijeci, (2012) concludes that this deficiency is brought about by emphasis on subjective aspects when handing out ratings. Furthermore, rating agencies are usually late when it comes to reduction of ratings and they tend to ignore the various macroeconomic indicators. Fakultet u Rijeci also believes that rating agencies reduce ratings out of panic, rather than taking the role of calming the financial markets through proper forecasting of economic shifts.
The solution to the failing credit rating agencies seems to lie with public bodies that would examine credit ratings. These state agencies would be organizationally and financially autonomous from the stakeholders and publish a comprehensive system for awarding credit ratings. Future studies should focus on the effect of leaving the role of credit rating to public bodies so as to examine if this solution is viable.
Matthies (2013) examines the credit rating system and its effect on global financial systems. He does this by analyzing current and past empirical studies on corporate credit ratings and their association with the ratings of other agencies. In particular, he examines three aspects; the link between credit ratings and default of payments, the effect of credit ratings on capital markets, and the factors of credit ratings and their changes.
The results of the study illustrate the general character of the rating system, Matthies (2013) states that the differences in rating categories do not correlate to the same differences in the probability of default. Consequently, this means that rating changes and market reactions have an asymmetrical relationship. In particular, markets react better to rating downgrades than to rating upgrades, even when the default probability is considered. Such differences are a result of two factors. Firstly, it is as a result of the method through which rating agencies operate or certain characteristics of the market. Secondly, it might be as a result of behavior of companies and how they release the required data.
Through his research Matthies establishes the discrepancies that exist between rating agencies. Even though these agencies are supposed to utilize a universal system, they offer vastly differently results when rating a particular country or company; these discrepancies have gotten worse ever since the global financial meltdown of 2007.These agencies play a crucial role for any given economy, but continually fail to offer an accurate reflection of the financial climate. In order to improve future prediction, the causes of these failures should be analyzed. As such, future research should focus on the factors that cause failure of the credit rating system.
The Background of Procurement and Commissioning
Public procurement is the procedure whereby governmental agencies purchase services and goods from third parties. It compromises most that reinforce the work of the government and varies from conventional items like furniture, stationery, IT services, or printed forms, to multifaceted sectors, such as funding projects, construction, manufacture of arms or reinforcement to significant change projects. It also includes an increasing spend whereby the third and private sectors facilitate critical services directly to the public in domains like social care, tertiary education, health, and welfare-to-work. The public sector may offer such services directly, and in some scenarios, even this public supply can be executed using procurement mechanisms. A governmental agency may compete with private sector companies in bidding for government work using a formal competitive process.
Commissioning is a term that means discrete things to different people. Organizations usually develop their varieties of commissioning, and there does not exist a universal definition. Many at times, commissioning is confused with procurement, which centers on ensuring delivery of service rather than its plan. There is also a primary assumption that commissioning has to include a market-based approach to the provision of services. Government agencies typically describe their commissioning strategies when referring to a procurement policy. The confusion does not end there since some individuals within organizations handed the title of commissioner are procurement experts, whereas others work almost discreetly from procurement experts . Commissioning does not have to include any purchase activity. Persisting with in-house delivery of a service may be an official decision of a commissioning body, similar to funding a VCS organization through grants. On that account, the simplest definition of commissioning is making optimal use of resources that are available to develop the best outcomes for citizens. The simplicity of this definition hides the complexity that surrounds the activities that enable things to happen.
Technological advances are one of the core reasons globalization has rapidly increased in the past decade. More specifically, technological innovations in information and communication have the world to seem smaller and facilitated the escalation of globalization. In my local area, technological developments in information and communication have changed the way of life at work, home, school and at leisure. The internet, in particular, has had the most significant impact in our lives. In the education sector, students are now able to access books and learning materials that were not available previously. As a result, the academic performance of schools has greatly increased in the past decade. Through the internet, citizens have been able to access developmental stories from tall over the world and thus have been able to gauge local development with that of other regions. Following this, they are able to challenge local leaders through social media so that they engage in developmental matters. As a result, my locality has seen an increased number of schools, roads and hospitals that have been built to world class standards.
The technological flow in my local configuration has been largely been shaped by economic forces. Economic development has improved the living standards thus people are able to have disposable income which they can spend on technological devices. Through devices such as mobile phones and computers, locals are able to access the internet and become part of the globalization process.
References:
Appadurai, Arjun. The Future as Cultural Fact: Essays on the Global Condition. Verso Books, 2013. Print.
Becker, Bo, and Milbourn, Todd. ""How did increased competition affect credit ratings?""Journal of Financial Economics 101.3: 493-514. 2011.
Fakultet u Rijeci, E. ""Credit Rating Agencies and Their Impact On Spreading the Financial Crisis On the Eurozone."" EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXI. 639-661.2012
Hasan, I., Wu, E., Hassan, G., &Kim, S. J. ""The Real Impact of Basel Ratings-Based Capital Rules on the Finance-Growth Nexus.""SSRN 2737912. 2016
Matthies, Alexander B. ""Empirical Research on Corporate Credit-Ratings: A Literature Review. No. SFB649DP2013-003."" Sonderforschungsbereich. 649. 2013
Martin, Tonya. (2011). 2011 Best Practices. Professional Retail Store Maintenance Association
Venkateshwara Kumar, K. S., & Hanumantha Rao, S. ""Credit Rating Role in Modern Financial System.""International Journal of Marketing, Financial Service and Management, 1(8), 135. 2012
Cite this page
Marketing Strategies for Real Estate Industry. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Taxation Versus Supply and Demand Elasticity
In inelastic good market, change in price does not cause any change in the consumption, for elastic goods changes in prices trigger great changes in the consumption patterns.
An imposition of exercise tax by the government increases the levels of prices for the target good. The change in the quantity supplied and demanded depends on the elasticity on the both sides of supply and demand. For goods whose both supply and demand elasticity are elastic, little revenue can be gained since the buyer and consumers can alter their expenditures and supplies on the goods whose price has been increased by the taxes.
In a case where the demand is inelastic and supply elastic only suppliers have a choice of changing their expenditure patterns and thus the tax imposition lies its burden heavily on consumers and not the producers. The producers can alter the level of production (supply level) to suit the market equilibrium. Consumers have no choice since they are addicted to the products thus little or no change in the consumption pattern once the tax is imposed. In this case a tax imposition or an increase in the rate of exercise tax will yield higher revenue compared to a case of elastic goods though the tax burden is heavily laid on the consumers.
A case where both supply and demand are inelastic reaps of higher amount of revenue to the government once a tax is imposed. In this case tax burden is equally laid on producers and consumers for no one have an option to its choices on either production patterns or consumption patterns.
When tax is imposed on the goods whose market equilibrium is indicated above the price changes from PE to a higher point say p1. Once this happened, the supply curve shifts backward for adjustments which alter the market equilibrium quantity from QE to a point back though along the consumption curve. In this case tax burden is equally laid on both consumers and producers.
Imposition of exercise tax will shift PE to a higher level
Tax imposition on butter will highly hurt consumers since the change it increases the prices and they cannot alter the quantity they demand. Only the suppliers can alter the quantity the supply, but that's impossible since the quantity demanded has not changed.
As a consequence the tax imposition on guns would suit the government whose aim is not necessarily tax collection but cares on hurting the consumers (voters).
CONSUMER PREFERENCES ON GOODS X and Y GIVEN THAT P(X) =P(Y), p(X) =price of x and p(Y) price of good Y.
UTILITY FUNCTION, U (X,Y)=(X2+Y2).
Utility function given describes a situation in which a bundle of X and Y goods have unit share of consumption. That is the consumer consumes one the same number of units at a given level of income (budget constraint).
We trace whether the consumer preference for good X and Y satisfy the three axioms of consumer preference in utility. I) axiom of order or completeness- the utility function incorporates goods X and Y and thus it fulfills the axiom of completeness. Too, the consumer preference dictates for the choice of the most complete bundle- that for the two goods no good is left out. Ii) Axiom of transitivity the utility preference directs on the choice preferred by the customer that the higher level of utility indicate a better position for the consumer. Iii) Invariant transitivity from the consumer utility function for X and Y it is indicated that more bundles of X and Y can not provide a lesser utility. That is if there is an increase in the number of y and x then utility increases respectively.
Therefore, the consumer preferences fulfill the three axioms of consumer preferences.
Do the consumer preferences fulfill the decreasing marginal rate of substitution?
Along the utility curve the marginal utility is always zero. I.e. the sum of partial derivatives of the utility is always zero. Therefore, using different points along the utility curve, we can construct a marginal rate of substitution curve. Whenever the consumer consumes more of y then for the utility to hold he/she consumes less of x and the same occurs whenever he/she consumes more of x, less of y. thus marginal rate of substitution occurs due diminishing marginal utility for consumption of more goods.Cite this page
Taxation Versus Supply And Demand Elasticity. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Training Methods (Management)
Purpose of the company
Today, due to the increased number of educated people who do not have a job, the employees have to show their worth in the company to remain relevant. The allowances that are offered in the workplace depend on the ability of the employees to attract more customers or make more sales. Some companies give the workers commission for every good or service offered to the customer. Just like any other person, the employees have been taking advantage of the situation and if they have a way of showing the made a sale of good or service to the customer even if they did not (Valentine et al. 2015). This shows how business culture can affect the company to a point for employees can be deceptive just to have an additional income. In this case, we will look at the Sunshine Bank and how training can help to grow and achieve the goals and objective of the company without being deceptive. The bank mission is "To develop a good culture which will ensure trust and satisfaction to the customers."Size of the company
Sunshine company is made up of 200 employees who need to be trained to prevent unethical behavior which can affect or taint the reputation of the company. Training the entire staff member can be expensive but can help to ensure efficiency in the workplace to satisfy the needs of the customers. Training 200 employees cannot be difficult because the number is still small compared to that other company that has more than 2000 employees. Sunshine is just a small bank located in Florida in the United States whose vision states "To offer the same quality services to our customer using ethical employees." The needs of the customer should always be met to make the bank reliable and trustable. Handling the finance of people and keeping it safe in a manner that they can retrieve it as they like is not easy. It would be a shame for a customer to go to the bank to withdraw some cash only to find that the bank does not have the money. The reason why banks can lack finances is mismanagement and employee mistakes or fraud. When the customer learns about such problem from a bank, they withdraw their finances which can result in bankruptcy.The trigger event that started the training session
Every time a company gets the need to train the employees is to prevent unwanted circumstance in future. The triggering event for the training session for sunshine banks was the case of Wells Fargo where employees were opening fake accounts for the company to get the allowances. Sunshine bank is a business which can face the same problem, and the employees need to understand the effect of such behavior as well as the consequences if a staff member is caught in such activities. For instance, in September 2016, Wells Fargo was charged $185 million for the illegal practices which saw the employees create an account for people without their consent. The mission of sunshine bank seeks to protect the integrity of the bank as well as ensure the customers are satisfied. Although the employees did that to protect their jobs by achieving quotas, the bank had to pay the consequences of their action. Such unethical behaviors do not only happen in Wells Fargo, and other companies in the same industry need to train the employees to prevent such behavior. The manager of the sunshine bank wants to examine the training behavior of all the employees in the company and ensure they follow the ethical standards.The target population of the company
Sunshine seeks to train all the employees' irrespective of their hierarchy in the company. Most of the time, training session leads to changes in the company and therefore, it is important to conduct a change management. According to Kotter's eight principles of change management, it is important for the manager to create a powerful coalition in the business which will convince the rest of the staff members the importance of the training session. The coalition can only be made through depth training to the employees who are high in the hierarchy and work with them to implement and lead change (Mayet al. 2014). Training the entire staff is important and helps to create a culture in a company that employees can follow. If need be, the manager of the sunshine bank can decide to shuffle the employees according to the findings of the training session. The ethicalcode in the workplace can be developed in the company to help guide the employees of the ethical behavior. The manager can discuss with the employees on the importance of having a written code of conduct in the company (Mayet al. 2014). The written code of conduct can be placed in an area in the company where employees can see what they should or should not do in the workplace.The assessment method
The best method to use for a company that has approximately 200 employees is instruction design. The design must consider the characteristics and behavior of the leaner and implement a strategy which helps them to have enough courage to handle difficult issues in the company. The company can also contribute to the problem of unethical behavior in the workplace (Itani et al. 2017). For instance, in the case of Wells Fargo, the employees might have feared to lose their jobs for not delivering in the jobs as required. Today, banks have been affected greatly by the advanced technology which people use to keep their money. For example, the network service provider companies have been providing people with an account where they can keep, transfer, save and even get short-term loans. Therefore, people do not need to open banks accounts and keep their money, which exerts pressure on the sales personnel in the banking institution to lie on the system. However, with a good communication strategy in the company, people can gain the courage to address their problems as well as report unethicalbehavior in the workplace. The manager should also understand that it is important to retain employees. Although in the management career one has to replace employees, the cost of training a new employee is higher than a worker who already understands the culture of the company. The cost of training new employeesincludes recruitment and administrative cost, cost of teaching variable skills among others (Itani et al. 2017). However, the training cost depends on the position of the employees in the company. For instance, for an employee earning $8 per hour, the cost would increase to $9 per hour. Therefore, for the sunshine company, the cost of training all the employees can be estimated at $ 200 per hour. The company can prevent such cases by teaching the people in the organization the importance of ethics and teamwork. The company is not mainly made up of the premises and capital but the human resource which workstogether to reach the company's goals and objectives (Mayet al. 2014). Unethical behavior in the workplace such as ignorance of professional ethics can affect the image and reputation of the company which resultsin loss of customers and reduced profits which affect the company leading retrenchment of employees. Cases like that of Wells Fargo shows that the reason for unethical behavior in an organization can lead to penalties and loss of employment if the behavioris known.. The employees are very important part of the organization, and it is their responsibility to uphold and build ethical selling skills.References
Valentine, S., Fleischman, G., & Godkin, L. (2015). Rogues in the ranks of selling organizations: Using corporate ethics to manage workplace bullying and job satisfaction. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 143-163. Itani, O. S., Jaramillo, F., & Chonko, L. (2017). Achieving Top Performance While Building Collegiality in Sales: It All Starts with Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-22. May, D. R., Luth, M. T., & Schwoerer, C. E. (2014). The influence of business ethics education on moral efficacy, moral meaningfulness, and moral courage: A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 67-80.Cite this page
Training Methods (Management). (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
The Transformation
Jessica woke up one morning to a strange feeling of herself. She immediately looked at the clock that was hanging on the wall of her room and instantly realized that she was late for her morning vocal classes. There and then, she heard a gentle knock on her door. It was her mother calling out to her as she reminded her that she was late for her classes. Moreover, her friend Janie had come by to pick her up so that they could go to the vocal classes together. Jessica and Janie had been best friends from their childhood, and in fact, their friendship had united their families significantly. Jessica's mother at her door wondered why her daughter had overslept when normally she would wake up on time.
By then Janie had joined Jessica's mother at the door to call out for Jessica who apparently was not only hesitating to open her bedroom door but also had not responded to her mother's calls. Nevertheless, in the room, Jessica realized that she had difficulties getting off her bed. Additionally, she had tried a couple of times to respond to her mother's calls at her bedroom door but realized that both her mother and friend did not notice her sounds. In her relentless attempts to get off her bed, Jessica managed to roll on her bed and eventually fell on her bedroom floor. There and then she crawled to her bedroom door and by the support the door itself she managed to unlock the door lock, and instantly the door flung open. To Jessica's shock, her mother had passed out instantly on seeing her while her friend screamed in great shock. For a moment Jessica was deeply perplexed, but after a couple of seconds trying to figure out what was going on, she decided to follow her friend outside, who by then had run out in terror. On her way out Jessica miss-stepped and rolled down the stairs and passed out. Jessica woke up only to realize that she was back in her room.
On her right, there was a glass of milk, usually, her favorite, and some toast. Strangely enough, she had no feel for the food and did not even taste it despite that fact that she was hungry. Additionally, she noticed that her mother and close friends were constantly observing her in her room via her bedroom window. The following day Jessica's bedroom door opened and she walked in with fresh food of the kind as she took away the previous meal that she had not even touched. Jessica, on the other hand, could not stop wondering what was going on since her dear mother and her best friend had kept distance and instead studied her at a distance. Once again a day passed by and her mother opened her bedroom door to collect the untouched food by her daughter, only then she had brought some crap food from the previous meal. To Jessica's mother and her friend's shock Jessica eat the scrap food happily with no regards to whom was observing her. Strangely enough, she loved the scrap food more than normal food which she was accustomed to taking.
There and then her mother made up to let Jessica know of what had transpired of her. She put Jessica's big makeup mirror in front of her and Jessica realizing that she was no longer the young charming and beautiful lady and in fact was a huge hideous bug, passed out. Jessica's sudden transformation had largely changed her family since her mother looked up to her that one day she could change their home but facing the transformation her daughter had gone through melted her hopes fast. Jessica's case turned out unique and exceptionally heavy on her family's side since her mother had to try hard not to let out her secret as well as feed her daughter scrap food which raised questions from her neighbors who saw her rummage garbage bins. Jessica noticing her mother's frustration made up to let go of her life to free her mother from the trouble she was undertaking.
Cite this page
The Transformation. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Depression in Women
Introduction on the article synthesis paper:
An article synthesis paper is meant to put across an understanding on the topic of question. This is intended to provide a general understanding on the selected topics as well as review papers which will as result provide the researcher with a solid background of how the review should be done in a normal way. In this synthesis paper I have selected four articles to write a synthesis based on the reviewed articles
The first article I chose was on ""Earlier stress exposure and subsequent major depression in aging women"" and it is an international journal reviewed by Sabrina L. Jenkins. The objective of this paper to ""finds out three major aspects of stressors in young women"".The journal speaks about how the middle-aged women suffer from major depression disorders or what is considered to be a clinical depression. It states that women who do not have these symptoms at an early stage can experienced the syndrome at an age of menopause. Alternatively, it can also relate to Normanton stressors. The research was conducted to find out an estimation of the effects of stressors longitudinally on the subsequent women average of 60. The research also exposes an attempt to explore as well as find a determination of if there is any problem on exposure to stressors in a woman early life and distance major disorder.
To be more specific, the paper finds out three major aspects of stressors in young women. The first aspect is whether stressors in early life evocate women risks for attainingmajor depression at an old age.
Secondly: what early life stressors if there exist any would distance MDD on aging female gender?
Finally, what is the importance of strategies that are implied for identification, prevention and treatment of those risks for MDD. The focus of the journal is on the implication and how the management of the stress throughout life would lead to improvement for aging women.
After carrying out an experiment, the researcher realizes that there are several indicators of depression. The study presents these indicators based on the clinical perspectives or clinical major depression disorders. The procedure used is set on the depression, mood, or even loss of interest in or enjoyment in vital things. After meeting certain criteria which was provided by the researcher, the paper presents a finding of 565 women with a mean age of 60 that early life stressor such as increase in marital problems. The issue may increase the risk of future diagnosis of MDD AS AGING occurs. It was noted that an increase in NLE will automatically double the increases in trajectory in stressors and to lesser extend an early high significant odds for the late life MDD.
In conclusion, the article presents the negative effect of high stressors in which youths may elevate chance of getting MDD as women age implies that stress is accumulation of land without, prevention and treatment of aging women.
The second article reviewed is by Kase, chen and cohen reviewed in 2010. The article objective is: to expose stressor and subsequent depression in aging women. The article gives a confirmation that most women at earlystage experience abuse in one way or another. The researcher collected data through the Unitedstates department of health and tried to find out how this type of stress acquired at an early marriage stage can affect women. The paper showed that 13% of the women were verbally abused and 9.6% were physically abused and the rest were sexually abused. It clearly shows that the abuse are experience while at early stage of life and this caused a very different and negative results when an individual grows old. There is a considerable association between the anxiety and depression and this was severally examined and similar results produced which looked at the sample of considered results to be the same. According to the paper, one should come to a realization that early child abuse makes one more vulnerable to depression at any particular time when the individual is confronted with the stressors in life. For this reason, it is true that one correct for one to have a consideration that when the stress comes early in life, it will be related to child abuse at some point in life.
The paper puts three most important questions into discussion:
The first question is whether the stressors are experienced during early life in the staged of life and more specifically a woman can the changes for major depression disorders during and after her experience.
The second is what might be the identification, prevention and treatment for the number of chances that are associated with the individual to suffer major depression disorders clinical disorder.
The main focus of this study is basically on the implication of the stressors and how managing this stressor can be difficult but of importance in aging women.
The study undergoes through several stages of data collection several discussions and presents its finding on the effect and influential result of early child abuse in association to how women get abused in at anearlystage of life.
In conclusion, the study clearly indicates that theearlychildhood or women early marriage abuse can last for a lifetime. It is however important to sue to understand the prevalence of this situation (Kasen et al.,2008). The situation reduces as people get old in life. To connect the first article and the second article, it is noticeable there is a relationship that exist between the onset of depression and the early childhood abuse of the old women who are between the age of 60-93. Unlike the first paper, the article reminds that the future study should put into consideration the involvement of a larger group in order to improve the quality of the results.
The third article to be considered in on American journal of public health titled: Depression in Adult Women: Age changes and cohort effects. The article's objective is to find out the rate at which the women get depression and disorders. The article reports that the rate at which women get depression and disorders has arisenstately with no formal consent or explanation. It reveals the researchers who have come up with some proposed explanation for the trend and such a pattern. Some researcher has even argued that the stress is due to the sudden change of roles. The other researchers have cited this from the limitation of study, which has caused the lack of giving specific statistics. The study focus on the issue of distinguishing age and cohort and their association with depression. The paper used the statics data that was collected and analysed. The scores for this is depression were regression of data cohorts and age. The scores for the previous year were also used.
It is evidence from the study that real life situationand the current women of the same birth rate has drastically increased the level of depression simply because the model. This level of depression is basically witnessed to be reducing as women get older and as role shift lessen. From this form of statistics, the health sector could also use this data to come up with health policy and social programs which will help the young women manage the level of stress in their lives and help in overcoming the collective effect of depression at their old age.
The fourth article in this paper is on depression in adult as a risk factor:
The objective of the article is to consider the important of risk factor in women depression and the effect of women youractivities on the old stage. This means that not all women at the old stage can'tcope up with some situation in the lifetime. The article raises the question of what leads to older adult women to become depressed. It presents some schoolsfinding on structural changes on the brain. It states that it has found that those with depression are most likely to have a vascular risk factors including the history of cerebralassociated disorders which is also supported by the research (Kasen et al.,2011). It concludes that depression in older women can be understood from a lifespan diathesis stress perspective. The risks and proactive factor normally becomes less prominent in the middle of the depression as they change more periodically and more frequently.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the results of the four articles provide a similar concept on the cause and effect of depression in older women. They both present the health and risk factor on the women who experience gender violence and presented a certain rate of gender violence factors.
References:
Ahamed, M., Alhadlaq, H. A., Khan, M. A., Karuppiah, P., & Al-Dhabi, N. A. (2014).Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles.? Journal of Nanomaterials,? 2014, 17.
Kasen, S., Kohen, P., Chen, H., &Catille, D. (2011).Depression in Adult Women: Age changes and cohort effects.American Journal of Public Health93(12) Retrieved from
Kasen, S., Chen, H., Sneed, J. R., & Cohen, P. (2010). Earlier stress exposure and subsequent major depression in aging women. International journal of geriatric psychiatry,? 25(1), 91-99.
Kasen, S., Chen, H., Sneed, J., Cohen, P. (2008). Earlier stress exposure and subsequent major depression in aging women. The International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(1) 17-27.
Dasgupta, N. P., Sun, J., Liu, C., Brittman, S., Andrews, S. C., Lim, J., ...& Yang, P. (2014). 25th anniversary article: semiconductor nanowires–synthesis, characterization, and applications.? Advanced Materials,? 26(14), 2137-2184.
Cite this page
Depression in Women. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Cross-Cultural Management Issue
Key Findings
Unclear branding positioning is the major cross-cultural management issue analyzed in this research. Brand positioning refers to giving brand benefits focusing on all points of contact with a consumer, giving them a reason to buy that brand in preference of others (Holden, 2006). It involves identifying a location of similarity or difference to create a proper brand identity and a clean brand image. For a business to attain a distinctive area in a market, it had to choose a market niche and gave a differential advantage carefully. It is this area that Marks and Spencer failed in the Chinese market, which is forcing the company to withdraw and close down its stores.Main Recommendation
Unclear branding positioning of the M&S clothing line brought about disappointing results for the whole merchandise, with a 5.8% drop in sales (Mellahi, Jackson, &Sparts, 2002). However, the company's food products are growing stronger and recorded high sales regardless of the cross-cultural management issue. Should reasonable measures be taken on general merchandise and clothing, the company would still be stable in recording top transactions and would not have considered withdrawing from China market. Since the Chinese are proud of buying the M&S foods, necessary measures ought to be taken to improve the latter thus would not have to close its stores.Introduction
About Marks and Spencer
M&S is a leading retailer in the UK whose headquarters are in Westminster, London. The company specializes in production and sale of clothes, home products, and luxury foods. Launched by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in 1884, the company started selling branded products and currently has 979 store in U.K and many other international outlets (Wildman, Griffith, & Armon, 2016). The company has recently observed low sales in clothing while food sales are tremendously increasing.Issues and Affected Stakeholders
Unclear branding positioning is the major problem affecting the company leading to the store's closure. The giant retailer is speeding up its plans to close down non-performing clothing stores and slowing down the expansion of its food chain (Wildman, Griffith, & Armon, 2016). M&S is no longer attractive and competitive as it used to be regardless of brand, quality, and price. The company is focusing on reshaping its market and concentrating on most successful locations to restore its high street fortunes. Due to the continued losses in China, the company is withdrawing from the Chinese market, and this will lead to the closure of about ten stores. It is substantially affecting the business, shareholders, and the retail industry.Aims and Outcomes
Much as the Chinese love British products, it is unlikely that one will go up the vast building to pick a single imported product available next door in a smaller retail shop or buy expensive fancy clothes while there is a cheaper local alternative. It is unclear positioning that is causing M&S to fail in this broad Chinese market thus giving an advantage to domestic companies. This analysis will, therefore, focus on ambiguous branding positioning as a cross-cultural management issue for the M&S Company, alongside other problems affecting the success of the business.Discussion
Approach to Cross-Cultural Management
While the Chinese consider M&S foods as premium, British, and high quality, they have a different opinion for fashion and merchandise as it does not gain traction. However, from a product perspective, M&S delivers exceptional fashion hit, for example, the legendary dusty coat of AW13 (Warner &Joynt, 2011). The retailer excellently positions its food offers through attractive communications and smart activations. With the focus on top quality, organic, and British produce, M&S is keeping it simple and sustainable to meet customer expectations. The organization is slowly losing its obsession to protect its market share. Instead of trying to retain its market position by being all things to people a task that is almost impossible, M&S is trying to redo its brand by moving upmarket. Its direction of travel is also evident since M&S is not opening any more clothing branches, in fact, it is closing stores. After alienating the loss-making market, mark and spencer's profits jumped from Euro 25.1m to 118.3m (Mellahi, Jackson, & Sparts, 2002). The strategy does not look like a bad thing for the company. Besides, M&S is significantly defeating traditional supermarkets regarding sales and profits regardless of its high prices.Engagement
M&S and its shareholders are making huge steps to make the company sales growth. The company is prioritizing improving performance in womenswear as well as increasing the food business, boosting margins, and observing tight control of costs. These move that M&S is making towards brand positioning and supply chain will ultimately improve sales and profit margins if they work correctly. M&S for instance, by increasing the product designs to 25pc and delivering clothing to stores more frequently, it will succeed to boost availability in stores and introducing new fashion frequently (Mellahi, Jackson, & Sparts, 2002). The company now wants to focus on profits and generating cash instead of sales. In fact, the chief executive promised to improve M&S profit margins in the clothing arm by 1pc, and the interim results already show growth in margins by 1.5pc (Warner & Joynt, 2011). The improvement in margin is a sign that M&S fashion business is picking up. The trend is a back up to the CEO's claims that the company is improving its quality and style of fashion. It is also gradually recovering from the discounting tradition. Marks and Spencer launched a marketing campaign using '?spend It Well' slogan to represent a radical departure for its brand. '?Spend It Well' is a slogan representing both food and clothing, and is the first series of advertisements for the brand (Nisbett et al., 2001). M&S intends to promote a prevalent attitude that connects customers regardless of their age and demographic. The company, therefore, is using the slogan to focus on emotive experiences, such as being a music festival or waiting tables at the restaurant for consumers whether young or aged. There is entirely a revolution taking place as M&S is adopting the discipline of increasing ads. It notably spent 4.9m pounds last year on advertisement campaign. The company now uses the review section of glossies and national press to promote fashion of its women clothing ranges. In fact, when the company advertises its products, the sales rise. The company is taking up measures to revolve around products, merchandising, marketing, and pricing to bring a positive change that will bring about profit growth.Operations
The new chief executive is changing the retailer's strategy from owning expensive stores to growing the networks of franchise shops. Rowe wants to turn around M&S after acquiring a company struggling with women's fashion. The executive aims at scaling back international expansion for the firm to dismantle the past legacy. Interestingly, Rowe already has scrapped down more than 500 head office jobs and reduced the senior management in an attempt to cut down operational costs. The chief executive also agrees that clothes prices are too high and has cut the rates for men and women fashion by up to 15% (Mellahi, Jackson, & Sparts, 2002). Another move the company is making is selling its franchise in Hong Kong and Macau. It views this as a more profitable act and consumer-centric for international business. It has led to the closure of several stores in global markets particularly China. Through this, the company is focusing on growing established the franchise, joint ventures, and operating fewer stores. The shift and the considerable focus on the franchise model for global niches will significantly benefit M&S. It will also help in focusing on the better building of brand image and developing its food products. Although the company's business is failing in China, the shift to focus on food is a worthy move.Analysis
Critiques
M&S differentiates itself from competitor businesses through its brand name. The company gained massive recognition through its affordable quality and different product offerings. The positioning as a quality retailer is, unfortunately, losing its influence which is leading to the continuous sales decline (Nisbett et al., 2001). The company needs to seriously re-evaluate and restore its reputation and brand positioning for it to salvage its sales. The poor selection of store location, as well as reduced maintenance and structure of premises, is not doing M&S any justice. The brand is currently more divided as ever since as people shop for food for pleasure, shopping for general merchandise is falling due to the functional stocking of basics and a series of unclear sub-brands (Burt et al., 2012). Even the fans of M&S are now keeping quiet because they see it as a place to find hidden gems and not something to shout about in any real or virtual aspirational platforms. Clothing and the general merchandise seems to be entirely a kettle of fish. Although many go in for socks, pants, and other small stuff, the rest of the more extensive confusing fashion line misses the mark. According to Nisbett et al. (2001), the supply chain has problems relating to timing and strategic entrance, location, and lack of integration. Marks and Spencer offer products that do not attract customers due to inappropriate designs and poor presentation in the Chinese market. Besides, the prices are too high and uncompetitive compared to the local offering. Many Chinese customers complain about packaging and labeling since the company does not include interpretations in a language they understand (Cartwright, Mccormick, & Warnaby 2016). On the contrary, M&S branches in the UK are well designed and presented correctly, and the market representation is so unique as opposed to the Chinese market. It is such unclear positioning that is making the company fail in China. The promotion side also has many weaknesses since there is no store and brand awareness about M&S among people. It is even shocking that many Chinese heard of M&S after starting to give discounts to close the stores (Cartwright, Mccormick, & Warnaby, 2016). It is this rumor that made them know the company exists, an indication that the company is not taking an interest in marketing. M&S uses a tiny advertisement budget which lacks to achieve a proper target audience. The business has zero social and cultural understanding, the main reason that facilitated stupid rumors about M&S in China. Getting the products right in the fashion industry is crucial. In recent years M&S experienced business downturns and lousy brand image due to being old fashioned. Although the company is recovering, it is repeating the same mistake in the Chinese market. According to (Cartwright, Mccormick, & Warnaby, 2016), poor sizing, old fashion, poor positioning, and competitive offers are factors making the fashion products to fail. These are making Chinese shoppers show low interest because the clothes are too big and simple. The overall brand positioning is a mess.Evaluation of CCM Criteria
In my opinion, the company is doing very little to stress more about its strengths. The retailer prices its products way beyond the market expectations, therefore, needs to adjust the amounts and market efficiently. The company lacks an accessible and broad marketing platform are necessary to succeed in external markets. It, therefore, has not done enough to solve its cross-cultural issues hence the failure. Again, M&S traditionally shies away from above-the-line advertising and relies on in-store marketing and point-of-sale (Nisbett et al., 2001). The organization mainly does not seem convinced on investing in costly national TV campaigns. The company's advertising manager says that they will continue with in-store marketing because they have many loyal customers (Peterson & Castro, 2006). This kind of thinking is wrong. The company needs to invest in promotional strategies to succeed in the competitive Chinese market. In this case, the company is failing in its cross-cultural management and therefore the problem is not appropriately addressed. Chinese shoppers spend much time on social media which creates a rapid and cheap delivery of goods leading to a booming e-commerce sector. M&S, on the other hand, is building its online presence which is attracting pure comfort to expats because the retreat from high street will mean lower sales in food and wine in China (Nisbett et al., 2001). In short, the company continues to make losses due to little brand awareness and the fact that it is going online shows the determination to improve. M&S is enlarging its scale of online shopping because Chinese consumers opt for more choices and great convenience is a great move. Rowe, the Chief Executive, has a strategy to reduce price ranges and cutting down on clearance sales and promotions while still improving the services (Warner & Joynt, 2011). Since he also has programs to close some stores and restructuring others to reflect more online sales, the company is making moves to correct its mistakes. Although the plans are radicle, it shows to be a right strategy for the overall good of the society. The company may not be recording considerable differences in profits and loss accountability, but the thing is, M&S is trying a lot to rectify the cross-cultural issues. The company embarked on closing underperforming departments and accelerating the expansion of the food chain. It also has five-year transformation plans to pin primary cost-cutting drives to reduce running costs by 10% from Euro 3.4bn (Peterson &Castro, 2006). The company is making adequate progress to remedy urgent issues. The underlying clothing sales were initially flat, but since the company started making changes, a better outcome is now visible; an indication that M&S is successfully tackling its issues.Recommendations
Possible solutions and Appropriate Actions
Focusing on a single occasional item is not enough for addressing the various brand problems surrounding Mark and Spencer's fashion. The company has both a brand portfolio and masterpiece issue because with many sub-brands to navigate (Alden, Steenkamp, & Batra, 2003). For example, having the autograph, indigo, and Classic among other sub-brands, its fashion experience looks confusing and disjointed. M&S can focus on reducing some sub-brands instead of trying its master brand more likable. It could, for instance, have the entire fashion line just known as M&S instead of hiding in these many sub-brands. M&S has to become clearer about what it stands for, for it to increase the strength of the master brand. The company is in a better position for its quality which has always been part of its heritage. As proven by food, M&S can quickly get it right by delivering quality products at a premium. Therefore, for further quality message differentiation, M&S can adopt the British message quality. Although the company brands are dipped into Britishness through ranges such as '?Best of British,' doing this through sub-brands instead of the master brand message is not competent enough to change the overall perception of the brand (Alden, Steenkamp, & Batra, 2003). Furthermore, the company can look at other successful British premium brands and then establish the various elements of Britishness it can own and weave into its messaging. Other retailers are pursuing aggressive marketing strategies and repositioning their brands to compete with M&S. Others like Asda are setting themselves to match the M&S quality and at better prices. On the advertising side, M&S ought to address the brand issues head-on instead of focusing on a single product or a seasonal story (Burt et al., 2002). The company can for example overtly acknowledge contradictions in its brand in a cheeky way, just like Skoda did recently. Doing this would be like tapping into real consumer truth rather than adding more products in an ambiguous manner that doesn't even get into the core of the matter. In addition to brand strategy, portfolio, and messaging, the CEO should focus on ensuring the in-store experience and product offers live up to enviable heritage and reputation of the brand. Currently, the brand experience defines the name, and neither the customers nor the fans would attest that M&S shop experience embodies British quality. The business can notably increase productivity through a focus on IT, by optimizing the number of people who work on projects and improving the speed of delivering solutions (Burt et al., 2002). The management can build a self-service agility and teamwork between the business and IT to restructure its services and productivity. The company needs to revise its pricing strategy to match the local terms using a fare basis and customer purchasing power. Clients and public relation management is an essential factor for long-term success. Premium price justifies the reason for inclusion and M&S can use this as a competitive tool against other retailers. Not to mention, the store structure should correspond to Chinese trends for people to find it safe and comfortable. If the company incorporates the above recommendations is its marketing, it will achieve its goals and objectives in China.Conclusions
The Chinese market is a promising one and is generating a massive turnover for established brands. Because the consumer market is shifting to less developed countries, M&S should not lose its place in these significant emerging markets. I would say that M&s underestimated the uniqueness of the Chinese market by not choosing the proper market strategy for entry. It is this that has brought about barriers in language, social class, culture among others. The China model of M&S proves the importance of global marketing. A strong brand with excellent heritage and quality products is failing in the market, the same market overtaking US luxury goods consumption. The essential factor is an appreciation of the market localization and uniqueness, proper cross-cultural management, which ultimately make a difference in market entry and strategy that M&S has been struggling with for long. For Marks and Spencer to win back its market niche and get profits, it needs to reduce the number of sub-brands in both men and women wear. A loyalty scheme would also encourage consumers and give M&S information about how and when customers shop, the preferences, and personal information. The company also needs to redefine and recognize their target audience, as well as go back to basics that made the successful before the tragic drop in sales. Although globalized, fashion requires localization when entering a new market. Many western companies such as M&S forget to localize their styles and advertising. The use of celebrity images from UK and Europe fails to resonate with Chinese consumers. It is crucial that the company uses the right product selection and style for its advertising image. It has to be customized to suit the Chinese market. The company also requires solving merchandizing issues through brand customization because different customers have different behaviors and fashion preferences.References
Velo, V. (2011). Cross-cultural management. New York: Business Expert Press. Holden, N. (2006). Cross-cultural management: a knowledge management perspective. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Wildman, J. L., Griffith, R. L., & Armon, B. (2016). Critical issues in cross cultural management. Switzerland: Springer. Warner, M., & Joynt, P. (2011). Managing across cultures issues and perspectives. Andover: Cengage Learning. Burt, S. L., Mellahi, K., Jackson, T. P., & Sparks, L. (2002). Retail internationalization and retail failure: issues from the case of Marks and Spencer. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research,12(2), 191-219. doi:10.1080/09593960210127727 Cartwright, J., Mccormick, H., & Warnaby, G. (2016). Consumers emotional responses to the Christmas TV advertising of four retail brands. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,29, 82-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.11.001 Alden, D. L., Steenkamp, J. E., & Batra, R. (2003). Brand Positioning Through Advertising in Asia, North America, and Europe: The Role of Global Consumer Culture. Journal of Marketing,63(1), 75. doi:10.2307/1252002 Mellahi, K., Jackson, P., & Sparks, L. (2002). An Exploratory Study into Failure in Successful Organizations: The Case of Marks & Spencer. British Journal of Management,13(1), 15-29. doi:10.1111/1467-8551.00220 Peterson, M.F. and Castro, S.L. (2006) `Measurement Metrics at Aggregate Levels of Analysis: Implications for Organizational Culture Research and the GLOBE Project' , Leadership Quarterly 17: 506'”21. Nisbett, R.E., Peng, K. , Choi, I. and Norenzayan, A. (2001) `Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic vs. Analytic Cognition' , Psychological Review 108: 291'”310.Cite this page
Cross-Cultural Management Issue. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Using the Global Integration – Local Responsiveness Framework
-
Introduction
- How Philips Company used multi-domestic strategy to promote innovation from the local research and development process
- How Philips Company used multi-domestic strategy to build strong entrepreneurial spirit
- How Philips Company used multi-domestic strategy in tailoring products to individual countries
- How Philips Company used multi-domestic strategy to maintain high quality through backward integration
Introduction
According to D. Siluh (2011) multi-domestic strategy can be defined as a strategy where companies try to achieve maximum local responsiveness by modifying both the product they offer and the marketing strategy they use to match different national conditions. Or product markets that initially serves local customers preferences and the functional requirements therein may differ from other markets. Some products such as food and beverages, clothing and lifestyle products are some of the appropriate examples of multi-domestic markets which may vary considerably across different countries where consumers prefer to have the local variants. Examples of multi Domestic Corporation are; Philips Company, Coca-Cola company, McDonald's and KFC. This concept primarily focuses on how to maximize effectiveness and efficiency in a company by exploiting economies of scale, experience and marketing skill, production and logistics. Any company taking this strategy assumes that foreign market opportunities are of the same importance as of the home market opportunities. For a company to succeed in adapting to meet market needs, it's important to maintain competitive leverage in local markets. So the company adopts and follows differentiated marketing strategy with different marketing mixes in different markets in the world.
Companies employing this marketing strategy will definitely need to understand the various local market cultures and emphasize their entry into those markets based on demographics of that area. For a domestic strategy to be successful, it is very vital of them to greatly invest in research of the various localities where the products are actively marketed. Multi domestic strategy is mainly used to create a wide range of tactics that are used to adapt and fit into markets that share a lot of similarities while customizing the marketing and advertising efforts to perfectly match with the local market.
There are three major strategic approaches of multinational enterprises. They include; (1) the global strategy. (2) The multinational (or multi-domestic) strategy and (3) the transnational strategy. In our case we will largely look on the multi-domestic strategy. A good example of a company that has followed the multi-domestic strategy is Philips Company. The company used this strategy to promote innovation from the local research and development process, building strong entrepreneurial spirit, tailoring products to individual countries and maintaining high quality through backward integration. However the Philips Company also faced some challenges when implementing the multi-domestic strategy which includes; high cost of tailored products, growing fear of product duplication by other companies across countries, the market was running slow and product innovations which was more research based than market driven.
How Philips Company used multi-domestic strategy to promote innovation from the local research and development process
Depending on the type of a company, its assets and capabilities are either centralized or decentralized. In our study Philips Company employed decentralized control, that is, local decision making. Innovation is what maintains company competitive and developing or growing. Using international marketing platform, Philips Company used exchanges across national boundaries to satisfy human needs and wants by applying various market functions incorporated and integrated across multiple country markets. The integration process involved product standardization, uniformity in packaging, homogeneity in brand architecture, identical branding of names, synchronized positioning of products and well organized sales campaigns across the markets of different countries. For it to be carried out successfully, they developed adequate acquaintance with trade barrier issues, market environments and possibilities of effective coordination with the corporate as well as the home country policies. Customer's decision making across countries largely depends on product beliefs, attitudes and social norms to the extent of quality attributes associated with the product and customer's attitudes towards foreign brands and Philips Company was keen in ensuring the same. Such differences makes the marketers to wait for product adaptation in the target segments before setting the volume sales operations.
How Philips Company used multi-domestic strategy to build strong entrepreneurial spirit
According to T. Helen (2013) Philips Company fostered work cultures that encouraged enthusiasm, vision and problem solving skills that ensured entrepreneurial success. Some of the factors Philips Company employed to ensure entrepreneurial success was conducting a research where they came up with the following solutions;
- Involving employees who were in tune with their passion- involving people who were genuinely passionate about the problem the company was trying to solve and were energized to stand any challenge which came their way.
- Involving employees who always questioned how it can be done better.-those who largely suggested on how to improve and better the production.
- Optimistic about all possibilities employees. - to be entrepreneurial by nature is to be optimistic, people who don't spend time thinking about what they can't do, people with aggressive challenges and big goals and push the boundaries of what was once thought impossible.
- People who take calculated risks and they can execute.-people who work autonomously, decisively and they can act on ideas to get real feedback.
How Philips Company used multi-domestic strategy in tailoring products to individual countries
Using the multi-domestic strategy, Philips Company introduced different aspects to different countries depending on their purpose. They adapted to each market based on differences in resource availability, cultural values, product usage and marketing opportunities. Some of the multi-domestic strengths Philips Company employed include;
- Customized offering. - Company's ability to modify its activities and products to match the interests and needs of each market.
- Concentrated efforts. – This allows product, marketing and services optimization.
- Quick response. – Company's ability to effectively react to the changing needs of market place by identifying evolving trends.
How Philips Company used multi-domestic strategy to maintain high quality through backward integration
Reducing cost while saving money and improving efficiency are the two main reasons why MNEs pursue backward integration. S. Fredric (2010) defined backward integration as a process where a company is acquired that lies somewhere behind it on the production line for the entity that purchases the company. One way on how money can be saved through integration is saving money on transportation costs. Although L. Lau (2014) argues that it is not always advisable to pursue backward integration since it does not always result in saving money or efficiency in business development. Research one by S. Kyle (2011) shows that Philips Company maintained high quality by expanding the business to an area that was related to the production of the company.
Some of the factors that affected Philips Company multi-domestic strategies include the following;
- Industry standards remained diverse. - Slow but high cost harmonization standards.
- Customers continued to demand locally differentiated products.
- Being an insider remained critically important. – The perceived country of origin of the products had a bearing on the take up of the product and so local manufacture of goods was initially important to overcome the skepticism.
- Global organizations were difficult to control and manage. - finding ways to incorporate operations, it was very difficult to decentralize and replace home country loyalties in different market countries.
- Management myopia effect.
Cite this page
Using the Global Integration - Local Responsiveness Framework. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Internet and Community Engagement
Like any other technological innovation, the internet was welcomed heartily by those who believed that it could change everything concerning democratic governance. Amongst the expected helpful impacts is the ability of the internet to allow common citizens to short-circuit political leaders and communicate directly with each other and community elites, to foster debates, improve trust, form community, and to simplify political partaking. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the internet has affected citizenship and community participation in political activities in the United States of America.
Citizenship can be defined as status or position of an individual documented under the law as being a legitimate member of a country (Dalton, p77). A person can be a US citizen through birth or by naturalization. Community is defined as a group of persons living in the same district or nation, or having similar characteristics. In this paper, I will consider the American citizens as one community.
For different reasons, the internet is projected to increase community participation. The communicative abilities of the internet permit some kind of political activities to be done faster, massive amounts of information accessible in the internet would have the impact of reducing the expenses of obtaining political knowledge and motivating political curiosity. The capabilities of the internet enable mobilization to have political activity. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that in accordance to the number of politically relevant physiognomies, political activists differ from the community at large (Dalton, p80). Also, more involvement does not essentially indicate that citizens are economically or socially different. For one reason, access to the internet is far from global amongst adult Americans, a phenomenon commonly termed as ""digital division"" and the outlines of the digital division indicate in different ways the shape of political public participation. However, accessing the internet does not mean that the user is participating in political activities. Consequently, it becomes important to study the degree to which online political and community acts reflect, ameliorate, or overstate the traditional trends in offline political action.
There are different ways in which internet can improve political involvement. For one reason, different types of political actions such as forming groups of like-minded individuals, making contributions, registering as voters, and communicating with political elites are made easier online. Since the action can be done at any time of the day or night from any location with a laptop and an internet connection, the expenses of participating are lowered. The internet also makes it suitable for the formation political groups in different social platforms. By reducing the cost of communication between a large groups of like-minded people, the internet lowers the expense of gathering large groups on the ground. The internet lowers approximately to zero the cost of trying to meet political supporters from different geographical locations (Hargittai, Eszter, and Aaron Shaw, p116).
Those with internet access obtain more information concerning political activities and this becomes important in raising political agendas. Since every previous political activity is available in the internet, the governments at all levels together with the public officers such as the members of the Senate and House, mayors, governors, members of community offices, political organizations and parties, publish source of political information like journals, newspapers, magazines, and also broadcast them through video and audio clips in platforms such as the YouTube. Additionally, the use of internet has more potentially politicizing capabilities such as online discussions, usually about political topics is able to attract more like-minded people from distant places without the need of coming together physically in a round table thus saving the time and cost of travelling (Dalton, p86).
The other means through which the internet can improve political actions is by its ability to interconnect large groups of people who are located at different geographical regions at minimum costs. Party members and political parties not only use the internet as a means of publicizing political information but also use its abilities to interact with supporters and adherents and to register them to start a political action either online or offline (Hargittai, Eszter, and Aaron Shaw, p120).
This paper studies the state of citizenship involvement in the United States of America. One objective of the paper is to compare various offline political actions such as making payments and signing appeals with the online equivalents. The other goal is to examine the likelihood of political and community involvement through social network sites and blogs. This paper compares offline and online political activities in different ways; first, how and to what degree are the online and digital tools being applied by the citizens of America to talk with the community members or to participate in political activities? Whether the online ways of political action are affecting citizen's political life? Are the internet tools for community debates for example social network sites and blogs suitable for all community members engaged in political activities? Are the new methods making any change in the large community discussions? In order to have an effective conclusion of my study, I visited the national telephone survey that involved 2,251 American citizens (where 1,655 were internet users). The sample was only collected on landline telephones and no young internet users (below 18 years) were involved in the study.
Approximately 66 percent of adult Americans have engaged in some kind of political activities in the previous years. Twenty percent of the population were involved in four or more political activities. This political activities included working with community members to solve disputes, participating in political parties to attempt to effect public policy, or undertaking the roles of a political candidate or party (Aaron et al., 2009).
The study indicated that people with higher levels of education and incomes are more likely involved in political activities. The higher the level of education or income, the more the number of political activities a citizen is involved. For example participating in a political or community group, volunteering for or working for a political candidate or party, attending political assemblies, communicating with public officers or contributing for political organizations/parties.
When considering personal political activities, it has been discovered that a certain community is particularly active. For instance, Hispanics below thirty years of age are particularly probably been engaged in organized demonstration in the past year, suburbanites are probably certain to have showed up in political meetings in town, school, or community affairs, and those above fifty years have probably communicated with a public official. However, the variations based on age, race, gender, type of community are not much considerable like the difference based on level of education or income.
More than 33 percent of Americans have been engaged in community group or political organization in the previous year by at most one of the following ways, participating in a group to effect public policy, working with community members to solve a dispute, or volunteering for or working for a political candidate or party. More than 80 percent of those engaged in such activities have interconnected with their fellow group members and use different means of communication. Roughly fifty percent said that they communicated with their fellow members online (through text messages, emails, or group website) and also offline via face to face or journals and newspapers. Approximately ninety percent of the political or community members go online and read their email (Aaron et al., 2009). This has made email become as common as phone communication and face to face meeting. Approximately fifty percent of American citizens have voiced their sentiments in a public debate on topics that are relevant to them, and social network sites and blogs give an extra chance of political involvement. Furthermore, 49 percent of citizens have communicated with the government officials or agent, signed a petition, calling in a TV show or radio, or writing an opinion to the editor.
Modern internet users have different ways of participating in the community. With the increase of social network sites, blogosphere and other online sites, interested parties can engage in online group of civic and political activities by posting their comments on social matters online. In fact, 15 percent of adult internet users have contributed to a political debate online. Approximately twelve percent have commented on blogs or website posts on social or political matters, four percent have posted political opinions on social networks, two percent have posted political videos, and three percent have posted political pictures online.
More than ten percent of internet users have made their political contributions online. Adherents of the Democratic Party are leading in making online payments. Thirty nine percent of the Democrats donated their contributions online while only eighteen percent of the Republicans made online payments. Most of the political donations were made offline. Approximately 20 percent of American citizens have contributed funds to either a political candidate or party. However, study reveals that online payments for charitable works are less than political donations. Online payments for charitable works summed up to twelve percent compared to 30% of political donations (Aaron et al., 2009).
As the above numbers reveal, most individuals participate in community or political parties using different channels for example, someone might sign a petition for one matter and an online petition for a different issue, and various type of communication are most likely to occur through the internet. Letters to the editor are mostly send through email or through US Postal Services. However, it is evident that in the near future, editorial letter will only be send via email or other internet means that is faster and cost effective. We can agree that the internet is changing the socio-economic life of the community through ways by which the citizens are engaging political or community issues. However, those who are on the lower level of socio-economic class are less likely to access internet as well as engaging in online political/community welfares.
Works Cited
Dalton, Russell J. ""Citizenship norms and the expansion of political participation."" Political studies 56.1 (2008): 76-98.
Hargittai, Eszter, and Aaron Shaw. ""Digitally savvy citizenship: The role of internet skills and engagement in young adults' political participation around the 2008 presidential election."" Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 57.2 (2013): 115-134.
Smith, Aaron, et al. ""The current state of civic engagement in America."" Pew Research Center (2009).
Cite this page
Internet And Community Engagement. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Leprosy Disease
Introduction
Leprosy, also called Hansen's disease, is one of the first microbiology diseases that cropped up in the 1940's. People living in poverty had and still have a high probability of suffering from leprosy. During the 1940's, leprosy was an incurable disease. Leprosy is caused by an infective agent known as Mycobacterium leprae. The causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, causes a long-term infection in people suffering from leprosy. The infective agent can be transmitted from one host to another through contact with fluid from the nostrils of an infected patient or through a cough. However, leprosy is not very communicable (1). The signs and symptoms of leprosy include granulomas of the skin, nerves, eyes, and the respiratory tract and poor eyesight. These signs and symptoms make an infected person to be numb to pain. Infected people may sometimes not be aware of wounds on their skin due to their numbness. Treatment for leprosy is done through the multidrug therapy. Lymphocyte transformation, radioimmunoassay, immunogel diffusion, fluorescent antibody absorption tests are used to detect the Mycobacterium leprae during treatment. Leprosy control programs are being used to prevent the spread of leprosy (1).Leprosy
Leprosy, also referred to as Hansen's disease, is a mycobacterial infection that affects the skin, eyes, testes, peripheral nerves, bones, and mucous membranes. Leprosy affects about 1.15 million people, of both sexes and all ages, in areas that are poverty stricken. Poverty stricken regions that have been hit hard with leprosy include Nigeria, India, Indonesia, Brazil, and Myanmar (4). These regions have the highest number of leprosy cases. Also, the probability of being infected with leprosy is higher in these particular regions. In today's modern world, the name leprosy has been replaced with the Hansen's disease. This is because leprosy is connected with the Biblical leprosy, thereby making the leprosy patients to be discriminated. To avoid discrimination or harsh treatment, the Western hemisphere refers to leprosy as the Hansen's disease (1). The Hansen's disease is caused by an infective or causative agent known as Mycobacterium leprae (3). Mycobacterium leprae is an intercellular bacillus that gradually grows and enters the peripheral never, eyes, bones, mucous membranes, and testes. This causative agent for leprosy is related to the causative agent of Tuberculosis. The incubation of Mycobacterium leprae is between two to ten years or twenty years sometimes. This means that the period between infection and emergence of leprosy is two to ten or twenty years (4). Human beings infected with leprosy, primary reservoirs of Mycobacterium leprae, may transmit the infection to other hosts through various routs of transmission like skin to skin and airborne routes of transmission. Skin to skin transmission is the main route of transmission in leprosy. Since the bacilli cannot be located on unbroken skin, the transmission may take place through surgical processes and tattooing. Airborne transmission is only possible through an infected person's nasal secretions with Mycobacterium leprae to an uninfected person's nasal mucosa. The Hansen's disease is, however, considered to be less communicable because of human beings' natural immunity, which destabilizes the infection. The host of the Hansen's disease is mainly human beings but armadillos have been found to be naturally infected with leprosy in Louisiana (1).Symptoms of Leprosy
People who have been infected with the Mycobacterium leprae exhibit signs and symptoms like skin lesions, nose bleeding, nose congestion, peripheral nerve trunk damage, and hair loss on eyelashes, eyebrows, and on the body (5). The peripheral nerve trunk damage results into numbness and paralysis of body parts that later causes deformities and trophic changes. The numbness affects the peripheral nerve trunks and the small dermal nerves. The damage of the nerves may happen in untreated individuals infected with leprosy or those undergoing chemotherapy and instances when treatment is stopped because of the association of neuritis with erythema nodosum leprosum reactions. These signs and symptoms may later on make an infected person suffer from blindness or visual impairment (6). Blindness or visual impairment is as a result of mycobacterial infection and the inflammation of parts of the anterior segment of the eyes. The diagnosis of leprosy is founded on the clinical symptoms. For a person to be diagnosed with leprosy, immunogel diffusion, fluorescent antibody absorption, radioimmunoassay, and lymphocyte transformation tests have to be performed. Positive results from the tests often indicate the type of leprosy a person has. The number of skin smears further suggests whether a patient has the indeterminate, tuberculoid, lepromatous, borderline or dimorphous, or the paucibacillary-multibacillary types (1).Treatment of Leprosy
The recommended treatment for leprosy is the multidrug therapy (3) (2). Patients with leprosy are expected to visit the leprosy clinics near them every month for clinical check-ups. The multidrug therapy should strictly not be utilized as monotherpay for leprosy. The first drug that was used for the treatment of leprosy is Dapsone. Dapsone is bacteriostatic against the Myobacterium leprae. It is combined with Rifampicin to treat paucibillary leprosy. The treatment of multicibillary leprosy is a combination of Rifampicin and Clofazimine. One dose of the combination therapy can be administered to treat single lesion paucibillary leprosy. The dosage form is Rifampiin (600mg), Minocycline (100mg), and Ofloxacin (400mg). An adult takes twice a child's dose (4). In cases where a patient's results are not certain, the patient should be prescribed the multidrug therapy for multibacillary leprosy. Any individual infected with leprosy and has tested positive for skin smear should be treated with the multidrug therapy dosage for multibacillary leprosy. It is important to note that the dosage for paucibillary leprosy should not be administered to patients suffering from multibacillary leprae (4).Control of Leprosy
A leprosy control program could be built to stop the transmission of leprosy. The main aims of such a program disrupt the transmission of the infection from a primary host to a second host, discover new subjects that are symptomatic, making follow ups on all leprosy patients under medication, and create awareness to the public, medical personnel, patients, and their families on leprosy (1).Conclusion
In conclusion, leprosy, also referred to as the Hansen's disease, is a mycobacterial disease that is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This causative agent infiltrates the bones, eyes, mucous membranes, testes, and the peripheral nerves. The Myobacterium leprae is an intracellular bacillus that grows slowly and infiltrates these areas. The incubation period between infection and emergence of the disease is two to ten or twenty years. The main routs of transmission of leprosy are skin to skin and airborne transmission. However, leprosy is not highly communicable. For a person to be diagnosed with leprosy, immunogel diffusion, fluorescent antibody absorption, radioimmunoassay, and lymphocyte transformation tests have to be performed. The main treatment for leprosy is the multidrug therapy. The transmission of leprosy could be regulated through the leprosy control program.References
Health Report Manual Department of Health and Hospitals. (2010). Hansen's disease (Leprosy), Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Section, 1-12. Medical Research Resource ICMR BULLETIN. (2002). Short Course Treatment of Leprosy Present Status, vol.32, No.1. Leprosy Elimination Group. (2000). Guide to Eliminate Leprosy as a Public Health Problem, 1- 22. Health Report World Health Organization. (1998). Drugs Used in Leprosy, WHO Model Prescribing Information, 2-30. Fact Sheet Maryland Department of Health & Mental Hygiene. (2002). Leprosy (Hansen's Disease), Fact Sheet. Electronic Journal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Hansen's Disease (Leprosy): Signs and Symptoms. Website via the Internet (https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/symptoms/index.html)Cite this page
Leprosy Disease. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Family Tree Health Paper
Health conditions in a family is largely connected to genetic linkages between the family members but few also deviate from the normal pattern and are caused by outside factors such as environment, viruses and unhealthy conditions. To develop a better understanding of how a disease can float through a family and may cause problems for a particular person we will need to come up with a complete history of paternal and maternal diseases that could possibly flow through generations.
In my case, just like the rest, there are two sides to the family tree. One is the maternal side and the other is the paternal side.
Starting off with my paternal side, it seems from the family chart that the paternal side is very healthy with very minimal health conditions. The only person with some kind of disease in my paternal side is my grandfather and that too diagnosed at the age of 58 with Arthritis. Arthritis can be both inflammatory and non inflammatory joint diseases. Arthritis can run in family and is genetic but can be counterfeited by better living and environmental conditions (Chapman & Valdes, 2010). That seems to be the case with my father's side as no one from my paternal side have been hit with such disease yet, but since it is genetic so there's a good chance of it to hit someone at some point. So it's fair to say that my father might be carrying the affected genes for arthritis but are recessive as of yet.
When it comes to my mother's family tree, there's a number of diseases that run in the family, whether genetic or non genetic. Starting off with my grandfather from the maternal side, he was diagnosed with heart disease at 62 and then later on died at the age of 82. Similarly my grandmother is also diagnosed with Blood Pressure and Diabetes at the age of 57. Heart diseases, B.P and Diabetes are the kind of diseases that can run in families for a long time but it should also be noted that due to the same living conditions of all the family members, the risk is usually high (Rich, Burke and Heaton 2004). So these disease can be genetic but can be prevented by changing the living environment.
One of my aunt suffered from Breast cancer and was diagnosed at the age of 38. Breast cancer can be regarded as a disease that is on the higher side for the women and can be both genetic and through living conditions (Reild & Emery 2006), so I will disregard that. My uncle was diagnosed for Asthma at the age of 30 while my mother was diagnosed for asthma and arthritis at the age of 28. The common disease in my mother and uncle suggests that it's been in the family but has been recessive, and shown their dominant side in two of the family members. As discussed earlier arthritis can be genetic as well affected by living conditions as well while asthma is commonly known as a genetic diseases. Asthma shows its effect at early age in males while in females the effect can be seen in mid 30s or late 30s.
As per the above results, it can be said that there's a greater chance of the diseases to be genetically transferred from my maternal side as compared to my paternal side. Though neither my mother nor my father has shown any kind of symptoms of carrying any diseases from what their parents had/have but genetic contribution plays a great role in causing these problems among various members of family. Though none of the diseases, asthma and arthritis that my mother carries, had been diagnosed in her parents yet it could be estimated that one or both of her parents carried these genes and transferred to her.
My father being clean and having a little chance of carrying arthritis while my mother suffering from both arthritis and asthma while she may have a little chance of carrying heart disease, B.P or Diabetes as all these can be transferred genetically to some extent. As per these observations I might have a chance of suffering from asthma or arthritis in the later stage of my life and a very little chance of having heart diseases, B.P or diabetes. Since physical living conditions and diet too play an important role along with genetic transfer of these diseases to show up in one, I would rather sideline these diseases as they haven't attacked my mom since her living conditions and diet is quite different from that of her parents. Therefore in much of health conditions which are thought of as genetic health conditions, diet and living conditions also play a very vital role in letting those health conditions show their symptoms (Bennett, 1999).
References
E. C. Rich, W. Burke, C. J. Heaton et al., ""Reconsidering the family history in primary care,"" Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 19, pp. 273–280, 2004.
G. Reid and J. Emery, ""Chronic disease prevention in general practice'”applying the family history,"" Australian Family Physician, vol. 35, 2006.
Chapman K, Valdes AM. ""Genetic factors in OA pathogenesis"". Bone. 2012; 51(2):258-64.
R. L. Bennett, ""The Practical Guide to the Genetic Family history"", Wiley-Liss, New York, NY, USA, 1999.
Cite this page
Family Tree Health Paper. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
Social Security in U.S.
Introduction
Social security is a program by the federal government that provides an income source for you or your legal dependents that is children, spouse or parents if they qualify for benefits. Also, it can be defined as any of the established measures by legislation to maintain a family or individual income or to provide income when all or some income sources are terminated or disrupted or when hefty expenditures have to be incurred. Social security may offer cash benefits to persons faced with unemployment, sickness, disability, loss of the marital partner, crop failure, and retirement from work or maternity (Livingston, 2008). Benefits of social security may be provided in cash or by court order in compensation for claims.
Social Security is facing a lot of problems currently in U.S. and serious interventions need to be fixed in determination of its future benefit. Social security faces severe financial challenges. The present structure of the program known as pay as you go will be unsuitable as the number of elderly people receiving benefits rises in coming decades. Social security will be only able to pay a fraction of benefits promised to future retirees unless the program is restructured. Additionally, the increasing costs of social security will damage the economy and create pressures to impose a large increase of tax on workers. Federal policymakers have discussed revamping Social Security for years, but they have not acted on reforms (Moon & Conference on Social Accounting for Transfers, 2004).
Many other countries have indicated that privatized retirement systems based on personal accounts can benefit retirees, workers, and the overall economy. America has the chance now to phase out the old-fashioned Social Security system based on government control and taxes and move to a system where individuals possess full charge of their future of finances. The problems the Social Security is facing in the US include; A falling worker-to beneficiary ratio; this is due to demographic shift known as the retirement of baby boomers (Moon & Conference on Social Accounting for Transfers, 2004). This shows that there won't be enough payroll tax revenue incurred to support the increasing number of beneficiary payments.
Another problem the Social security is undergoing is raising life expectancies. There is a proven improved life expectancy, and the architects of Social Security didn't predict that there will be an improvement of life expectancies by as the number evidenced. This has led to people living longer than ever and able to attain social security payments a long period. Furthermore, congressional stalemate is another big issue for social security. Congress doesn't seem to rush to correct what seems to be an imminent shortfall of cash for the program (Livingston, 2008). Consumers will continue to suffer as long as Congress will not make any progress on getting a solution implemented. Also, near- record- low bond yields is another problem since low-interest rates have had the negative impact on people and funds looking to make money from fixed income assets.
The recommendation and the operationalization to address these problems is by increasing Social Security taxes. The workers pay 6.3% currently of their earnings into the Social Security system. If that tax rate were increased gradually to 7.3% percent, it would eliminate like half of the Social Security deficit. Lifting the payroll tax cap also is another recommendation. Lifting the payroll tax cap is a popular idea having 69% of Americans supporting the full elimination of the cap. Raising the retirement age to 68 by the year 2028 it would reduce benefit by 6% and eliminate 16% of Social Security funding shortfall (Livingston, 2008).
Moreover, The US Social Security Administration should create a data-driven process to support the development of methods in screening criteria for recognizing people at high risk for financial incapability. The U.S. Social Security Administration should also ensure systematic development mechanisms for identifying and responding to changes in the capability of beneficiaries over time. This can be done through implementation of a process to survey beneficiaries and payees periodically that could trigger the important to further investigate the financial capability of the beneficiaries.
Conclusion
Unless the U.S. acts, the discussed problems and immense demographic changes will bring the Social Security program to its knees. Without action, the presently pledged benefits under Social Security are a promise U.S. cannot keep. Fixing the above recommended options will help to close the challenges facing the Social Security in the United States since it is the foundation of economic security for millions of Americans.
References
Livingston, S. G. (2008). U.S. social security: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.
Moon, M., & Conference on Social Accounting for Transfers. (2004). Economic transfers in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cite this page
Social Security in U.S.. (2018, Dec 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2018/12/page/7/
