Teaching English through Role Play

TEACHING ENGLISH THROUGH ROLE PLAY (PREDAREA LIMBII ENGLEZE UTILIZAND JOCUL DE ROL) Role-play is a classroom activity in which learners take on a ‘role’, they play the part of someone else, from a simple discussion between a tourist when asking for directions in a new city or at the airport, to more elaborate conversation about the American Dream or Genetics. Role-play is a useful tool not only for developing language skills, but also for increasing sociocultural knowledge and intercultural awareness. Depending on how a role-play is designed and set up, it can be used for a wide variety of purposes. Frequently, role plays are used to offer a chance to practice the language of particular situations, but they can also be used to practice particular areas of grammar, sets of vocabulary, functional language and even features of pronunciation. They may not even have a specific language focus and can be used to provide opportunities for students to practice their speaking and listening skills. Role-plays are simple but important way of extending the range of useful practice. There are many good reasons for using role-plays in class: - role-plays help students cope with real-life situations, commonly used expressions, forcing them to think “on their feet”; - role-plays help students work together as a team or group, and communicate in order to understand each other, because role-plays are not simple acts of reading or reproduction the information from a piece of paper; - role-plays can be adapted to the needs of the students, they may use specific vocabulary for specific situations, as learning English is sometimes done for a specific purpose; - role-plays give learners more responsibility in their learning, encouraging interaction; - role-plays offer students the chance to evaluate their learning progress and their level of English. Role-plays in general tend to have some common characteristics: they are usually spoken, but they can be conducted in written form, they usually involve role cards (role cards are very useful but not always necessary); in role plays learners are pretending to be someone else, there are also contexts when learners can play themselves; role plays, most of the time, involve some preparation, this does not mean that role-plays are always planned in advance. When using role-play as a teaching tool there are some stages to be followed: 1. Preparation time: it is very important to give students time to prepare themselves in order to understand the task and role card, to think some ideas and appropriate language. 2. Students ought to be watched and actively helped, but the teacher should avoid interrupting or interfering too much in the role-play because a role-play is usually a chance to practice using language to communicate. It is often more important being fluent and getting one’s message across than getting it 100% correct. Afterwards the teacher must give his/her feedback and correct the mistakes students have made. 3. All students should be involved as they may feel watched and judged. It is very easy to turn many activities into role-plays besides those from textbooks. Many teachers like to support role-plays with some kind of prop or realia. Using props can help make a role-play feel more real and more fun. Props and realia also give students something to ‘hold on to’ while doing a role-play, providing another level of security and confidence. Props that are easily used, being present in the classroom can be: mobile phones, a hat, sunglasses, newspapers and magazines. All these can help students feel less nervous. Each student has his/her own level of English; it is the teacher’s role to adapt the material from beginner, elementary to intermediate or advanced classes. Here are some examples of role-play activities from Macmillan official page. Celebrity party Level: beginner – elementary Preparation: complete the invitation cards with a date and place and make a copy for every student in the class. Procedure: 1. Draw two stick people on the board. Explain that they are at a party. Ask ‘What do they say? ’. Elicit the following dialogue line by line and write it on the board: Hello. /Hi. /My name is XX. What’s your name? /I’m YY. /Nice to meet you. /Nice to meet you too. 2. Drill the dialogue chorally, line by line. Focus on the pronunciation and intonation of the dialogue. 3. Ask students to practice the dialogue in pairs, using their own names. 4. Set the scene. Explain that the students are all at a celebrity party. They are all going to play the roles of famous celebrities. Give them a minute to choose who they are. Distribute the invitation cards with useful language. 5. Ask everyone to stand up. Tell them to talk to at least six or seven people. They should use the dialogue as a starting point, but can talk more if they like. 6. After the activity finishes, ask students to sit down again. Can they remember who was who at the party? Money talks Level: intermediate Preparation: prepare copies of the material so that every student in the class has a card. Procedure: 1. Write the word Money Problems on the board and ask students to brainstorm in pairs as many different money problems as they can think of. Set a time limit of 2 minutes. Give the first example, e. g. you owe money to a friend and can’t pay it back. 2. Elicit suggestions and put them on the board. Use this time to pre-teach/review the following words: owe, borrow, lend, spend, inherit, pay. 3. Explain that today the students are going to role play some money problems. You are going to give them cards to half of the students. Explain that they have the problem listed on the card and they must talk to three different people and ask for advice. 4. Distribute the role cards and tell students with the cards to talk to a partner about the problem. After three or four minutes, tell the students with the card to talk to a different partner. Note: for this activity, only the students with role cards need to move around. The other students remain where they are. 5. Repeat stage 4 two more times. 6. At the end of the role-plays, ask the students to tell their problem to the class and explain what was the best solution offered. Also, corrections can be done on mistakes or to underline the good examples of language use. Cards: 1. You inherited a very large sum of money and you don’t know what to do with it. Ask other people for advice. 2. You need to borrow some money, but the bank won’t give it to you. Ask other people for advice. 3. You think your wife/husband is too careful with his/her money. He/she never buys anything nice! You are always arguing about money. Ask other people for advice. You can do this ‘giving advice’ role-play activity with any other typical problems: work problems, love problems, school problems etc. Bibliography: 1. Lindsay Clandfield, Philip Kerr, Ceri Jones, Jim Scrivener, Straightforward, Guide to Roleplays, Macmillan, 2004. 2. Adriana Vizental, Metodica predarii limbii engleze, ed. Polirom, Iasi, 2007.

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Fatal Attraction

Interpersonal Relationship Principle Of Fatal Attraction Defined Beatriz David Psychology Of Interpersonal Behavior- Section 3110 Professor Dana Donohue December 4, 2009 Abstract One of the reasons that so many marriages today end up in divorce today has to do with the interpersonal personal relationship principle known as fatal attraction. When most people think of fatal attraction, they right away think of the popular definition represented in the movie “Fatal Attraction”. This paper will define the principle of fatal attraction from an interpersonal relationship perspective. Along with a definition of fatal attraction, I will explore some of the causes of fatal attraction. I will discuss my experiences with fatal attractions. Peer reviewed articles together with my own personal experiences will be used to further expound on the definition of fatal attraction. I have illustrated the effect that fatal attraction has had on my own interpersonal relationship. I will also show how in a relationship other principles of interpersonal relationships are influenced by fatal attraction. This paper will also provide an example of how a fatal attraction can take an emotional and psychological toll not on a relationship but also in an individual. Interpersonal Relationship Principle Of Fatal Attraction Defined From a psychological and sociological perspective, the term fatal attraction means something quite different than its’ pop culture definition. The psychological and sociological definition is when a quality that an individual comes to dislike in a partner is an exaggerated version of the same quality that was initially attractive. A fatal attraction occurs when an intimate partner is seen as having too much of an attractive quality. Fatal attractions are a common occurrence in intimate relationships. It is also a common cause of disenchantment in many relationships. In my 15-year marriage, both my ex-husband and myself had the misfortune of experiencing a fatal attraction. Upon first meeting my ex-husband, I could not help being attracted to his assertiveness. It wasn’t long after we were married that this quality that I was so attracted to morphed into stifling control. As for him, I think he liked my being naive and somewhat needy, then disliked and even ended up resenting me for being unsophisticated and being too dependent on him. “Because of the problems differences pose for couples, romantic attractions to differences in a partner are expected to be particularly susceptible to fatal attrac-tions. An attraction to another can be "different" in two ways: (1) different from self (i. e. , dissimilarity) or (2) different from average (i. e. , unusual or extreme)” (Felmlee, 2001, p. 266). I found this to be a factor in my fatal attraction experience. The assertiveness that I was so attracted to in my ex-husband, I now see stemmed from my own low self-esteem and low self-regard. I found myself being so comforted by his having a plan for his life. As for him, I think that he too had some self-esteem issues. For a while, my interdependency on him allowed him to feel needed. That same high regard I had for him also bolstered his self-esteem. This attraction of opposites became very problematic in our relationship. It seems that upon us meeting our personality differences were the cement that bound us together, but as the relationship continued it became the foundation that all of our relationship dysfunctions grew from. “Differences between partners in demographic characteristics, personality, or attitudes are all likely to be associated with different preferences and values, which in turn may heighten the chances for disagreements and misunderstandings” (Femlee, 1998, p. 237). One of the things that have learned from being in a relationship where for both of us fatal attraction was a factor, is that with the passing of time, these negative personality traits seemed to only breed more negativity and more emotional instability. When my husband became dismissing, I became preoccupied. While he displayed self-serving biases, I was filled with positive illusions. These continuing opposing qualities in our relationship ultimately created an imbalance in our relationship that could never be made balanced again. Before I knew it, my husband had become the person of lesser interest in our relationship. The principle of lesser interest occurs when one partner in a relationship is more emotionally involved than the other and that the less involved partner can exploit the more involved partner in various ways. “A significant gap in emotional involvement could lead to a situation of one partner’s taking the other for granted, or an even more extreme situation of exploitation. When relationships of this type result in marriage, the results were expected to be unsatisfactory (Waller, 1938). This suggests that it might be better if romantic relationships with unequal emotional involvement dissolve before getting to the point of marriage” (see also Sprecher, Schmeeckle, Felmlee, 2006, p. 1256). In my marriage, I always felt as if I had to walk on a tight rope and I’, sure that you can see why. At its worst I was made to feel as if I were a child that couldn’t do anything right. As I sit here and write this paper, I see so clearly just how it evolved to this. The assertiveness that I was so attracted to morphed into an arrogance that made him an unbearable, controlling egomaniac. It is so easy to see now how becoming the person of lesser interest would be the next logical step. I used to wonder how did we get to the point that you could actually see that believed that he owned me, and that he had power over me. I was blind but now I see, that our relationship had deteriorated to this. Another conflict situation, which can be a cause a fatal attraction in a relationship called dialectics. The principle of dialectics maintains that couples deal with pairs of contradicting traits such as autonomy and connection, openness and closeness, and novelty and predictability. Dialectics are also referred to opposing motivations or opposing forces. Opposing forces that are common are often found in fatal attractions are fun versus seriousness, connection versus autonomy, and strength versus vulnerability. Fatal attractions may occur because a partner may be drawn to one part of an opposing force, but then they find their relationship lacking in the corresponding force. When you are in a relationship that is plagued with a fatal attraction, the ideal thing to do is to get out of this relationship the sooner than better. I think that one of the reasons that my marriage lasted as long as it did was because my husband and I enter the marriage idealizing each other and managed to see virtues in our faults. I see now that this was more of a defense mechanism to allow us to remain in the marriage. These types of relationships are very difficult to repair. The fatal attraction by itself isn’t a difficult one to overcome but because there is always so many underline issues that also have to be resolved. Like so many other relationship problems this also requires that the two parties be willing to search and deal with the many issues that they brought into the relationship. With divorce always being available as an easy out, it’s no wonder that many couples with a fatal attraction issue just find it much easier to get a divorce and just start a fresh and new relationship with someone else. For my ex-husband, and myself this is exactly what we ended up doing. The truth of the matter is that until I took this class I never really realized what the actual causes of our problems were. Maybe if we had gone to counseling early on. Then we might have been able to salvage the marriage. However, as my ex-husband’s assertiveness gave way to arrogance he believed that I was the one with the problems not him, and therefore, he believed he had no need to seek therapy. In retrospect, if could go back and do things differently I would have left before things could have gotten as bad as they did. In conclusion, although I am not comfortable with the label of being a victim of abuse I can see that I clearly was one. I was not physically abused, but I definitely was in a situation where I was mentally and emotionally abused. As I was plagued with low CL’s and Clalt’s, I know that one of the main reasons that I didn’t leave was because I didn’t believe that I could do better. I also told myself that the evil that I knew was better than the evil that I didn’t know. I must also admit that I did believe that I was largely to blame for being in this situation because, I just couldn’t quite figure out what it was that I was doing wrong. I thought that once that I was able figure this out he would magically release the nice person I believed that he possessed inside of him. I am so fortunate now because the knowledge that I now posses will prevent me from ever being in this situation again. I also can’t have too many regrets from being in these situations because it is my past experiences that have molded me into the person that I am today. I’m genuinely content, and have a higher sense of self-regard, and my self-esteem is higher than it has ever been. References Felmlee, Diane H. 001. “From Appealing to Appalling: Disenchantment with a Romantic Partner. ” Sociological Perspectives. Volume 44(3): 263-280 Felmlee, Diane H. 1998. “Be Careful What You Wish For…’ A Quantitative and Qualitative Investigation of ‘Fatal Attractions’. ” Personal Relationships. Volume 5: 235-253 Sprecher, Susan, Schmeeckle, Maria, and Felmlee, Diane H. 2006. “The Principle of Least Interest: Inequality in Emotional Involvement in Romantic Relationships. ” Journal of Family Issues 2006. Volume 27: 1255-1280

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Native American Position Paper

The use of Indian culture by non-Indians as mascots, logos, and nicknames has been a constant fight for years. Schools have been using names of tribes with aggressive, stoic histories for their sports teams. But the Native Americans look at that and feel discriminated against, because of the negative stereotype given by that type of label. In a pro perspective, the teams and schools that want to use the names of “Brave, Chief’s, Apache, and Seminoles” chose to label their team after legendary historical warriors, or brave fighting figures. Just like some other schools mascots are Lions, Tigers, and Panthers. It is not meant to be directly dishonorable or to look down on the Native American population. Along with the Mascots, which are made to be more comical and fun for the crowd to have fun at sports events, they are not meant to be real life Indians, Just like a lion mascot jumping around is not like a real lion, and does not resemble any true lion features except the physical look. In a con perspective, the logo’s mascots and nicknames that were established and taken from historical Native American figures important to their culture are being used without any true knowledge of who the people are and are being shown as something they are not. Having an Indian battle cry, dances, or symbolic scalping at a football game every time there is a touchdown does not show respect to the people they took the ideas from and directly mocks their culture and puts them into a cultural stereotype. Cultural stereotypes also lead to children being put down in school and causes discrimination which destroys the right to an equal education. My perspective on this topic is that if a school is going to use a mascot or a logo that reflects a historical Native American figure or any indigenous related topic that they should as permission before declaring it a school “mascot” or a known symbol for a school or team. Also I think if they are going to use a logo or mascot or call related to indigenous people it should be used in a proper and respectful way. The use of historical Native American figures as a football team mascot or logo is definitely a sign of respect and honor towards that individual or tribe. As long as it is used with respect and honor and does not discriminate towards the Native Americans in any way. Schools name their schools after “cool” Native American names and historical figures but in return it offends a population of people in our society and a race of indigenous people who don’t feel respected. Mascots that look like indigenous people are often used as comical cheerleaders for sports events, but it is directly affecting the children and creating a stereotype not allowing Native Americans to have equality in schools.

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Thesis: Gender Role

THESIS PARAGRAPH. HOW TO APPROACH YOUR FIRST PARAGRAPH.. A thesis is another name for your argument. It answers the question “What does the student argue about the topic? ” and “Why is this significant? ” A thesis is not the same as a topic. For example: Topic: gender roles Thesis: “Pippi Longstocking is a heroine who challenges traditional gender roles. Unlike ‘good little girls’ like Annika, Pippi is physically strong, brave, and challenges authority. Now I have something that doesn’t just state WHAT the essay will be about, but gives an argument about the topic. But it could be better. I should go a little further: “Pippi Longstocking is a heroine who challenges traditional gender roles. Unlike ‘good little girls’ like Annika, Pippi is physically strong, brave, and challenges authority. Pippi serves as a model to young girls that they, too, can possess these qualities. Readers learn that there is something positive about acting outside of the traditional female role. ” And it could be better still! I could “flesh out” my idea to give it still more significance, and place it in context. “Pippi Longstocking is a heroine who challenges traditional gender roles. Astrid Lindgren wrote Pippi Longstocking in 1950, when women’s roles in industrialized nations were limited to the home, following World War Two. She originally told the stories to her daughter while the little girl was ill; perhaps the stories were meant to encourage the girl to be strong like Pippi. Physical strength is not traditionally encouraged in girls. Girls are generally trained to be fearful, dependent on others, and to be obedient. Books can change that: young readers learn from such heroines as Pippi, Anne of Green Gables and Leslie in Bridge to Terabitha that there are positive results from acting outside the traditional female role. Unlike ‘good little girls’ like her friend Annika, Pippi is physically strong, brave, independent, and challenges authority. She is a model for ‘girl power’ that girls over 50 years later can follow. ” This is a thesis paragraph. It goes beyond stating the topic (Pippi and gender roles) to provide context and details--and a reason for the essay. I have to prove in the following paragraphs exactly HOW Pippi is “physically strong, brave, independent, and challenges authority. ” This listing gives the reader a guideline for the essay. The body of my essay should follow it: Introduction: thesis paragraph. Body (points): 1. Pippi’s unfeminine strength 2. Pippi as brave 3. Pippi as independent 4. Pippi challenges authority. Conclusion. You are not restricted to one paragraph per major point. For instance, if I had a lot to say about Pippi challenging authority, I could devote more than one paragraph to it. I could devote several paragraphs to it, depending on my evidence and how much detail I wanted to give to it. The essay that follows the above outline could be 1 ? pages or 25. Think of your thesis paragraph as a “road map,” telling the reader where you’re going (what you’re arguing), what your stops are along the way (your points), and why.

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Relationships between Men and Women

In Much Ado About Nothing the main story line is about Hero and Claudio falling in love and the sub plot is Beatrice and Benedick’s merry war of the sexes. The conflict in the play is that Don John creates an appearance that Hero has been unfaithful to Claudio. The main theme of the play is love and comedy. Love is a theme in this play because two couples falling in love. Comedy is also a theme in this play because of Beatrice and Benedick’s verbal exchanges moreover the comedy act with Dogberry and Verges and how the other protagonists try to trick Benedick and Beatrice and convincing that they are madly in love with each other. Also in this play, out of all the men Benedick is the most aware of becoming a cuckold because like any other man he scared that he might ruin his ego and lose his masculine pride. A cuckold is when a man believes that marriage is a trap where husbands are controlled and deceived. Claudio, Don Pedro and Benedick all share this suspicion at the beginning. The main plot in Much Ado About Nothing is the story line of Hero and Claudio. Claudio is the heart throb in this play and he is easily persuaded. This is proven when he first sees Hero and says he is in love with her and then Don John tricks him by saying Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself. Hero is the fair woman in the play. She is obedient to her father and she returns the love of Claudio almost immediately. Claudio is attracted to Hero for her beauty: “In mine eye she is the sweetest lady that I ever looked on. ” This quotes shows that Claudio has seen his so called love, at first sight. Claudio explains to Don Pedro and Benedick about how he wants to marry her: “If Hero would be my wife. At this point Benedick cannot believe that Claudio ah s gone down the path of love. Benedick though that all of them, Claudio, Don Pedro and himself, will stay a bachelor until the day they died. Don Pedro has agreed that he would woo Hero for Claudio and ask if she would marry Claudio. When they are at the masquerade ball, Don John goes over to the easily persuaded Claudio and tells him that his brother, Don Pedro is going to woo Hero for himself: “Signor, you are very near my brother in his love. He is enamoured on Hero. I pray you dissuade him from her. She is no equal fro his birth. You may do the part of an honest man in it. ” Claudio was shocked when he heard this because he was very close to Don Pedro and he trusted him and he actually thought that Don Pedro was not a man like his brother. However, Claudio should have known that Don John is a bad man and he will try and cause trouble. Claudio is lead on to believe that Don Pedro is going to court Hero for himself. But the audience knows that Don John is a bad apple. When Claudio confronts Don Pedro about how he is going to court Hero for himself. This is the part where Shakespeare uses dramatic irony. This is when the audience know more than the characters. After Claudio has been misled by Don John, Don Pedro asks on behalf of Claudio for Hero’s hand in marriage. In this part of the play, Hero shows the respect she has for her father by her father replying to Claudio’s marriage proposal: “Count, take of me my daughter and with her my fortunes. His grace hath made the match, and all grace say amen to it. In this dialogue Leonato is telling Claudio that he can take his daughter as his wife and with that he can take the fortune that comes with her. Leonato also states that Don Pedro has made the match and he wants God to bless this relationship, hoping it would go smoothly. At this point Don John is upset that he hasn’t caused any damage. The wedding day arrives and Claudio and Don Pedro have their plan to show how Hero has been unfaithful: “Not to be married, not to knit my soul to an approved wanton. ” At this point Claudio is saying that he does not want to be married to a women who a slept with many men. The audience knows that Hero is falsely accused of something she did not do. At this part Hero and Claudio’s relationship starts to break because the easily mislead Claudio has broken Hero’s heart and publicly humiliated Hero. After this commotion, Hero is found innocent. Beatrice and Benedick’s relationship is a rocky one. Firstly they start by shouting abuse at each other: “What, my dear Lady Disdain! Are you yet living? ” Benedick has a hatred for Beatrice and wants her dead at the beginning of it and the sarcastic comments start. Beatrice and Benedick don’t know what the future holds for them. At this moment you would call their relationship a merry war. The phrase merry war is an oxymoron. An oxymoron is when two clashing words come together. When we say their relationship is a merry war this means that when they talk to each other it makes other people laugh but it’s a feud between them. Don Pedro is cupid in this relationship. He is cupid because he plans to bring Benedick and Beatrice together as in fall in love. Benedick who fears to become a cuckold s going to fall in love. Leonato, Claudio and Don Pedro all plan to trick Benedick so he believes that Beatrice is in love with him and Hero and Ursula plan to trick Beatrice that Benedick is in love with Beatrice. In the play Benedick gets tricked first and the setting of this scene is that Benedick is having a walk and Claudio, Don Pedro and Leonato get in to position to trick him. Same with Beatrice, she is on walk and Ursula and Hero are talking loudly to each other thinking that no-one is listening but they know that Beatrice is close by listening. Even though Beatrice is a strong character she can be tricked. This is proven when she instantly falls in love with Benedick, but she relies on the truth of her cousin, Hero. The same situation goes for Benedick he can also be tricked in to loving Beatrice. They don’t realise that they love each other until the incident where Hero is humiliated in front of everyone by Claudio. This is when Benedick tells Beatrice that he is in love with her and Beatrice returns his love. At this point, Benedick shows his loyalty to his Beatrice by sticking by her when Hero is falsely accused. Hero and Leonato is a wonderful father-daughter relationship. Hero is dependent on her father for guidance because her mother is not mentioned in the play. Hero is very obedient to her father and listens to him. This is proven when Hero is proposed to and Leonato replies for Hero to Claudio. Leonato is the head of the house hold and makes sure that everything is running well. He is also good friends with his brother Antonio and he consults most things with him. Leonato is a good father because he knows how much Hero loved Claudio therefore he goes on to trick Claudio into marrying Hero. Leonato disowned his only daughter when Hero was accused of betraying Claudio. In conclusion, the quote: “The rules of fair play do not apply in love and war” by John Lyly, sums up what the play is about and the relationship that is in the play. The quote by John Lyly says that love cannot be fair and there is always going to be some kind of problem causing it to go wrong. For example Beatrice and Benedick started of hating each other in the beginning and then they got married. Then Claudio falsely accuses Hero for being unfaithful but she still forgave him for it though.

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Legal Issues in Multimedia

Contents

Background paragraph
The Commissioner of Law Revision (2006)
The Commissioner of Law Revision

Conclusion

>Introductory

Nowadays, these resources have been illegible used by many people without knows by the original maker. People who used or copy other people media works is one of the illegible law of Multimedia that frequently happens. All of Multimedia product must be copyrighted and most of them already have it, but it was very disappointed because the product is originally implemented wrongly and without permission by the original makers.

Leone Woodcock (2000) from the survey 21. 1% people who agree that use the copying Multimedia product was legal, but the other 33. % said that they are disagree perceive copying and illegally used Multimedia product and other 46. 6% agree to copying and perceive the activity is either ethical or not. There are many legal issues in Multimedia that are the laws of the intellectual property, moral rights and infringement of the ethics in Multimedia.

Background paragraph

The legal issues in Multimedia products/ resources are already known by people. Multimedia are the combination of interactive media that include pictures, sound, video, animation and text. It was interrelated with modality (the way Multimedia occur that communicate to our sense such as hearing, touch and etc), channel (the information that contain a modality) and medium (a set of harmonized channel such as television).

These are the related functions that make up the Multimedia that interact together to make interactivity in our live. Many Multimedia resources that have been produce through television channel, radio and website, but there already have a law in producing Multimedia resource.

The Commissioner of Law Revision (2006)

Any media products such as Journals, e-book, articles, software, websites, CDs, DVDs, books or even songs that have been license and copyrighted cannot be copied without permission unless that product is not Under Copyright (Amendment) Bill 1997. This is because, Copyright is illegally used by any person who avoid or causes any other person to avoid any efficient technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the resource of their rights. Under this Act it will be restricted the acts to respect of their works which are not authorized by the original maker or authors concerned or permitted by law.

These problems of copyright happen because any ideas such as articles, Journals and especially DVDs and CDs are easy to find. DVDs and CDs are most copied or plagiarize media products because it were a good business to get profit for a people who selling these products. In addition, university students also use various media to create work items provided by the lecturer.

Therefore, a more simple way to get information is through media such as online. Only visit a few articles and journals this can help them perform a tasks. However, the disadvantages are many students just want a simple way by using the “copy and paste” each verse or statements taken regardless of the consequences.

University’s student always used articles, books and any writing materials to do their works and copied illegally some sentences that originally from the author or writer.

Intellectual Property (IP) of Multimedia is very important to protect personal Multimedia products. There are some examples of IP that are quotation books, articles, journals and interactive courseware. All of these are the original works that create personally by the authors or creator and that is the originally come out from their ideas this is actually called Intellectual Property (IP).

Intellectual property covers many things, but this time we will present information about the copyright, trademark, and open source. This means that most countries in the world has been related to the Law of IPR (Intellectual Property Right), and therefore enforce IPR protection in their respective countries International treaties in the field of IPR as set in the Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), which later became a package deal in the WTO agreements, currently approve by around 183 countries. The individual creator (Creator) and interviewed (Inventor) a product, it can be submitted grounds that creation and discovery of a product essentially requires prudential energy, cost, time, and mind.

IPR protection, principally intended as one of the award (reward) for a person who has ideas and ideas into a work, and of course the issue of sacrifice.

Protection IPR, thus also intended as an effort to encourage people to innovate in the creation and discovery of a product. Various information whether true or false, ideas, ideology, propaganda and not about pornography spread through the Internet. Many ideas that have been created such as journals, videos and other media materials have been changed from the original form to the new form that applied from the previous form.

That material changed a bit but still has the same parts of it that can be considered as plagiarism. Other than that, internet hacker also one of the IP intruded through system. They intruded the program and steal any data that important to them or harming the data or resources so that the product can be used by them freely. Therefore to need a protection Multimedia product publishers need to ensure that the status of all rights involved before signing any purchase rights / assignment / Licensing Agreement is necessary to obtain these rights. This is where the services of a lawyer are very much needed entertainment.

In order to protect personal rights, moral rights are used to define other personal right. Moral rights are the identification, paternity, integrity, media pluralism and diversity of cultural expression. This related to an act that violates the law in terms of writing and communication and many people do these things with a purpose to protest works, films, articles, and intellectual property.

Besides that, the media products also have their own moral rights and protected by law. Therefore, if there are things that diffuse insult, they can refer to the Copyright (Amendment) Bill 1997. This is because there are many people who misuse media as a channel to express opinions that insulting writers. In other words, this issue has touched a person regardless of personal feelings and the effects of these acts. In addition, cyber offenses such as using photos or any property of the owner such as websites, blogs and the program can also be defined as an offense of moral rights.

Use of personal rights of others impacts the depth and enshrined in law All Rights Reserved offense that can lead to plagiarism. Daily News, (2009) Minister of Information, Communication, Arts and Culture Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim, said “If the information is accurate and true to the community, like any concept can be successful and it will be more bad news or the fact that when rotated believe or mistaken sense that some people can raise racial sentiments.

Therefore, we want accurate information disseminated to the public so that they understand and respect the law” He said the ministry will not take action against government critics while not violating the Communications and Multimedia Act, but only act against he dissemination of false facts, false and untrue it. Body paragraph 3 Other than that, infringement of ethics in Multimedia is a behavior of rights or wrongs in the world of internet. Juriah (2001) This is due mostly Multimedia products are easily found and used without having a permission, but cracking the system or copied it into another resource.

The Commissioner of Law Revision

There are acts that protect the product from the Multimedia user program that irresponsible, for example, Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 and Cyber Laws of Malaysia. All of these act responsible to provide protection to the rights and property of a product such as legal act of Patents, Trade mark and other property-related. Although there are many protecting acts, but user of internet especially programmer hacks the other user, such as website system and software by separately the malware or virus that can be harm other people property.

They also might use code program that can genuinely the copyright software and application without bought or asked for permission. This will affect the publisher revenue because many people cannot especially hackers and programmers used it for their own benefit. Thus, many software and application such as computer windows (XP, Vista, window Seven) does not get by the user genuinely but pirated it illegally.

Conclusion

There are three legal issues in Multimedia that are Intellectual Property (IP), moral rights, and infringement of the ethics in Multimedia. In the world that sophisticated today we should respect the original work of people who invent the Multimedia product despite the media which is easily obtained from the actual inventor. As a multimedia user, we should give countenance to have a legitimate Multimedia product.

We also have responsibilities as a user to maintain ethics and comply with deeds that have been contained in state law. As proposed, the government should build a technology system that can protect the rights of owners and also the right products to consumers. So, both benefit equally and protect their personal rights and any people who may maltreat by other people will get their justice.

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The Cabinet and Legislative of Malaysia

The 3 main Parties of Barisan Nasional are * United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) * Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) * Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) Members Of Cabinet – Ministers Y. A. B. DATO’ SRI MOHD. NAJIB BIN TUN HAJI ABDUL RAZAK PRIME MINISTER, MINISTER OF FINANCE Y. A. B. TAN SRI DATO’ HAJI MUHYIDDIN BIN MOHD. YASSIN DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER, MINISTER OF EDUCATION Y. B. SENATOR TAN SRI DR. KOH TSU KOON MINISTER IN THE PRIME MINISTER’S DEPARTMENT Y. B. TAN SRI BERNARD GILUK DOMPOK MINISTER OF PLANTATION INDUSTRIES AND COMMODITIES Y. B. DATO’ SERI MOHAMED NAZRI BIN ABDUL AZIZ MINISTER IN THE PRIME MINISTER’S DEPARTMENT Y. B. DATO’ SERI HISHAMMUDDIN BIN TUN HUSSEIN MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS Y. B. DATO’ SERI UTAMA DR. RAIS YATIM MINISTER OF INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE Y. B. TAN SRI NOR MOHAMED BIN YAKCOP MINISTER IN THE PRIME MINISTER’S DEPARTMENT Y. B. DATUK PETER CHIN FAH KUI MINISTER OF ENERGY, GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND WATER Y. B. DATO’ SERI HJ. MOHD SHAFIE BIN HAJI APDAL MINISTER OF RURAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Y. B. DATO’ SERI MOHAMED KHALED BIN NORDIN MINISTER OF HIGHER EDUCATION Y. B. DATO’ SRI MUSTAPA BIN MOHAMED MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY Y. B. DATUK SERI DR. MAXIMUS JOHNITY ONGKILI MINISTER OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION Y. B. DATO SRI DOUGLAS UGGAH EMBAS MINISTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Y. B. DATO’ SRI DR NG YEN YEN MINISTER OF TOURISM Y. B. DATUK SERI HAJI NOH BIN OMAR MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY Y. B. DATO’ SERI DR. AHMAD ZAHID BIN HAMIDI MINISTER OF DEFENCE Y. B. DATO’ SHAZIMAN BIN ABU MANSOR MINISTER OF WORKS Y. B. DATO’ SRI LIOW TIONG LAI MINISTER OF HEALTH Y. B. DATO’ AHMAD SHABERY CHEEK MINISTER OF YOUTH AND SPORTS Y. B. DATUK DR. S. SUBRAMANIAM MINISTER OF HUMAN RESOURCES Y. B. DATO’ SRI ISMAIL SABRI BIN YAAKOB MINISTER OF DOMESTIC TRADE, COOPERATIVE AND CONSUMERISME Y. B. DATO’ SERI HAJI AHMAD HUSNI BIN MOHAMAD HANADZLAH MINISTER OF FINANCE (II) Y. B. DATO’ SERI KONG CHO HA MINISTER OF TRANSPORT Y. B. SENATOR DATO’ SERI SHAHRIZAT ABDUL JALIL MINISTER OF WOMEN, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Y. B. DATO’ SRI ANIFAH BIN HJ. AMAN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Y. B. SENATOR DATO’ RAJA NONG CHIK BIN DATO’ RAJA ZAINAL ABIDIN MINISTER OF FEDERAL TERRITORIES AND URBAN WELLBEING Y. B. SENATOR MEJAR JENERAL DATO’ SERI JAMIL KHIR BIN BAHAROM MINISTER IN THE PRIME MINISTER’S DEPARTMENT Y. B. SENATOR DATO’ SRI IDRIS JALA MINISTER IN THE PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE Y. B. DATO’ WIRA CHOR CHEE HEUNG MINISTER OF HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Summary of Cabinet Board Portfolio| Office Bearer| Party| Prime Minister of Malaysia Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia| Najib Tun Razak Muhyiddin Yassin| UMNO UMNO| Ministers in the Prime Minister’s Department National Unity and Performance Management Law and Parliament Economic Planning Unit (EPU) Islamic Affairs Performance Management and Delivery Unit (Pemandu) CEO| Koh Tsu Koon (Senator) Nazri Aziz Nor Mohamed Yakcop Jamil Khir Baharom (Senator) Idris Jala (Senator)| GERAKAN UMNO UMNO UMNO Independent| Minister of Finance Minister of Finance II| Najib Tun Razak Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah| UMNO UMNO| Minister of Education| Muhyiddin Yassin| UMNO| Minister of Transport| Kong Cho Ha| MCA| Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities| Bernard Dompok| UPKO| Minister of Home Affairs| Hishammuddin Tun Hussein| UMNO| Minister of Information, Communications and Culture| Rais Yatim| UMNO| Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water| Peter Chin Fah Kui| SUPP| Minister of Rural and Regional Development| Mohd Shafie Apdal| UMNO| Minister of Higher Education| Mohamed Khaled Nordin| UMNO| Minister of International Trade and Industry| Mustapa Mohamed| UMNO| Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation| Maximus Ongkili| PBS| Minister of Natural Resources and Environment| Douglas Uggah Embas| PBB| Minister of Tourism| Ng Yen Yen| MCA| Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry| Noh Omar| UMNO| Minister of Defence| Ahmad Zahid Hamidi| UMNO| Minister of Works| Shaziman Abu Mansor| UMNO| Minister of Health| Liow Tiong Lai| MCA| Minister of Youth and Sports| Ahmad Shabery Cheek| UMNO| Minister of Human Resources| Subramaniam Sathasivam| MIC| Minister of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism| Ismail Sabri Yaakob| UMNO| Minister of Housing and Local Government| Chor Chee Heung| MCA| Minister of Women, Family and Community Development| Shahrizat Abdul Jalil (Senator)| UMNO| Minister of Foreign Affairs| Anifah Aman| UMNO| Minister of the Federal Territories and Urban Well-being| Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin (Senator)| UMNO| Cabinet of Malaysia is the executive branch of Malaysia’s Government which led by the Prime Minister. The cabinet is a council of members of ministers who are accountable collectively to the parliament according to the Article 43 of the Constitution, members of cabinet can only be selected from members of either houses of Parliament. Yang di-Pertuan Agong Appoints all Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. Members of Cabinet shall not be a member of state legislative assembly, a cabinet member shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office. Ministers other than the Prime Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, unless the appointment of any Minister shall have been revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister but any Minister may resign his office. Cabinet Appointments By convention, members of the Cabinet are typically appointed from the lower house of Parliament, the Dewan Rakyat.

Although Deputy Ministers may be appointed to each portfolio, they are not included in the Cabinet. The Cabinet used to meet weekly every Wednesday, but after the position of Parliamentary Secretary was removed and partial live telecast of Parliament proceedings began in 2008, the meetings were moved to Fridays whenever Parliament sat, to allow Ministers to personally answer questions during Question Time in Parliament Cabinet Composition The composition of Cabinet and the number of portfolios depends mainly on the wishes of the Prime Minister at the time. The Post of Finance Minister was one of the important most and so important as to be a necessity.

The Deputy Prime Minister is one that exists by convention, and a Prime Minister could theoretically form a Cabinet without a Deputy. Deputy Ministers exist although they are not considered members of the Cabinet. None Parliamentary Secretary were appointed after 2008 Malaysia General Election. Deputy Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries are also appointed from members of Parliament. Political Secretary exists and need not be members of Parliament.

Members of Cabinet – Deputy Ministers Portfolio| Office Bearer| DEPUTY MINISTER OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT| Y. B. TAN SRI DATUK SERI PANGLIMA JOSEPH KURUP| DEPUTY MINISTER IN THE PRIME MINISTER’S DEPARTMENT| Y. B. DATUK LIEW VUI KEONG| DEPUTY MINISTER OF DEFENCE| Y. B. DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL LATIFF BIN AHMAD| DEPUTY MINISTER OF INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE| Y. B. DATO’ JOSEPH SALANG ANAK GANDUM| DEPUTY MINISTER OF RURAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT| Y. B. DATUK JOSEPH ENTULU ANAK BELAUN| DEPUTY MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY| Y. B. DATO’ MOHD. JOHARI BIN BAHARUM| DEPUTY MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS| Y. B. DATUK WIRA ABU SEMAN BIN HAJI YUSOP| DEPUTY MINISTER IN THE PRIME MINISTER’S DEPARTMENT| Y. B. SENATOR DATO’ DR. MASHITAH BINTI IBRAHIM| DEPUTY MINISTER OF WORKS| Y. B. DATO’ YONG KHOON SENG| DEPUTY MINISTER OF DOMESTIC TRADE, COOPERATIVE AND CONSUMERISME| Y. B. DATUK HAJJAH ROHANI BINTI ABDUL KARIM| DEPUTY MINISTER OF ENERGY, GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND WATER| Y. B. PUAN NORIAH BINTI KASNON| DEPUTY MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY| Y. B. DATO’ JACOB DUNGAU SAGAN | DEPUTY MINISTER OF EDUCATION| Y. B. DATUK IR. DR. WEE KA SIONG| DEPUTY MINISTER OF TRANSPORT| Y. B. TUAN JELAING ANAK MERSAT| DEPUTY MINISTER OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION| Y. B. TUAN HJ. FADILLAH BIN YUSOF | DEPUTY MINISTER OF FEDERAL TERRITORIES AND URBAN WELLBEING| Y. B. DATUK SARAVANAN A/L MURUGAN | DEPUTY MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS| Y. B. SENATOR TUAN A. KOHILAN PILLAY A/L G. APPU| DEPUTY MINISTER OF HIGHER EDUCATION| Y. B. DR. HOU KOK CHUNG | DEPUTY MINISTER OF PLANTATION INDUSTRIES AND COMMODITIES| Y. B. DATO’ HAMZAH BIN ZAINUDIN | DEPUTY MINISTER OF HUMAN RESOURCES| Y. B. SENATOR DATO’ MAZNAH BINTI MAZLAN| DEPUTY MINISTER OF HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT| Y. B. DATUK SERI PANGLIMA HAJI LAJIM BIN HAJI UKIN| DEPUTY MINISTER OF FINANCE| Y. B. SENATOR DATUK DR. AWANG ADEK HUSSEIN| DEPUTY MINISTER OF WOMEN, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT| Y. B. SENATOR PUAN HENG SEAI KIE | DEPUTY MINISTER OF HEALTH| Y. B. DATUK ROSNAH BT. HAJI ABDUL RASHID SHIRLIN| DEPUTY MINISTER OF YOUTH AND SPORTS| Y. B. SENATOR TUAN GAN PING SHOU @ GAN PING SIEU| DEPUTY MINISTER OF TOURISM| Y. B. DATO’ DR. JAMES DAWOS MAMIT| List of Ministry and Role Ministry| Role| Finance| Helps to form the government budget, stimulate economy, and control finances. | Education| Responsible for Malaysian educational matters| Plantation Industries And Commodities| Formulate policies and strategies for development of plantation and commodity. Home Affairs| Security governance in state administer to ensure the security and public welfare| Information, Communication and Culture| Combines the three previous ‘Ministry of Information’, ‘Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications’ and ‘Ministry of Unity, Cultures, Arts and Heritage’| Green Technology and Water| Improves Power Sector, Building Sector, Water Sector and Handling Time, Transport Sector| Higher Education| Encourage the growth of premier knowledge center and individuals who are competent, innovative with high moral values to meet national and international needs| Science Technology and Innovation| To ensure knowledge generation, wealth creation and societal well being| Agriculture and Agro-based Industry| Transformational leader Agriculture| Defense| Strengthening the management of strategic importance to national defense, national sovereignty and integrity secure. Health| Protecting and promoting public health and providing welfare and other social security services| Transport| Develop efficient, safe and effective transport systems and services| The legislative The legislative body is to draw up, amend and pass laws. It exists in both federal and state level. The delegated legislation is embodied in the Constitution permits the Cabinet to draw up and pass the laws on behalf of the Parliament . It consist of Yang di-Pertuan Agong and two assemblies of Parliament which is the House of Representative (HOR) and Senate. Yang di-Pertuan Agong does not involve in making the laws but the House of Representative and the Senate. The process of making laws is carried out with a great care.

Composition and Power House of Representative consist of 222 member of Parliament elected based on the population in general election (which held every 5 years or Parliament is dissolve by YDPA with Prime minister advice). When a member dies or been disqualified or even resign a by-election will be held in order to choose another suitable member but if the tenure general election is less than two year then the place will be left empty until then. Seats from each party| No. | National Front | 137| United Malays National Organization (UMNO)| 78| Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)| 15| Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)| 4| Malaysian People’s Movement Party | 2| United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)| 14| Sarawak United People’s Party ( SUPP)| 5| Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party ( SPDP)| 4| Sarawak People’s Party ( PRS)| 6| United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation(UPKO)| 4| United Sabah Party (PBS)| 3| United Sabah People’s Party (PBRS)| 1| Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)| 1| People’s Progressive Party (PPP)| 0| People’s Pact (Pakatan Rakyat)| 76| People’s Justice Party (PKR)| 24| Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS)| 23| Democratic Action Party (DAP)| 29| Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)| 1| Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP)| 2| Non-partisans/independents (and others)(1) Konsensus Bebas (Free Consensus)| 6| Vacant| 0| Overall total| 222| The list of Members Bil. | Name| 1| Ab Aziz bin Ab Kadir, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 2| Ab. Halim bin Ab. Rahman, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 3| Abd Khalid bin Ibrahim , Y. B. Tan Sri Dato’ Seri| 4| Abd. Hadi bin Awang, Y. B. Dato’ Seri Haji| 5| Abd. Rahman bin Bakri, Y. B. Datuk| 6| Abdul Ghapur bin Salleh, Y. B. Datuk Seri Panglima Haji| 7| Abdul Latif bin Ahmad, Y. B. Datuk Dr. Haji| 8| Abdul Manan bin Ismail, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 9| Abdul Rahim bin Bakri, Y. B. Datuk Haji| 10| Abdul Rahman bin Haji Dahlan, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 11| Abdul Wahab bin Haji Dolah, Y. B. Datuk Haji| 12| Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi, Y. B. Tun Haji| 3| Abdullah bin Md Zin, Y. B. Dato’ Seri Dr. | 14| Abdullah Sani bin Abdul Hamid, Y. B. Tuan| 15| Abu Bakar bin Taib, Y. B. Dato’ Paduka| 16| Abu Seman bin Haji Yusop, Y. B. Datuk Wira| 17| Ago Anak Dagang, Y. B. Datuk| 18| Ahmad bin Haji Hamzah, Y. B. Datuk Wira Haji| 19| Ahmad bin Haji Maslan, Y. B. Datuk Haji| 20| Ahmad bin Kasim, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 21| Ahmad Husni bin Mohamad Hanadzlah, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 22| Ahmad Lai bin Bujang, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 23| Ahmad Shabery bin Cheek, Y. B. Dato’| 24| Ahmad Zahid bin Hamidi, Y. B. Dato’ Seri Dr. | 25| Alexander Nanta Linggi, Y. B. Datuk| 26| Amran bin Ab Ghani, Y. B. Tuan| 27| Anifah bin Haji Aman @ Haniff Amman, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 28| Anwar bin Ibrahim, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 29| Azalina Dato’ Othman Said, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 30| Azan bin Ismail, Y. B. Tuan| 31| Azmi bin Khalid, Y. B. Dato’ Seri Haji| 32| Baharum bin Haji Mohamed, Y. B. Datuk Haji| 33| Bernard Giluk Dompok, Y. B. Tan Sri| 34| Billy Abit Joo, Y. B. Datuk| 35| Bung Moktar bin Radin, Y. B. Datuk| 36| Charles Anthony a/l R. Santiago, Y. B. Tuan| 37| Che Rosli bin Che Mat, Y. B. Dr. | 38| Che Uda bin Che Nik, Y. B. Tuan| 39| Chong Chieng Jen, Y. B. Tuan| 40| Chong Eng, Y. B. Puan| 41| Chor Chee Heung, Y. B. Dato’ Wira| 42| Chow Kon Yeow, Y. B. Tuan| 43| Chua Soon Bui, Y. B. Datuk| 44| Chua Tee Yong, Y. B. Tuan| 5| Chua Tian Chang, Y. B. Tuan| 46| Devamany a/l S. Krishnasamy, Y. B. Dato’| 47| Ding Kuong Hiing, Y. B. Tuan| 48| Douglas Uggah Embas, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 49| Dzulkefly Ahmad, Y. B. Dr. Haji| 50| Edmund Chong Ket Wah @ Chong Ket Fah, Y. B. Datuk Ir. | 51| Enchin bin Majimbun @ Eric, Y. B. Datuk| 52| Er Teck Hwa, Y. B. Tuan| 53| Fadillah bin Haji Yusof, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 54| Fong Chan Onn, Y. B. Tan Sri Datuk Seri Dr. | 55| Fong Kui Lun, Y. B. Tuan| 56| Fong Po Kuan, Y. B. Puan| 57| Fuziah binti Salleh, Y. B. Puan Hajah| 58| Gobalakrishnan a/l Nagapan, Y. B. Tuan| 59| Gobind Singh Deo, Y. B. Tuan| 60| Gwo-Burne Loh, Y. B. Tuan| 61| Halimah binti Mohd Sadique, Y. B. Datuk| 62| Hamim bin Samuri, Y. B. Tuan Ir. Haji| 63| Hamzah Zainudin, Y. B. Datuk| 64| Hasan bin Malek, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 65| Hasbi bin Habibollah, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 66| Hee Loy Sian, Y. B. Tuan| 67| Henry Sum Agong, Y. B. Dato’| 68| Hiew King Cheu, Y. B. Tuan Dr. | 69| Hishammuddin bin Tun Hussein, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 70| Hou Kok Chung, Y. B. Dr. | 71| Ibrahim Ali, Y. B. Dato’| 72| Idris bin Haji Haron, Y. B. Datuk Ir. Haji| 73| Ismail bin Haji Abd Muttalib, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 74| Ismail bin Haji Mohamed Said, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 75| Ismail bin Kasim, Y. B. Dato’| 76| Ismail Sabri bin Yaakob, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 77| Jacob Dungau Sagan, Y. B. Dato’| 8| Jamaludin bin Dato’ Mohd Jarjis, Y. B. Datuk Seri Dr. Haji| 79| James Dawos Mamit, Y. B. Dato’ Dr. | 80| Jelaing Anak Mersat, Y. B. Tuan| 81| Johari bin Abdul, Y. B. Dato’| 82| John a/l Fernandez, Y. B Tuan| 83| Joseph Entulu Anak Belaun, Y. B. Datuk| 84| Joseph Kurup, Y. B. Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima| 85| Joseph Pairin Kitingan, Y. B. Tan Sri Datuk Seri| 86| Joseph Salang Anak Gandum, Y. B. Dato’| 87| Juslie Ajirol, Y. B. Datuk| 88| Kamarudin bin Jaffar, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 89| Kamarul Baharin bin Abbas, Y. B. Dato’| 90| Karpal Singh a/l Ram Singh, Y. B. Tuan| 91| Khairy Jamaluddin, Y. B. Tuan| 92| Khalid bin Abd Samad, Y. B. Tuan| 93| Kong Cho Ha, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 4| Lajim bin Haji Ukin, Y. B. Datuk Seri Panglima Haji| 95| Lee Boon Chye, Y. B. Dr. | 96| Lee Chee Leong, Y. B. Dato’| 97| Liang Teck Meng, Y. B. Tuan| 98| Liew Chin Tong, Y. B. Tuan| 99| Liew Vui Keong, Y. B. Datuk| 100| Lilah bin Yasin, Y. B. Dato’| 101| Lim Guan Eng, Y. B. Tuan| 102| Lim Kit Siang, Y. B. Tuan| 103| Lim Lip Eng, Y. B. Tuan| 104| Liow Tiong Lai, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 105| Lo’ Lo’ binti Hj Mohamad Ghazali, Y. B. Dr. | 106| Loke Siew Fook, Y. B. Tuan| 107| M. Kulasegaran, Y. B. Tuan| 108| M. Saravanan, Y. B. Datuk| 109| Mahfuz bin Haji Omar, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 110| Makin @ Marcus Mojigoh, Y. B. Datuk Dr. | 111| Manikavasagam a/l Sundaram, Y. B. Tuan| 12| Manogaran a/l Marimuthu, Y. B. Tuan| 113| Masir Anak Kujat, Y. B. Tuan| 114| Matulidi bin Jusoh, Y. B. Tuan| 115| Maximus @ Johnity Ongkili, Y. B. Datuk Seri Dr. | 116| Md Sirat bin Abu, Y. B. Datuk| 117| Micheal Jeyakumar Devaraj, Y. B. Dr. | 118| Mohamad bin Haji Aziz, Y. B. Datuk Haji| 119| Mohamad Shahrum bin Osman, Y. B. Dato’ Dr. | 120| Mohamed Azmin bin Ali, Y. B. Tuan| 121| Mohamed Khaled bin Haji Nordin, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 122| Mohamed Nazri bin Tan Sri Abdul Aziz, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 123| Mohammad Nizar bin Jamaluddin, Y. B. Dato’ Seri Ir. | 124| Mohd Abdul Wahid bin Haji Endut, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 125| Mohd Firdaus bin Jaafar, Y. B. Tuan| 26| Mohd Hatta bin Md Ramli, Y. B. Dr. | 127| Mohd Hayati bin Othman, Y. B. Dato’ Dr. Haji| 128| Mohd Jidin bin Shafee, Y. B. Dato’| 129| Mohd Johari bin Baharum, Y. B. Dato’ Wira| 130| Mohd Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak, Y. A. B. Dato’ Sri| 131| Mohd Nasir bin Ibrahim Fikri, Y. B. Datuk| 132| Mohd Nasir bin Zakaria, Y. B. Tuan| 133| Mohd Nizar bin Zakaria, Y. B. Tuan| 134| Mohd Nor bin Othman, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 135| Mohd Puad bin Zarkashi, Y. B. Dr. Hj| 136| Mohd Radzi bin Sheikh Ahmad, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 137| Mohd Shafie bin Hj. Apdal, Y. B. Dato’ Seri Hj. | 138| Mohd Yusmadi bin Mohd Yusoff, Y. B. Tuan| 139| Mohd Zin bin Mohamed, Y. B. Dato’ Sri Ir. | 40| Mohsin Fadzli bin Haji Samsuri, Y. B. Tuan| 141| Mojilip bin Bumburing @ Wilfred, Y. B. Datuk Seri Panglima| 142| Muhammad bin Husain, Y. B. Tuan| 143| Muhammad Leo Micheal Toyad Abdullah, Y. B. Dato’ Sri Dr. | 144| Muhyiddin bin Mohd. Yassin, Y. A. B. Tan Sri Dato’ Haji| 145| Mujahid Yusof Rawa, Y. B. Dr. | 146| Mukhriz bin Tun Dr. Mahathir, Y. B. Dato’| 147| Mustapa bin Mohamed, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 148| Nancy binti Haji Shukri, Y. B. Puan Hajah| 149| Nasharudin bin Mat Isa, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 150| Ng Yen Yen, Y. B. Dato’ Sri Dr. | 151| Nga Kor Ming, Y. B. Tuan| 152| Ngeh Koo Ham, Y. B. Dato’| 153| Noh bin Haji Omar, Y. B. Dato’ Seri Haji| 54| Nor Mohamed Yakcop, Y. B. Tan Sri| 155| Norah binti Abdul Rahman, Y. B. Datuk Hajah| 156| Noraini binti Ahmad, Y. B. Dato’| 157| Noriah binti Kasnon, Y. B. Puan| 158| Nur Jazlan bin Mohamad, Y. B. Datuk| 159| Nurul Izzah binti Anwar, Y. B. Puan| 160| Ong Ka Chuan, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 161| Ong Ka Ting, Y. B. Tan Sri| 162| Ong Tee Keat, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 163| Ooi Chuan Aun, Y. B. Tuan| 164| P. Kamalanathan a/l P. Panchanathan, Y. B. Tuan| 165| P. Ramasamy a/l Palanisamy, Y. B. Prof. Dr. | 166| Peter Chin Fah Kui, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 167| Rafidah binti Abd. Aziz, Y. B. Tan Sri,| 168| Raime Unggi, Y. B. Datuk| 169| Rais Yatim, Y. B. Dato’ Seri Utama Dr. | 70| Rashid bin Din, Y. B. Dato’| 171| Razali bin Ibrahim, Y. B. Dato’| 172| Richard Riot Anak Jaem, Y. B. Datuk| 173| Rohani binti Haji Abd. Karim, Y. B. Datuk Hajah| 174| Ronald Kiandee, Y. B. Datuk| 175| Rosnah binti Haji Abdul Rashid Shirlin, Y. B. Datuk| 176| S. Subramaniam, Y. B. Datuk Dr. | 177| Saifuddin bin Abdullah, Y. B. Dato’| 178| Saifuddin Nasution bin Ismail, Y. B. Tuan| 179| Salahuddin bin Haji Ayub, Y. B. Tuan| 180| Salleh bin Kalbi, Y. B. Tuan Haji| 181| Sapawi bin Haji Amat Wasali @ Ahmad, Y. B. Datuk| 182| Shahrir bin Abdul Samad, Y. B. Datuk Seri Utama| 183| Shamsul Anuar bin Nasarah, Y. B. Dato’| 184| Shaziman bin Abu Mansor, Y. B. Dato’| 85| Sim Tong Him, Y. B. Tuan| 186| Siringan bin Gubat, Y. B. Datuk| 187| Siti Mariah binti Mahmud, Y. B. Dr. Hajah| 188| Siti Zailah binti Mohd Yusoff, Y. B. Puan| 189| Sivarasa a/l K. Rasiah, Y. B. Tuan| 190| Sulaiman Abdul Rahman Taib, Y. B. Dato’ Sri| 191| Syed Hamid bin Syed Jaafar Albar, Y. B. Tan Sri Datuk Seri| 192| Taib Azamudden bin Md Taib, Y. B. Tuan| 193| Tajuddin bin Abdul Rahman, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 194| Tan Ah Eng, Y. B. Puan| 195| Tan Kok Wai, Y. B. Tuan| 196| Tan Lian Hoe, Y. B. Dato’| 197| Tan Seng Giaw, Y. B. Dr. | 198| Tan Tee Beng, Y. B. Tuan| 199| Tekhee @Tiki anak Lafe, Y. B. Datuk Dr. | 200| Teng Boon Soon, Y. B. Tuan| 01| Tengku Adnan bin Tengku Mansor, Y. B. Datuk Seri| 202| Tengku Azlan Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 203| Tengku Razaleigh bin Tengku Hamzah, Y. B. | 204| Teo Nie Ching, Y. B. Puan| 205| Teresa Kok Suh Sim, Y. B. Puan| 206| Tiong King Sing, Y. B. Datuk Seri| 207| Tiong Thai King, Y. B. Datuk| 208| Tony Pua Kiam Wee, Y. B. Tuan| 209| Wan Abd. Rahim bin Wan Abdullah, Y. B. Dato’ Haji| 210| Wan Junaidi bin Tuanku Jaafar, Y. B. Datuk Dr. | 211| Wee Choo Keong, Y. B. Tuan| 212| Wee Jeck Seng, Y. B. Datuk| 213| Wee Ka Siong, Y. B. Datuk Ir. Dr. | 214| William @ Nyallau Anak Badak, Y. B. Tuan| 215| William Leong Jee Keen, Y. B. Tuan| 216| Wong Ho Leng, Y. B. Tuan| 217| Yong Khoon Seng, Y. B. Dato’| 218| Yussof bin Haji Mahal, Y. B. Datuk Haji| 219| Zahrain Mohamed Hashim, Y. B. Dato’ Seri| 220| Zulhasnan bin Rafique, Y. B. Dato’ Sri Haji| 221| Zulkifli bin Noordin, Y. B. Tuan| 222| Zuraida binti Kamaruddin, Y. B. Puan Hajah| Members sitting in meeting Senate consist of 90 members (26 elected from 13 states,4 appointed by YDPA federal territories which is Kuala Lumpur ,Putrajaya and Labuan. To be eligible as a member: 1. be a Malaysian citizen; 2. be not less than 30 years old; 3. be of sound mind; 4. not be an undischarged bankrupt; and 5. not have a criminal record The role of the president is to preside over the sittings of the Senate, responsible for the observance of the rules in the Senate, ensure the relevancy of the points raised during the Debate, to interpret the Standing Orders in case of disputes and the decision is final The list of the President YB Dato’ Haji Abdul Rahman b. Mohamed Yassin 11. 09. 1959 – 31. 12. 1969 YB Tuan Syed Sheh bin Syed Hassan Barakhah 27. 01. 1969 – 05-. 02. 1969 YB Dato’ Haji Mohamad Noah bin Omar 24. 02. 1969 – 28-07. 1970 YB Tan Sri Haji Abdul Hamid Khan bin Haji Sakhawat Ali Khan 20. 02. 1971 – 22. 02. 1973 Y. A. Bhg. Tun Datuk Haji Omar Yoke Lin Ong 23. 02. 1973 – 31. 12. 1980 YB Tan Sri Ismail Khan 05. 01. 1981 – 13. 04. 1985 YB Tan Sri Datuk Benedict Stephens 15. 04. 985 – 11. 04. 1988 YB Tan Sri Datuk Abang Haji Ahmad Urai bin Datu Hakim Abang 11. 07. 1988 – 09-07. 1990 YB Tan Sri Dato’ Chan Choong Tak 17. 12. 1990 – 31. 03. 1992 YB Tan Sri Dato’ Vadiveloo s/o Govindasamy 13. 04. 1992 – 12. 06. 1995 YB Dato’ Adam bin Kadir 13. 06. 1995 – 30. 11. 1996 YB Tan Sri Dato’ Haji Mohamad bin Ya’acob 10. 12. 1996 – 05. 12. 2000 YB Tan Sri Dato’ Michael Chen Wing Sum 07. 12. 2000 – 11. 04. 2003 YB Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Dr. Abdul Hamid Pawanteh 07. 07. 2003 – 06. 07. 2009 YB Dato’ Ir Wong Foon Meng 07. 07. 2009 – 14. 04. 2010 YB Tan Sri Abu Zahar bin Dato’ Nika Ujang 6. 04. 2010 – present | | Members sitting in meeting Members of Parliament is permitted to speak on any subject as the Parliament immunity takes effect from the moment the member is sworn in and only applies when the statement made inside the house. But there are one rules that must be obeyed is never touch the social contract.

The Process of the Federal Legislating Process 1st Ministry level will come up with draft proposal after consultation and discussion with related ministries and department under its ministries. 2nd Stamped with the Royal Seal. 3rd The bill that is approved by both Houses will be presented to the YDPA for approval. 4th The bill is presented to the House of Representative or the Senate; 3 readings * 1st reading – the Minister to read the bill * 2nd reading – the principle of the bill will be discussed * 3rd reading – the bill will be discussed at the level of the House Committee (The bill that passed by HOR will be brought to the Senate for approval and goes the same process) 5th The Minister and the officers of his ministry will frame the bill with advice from the Attorney General’s Office. 6th After being agreed by the Cabinet, with or without amendment the bill is printed and presented to Parliament. 7th The Minister will get Cabinet to pass the bill policy explaining the importance of presenting it in Parliament.

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Quality Control

UNDERSTANDING QUALITY CONTROL ? Quality Control is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. This approach places emphasis on three aspects: o Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes, performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records o Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications o Soft elements, such as personnel integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these three aspects is deficient in any way. Quality control is a major component of total quality management; and the quality-control cycle consists of four steps: quality planning, data collection, data analysis, and implementation. o Quality planning consists of defining measurable quality objectives. Quality objectives are specific to the product or service and to the phase in their life cycle, and they should reflect the customer’s requirements o The collection of data about product characteristics that are relevant to the quality objectives is a key element of quality control. These data include quantitative measurements (measurement by variables), as well as determination of compliance with given standards, specifications, and required product features (measurement by attributes). Measurements may be objective, that is, of physical characteristics, which are often used in the control of the quality of services.

Since quality control was originally developed for mass manufacturing, which relied on division of labor, measurements were often done by a separate department. However, in the culture of Total Quality Management, inspection is often done by the same individual or team producing the item. The data are analyzed in order to identify situations that may have an adverse effect on quality and may require corrective or preventive action. The implementation of those actions as indicated by the analysis of the data is undertaken, including modifications of the product design or the production process, to achieve continuous and sustainable improvement in the product and in customer satisfaction Data Analysis: The methods and techniques for data analysis in quality control are generic and can be applied to a variety of situations. The techniques are divided into three main categories: diagnostic techniques; process control, which includes process capability assessment and control charts; and acceptance sampling. Diagnostic techniques serve to identify and pinpoint problems or potential problems that affect the quality of processes and products, and include the use of flowcharts, cause-and-effect diagrams, histograms, Pareto diagrams, location diagrams, scatter plots, and boxplots Process-control methods are applicable to systems that produce a stream of product units, either goods or services. They serve to control the processes that affect those product characteristics that are relevant to quality as defined in the quality objectives.

For example, in a system that produces metal parts, some of the processes that might need to be controlled are cutting, machining, deburring, bending, and coating. The relevant product characteristics are typically spelled out in the specifications in terms of physical dimensions, position of features, surface smoothness, material hardness, paint thickness, and so on. In a system that produces a service, such as a telephone help line, the relevant processes could be answering the call, identifying the problem, and solving the problem.

The characteristics that are relevant to quality as perceived by the customer might include response time, number of referrals, frequency of repeat calls for the same problem, and elapsed time to closure. Process control focuses on keeping the process operating at a level that can meet quality objectives, while accounting for random variations over which there is no control. There are two main aspects to process control: control charts and capability analysis. Control charts are designed to ascertain the statistical stability of the process and to detect changes in its level or variability that are due to assignable causes and can be corrected. Capability analysis considers the ability of the process to meet quality objectives as implied by the product specifications.

Acceptance sampling refers to the procedures used to decide whether or not to accept product lots or batches based on the results of the inspection of samples drawn from the lots. Acceptance sampling techniques were originally developed for use by customers of manufactured products while inspecting lots delivered by their suppliers. These techniques are particularly well suited to situations where a decision on the quality level of product lots and their subsequent disposition needs to be made but it is not economic or feasible to inspect the entire production output. ? The ISO definition states that quality control is the operational techniques and activities that are used to fulfill requirements for quality. This definition could imply that any activity whether serving the improvement, control, management or assurance of quality could be a quality control activity. What the definition fails to tell us is that controls regulate performance. They prevent change and when applied to quality regulate quality performance and prevent undesirable changes in the quality standards. Quality control is a process for maintaining standards and not for creating them.

Standards are maintained through a process of selection, measurement and correction of work, so that only those products or services which emerge from the process meet the standards. In simple terms quality control prevents undesirable changes being present in the quality of the product or service being supplied. The simplest form of quality control is illustrated in the Figure below. Quality control can be applied to particular products, to processes which produce the products or to the output of the whole organization by measuring the overall quality performance of the organization. [pic] Quality control is often regarded as a post event activity. i. e. means of detecting whether quality has been achieved and taking action to correct any deficiencies. However, one can control results by installing sensors before, during or after the results are created. It all depends on where you install the sensor, what you measure and the consequences of failure.

Some failures cannot be allowed to occur and so must be prevented from happening through rigorous planning and design. Other failures are not so critical but must be corrected immediately using automatic controls or fool proofing. Where the consequences are less severe or where other types of sensor are not practical or possible, human inspection and test can be used as a means of detecting failure. Where failure cannot be measured without observing trends over longer periods, one can use information controls. They do not stop immediate operations but may well be used to stop further operations when limits are exceeded. If you have no controls then quality products are produced by chance and not design. The more controls you install the more certain you are of producing products of consistent quality but there is balance to be achieved. Beware of the law of diminishing returns. It is often deemed that quality assurance serves prevention and quality control detection, but a control installed to detect failure before it occurs serves prevention such as reducing the tolerance band to well within the specification limits. So quality control can prevent failure.

Assurance is the result of an examination whereas control produces the result. Quality Assurance does not change the product, Quality Control does.

Quality Control is also a term used as a name of a department. In most cases Quality Control Departments perform inspection and test activities and the name derives from the authority that such departments have been given. They sort good products from bad products and authorize the release of the good products. It is also common to find that Quality Control Departments perform supplier control activities which are called Supplier Quality Assurance or Vendor Control. In this respect they are authorized to release products from suppliers into the organization either from the supplier’s premises or on receipt in the organization. Since to control anything requires the ability to effect change, the title Quality Control Department is in fact a misuse of the term since such departments do not in fact control quality. They do act as a regulator if given the authority to stop release of product, but this is control of supply and not of quality. Authority to change product usually remains in the hands of the producing departments. It is interesting to note that similar activities within a Design Department are not called quality control but Design Assurance or some similar term. Quality Control has for decades been a term applied primarily in the manufacturing areas of an organization and hence it is difficult to change people’s perceptions after so many years of the terms incorrect use. In recent times the inspection and test activities have been transferred into the production departments of organizations, sometimes retaining the labels and sometimes reverting to the inspection and test labels.

Control of quality, or anything else for that matter, can be accomplished by the following steps: 1. Determine what parameter is to be controlled. 2. Establish its criticality and whether you need to control before, during or after results are produced. 3. Establish a specification for the parameter to be controlled which provides limits of acceptability and units of measure. 4. Produce plans for control which specify the means by which the characteristics will be achieved and variation detected and removed. 5. Organize resources to implement the plans for quality control. 6. Install a sensor at an appropriate point in the process to sense variance from specification. 7. Collect and transmit data to a place for analysis. 8. Verify the results and diagnose the cause of variance. . Propose remedies and decide on the action needed to restore the status quo. 10. Take the agreed action and check that the variance has been corrected. We may wonder QC is the same as QA? Let’s discuss…… Quality Control & Quality Assurance F I R S T . . . . Quality control emphasizes testing of products to uncover defects, and reporting to management who make the decision to allow or deny the release, whereas Quality assurance attempts to improve and stabilize production, and associated processes, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that led to the defects in the first place. Quality assurance, or QA for short, refers to a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are being met. Quality assurance includes regulation of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components; services related to production; and management, production and inspection processes. It is important to realize also that quality is determined by the intended users, clients or customers, not by society in general: it is not the same as ‘expensive’ or ‘high quality’. Even goods with low prices can be considered quality items if they meet a market need. QA is more than just testing the quality of aspects of a product, service or facility, it analyzes the quality to make sure it conforms to specific requirements and comply with established plans. S E C O N D . . . . Quality control means checking a finished product against the specification and rejecting anything that does not meet the specifications. Checks can be on every item or on a sample. Quality assurance means checking the inputs to a manufacturing process, things like raw materials, measuring devices that are used and machine settings. If QA is done correctly, you should make little or no product out of specification. | | |TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT | |In recent years, National Kidney and Transplant Institute has assumed a trailblazing role in renal healthcare and | |organ transplantation in the Philippines and Asia and the Institute has constantly walked the path of service | |quality. | | |The Institute’s Total Quality Management advocacy was formally launched on March 28, 2001, a defining milestone in | |our delivery of quality healthcare. As supported by the Institute’s Quality Policy and Quality Objectives, we | |maintain service quality in all areas of the hospital. Quality Management is seen in all aspects of our daily | |operations: from the Medical, Para-Medical, Patient Safety, Infection Control and to the Nursing Services, quality | |permeates all activities. Incorporating the five pillars of Total Quality Management – 5S, Suggestion Scheme, | |Quality Circles, ISO – to our Institute has allowed us to be more responsive to the needs of our patients and their| |families, visitors, and express genuine concern for their utmost comfort, welfare and self-esteem. | | |We acquired our ISO 9001 : 2000 Certification (Comprehensive Specialty Healthcare Services) in April 25, 2002, and | |up until now remain the only Philippine Tertiary Government Hospital who has attained the ISO global seal of | |quality standard. As a result, we have embraced and actualized the concept of Continual Quality Improvement in our | |services; and we acknowledge that it is through a competent workforce with selfless teamwork, dedication, and sense| |of accountability that quality improvement and service quality can be achieved. | | |For the past two years, as part of our service quality, we are implementing an efficient Hospital Information | |System that ensures smooth and prompt processing of your transactions – from Admission until Discharge, requests | |for diagnostic procedures and release of results, requests for medical supplies and pharmaceuticals, etc. | | | |At NKTI, we make sure that your expectations from us are met; and our commitment to Quality also guarantees that we| |will exceed your expectations. |[pic] | | | | | | | | | |Quality Policy | | | |To fulfill the Vision-Mission of National Kidney and Transplant Institute, we shall provide the most appropriate, | |comprehensive, effective health care services to exceed our customers’ expectations. | | | |Our success will be achieved through full participation of our employees at all levels of the organization guided | |by our Quality Objectives. | | |National Kidney and Transplant Institute shall commit to ensure compliance to all regulatory, statutory, | |environmental, and health / safety requirements of the government and other recognized world organizations like the| |WHO, etc. | | | |The Quality Policy shall be communicated to and made understood by all employees through orientations, meetings, | |circulars, posters and other related means. | | | |This Quality Policy shall be reviewed annually or as necessary by management to adapt to current developments / | |requirements through continual improvement. | | |Quality Objectives | | | |T he objectives of the Quality Assurance Program of National Kidney and Transplant Institute is the preservation | |and enhancement of the high quality patient-centered care by ensuring that : | | | |HUMAN RESOURCES have optimum skills and competencies. | |TECHNOLOGY and FACILITIES are state-of-the-art and properly maintained. | |SERVICES are delivered in the safest and most efficient manner. | |SYSTEMS are effective, well-defined and continually improved to meet customer requirements. | |AFFORDABILITY shall not compromise the cost of QUALITY. | |REQUIREMENTS OF INTERESTED PARTIES shall be observed with maximum compliance at all times. | | |Above-mentioned Quality Objectives are inspired by the following CORE VALUES of TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT : | | | |“Customer-First” Attitude | |Commitment and | |Competence Development | |Long-Term Perspective | |Process and Results | |Orientation | |Prevention | |Continuous Improvement | |Learning from Others | |Fast Response | |Management by Fact | Nursing services department Vision | | | |Imbued with compassion, professionalism and excellence, we shall be the role model in the entire nursing profession| |and its allied health care services, globally recognized in the delivery of effective and efficient quality care to| |everyone we serve. | | | |Mission | | | |We are dedicated to serve and share our expertise to everyone with integrity and with partiality to none. | | |Quality Objectives | | | |PATIENT CARE | | | |Provide individualized quality patient care using the nursing process to meet patient care needs from admission to | |home management. | | | |EDUCATION | | | |Establish a continual program in quality training and education to provide the staff with the cutting edge | |knowledge, skills and values to effectively and efficiently care and interact with the patients. | | | |CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT | | | |Review, evaluate and revise processes and practices, to achieve best outcomes. | | |RESEARCH | | | |Develop and implement research-based strategies on identified patient care needs and job performance needs. | | | |LEADERSHIP | | | |To provide competent, responsible, and accountable leadership aimed at developing and sustaining a creative and | |positive culture and milieu for professional nurses and support staff. |Core Values | | | |Competence & Compassion | |Timeliness | |Accountability | |Empowerment | |Respect & Integrity | |Innovation | |Qualification |Graduate of Bachelor of Science in Nursing | |Standards / Eligibility: |B. Licensed to practice nursing in the Philippines | |Position: NURSE I (SG 11) |C. Member, Philippine Nurses Association | | |D. Licensed Basic Life Support (BLS) Provider | | |E. Licensed Intravenous Therapy (IVT) Practitioner | | |F. 4-months Basic Skills Training mandatory for non-practicing nursing graduates of | | |more than 5 years ago or 6 months hospital experience of no less than 100 bed | | |capacity | | |G. Computer Literate | |Qualification |Completion of two years studies in college relevant to the job or have undergone a | |Standards / Eligibility: |relevant post secondary or required training course: ELIGIBILITY: MC 12 Medical | |MST 1 SG 6 |Equipment/Services Technician | |Qualification |- Bachelor’s degree relevant to the job; | |Standards / Eligibility: |- 2 years of relevant experience; | |Statistician III SG 18 |- 8 hours of relevant training | | |- Career Service ( Professional ) | | |- 2nd level Eligibility | |Qualification |Bachelor’s Degree in Radiologic Technology | |Standards / Eligibility: |2 years relevant experience | |Radiologic Technologist II SG 13 |8 hours relevant training | | |ELIGIBILITY: R. A. 080 | |Qualification |Bachelor’s degree | |Standards / Eligibility: |3 years supervisory experience | |Department Manager III SG 26 |ELIGIBILITY: CES | |Qualification |Bachelor’ s degree relevant to the job | |Standards / Eligibility: |2 yrs.

Experience in cadaver organ retrieval |Transplant Coordinator I |16 hours of relevant training/administrative, proficiency, kills development | |SG 16 |Career Service Professional or relevant Eligibility for 2nd level position | |Qualification |Licensed Engineer | |Standards / Eligibility: |1 year relevant experience | |Engineer II SG 16 |8 hours relevant training | PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 807 October 6, 1975 PROVIDING FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION, PRESCRIBING ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES ARTICLE VIII PERSONNEL POLICIES AND STANDARDS Section 20. Qualification Standards. (a) A qualification standard expresses the minimum requirements for a class of positions in terms of education, training and experience, civil service eligibility, physical fitness, and other qualities required for successful performance. The degree of qualifications of an officer or employee shall be determined by the appointing authority on the basis of the qualifications standard for the particular position. Qualification standards shall be used as basis for civil service examinations for positions in the career service, as guides in appointment and other personnel actions, in the adjudication of protested appointments, in determining training needs, and as aid in the inspection and audit of the agencies personnel work programs. It shall be administered in such manner as to continually provide incentives to officers and employees towards professional growth and foster the career system in the government service. (b) The establishment, administration and maintenance of qualification standards shall be the responsibility of the department or agency, with the assistance and approval of the Civil Service Commission and in consultation with the Wage and Position Classification Office. [pic][pic][pic]

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Experiments with Metals

Experiments with Metals and Ions of Metals Introduction Metals are similar in their physical properties in general, but they are not identical. Most of the metals are solids; few of them are liquids, such as mercury and cesium. Density of metals is not similar also. For example, sodium has density of 0. 97g/cm3 while lead has density of 11. 4g/cm3. Melting point of sodium is 98. 0oC while for lead it is 327. 6oC. Metals have the capability to lose electrons when they react with non-metals such as O2, halogens, water, acids and other metal cations. Metals react with non-metals but each to a different extent. The most reactive metals are alkali metals (group1A, where group is a vertical column in the periodic table), which include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium. All these metals have one electron in the valence electrons' shell; this electron can be removed relatively easily, which means that this electron has a very small ionization energy. If we look closely at the elements of this group, we can see that they are not reactive to the same extent. This is because electrons have a negative charge and they are attracted to the nucleus, which has a positive charge. Valence shell electrons are responsible for the reactivity of an element; as the distance between valence electrons and the nucleus increases, the attractive force decreases and so the energy needed to separate the valence electron from an atom (ionization energy) decreases. So we can say that as the size of a metal atom increases, its ionization energy decreases and its reactivity increases (the most reactive alkali metal is francium and the least reactive one is lithium). An example of the reactivity of alkali metal is their reaction with water. For example: Na (s) + 2H2O > 2Na+(aq) + 2OH -(aq) + H2 (g) + heat We can identify this reaction by the following 1- H2 gas emerges 2- Disappearance of metals 3- Heat produced 4- The appearance of hydroxide ions (OH-(aq)) makes the solution basic, which can be identified by using phenolphthalein as the indicator. We can compare between the metals by the rate of production of H2(g) as well as by the heat produced from this reaction. Alkaline earth elements (group IIA) are active metals but less than alkali metals. Since calcium is larger than the magnesium atom, its ionization energy is smaller than that of magnesium. Thus, calcium is more reactive than magnesium. The other metals as aluminum, zinc, iron, lead and copper do not react with water, so we can’t use water to distinguish between their reactivity. HCl(aq) is used to put them in order according to their reactivity. We can put the most common metal in a series according to their reactivity (from the most to the least reactive one). Potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, lead, copper, silver……”. When a metal in the upper part of the reactivity series reacts with aqueous solution of other metal ions lower in the series, the more reactive metal loses its electron more easily than the less reactive metal. As a result, the more reactive metal transfers its electrons to the less reactive metal. According to this reactivity series, we can predict what will happen when a piece of zinc metal is put in CuSO4 (aq) solution or in MgSO4 (aq) solution. Since Zn is more reactive than Cu, when we put Zn in CuSO4(aq), a reaction will occur as follows: Zn (s) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) > Zn2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Cu (s) However, Since Zn is less reactive than Mg, if we put Zn in MgSO4(aq) there will be no reaction at all: Zn (s) + Mg2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) > No reaction. Materials: 10 mL Cu2+(aq) solution 0. 5M 10 mL Ag+(aq) solution 0. 5M 10 mL Mg2+(aq) solution 0. 5M 10 mL Zn2+(aq) saturated solution Pieces of the metals: Mg(s), Zn(s), Ag(s), Cu(s) 1cm x 1cm each. Equipments: 16 test tubs Emery cloth Tweezers Experimental procedure In the current laboratory session you will explore some of the characteristics of certain elements. You will start by comparing the reactivity of Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag metals by their ability to release electrons. a. Wipe the metals Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag using the emery cloth and put each of them into a clean test tube using a tweezers. b. Fill each of the test tubes with about 2 cm of the Cu2+(aq) solution. 1. Watch what happens and write down your observations. Wait for 2-3 minutes to determine whether a chemical reaction occurred in each test tube, and if so, write a balanced chemical reaction. Zn in Cu2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Mg in Cu2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Cu in Cu2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Ag in Cu2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________ c. Wipe the metals Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag using the emery cloth and put each of them into a clean test tube. d. Fill each of the test tubes with about 2 cm of the Mg2+(aq) solution. 2. Watch what happens and write down you observations. Wait for 2-3 minutes to determine whether a chemical reaction occurred in the test tube, and if so, write a balanced chemical reaction. Zn in Mg2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ _______________ Mg in Mg2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Cu in Mg2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Ag in Mg2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ e. Wipe the metals Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag using the emery cloth and put each of them into a clean test tube. f. Fill each of the test tubes with about 2 cm of the Zn2+(aq) solution. 3. Watch what happens and write down you observations. Wait for 2-3 minutes to determine whether a chemical reaction occurred in the test tube, and if so, write a balanced chemical reaction. Zn in Zn2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Mg in Zn2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Cu in Zn2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________ Ag in Zn2+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ g. Wipe the metals Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag using the emery cloth and put each of them into a clean test tube. h. Fill each of the test tubes with about 2 cm of the Ag+(aq) solution. 4. Watch what happens and write down you observations. Wait for 2-3 minutes to determine whether a chemical reaction occurred in the test tube, and if so, write a balanced chemical reaction. Zn in Ag+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Mg in Ag+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Cu in Ag+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Ag in Ag+(aq) : ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________ 5. Sum your observations in the following table (color, precipitance, other changes): 6. List the metals in order of their ability to release electrons. ____________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________ i. Receive an unknown solution from your teacher and determine what is the metal ion in the solution 7. Describe the tests you did in order to find the unknown ion in the solution and write what it was. ___________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________ Reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine with aluminium In this demonstration experiment, aluminium reacts with each of three halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Spectacular exothermic redox reactions occur, accompanied by flames and coloured ‘smoke’, forming the solid aluminium halides: 2Al + 3X2 > 2AlX3 (X = Cl, Br and I) Read our standard health ; safety guidance Lesson organisation This is a class demonstration that shows the spectacular reactivity of three non-metals from Group 7 with a metal. These experiments must be done in a fume cupboard as both the reactants and products are hazardous. Teachers attempting this demonstration for the first time are strongly advised to do a trial run before doing it in front of a class. Each experiment should take about 5 minutes. Apparatus and chemicals Eye protection Thick chemically-resistant gloves such as marigold industrial blue nitrile Access to a fume cupboard The teacher will require: Mortar and pestle Heat resistant mat, 30 x 30 cm Watch glasses, about 10 cm diameter, 2 Reduction tube (see note 1) Test-tubes, 3 Test-tube rack Teat pipette Filter paper Spatula or wooden splint Bosses, clamps and stands Chemicals for one demonstration: Aluminium foil, a few cm2 Aluminium powder (Highly flammable, Contact with water may liberate hydrogen), 0. 3 g Liquid bromine (Corrosive, Very toxic), 1 cm3 (see note 2) Solid iodine (Harmful), 2 g Silver nitrate solution, about 0. mol dm3 (Low hazard but stains skin and clothing at this concentration), about 10 cm3 A little deionised water in a washbottle Chlorine generator (Toxic, Irritant) Generating gases - scroll down for chlorine Sodium chlorate(I) solution (14% (w/v) available chlorine) (Corrosive), about 100cm3 Hydrochloric acid, 5 mol dm-3 (Corrosive), about 50 cm3 Technical notes Aluminium powder (Highly flammable, Contact with water may liberate hydrogen) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 1 Liquid bromine (Corrosive, Very toxic) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 15A, SRA04 The aluminium/bromine reaction Solid iodine (Harmful) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 54A Silver nitrate solution (Low hazard at concentration used) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 87 and Recipe card 58 Chlorine (Toxic, Irritant) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 22A and Recipe card 26 Sodium chlorate(I) solution (Corrosive) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 89 Hydrochloric acid (Corrosive) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 47A and Recipe card 31 1 The reduction tube should be fitted with a one-holed rubber stopper fitted with short length of glass tubing and attached to the chlorine generator. Alternatively an 8–10 cm length of wide bore glass tubing with a stopper fitted with a short length of glass tubing at each end could be used – see diagram. Wear suitable protective gloves (thick, chemically resistant) when handling liquid bromine. Have 500 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 solution of sodium thiosulfate available to treat any spillages on the skin. Procedure HEALTH ; SAFETY: Wear eye protection and gloves Reaction of Al + Cl2 a Set up the chlorine generator in a fume cupboard. Make sure it is securely clamped. b Loosely crumple a piece of aluminium foil (10 x 5 cm) so that it will just fit inside the reduction tube and push it into the tube. Attach the tube to the generator with a short length of rubber tubing and clamp it in position at the end nearest to the generator, so that the aluminium foil can easily be heated using a Bunsen burner – see diagram. c Generate a gentle stream of chlorine by dripping the hydrochloric acid slowly on to the sodium chlorate(I) solution, and allow it to pass over the aluminium. When the green colour of the chlorine gas fills the reduction tube, start heating the aluminium foil with a Bunsen burner at the end nearest to the chlorine supply. Once the aluminium is hot, a bright glow will suddenly appear where it starts to react with chlorine. Remove the heat. The bright glow should spread along the aluminium. If not, heat again, and increase the flow of chlorine gas. A lot of white ‘smoke’ – aluminium chloride – is produced, some of it condensing as a white powder on the walls of the reduction tube and the rest streaming out of the hole in the end of the tube. When the reaction is over, stop the chlorine supply and remove the heat. e When the reduction tube has cooled down, disconnect it and, still in the fume cupboard, scrape a little of the white powder into a test-tube. Add a little deionised/distilled water to the solid to dissolve it. Care: the reaction between anhydrous aluminium chloride and water can be quite vigorous – an audible hiss can often be heard - see Teaching Notes. f Test a drop of the solution with Universal indicator paper. It is strongly acidic. Test the remainder with a little silver nitrate solution. A white precipitate forms, showing the presence of chloride ions. Reaction of Al + Br2 a Tear or cut some aluminium foil into several small pieces about 2 x 2 mm in size. Carefully pour 1 cm3 of liquid bromine onto a watchglass on a heat resistant mat in a fume cupboard. Sprinkle a few pieces of aluminium foil on to the surface of the bromine. Within a minute there are flashes of flame and a white ‘smoke’ of aluminium bromide is formed, together the orange vapour of bromine. Carefully hold another watchglass over the reaction to condense some of the ‘smoke’ on to its surface as a solid. b Wash any aluminium bromide collected in this way off the watchglass into a test-tube using a little deionised water (Care: see Teaching Notes below). Test the solution with indicator paper and silver nitrate solution as above. The solution is acidic and a cream precipitate of silver bromide is formed. Reaction of Al + I2 Weigh out 2 g of iodine, which should be dry, and grind it to a powder in a fume cupboard, using a mortar and pestle. Place the powdered iodine on a filter paper on a dry heat resistant mat and add 0. 3 g of aluminium powder to it. Mix the two solids together in the fume cupboard using a wooden splint – do not grind them together. When they are thoroughly mixed, pour the mixture into a heap on the heat resistant mat or in a metal tray, such as a tin lid, positioned in the middle of the fume cupboard. b To start the reaction, use a teat pipette to place a few drops of water on the mixture. After a time lag, the water begins to steam and clouds of purple iodine vapour are given off, indicating that an exothermic reaction has started. After a few more seconds sparks are given off and the mixture bursts into flame. When the reaction subsides, a white residue of aluminium iodide remains. Scrape a little of this into a test-tube (Care: see Teaching Notes below), add some deionised water and filter if necessary. Test the solution with indicator paper and silver nitrate solution as above. The solution is acidic and a yellow precipitate indicates the presence of iodide ions. Teaching notes These reactions make quite spectacular demonstrations in themselves, the bromine + aluminium reaction even more so in a partly darkened room. Classroom management in semi-darkness (Practical Physics advice) The demonstrations can be used to show the reaction between reactive non-metallic elements and a fairly reactive metal to form compounds, or as part of the study of the reactions of the Group 7 elements. Here the apparent order of reactivity is not that predicted from their position in the Group (that is chlorine > bromine > iodine). This is because of the different physical states of the three halogens, and the different surface area of the aluminium as a powder or foil. This can be used to make an important point about ‘fair’ comparisons of reactivity. These reactions also serve to show that aluminium is in fact a more reactive metal than it appears in everyday use. The protective oxide layer of aluminium has to be penetrated by the halogens before the reactions can start, hence the delays, and the need for water to assist the two solid elements getting into contact, in the case of aluminium and iodine. The clouds of iodine vapour released when aluminium and iodine react can stain the inside of a fume cupboard. Teachers may prefer to demonstrate this reaction outdoors, if possible. The anhydrous aluminium halides are vigorously hydrolysed (sometimes violently if freshly prepared and hot, as here) by water, giving off fumes of a hydrogen halide and a forming an acidic solution of the aluminium salt. To dispose of the solid residues, allow them to cool completely before adding in small amounts to 1 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution in a fume cupboard. Wait until the reaction has subsided before adding more solid. Dispose of the resultant slurry with plenty of water. Allotropes of sulfur Sulfur is heated slowly and steadily from room temperature, so that all the changes in colour and consistency as it melts and eventually reaches boiling point, can be observed. A fresh sample of sulfur is heated to just above the melting point, then allowed to cool and crystallise slowly as monoclinic sulfur. A further sample is heated to boiling point, and the liquid rapidly chilled in cold water to form plastic sulfur. A separate sample of sulfur is dissolved in a warm solvent, and the solution allowed to cool and evaporate, leaving crystals of rhombic sulfur. All the observed changes in properties can be related to the different molecular structures of the three solid forms of sulfur, and to the changes in structure as the temperature of liquid sulfur is gradually raised. Read our standard health ; safety guidance Lesson organisation This practical is described here as a demonstration. However, some teachers may wish to consider whether certain parts could be used as class practicals with appropriately skilful and reliable classes. A demonstration, without any accompanying discussion about the possible reasons for the changes in properties in terms of structure, would take up to 45 minutes. However, to derive maximum benefit from the experiment, more time needs to be allowed for such discussion. Apparatus and chemicals The teacher will require: Eye protection Heat resistant gloves Access to a fume cupboard Flexicam or similar camera, digital microscope, digital projector and screen or other method of projecting images of small crystals to the class (as available). Boiling tubes, 4 (see note 4) Test-tube holders, 2 Test-tube rack Stands and clamps, 2 Conical flask, 250 cm3 Cork, to fit conical flask Beaker (250 cm3), 2 Beaker, 1 dm3 (see note 5) Thermometer, 0 – 250 °C Petri dishes or watchglasses, 4 (or more) Bunsen burner, tripod and gauze or Electric hotplates, 2 (optional, if available) Heat resistant mats, 2 Filter paper, about 18 - 20 cm diameter Spatula Paper clips Damp cloth (to extinguish small sulfur fires) Sulfur, powdered roll (Low hazard), 100 g (see note 1) Dimethylbenzene (xylene), (Harmful), 100 cm3 (see note 2) Cooking oil (Low Hazard), 700 cm3 (see note 3) Technical notes Dimethylbenzene (xylene) (Harmful) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 46 Sulfur (Low hazard) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 96A Cooking oil (Low hazard) The sulfur used must be roll sulfur, crushed to a powder. To crush the rolls of sulfur, place in a strong plastic bag on a hard surface. Use a hammer or a vice to break up the roll sulfur into small pieces, then crush to a powder in a mortar and pestle. ‘Flowers of sulfur’ is not suitable because it contains a lot of insoluble amorphous sulfur. During the experiments sulfur may catch fire, releasing sulfur dioxide (Toxic – refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 97), which may cause breathing difficulties to some students. If this happens, extinguish quickly by placing a damp cloth over the mouth of the test-tube. If the combustion cannot be extinguished quickly, the test-tube should be placed in fume cupboard, and the fan left running. 2 Although other hydrocarbon solvents, such as methylbenzene, can be used to dissolve sulfur and form monoclinic sulfur, dimethylbenzene (xylene) is the least hazardous. 3 If suitable cooking oil is not available, other clear, high-boiling oils may be used, e. g. paraffin oil (Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 45B). 4 These are large (150 x 25 mm) test-tubes, and should be clean and dry. The test-tubes in which sulfur has been heated can be difficult to clean for general use. It may be worth keeping a set of such tubes from year-to-year for this experiment. 5 The large beaker containing the cooking oil functions as an oil-bath for heating the sulfur slowly and uniformly, while allowing students to see clearly what is happening to the sulfur. Other containers may be preferred for the oil-bath, provided the visibility is maintained, for example by use of a webcam and digital projector. Procedure HEALTH ; SAFETY: Wear eye protection. Before the demonstration: a Pre-heat the oil-bath to about 130 °C, and maintain this temperature. Clamp one of the sulfur-containing tubes in the oil bath, so that the sulfur is below the level of the oil in the bath. c Half fill the 250 cm3 beaker with cold water. d In the fume cupboard, put about 10 g of powdered roll sulfur into the conical flask and add about 100 cm3 of dimethylbenzene. e Prepare filter paper cone held together by a paper clip and supported in a beaker, as shown below: The demonstration: a Two-thirds fill two test-tubes with powdered roll sulfur (about 20 g in each tube) and place in the oil bath. The sulfur will melt to a transparent, amber, mobile liquid in about 15 minutes. Remove one tube from the oil-bath and pour the molten sulfur into the filter paper cone. Allow the sulfur to cool slowly and solidify, forming a crust. c Break the crust with a spatula and, handling the filter paper cone with heat resistant gloves, tilt it so that any remaining liquid flows out of the cone of solidifying sulfur on to a piece of scrap paper or card (for disposal). Needle-shaped crystals of monoclinic sulfur will be seen inside the hollow cone. When cool, the cone can be passed around the class. It may be necessary to break the cone open to see the crystals more easily. Over the next day or two, look carefully at the needle crystals from time to time. They will slowly go cloudy, yet retain their needle shape, as the monoclinic form slowly turns back to the more stable rhombic sulfur – each needle becomes a mass of tiny rhombic crystals. Liquid sulfur: a Remove the second tube from the hot oil using a reliable test-tube holder and wipe off any oil using a paper towel. Heat the molten sulfur gently over a small Bunsen flame, keeping the contents moving to prevent local overheating. The liquid gets darker and, fairly suddenly, becomes a viscous, gel-like substance. This occurs at about 200 °C. The tube can be inverted and the sulfur will remain in it. Show that the mobile liquid re-forms on cooling. c Now heat the sulfur slowly and steadily beyond the gel-like stage. The sulfur liquefies again to a very dark red-brown liquid. Note that during this heating the sulfur may catch fire and sulfur dioxide will be produced. Have a heat resistant mat or damp cloth to hand to place over the mouth of the tube to extinguish the blue flames. d When the sulfur begins to boil (441°C), pour the liquid sulfur in a slow stream into a beaker of cold water. A tangled mass of brown plastic sulfur will form. Allow this to cool thoroughly. The inside of the plastic sulfur may remain molten after the outside has solidified. f Remove the plastic sulfur from the water and show that it is rubbery – it can be stretched and will return to its original shape. g The shiny surface of the plastic sulfur begins to dull and some of the elasticity is lost within 30 minutes, as it begins to turn back to the more stable rhombic sulfur. h Leave the plastic sulfur until the following lesson to monitor the progress of this change. This will be very noticeable after a week or so but complete change will take a long ime. It will become brittle. Rhombic sulfur: a Gently warm the conical flask containing sulfur and dimethylbenzene to about 50°C (preferably on an electric hotplate) to complete dissolving of the sulfur. Some teachers may prefer to have done this before the demonstration to save time. b Pour a little of the solution into each of a set of petri dishes or watch glasses and leave them in the fume cupboard for the solvent to evaporate. This will take about 10 minutes. c The small crystals of rhombic sulfur formed should be viewed by projection of images onto a screen if possible. Teaching notes Some stages of this demonstration are time-consuming, e. g. melting the sulfur in the oil bath, dissolving the sulfur in dimethylbenzene, and evaporating the solvent. Some teachers may prefer to melt some sulfur before the lesson and to prepare rhombic crystals before the lesson to save time. In the latter case, slower evaporation (which can be brought about by covering the petri dish with filter paper with a few holes in) will produce larger crystals. Particularly large and/or well-formed crystals could be retained as examples for future use. Monoclinic crystals can be formed by allowing a hot solution of sulfur in boiling dimethyl- benzene to cool so that crystallisation starts at above 96 °C. Carbon disulphide has been use in the past as a better solvent for making rhombic sulfur, However its smell, toxicity and high flammability make it unsuitable for use in schools - see CLEAPSS Hazcard 20. Very slow heating is essential if all of the changes on heating sulfur are to be seen clearly. Sulfur is a poor thermal conductor, hence the changes can overlap one another if the heating is too fast. It is difficult to heat slowly enough using a Bunsen burner – hence the use of an oil bath. Crystalline sulfur consists of puckered S8 rings in the shape of crowns. These can be packed together in two different ways – to form rhombic crystals and to form needle-shaped monoclinic crystals, as shown below: Below about 96 °C, rhombic sulfur is the more stable allotrope. On melting at about 118 °C, sulfur first forms a mobile, amber liquid containing S8 rings. If this is allowed to cool, monoclinic sulfur forms as crystallisation occurs above 96 °C. Monoclinic sulfur will turn slowly into the more stable rhombic form on standing below 96 °C. Further heating of the S8-containing liquid breaks the rings into S8 chains. These may join to form longer chains which tangle, causing an increase in viscosity. At higher temperatures, these chains break into shorter ones, perhaps as short as S2, and the viscosity decreases again. Rapid cooling of this liquid traps the resulting solid sulfur in the tangled chain state – this is plastic sulfur. On stretching, the chains uncoil and on releasing the tension they return to the partly coiled state (see scheme below). If solid sulfur is formed below 96 °C by crystallisation from a solution, the stable rhombic form is produced.

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A Computer Virus

A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itsel and infect a computer. The term “virus” is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can only spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive.

Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer.

The term “computer virus” is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. Malware includes computer viruses, worms, trojans, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware, crimeware, and other malicious and unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but has a hidden agenda. Worms and Trojans, like viruses, may cause harm to either a computer system’s hosted data, functional performance, or networking throughput, when they are executed.

Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or go unnoticed.

Infection strategies

In order to replicate itself, a virus must be permitted to execute code and write to memory. For this reason, many viruses attach themselves to executable files that may be part of legitimate programs.

If a user attempts to launch an infected program, the virus’ code may be executed simultaneously. Viruses can be divided into two types based on their behavior when they are executed. Nonresident viruses immediately search for other hosts that can be infected, infect those targets, and finally transfer control to the application program they infected. Resident viruses do not search for hosts when they are started.

Instead, a resident virus loads itself into memory on execution and transfers control to the host program. The virus stays active in the background and infects new hosts when those files are accessed by other programs or the operating system itself.

Nonresident viruses Nonresident viruses can be thought of as consisting of a finder module and a replication module. The finder module is responsible for finding new files to infect. For each new executable file the finder module encounters, it calls the replication module to infect that file Resident viruses Resident viruses contain a replication module that is similar to the one that is employed by nonresident viruses. This module, however, is not called by a finder module.

The virus loads the replication module into memory when it is executed instead and ensures that this module is executed each time the operating system is called to perform a certain operation.

The replication module can be called, for example, each time the operating system executes a file. In this case the virus infects every suitable program that is executed on the computer. Resident viruses are sometimes subdivided into a category of fast infectors and a category of slow infectors. Fast infectors are designed to infect as many files as possible.

A fast infector, for instance, can infect every potential host file that is accessed. This poses a special problem when using anti-virus software, since a virus scanner will access every potential host file on a computer when it performs a system-wide scan. If the virus scanner fails to notice that such a virus is present in memory the virus can “piggy-back” on the virus scanner and in this way infect all files that are scanned.

Fast infectors rely on their fast infection rate to spread. The disadvantage of this method is that infecting many files may make detection more likely, because the virus may slow down a computer or perform many suspicious actions that can be noticed by anti-virus software. Slow infectors, on the other hand, are designed to infect hosts infrequently.

Some slow infectors, for instance, only infect files when they are copied. Slow infectors are designed to avoid detection by limiting their actions: they are less likely to slow down a computer noticeably and will, at most, infrequently trigger anti-virus software that detects suspicious behavior by programs.

The slow infector approach, however, does not seem very successful.

Stealth Some viruses try to trick antivirus software by intercepting its requests to the operating system. A virus can hide itself by intercepting the antivirus software’s request to read the file and passing the request to the virus, instead of the OS. The virus can then return an uninfected version of the file to the antivirus software, so that it seems that the file is “clean”. Modern antivirus software employs various techniques to counter stealth mechanisms of viruses.

The only completely reliable method to avoid stealth is to boot from a medium that is known to be clean Spyware is a type of malware that is installed on computers and collects little bits information at a time about users without their knowledge. The presence of spyware is typically hidden from the user, and can be difficult to detect.

Typically, spyware is secretly installed on the user’s personal computer. Sometimes, however, spywares such as keyloggers are installed by the owner of a shared, corporate, or public computer on purpose in order to secretly monitor other users. While the term spyware suggests that software that secretly monitors the user’s computing, the functions of spyware extend well beyond simple monitoring. Spyware programs can collect various types of personal information, such as Internet surfing habits and sites that have been visited, but can also interfere with user control of the computer in other ways, such as installing additional software and redirecting Web browser activity.

Spyware is known to change computer settings, resulting in slow connection speeds, different home pages, and/or loss of Internet or functionality of other programs.

In an attempt to increase the understanding of spyware, a more formal classification of its included software types is captured under the term privacy-invasive software. In response to the emergence of spyware, a small industry has sprung up dealing in anti-spyware software. Running anti-spyware software has become a widely recognized element of computer security practices for computers, especially those running Microsoft Windows. A number of jurisdictions have passed anti-spyware laws, which usually target any software that is surreptitiously installed to control a user’s computer.

The US Federal Trade Commission has placed on the Internet a page of advice to consumers about how to lower the risk of spyware infection, including a list of “do’s” and “don’ts. ” Routes of infection Malicious websites attempt to install spyware on readers’ computers. Spyware does not directly spread in the manner of a computer virus or worm: generally, an infected system does not attempt to transmit the infection to other computers. Instead, spyware gets on a system through deception of the user or through exploitation of software vulnerabilities.

Most spyware is installed without users’ knowledge. Since they tend not to install software if they know that it will disrupt their working environment and compromise their privacy, spyware deceives users, either by piggybacking on a piece of desirable software such as Kazaa, or by tricking them into installing it (the Trojan horse method).

Some “rogue” spyware programs masquerade as security software. The distributor of spyware usually presents the program as a useful utility—for instance as a “Web accelerator” or as a helpful software agent.

Users download and install the software without immediately suspecting that it could cause harm.

For example, Bonzi Buddy, a program bundled with spyware and targeted at children, claims that: He will explore the Internet with you as your very own friend and sidekick! He can talk, walk, joke, browse, search, e-mail, and download like no other friend you’ve ever had! He even has the ability to compare prices on the products you love and help you save money! Best of all, he’s FREE! Spyware can also come bundled with other software. The user downloads a program and installs it, and the installer additionally installs the spyware. Although the desirable software itself may do no harm, the bundled spyware does. In some cases, spyware authors have paid shareware authors to bundle spyware with their software.

In other cases, spyware authors have repackaged desirable freeware with installers that slipstream spyware. Some spyware authors infect a system through security holes in the Web browser or in other software. When the user navigates to a Web page controlled by the spyware author, the page contains code which attacks the browser and forces the download and installation of spyware.

The spyware author would also have some extensive knowledge of commercially-available anti-virus and firewall software. This has become known as a “drive-by download”, which leaves the user a hapless bystander to the attack. Common browser exploits target security vulnerabilities in Internet Explorer and in the Sun Microsystems Java runtime.

The installation of spyware frequently involves Internet Explorer. Its popularity and history of security issues have made it the most frequent target. Its deep integration with the Windows environment and scriptability make it an obvious point of attack into Windows. Internet Explorer also serves as a point of attachment for spyware in the form of Browser Helper Objects, which modify the browser’s behavior to add toolbars or to redirect traffic.

In a few cases, a worm or virus has delivered a spyware payload. Some attackers used the Spybot worm to install spyware that put pornographic pop-ups on the infected system’s screen. By directing traffic to ads set up to channel funds to the spyware authors, they profit personally. Examples of spyware

CoolWebSearch, a group of programs, takes advantage of Internet Explorer vulnerabilities. The package directs traffic to advertisements on Web sites including coolwebsearch.

com. It displays pop-up ads, rewrites search engine results, and alters the infected computer’s hosts file to direct DNS lookups to these sites.

Internet Optimizer, also known as DyFuCa, redirects Internet Explorer error pages to advertising.

When users follow a broken link or enter an erroneous URL, they see a page of advertisements. However, because password-protected Web sites (HTTP Basic authentication) use the same mechanism as HTTP errors, Internet Optimizer makes it impossible for the user to access password-protected sites.

HuntBar, aka WinTools or Adware. Websearch, was installed by an ActiveX drive-by download at affiliate Web sites, or by advertisements displayed by other spyware programs—an example of how spyware can install more spyware. These programs add toolbars to IE, track aggregate browsing behavior, redirect affiliate references, and display advertisements Computer worm A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program.

It uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so without any user intervention. This is due to the poor security the computers infected have. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program.

Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted compute Worms with good intent Beginning with the very first research into worms at Xerox PARC, there have been attempts to create useful worms. The Nachi family of worms, for example, tried to download and install patches from Microsoft’s website to fix vulnerabilities in the host system – by exploiting those same vulnerabilities.

In practice, although this may have made these systems more secure, it generated considerable network traffic, rebooted the machine in the course of patching it, and did its work without the consent of the computer’s owner or user. Some worms, such as XSS worms, have been written for research to determine the factors of how worms spread, such as social activity and change in user behavior, while other worms are little more than a prank, such as one that sends the popular image macro of an owl with the phrase “O RLY? ” to a print queue in the infected computer.

Most security experts regard all worms as malware, whatever their payload or their writers’ intentions.

Protecting against dangerous computer worms Worms spread by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems. All vendors upply regular security updates (see “Patch Tuesday”), and if these are installed to a machine then the majority of worms are unable to spread to it. If a vendor acknowledges a vulnerability, but has yet to release a security update to patch it, a zero day exploit is possible. However, these are relatively rare.

Users need to be wary of opening unexpected email, and should not run attached files or programs, or visit web sites that are linked to such emails. However, as with the ILOVEYOU worm, and with the increased growth and efficiency of phishing attacks, it remains possible to trick the end-user into running a malicious code. Anti-virus and anti-spyware software are helpful, but must be kept up-to-date with new pattern files at least every few days. The use of a firewall is also recommended. In the April-June, 2008, issue of IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, computer scientists describe a potential new way to combat internet worms.

The researchers discovered how to contain the kind of worm that scans the Internet randomly, looking for vulnerable hosts to infect.

They found that the key is for software to monitor the number of scans that machines on a network sends out. When a machine starts sending out too many scans, it is a sign that it has been infected, allowing administrators to take it off line and check it for viruses A Trojan horse (sometimes shortened to trojan[n 1]), is non-self-replicating malware that appears to perform a desirable function for the user but instead facilitates unauthorized access to the user’s computer system.

The term is derived from the Trojan Horse story in Greek mythology. Purpose and operation Trojan horses are designed to allow a hacker remote access to a target computer system. Once a Trojan horse has been installed on a target computer system, it is possible for a hacker to access it remotely and perform various operations. The operations that a hacker can perform are limited by user privileges on the target computer system and the design of the Trojan horse.

Operations that could be performed by a hacker on a target computer system include:

Use of the machine as part of a botnet (i. e. to perform spamming or to perform Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks)
Data theft (e. g. passwords, credit card information, etc.

)

Installation of software (including other malware) Downloading or uploading of files
Modification or deletion of files
Keystroke logging
Viewing the user’s screen
Wasting computer storage space

Trojan horses require interaction with a hacker to fulfill their purpose, though the hacker need not be the individual responsible for distributing the Trojan horse. In fact, it is possible for hackers to scan computers on a network using a port scanner in the hope of finding one with a Trojan horse installed, that the hacker can then use to control the target computer. A trojan differs from a virus in that only a file specifically designed to carry it can do so. edit] Installation and distribution Trojan horses can be installed through the following methods:

Software downloads (i.

e. a Trojan horse included as part of a software application downloaded from a file sharing network)

Websites containing executable content (i. e. a Trojan horse in the form of an ActiveX control)
Email attachments
Application exploits (i. e.

flaws in a web browser, media player, messaging client, or other software that can be exploited to allow installation of a Trojan horse)

Also, there have been reports of compilers that are themselves Trojan horses. citation needed] While compiling code to executable form, they include code that causes the output executable to become a Trojan horse.

[edit] Removal Antivirus software is designed to detect and delete Trojan horses, as well as preventing them from ever being installed. Although it is possible to remove a Trojan horse manually, it requires a full understanding of how that particular Trojan horse operates.

In addition, if a Trojan horse has possibly been used by a hacker to access a computer system, it will be difficult to know what damage has been done and what other problems have been introduced. In situations where the security of the computer system is critical, it is advisable to simply erase all data from the hard disk and reinstall the operating system and required software. [edit] Current use Due to the growing popularity of botnets among hackers, Trojan horses are becoming more common.

According to a survey conducted by BitDefender from January to June 2009, “Trojan-type malware is on the rise, accounting for 83-percent of the global malware detected in the wild”

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Advantage and Disadvantage of City Life

Big city is where you can see many vehicles, many skyscrapers, many peple with a hurry pace of life. That place can fascinate us very much due to its light and luxury. Nowadays, more and more pople want to live there because they see many advantages. Indeed, in a big city, people can have the best chances to work as well as can enjoy the best service and entertaiment. In a big city, people can take the chaces to study and work best.

There are many good University for u to choose in a big city. There you can express your ability to study what you like. Moreover, when you graduate, you also find it easier to find chances to get a good job with good salary, that is quite difficult in small cities or countrysides; because there concentrates many big companies and groups. Hence, many graduate students choose big cities to live and work. In short, it is where you can take advantages f yourself. In addition, in a big city you can enjoy the best service and entertainment. Because there are many rich people here, they can invest much money to get the best for them. Lives in a big city are quite luxurius but you don't have to be worried when you are sick or suffer a disease because there you can find good doctors for you, as long as you have muich money. What's more, in a big city you can enjoy new entertainment such as new games or luxury games.

Many people can argue that living in a big city makes them tired with noise and dash. They like the slow pace of life in a countryside. But I think that you can live there for a long ime because the young always like to enjoy new things and want to have much money, which is very difficult to do in a countryside. However, when you get older, especially when you retire, a countryside wll the best choice to live. In summary, living in a big city has many advantages. However, you have to try your best to overcome all difficulties such as hard competition in workplace or polluted environment.

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Russia’s Rulers in the Late 19th Century

Assess the Difficulties Facing Russia’s Rulers in the Late 19th Century In the concluding decades of the 19th century, Russia was a great country. She was vast and wrapped up in mystery. Despite being seemingly great, there were many problems facing the Tsar’s of Russia. These came in the form of political, economic and social issues; some of which slotted into more than one category. The bureaucracy was meant to have been an area of major reform, however now it was posing a social and slight political problem. Peter I had made an attempt to modernise Russia by bringing in the civil service to a full scale. However, it was nepotism; a major problem throughout Russian society; that allowed people to get jobs. The better the family connections, the better the job. This, in turn, led to incompetence because being in a prosperous family did not necessarily mean that the person who had ‘bought’ the job was any good at it. It also meant that there was the possibility of corruptness, which was something that became more than just a possibility. It was the middle of the 19th century when the bureaucracy began to receive a majority of its criticism. It was said that the people working in the civil service were only looking out for themselves. They weren’t interested in helping their Tsar, the man chosen by God to lead their great nation, but in helping themselves become richer. This was also true in the army, so the nepotism and uncaring nature of the people doing these jobs meant Russia was failing politically, by having a weak civil service and an incompetent army, therefore being unable to succeed as a nation, both internally and externally, in war. Another problem that held Russia back from success and caused issues for the Tsar was the lack of entrepreneurialism. The absence of an effective banking system meant Russia was unable to raise a large amount of capital to fund entrepreneurs. The fact people were put off the idea of opening their own business or taking a risk with an idea meant that Russia was falling behind economically, thus meaning Russia’s inadequate agricultural system had to work harder, which wasn’t possible under the issue that not all land within Russia’s empire was of farming quality. If people had felt there was hope in starting a new business, Russia could have gained from the economic success of her people and their entrepreneurial ideas. The Tsar was the unlucky man who had to sort out these problems, and he would have been put under great strain to decide the best course of action in order to help Russia. The fact he had to deal with an incompetent civil service and a lazy army of autocrats sons meant he had to face the tough decision of whether to be a reforming Tsar or a reactionary Tsar. Many of the previous Tsar’s were reactionary. They left things how they were and refused to reform, even for the best of their country. They couldn’t understand that the lack of entrepreneurialism was a possible root for Russia’s economic problems. The Tsar needed to look past the end of his nose, and quite often he didn’t. Having a corrupt bureaucracy meant he could not control the way his people were treated. The social side of his problems stemmed from the mistreatment of his subjects, most of whom suffered the bullying ways of this incompetent lot. Their corrupt ways even prevented justice because it was part of the bureaucratic system. This alongside the fact that there were other problems for the Tsar meant it was often a difficult job, which would come to mean the end of the monarchy itself.

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Security Testing from Agile Perspective

Security testing from perspective of scrum development Rudra Prasad Tripathy Ph. D. scholar, Utkal university Technical architect, JDA india software(P) Ltd. Hyderabad,India Rudra1in@yahoo. com Ranjit Kumar Panda Senior Engineer, MindTree Limited Bangalore, India panda. ranjitkumar@gmail. com Abstract— We are trying to show how security testing plays predominant role in secured development and through agile methodology-particularly scrum is a suitable development process. Keywords-scrum;security testing. 1. Introduction Application security is in attention for last few years where security no more allures to network security and transcen. Security testing is also crux of secured development though it’s not getting its due importance. In this paper we would discuss issues involved in security testing in traditional software development lifecycle approach like waterfall and would compare with scrum methodology, which is a agile methodology to see how it would smoothen few issues and would facilitate security testing. We would take cross-side scripting as the example to illustrate the study. 1. 1What is security testing? Application security would basically deals with the situation to try to break the software as what an attacker would do. This is different from traditional testing because of following idiosyncratic features. a. Traditional testing doesn’t deal with what happens if it fails, where as security testing objective to break the system and would play a role of antagonist. Hence it requires dexterity and experience to draw suitable test cases apart from tools and frameworks.. b. This would be part of risk management and hence need to reckon the cost involved. We may need to define adequate security

[1] parlance to application’s business domain and value proposition aimed at. For example definition of adequate security a online credit card application and online healthcare system would differ.

Hence prioritization and budgeting of resources are few factors need to be considered. c. Testing of different possible vulnerabilities [2]. 1. 2Security testing approaches. Currently application security testing has been done as a white box testing, may be with help of few tools like static analysis tools to study the vulnerability. Apart from that non functional testing has been conducted to see chance of failures against vicarious attack of adversary. 1. 3Cross-Site Scripting Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities were verified as executing code on the web application. This occurs when dynamically generated web pages display user input, such as login information, that is not properly validated, allowing an attacker to embed malicious scripts into the generated page and then execute the script on the machine of any user that views the site. XSS can generally be subdivided into two categories-stored and reflected attacks. Stored attacks are something like form stored on the target server, such as in a database, or via a submission to a bulletin board or visitor log. Reflected attacks, on the other hand, come from somewhere else.

This happens when user input from a web client is immediately included via server-side scripts in a dynamically generated web page. Insufficient filtering of client-supplied data that is returned to web users by the web application is the major cause. In many cases, the client-supplied data is being used in the HTTP headers, which could be exploited by using carriage return-linefeed sequence-an attacker can add HTTP headers to the response and completely write the body of the HTTP request. 2. MOTIVATION In one of the web application, an XSS was found through use of third party tool.

This was a critical defect. Design had been made and after implementation code had been tested by security compliance team. Cross-site scripting carried out on websites were roughly 80% of all security vulnerabilities documented by Symantec as of 2007. A full security review usually involves more than just seeking out XSS vulnerabilities. it also involves overall threat modeling, testing for different threats like overflows, information disclosure, error handling, SQL injection, authentication, and authorization bugs. The nice thing is that doing a thorough job in any one area often overlaps with another. Like, while testing for XSS vulnerabilities, you will very often identify error handling and information disclosure problems as well.

Though automated tool like webinspect were available, we did some manual testing through a tool called Paros

[8] for HTTP traffic interception. Intercepting the client GET and POST requests is extremely important. One could circumvent any sort of client-side JavaScript input validation code that may have been pushed down. A simple test will be changing a get parameter in the request. Let the URL is as below https://www. yoursite. com/index. html? param=test. One would modify the URL like https://www. yoursite. com/index. html? name=alert(‘XSS’), and subsequently, if a popup opens up saying XSS then this parameter is open to XSS vulnerable. Paros Proxy is used to intercept the request parameter.

Using this tool we will inject some malicious javascript code into the cookies, header or form parameters. If the code will be executed while the response is displayed in the browser, the application is vulnerable to XSS. 2. 1 Security testing models There are many methodologies proposed by SEI

[5] like SSE-CMM, TSM for secured development. Following are the steps for secured development life cycle

[4] followed at Microsoft. Stage 0: Education and Awareness Stage 1: Project Inception Stage 2: Define and Follow Design Best Practices Stage 3: Product Risk Assessment Stage 4: Risk Analysis Stage 5: Creating Security Documents, Tools, and Best Practices for Customers Stage 6: Secure Coding Policies Stage 7: Secure Testing Policies Stage 8: The Security Push Stage 9: The Final Security Review Stage 10: Security Response Planning Stage 11: Product Release Stage 12: Security Response Execution This best suits to development practice like waterfall model. 2.. 2 Techniques for security testing Though security testing requires some level of craftsmanship, still we could derive some common techniques for analysis. We can broadly divide insecurities into two categories –insecurity by design and insecurity by implementation [7]. Analyses of bugs are another way of identifying the problem and deriving the solution, to some extent general use of this could be ascribes to already available taxonomies. We could see how following agile practice would better tackle the problems and techniques could be applied in a better way. 3. ACHIEVING AGILITY Many enterprises like Microsoft [9], IBM have presented skewed steps of normal life cycle to achieve agility Followings are mapping between steps provided for agile development features of scrum process. In above mentioned works authors try to explain from waterfall perspective of agile. In the following points, we are trying to show how agile is inherently suitable for secured development and particularly for security testing. . Short development period A typical development period is 2-3 weeks which means at end of every sprint one would test the software. In various papers, limitation of seven plus minus two has been advocated. Duration of 2-3 week development would make it easier for a security tester to identify impacted area, hence would help in fuzz testing. ii. Incremental development As the development is incremental, work like threat modeling. It also help in planning when to implement requirement exceptions and hence security review. iii.

Cross functional team As there is paucity of security experts, one would conduct sprints specific to implement security features. As output application size is incremental developer would find it easy to do code review and rectify cryptographic error code. iv. Defining done Though 2-3 weeks is a small amount of time, we cannot really achieve everything. But we could define what we mean by done. We may define identifying issues as done only, may be through static analysis tool. There is a flexibility to inject short sprints in between where we could pick up security implementation instead of product features. Hence agile is a natural choice for secured development. v. No Documentation Maintaining document for threat modeling and other security test cases would be redundant and overhead maintaining documents for satisfying process requirement would not be required. Hence from process perspective we don’t need to do agile, secured testing can be agile. 4. CONCLUSION There is a gap in understanding of scrum from quality perspective. We tried to bridge the gap and to make development process more secured. Further empirical studies and experience papers would help to buttress use of agile for development of secured applications and products. References 1]Bruce Potter and McGraw Gary, “Software Security Testing” [Article], IEEE Security and Privacy. 2004. pp. 32-35. 2]C. E. Landwehr et al. , “A Taxonomy of Computer Program Security Flaws,with Examples”, tech. report NRL/FR/5542—93/9591, Naval Research Laboratory, Nov. 1993. 3]Allen Julia, Barnum Sean, Ellison Robert, McGraw Gary and Mead Nancy. “Software Security: A Guide for Project Managers”, Addison-Wesley, 2008. 4]Steve Lipner,Michael Howard,”The Trustworthy Computing Security Development Lifecycle”,Security Engineering and Communications Security Business and Technology Unit,Microsoft Corporation, March 2005. 5]Noopur Davis,”Secure Software Development Life Cycle Processes”, Software Engineering Institute ,2009. 6]K Tsipenyuk, B Chess, G McGraw – IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine, 2005 7]OWASP Top Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Vulnerabilities, https://www. owasp. org/documentation/topten. html 8]https://www. parosproxy. org 9]https://www. blackhat. com/presentations/bh-dc-10/Sullivan_Bryan/BlackHat-DC-2010-Sullivan-SDL-Agile-wp. pdf

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Organizational Behavior

Case Study: VIVEK HAS COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS Vivek has only four employees at his public relations firm Media Front. But he seems to have done a pretty good job of alienating them. According to his employees, Vivek, 47, is a brilliant guy who has a lot to learn in terms of being a better communicator. His communication style appears to be a regular source of conflict in his firm. Vivek admits he has a problem. "I'm probably not as verbally reinforcing [as I could be] when someone is doing a good job. I'm a very self-confident person. I don't need to be told I'm doing a good job but there are people who do. " Vivek "s employees had no problem listing off things that he does that bother them. He doesn't meet deadlines; he does a poor job of communicating with clients (which often puts the employees in an uncomfortable position); he doesn't listen fully to employee ideas before dismissing them; his voice tone is frequently condescending; and he's often quick to criticize employees and is stingy with praise. Questions: 1. A lot of bosses are accused of being "poor communicators. Why do you think this is? 2. What, specifically, do you think Vivek needs to do to improve his communication skills? Answer 1 A lot of bosses are accused of being "poor communicators" because of the following: - - They make changes without discussing ideas with their employees first and to see if they are satisfied or not. Although this may be their job to improve things, if they asked opinions and then relate changes and why they are occurring to staff, the staff would feel more involved and would be more willing to cooperate due to the communication. They are impatient to listen to employees ideas, their problems, what their goals are and what is important to them. - Not encouraging them to succeed and be their role model. - Lack of communication to help employees understand their contribution to the organizational goals. - Employees deserve praise. Lack of encouragement would lead to disinterest in their whole efforts to do their jobs well. - When employees do not perform well they need to be restrained. - There is misjudgment because of lack of communication. A boss needs to know what the employee lacks in giving a good performance and needs to inform the employee about their drawbacks. Answer 2 Vivek needs to improve in his communication skills by: - - Listening to his employees needs. - Taking their opinions rather than making decisions alone. He must have weekly meetings to discuss what is on everybody's mind and get things done. - Complimenting on his employees when they are doing good jobs. - Being careful with his words and tone of voice. - Giving them feedback of their performance and giving them further training if required. His employees are the only way of getting his job done to fulfill his goal of the organization. In order to encourage or discourage an employee's behavior, you need to study their behavior. - Being firm with them but at the same time acknowledging their work. - Being friendlier with his employees rather than alienating them. - Improving his customer service with clients. Communication with clients is a crucial role in achieving the organizational goal. Quality customer service needs to be provided to all clients. [pic]

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Different Types of Accounting

In this paper I will compare and contrast different types of accounting. The focus will be on the following types; accrual, cash flow and fund accounting. I aim to show the strength and weakness of each, how entries are made for each, how and if each method handles depreciation, how inventory is accounted for and if there any differences between organizations that use a certain method. Accrual accounting is mostly used by organizations that are for profit. Accounts using this method are prepared with financial transactions accrued. Organizations using this method report revenues and expenses in the accounting period their economic substance is realized, not the period they are received or paid for in cash. An example would be a patient is billed $240 for an office visit. The amount billed is reported in the accounting period it was billed, not the period, which could be six months later, the insurance agency paid the claim. Accrual accounting gives a clearer picture of what a business is earning by including cash and non-cash items, to help analyze a profit. There are four types of balancing accounts when using this method to avoid fabricated earnings and losses that could transpire when currency is not received or paid out in the accounting period as associated earnings and expenses are recognized. The reason being is revenues and expenses are recognized when incurred not when cash is paid out or received in accrual accounts. Accrual accounting allows depreciation and it uses the following methods; straight line methods, declining balance method, double declining method, sum of digit year’s method and activity based depreciation methods. The depreciation does not mean a company is operating in the red. The depreciation only shows a portion of the company’s assets were used to produce revenue for the time period specified. The amount shown as depreciation cannot be recouped through the sale or disposal of the asset. Cash flow accounting method is a simple method for an individual or organizations that do not have many cash transactions or when there is a significant time between each transaction. This method is usually not used by hospitals, a group practice, or any large organization that has to make their financial statement available to the public. Cash accounting does not show an adequate and correct analysis of a company’s performance. Cash flow accounting is much like the name suggests, flow of cash through a business. This method recognizes income when cash is received expenses when cash is paid out. Under this method of accounting cash received is called cash receipts and expenses paid are called cash payments. This process does not recognize the following; promise to pay, and the potential to receive money or services at a later time. Cash flow accounting does not show depreciation. Depreciation is not noted because it is a non-cash expense incurred by a business. The only thing recorded in the cash flow accounting system is cash expenses. Fund accounting system is used by non-profit organizations, government organizations and the public division. When using fund accounting assets and liabilities are grouped according to the purpose they are used. These organizations, such as a hospital, use this method to show how money is spent, not how much profit was earned. The non-profit organization may have several general ledgers depending on the needs of the business. When the business is concerned with making a profit, private physician office, they have only a general ledger under this method. Fund accounting can be seen in a physician’s office or hospital. Computer software actually makes this method easy to use because it provides flexibility. The accounts are given numbers and each transaction processed corresponds with an account number.

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Shakey’s Research Paper

Contents

Chapter I
RESULTS ORIENTED
UNQUESTIONED INTEGRITY
COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE
CHAPTER II MARKETING STRATEGY ASPECT FRANCHISING AT SHAKEYS
NATIONWIDE STORE SYSTEM
FINANCIAL INVESTMENT
CHAPTER III TRAINING/OPERATING/MANAGEMENT METHOD TRANING DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER IV ADVERTISEMENT/PROMOTION ACTIVITIES •
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE CHAPTER VI SWOT ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION ?SWOT ANALYSIS
RECOMMENDATION
CURRICULUM VITAE
CURRICULUM VITAE
CURRICULUM VITAE

Introduction Shakey’s is the first successful pizza restaurant chain in the Philippines. In the 70s-80s, they use to feature bands, in their restaurants. try any of their thin- crust pizzas. Shakey’s the number 1 pizza restaurant in the Philippines. For the generations, Shakey’s has been the neighborhood gathering place, where family and friends come together to share great food and good times. Where Shakey’s things cup and growing with anew generation of family fun. Sherwood “Shakey” Johnson and his partner big Ed Plummer opened the first Shakey’s pizza parlor more than 10 years ago. It all started in a remodeled grocery store on 57th and “j” streets in Sacramento California back in 1954. Shakey and Ed wanted to open all pizza and beer joint, but with a little something unique. They provided delicious Shakey’s pizza, the cold beer and live Dixieland music for the entertainment, Shakey’s pizza quickly become known as they world greatest pizza. Today, Shakey’s still serves the delicious pizza made famous by ours founders, using the best ingredients and dough prepared fresh, everyday.Keeping the tradition of great food and family entertainment, Shakey’s is giving up with exciting changes, newly remodeled restaurants, improved and expanded menus, state of the art game rooms and expansion plans to open new Shakey’s nationwide. Since its establishments, stands to be the perfect gathering place for friends and families, and indeed for anyone to enjoy great food.

Chapter I

Company profile In 1954, Sherwood “shakey” Johnson pooled his funds with those of college friend, Ed Plummer, to open the first Shakeys outlet. The building was a remodeled grocery store located at “57th and “j” streets in Sacramento, California. The parlor opened on Friday evening, april 30 with the help of their friends. As the ovens, were not complete, only beer was sold the first weekend. Johnson entertained guests by playing the piano and Plummer serves the beer. With the money from the beer sales, the partners bought pizza products and began selling pizzas o0n Monday. Ten (10) days later, they had fourteen employees and month later, Dixieland entertainment jazz was added.

The restaurant at “57’ and ‘j” streets has grossed millions of dollars and still a successful Shakey’s today. With success of the first Sacramento restaurant, Johnson and Plummer opened a second Shakey’s two years later in a remodeled mattreys factory on foster road in Portland Oregon. The Shakey’s name and concept were already familiar due to the nightly jazz radio program they sponsored. In 1957 Shakey’s service companies began franchising. Opening that year were franchised restaurants in settle, Washington, Albany, Oregon, Carmichael, concord and Marysville, California. The franchise units also introduce a standed Shakey’s building design. Prior to it, the restaurants have always been located in existing remodeled structures. Shakey’s began to expand outside the United States with the opening of Mexico City restaurant on May 7, 1968. The first Japanese restaurant opened in Osaka, Japan on July 26, 1976. Expansion continued with a restaurant in Makati, Philippines in 1975.

Today there are over 500 Shakey’s restaurant world wide. Pizza is stilled the mainstray at today’s Shakey’’s, whether it’s our original thin crust version with its crispy, crunchy taste or the classic hand tossed pizza with dough bake thick and chewy. Shakeys guests also find a wide spectrum of ala-carte items including marinated pressure fried chicken, our exclusive mojo potatoes and pasta. MISSION To always exceed expectations and become the best in class by making things happen and getting things done. We will wow them all! VISION To be the leading and preferred pizza restaurant by consistently serving the best tasting, high quality food through fast, efficient and friendly service in a clean, fun environment. We provide our guests the best value for their money and very memorable experiences. CORE VALUES: GUEST FOCUSED To wow our guests( external and internal), exceeding….. not just meeting their expectations. ANALYTICAL We apply “critical thinking” in all major decisions. e are a thinking organization. PASSION We are self-driven, intense and persistent. We have the ability to energize ourselves and everyone around us.

RESULTS ORIENTED

We make things happen…….. We get things done.

UNQUESTIONED INTEGRITY

We are ethical, honest, just, reliable and honorable. our integrity is beyond doubt.

COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE

We will do things better than before, better than the others and better than expected. Good enough is never enough.. RESPECT We create on environment where everyone will be appreciated and recognized for the effort they put in. SENSE OF OWNERSHIP Loyalty, dedication, commitment and malasakit to the business.. thinking and deciding like an owner does for his business.

CHAPTER II MARKETING STRATEGY ASPECT FRANCHISING AT SHAKEYS

Shakeys business is a great business. Shakeys share its opportunities with the right partners who trust in the shakeys name. we have grown to 100 stores nationwide and still growing. •Proven brand and track records for more than 32 years with attractive store design. •Low investment cost, great margins, one of the best return on investment, (ROI) rate. •Fantastic growth opportunities. •Wide array of the well love products . A committed team who has the vision of making the company the leading and preferred pizza restaurant in the Philippines.

NATIONWIDE STORE SYSTEM

Easy to operate with simplified operations systems. Integrated points of sales and inventory system. Number one delivery systemin metro manila. Investors have been attracted to the business because of its low capital investment resulting to quick and high yielding returns . expertise unwavering support and an exciting blue print for growth and success arte just some of the reasons that sets itself apart from other franchise opportunities. As part of the family, resources are your disposal and these include • Strategic planning and site selection •Marketing and advertising services •Standardize financial system •Centralize purchasing and distribution •Operations, Standard, System and support

FINANCIAL INVESTMENT

The financial requirement for a franchising restaurant range from P 8,000,000. 00 to P 10,000,000 depending on store size, location, and other factors (but does not include site acquisition cost) . The investment well be for the : •Construction of the restaurant (interiors and exteriors) •Purchase and nstallation of kitchen equipment, furniture and fixtures •Pre-operating expenses •Franchise Fee TERMS OF RENEWAL The franchise grant is for 10 year period applicable to a specific location only with an option to renew another 5 years based on mutual agreements. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE The product life cycle of shakey’s pizza is on a “ first in first out “ bases (FIFO) just like the other food chains. APPLICATION PROCESS An application form will be provided to the franchise applicant who then undergoes a three(3) based application process. •The screening •The validation Final review WORLD FAMOUS MENU •Pizza •Starters, soup and salads •Chick ‘n’ chips •Pasta •Family meals and combos

CHAPTER III TRAINING/OPERATING/MANAGEMENT METHOD TRANING DEVELOPMENT

Shakeys has a tradition of developing and promoting employees through their many years of creating the shakeys experience. We continually evaluate our employees skills and talents and create development plans to help them grow personally and professionally. COACHING Study of the art of providing feedback, encouragement, appreciation and performance expectations. GUEST SERVICE Understand the contrast between a guest and costumer, how to define guest service, guest expectations, how to create a hospitality culture, service leaders and how to resolve guest concerns. LIFE IS A SERIES Learn how to inspire, inform and influence anytime, anywhere.

CHAPTER IV ADVERTISEMENT/PROMOTION ACTIVITIES •

Enjoy their different pizza product •Enjoy promotional activities that company offered CHAPTER V CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY General Santos City Shakey’s outlet are made their own corporate responsibilities and it is affiliated on the top which is from Manila. hey also varying strategies, ideas and etc in order to achieve their goal as a corporate itself. The responsibility initiated through their internal management as to fulfill their specific interest in one direction. Shakey,s Pizza known for its products and how they handling customer according to taste preference of it. The prestigious stores want more menus for them to increase their sales and profits. The categorize idea of internal affairs are big help to the company to persuade and create sales to the customers. The management of Shakey’s Pizza here in General Santos City re valued their customers, their product, their reputation and of course the company’s locality are still exercised so that it will not be vanished till tomorrows operations. They are also engaging in society’s congestion so that it maintain the good customer relationship. And it is big help also to their company to retain their specialty of the product of Shakey’s.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE CHAPTER VI SWOT ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION ?SWOT ANALYSIS

•STRENGTH ?Product ?System ?services WEAKNESSES ?Location ?Price •OPPORTUNITIES ?Products ?Location •THREATS ?Competitors CONCLUSIONS The researcher conclude that their trusted crew are simply treats to their company’s, in reason in possible not cater the possible costumers. Their management are quite working because the researcher observe their environment inside the store. As we can say costumers’ are called them “guest” for the purpose of respect as they welcome through their store. They highly trained in terms of this kind of business but don’t think the possible diversifying their product offered. It is interested issue to the franchisee why that they didn’t offered another type of product in order to increase their profits. The management should create the demand of the costumers because the Filipino buying behaviors are preferred to new products. Then why did not exercise this strategies to add a use as their strength. They better go on the diversity of the product offered. The proponents has marketing major, we should create demand to the costumers in order to satisfy the unsatisfiable individual should we say that they are limiting their product as in modern time of business. The researcher know that the product of Shakey’s pizza are quite expensive compare to the competitor that offering the same kind of product. The researcher offer the management of Shakey’s pizza that they must relocate their location into the crowded place or open area so that it recognize by the costumers.

RECOMMENDATION

The researchers recommend that the location of Shakey’s pizza at Barrio Gaisano is not prefer to go through to the costumers because it is behind back at the mall of Gaisano. It is better that from the time of their renewal of their contract much better that the owner lease the area inside the mall or in crowded place so that their store is being recognize by possible costumers.

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal data: Name: Bryan S. Brigole Date of birth: March 04, 1984 Place of birth: Bula zone 1-A General Santos City Sex: Male Civil status: Single Home Address: Prk. Roberto blk. 3 labangal G. S. C. Family: Father: Florencio Brigole Mother: Anita Brigole Brothers: 2 Sisters: None Educational Attainment: Elementary Education: Basag Sen. Ninoy Aquino Sul. Kud. Year: 1998-1999 Secondary Education: Fatima National high school Year: 2001- 2002 College Education: GenSantos Foundation College inc, Year: 2001-2011(current 4th year student of BSBA-MM) Affiliation: Former authorized agent of Globe broadband Gensan, Mindanao Personal researcher of Mr. Carl Minoza(OSMIUM LOUDBIKES) Training and seminar: Product management (GLOBE),Bus. exposure(ASIALINK)

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal data: Name: Mary Grace Damalerio Date of birth: August 01, 1990 Place of birth: Asai Village Bula. G. S. C. Sex: Female Civil status: Single Home Address: Prk. 12 Blk 2, Asai Village Bula, Bula G. S. C. Family: Father: Efipanio Damalerio Mother: Corazon Damalerio Brothers: Erwin Damalerio Sisters: Educational Attainment Elementary Education: Dadiangas South Central Elementary School Year: 2002- 2003 Secondary Education: Irineo l. Santiago National High School of Metro Dadiangas Year: 2006-2007 College Education: Gensantos Foundation College Inc Year: 2010-2011 Affiliation: @ Port cafe 2nd floor Gaisano Mall of Gensan Training and Seminar:

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal data: Name: Jennifer E. Lubrico Date of birth: October 18,1991 Place of birth: Labo, Lika, Mlang North Cotabato Sex: Female Civil status: Single Home Address: #23 Blk8 Dadiangas Heights Subd. G. S. C. Family: Father: Nestor C. Lubrico Mother: Vivina E. Lubrico Brothers: Jaypee E. Lubrico and Jose Nestor E. Lubrico Sisters: Josephine E. Lubrico Educational Attainment: Elementary Education: Lika Elementary School Year: 2002-2003 Secondary Education: Lika High School Year: 2006- 2007 College Education: Gensantos Foundation College Inc. Year: 2010-2011 Affiliation: None Training and Seminar: None

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Otis Elevators

Executive Summary Dear Mr. Bousbib: These are exciting and challenging times at Otis Elevator Company. We are currently the largest manufacturer, installer, and servicer of elevators, escalators, and moving walkways in the world. [1] Just two years ago we completed the second largest acquisition in company history by adding Amtech Elevator Services. This acquisition has proven to be a key strategic maneuver as we have eliminated an industry rival while increasing the company’s revenue, operating profit, operating profit margin, and customer base. Our company’s successful history, entrepreneurial mindset and strong process focus puts Otis ahead of the curve. Most recently Otis has introduced the e*Logistics program. This program will connect our sales, factory, and field operations through the Web to create a single global supply chain. With the implementation of the e*Logistics program we are moving towards our goal of becoming recognized as a leader in service excellence among all companies – not just elevator companies – worldwide. Otis faces 4 main challenges concerning its new IT: • Cultural challenge - Getting everyone on board with a process change when normally it is used to product changes. • Technical challenge – Delivering a system to 20,000+ computers and making sure it works everywhere. • Deployment challenge – Otis occupies 200 countries, 1,800+ locations, and has 4,000+ field supervisors and salespeople in places with different languages, cultures and environments. Managerial challenge – The challenge here is to standardize the process while retaining the key ingredient to success of the company which is the local empowerment and accountability for results. Managing the trade-off of standardizing processes globally while retaining the local empowerment, motivation and accountability will be an especially difficult task. The challenges we face will come with a price, but if there are no trade-offs we will never achieve a sustainable advantage. There is always a certain degree of risk associated with such ambitious goals, but the essence of strategic positioning is to choose activities that are different from rivals’. [2] Otis will legitimize this idea through drastic improvements in logistics and service via the e*Logistics program. The time, money, and resources needed to complete this transition will be needed in abundance, but the benefits reaped will justify our efforts. A key component of enduring these challenges is to align our activities with our strategy. This consistency will give our company fit and protect us from straddling and mimicry. To achieve our goals we must get everyone, inside the company and out, on board. Resistance to change is natural and with 60,000+ employees, and a countless number of suppliers and customers this change will be most challenging. This challenge will be met through our product improvement centers. It is here where employees from all different departments interact early on in the process to identify root causes concerning quality issues, setbacks, etc… and resolve them. In the past, we may not have had cross organizational communication; our employees now, however, need to be knowledgeable about our entire process to be effective. One advantage we have is the familiarity of past IT systems such as SIP, OTISLINE, REM, and SIMBA on which the e*Logistics program will be based. I also recommend that we educate employees, suppliers and customers about the benefits realized by the implementation of the e*Logistics program to ensure a smooth transition. The eLogistics® program will be paramount in making our company “infinitely information enabled. ”[3] The accessibility of this information on a global scale will greatly improve our company’s field efficiency, decrease the amount of inventory sitting at job sites, speed up installation cycle times and allow us to focus on customer service. ----------------------- [1]Case “Otis Elevator: Accelerating Business Transformation with IT,” page 120 [2]“What Is Strategy? ” Michael Porter, page 109. [3]Case “Otis Elevator: Accelerating Business Transformation with IT,” page 127

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Hero Honda Environmental Analysis

Hero Honda Environmental Analysis Summary of the Hero Honda’s Environmental Analysis, Industry and Competitors. External Environmental Analysis Political: The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) lead by the Indian National Congress (Congress) was re-elected to a second five year term in 2009. The present political scene in India is quite exceptional due to the relatively strong position of the ruling coalition. Economic: India Ranks 11th (nominal) / 4th (PPP) has GDP growth 8. 8% (2010, Q1), Inflation (CPI) 8. % (August 2010) in spite of Global Meltdown and Population below poverty line is deceased to 37% (2010). Socio-cultural: Indians are religion, caste, family centric. Women work in companies but in day shifts only in big cities. Entrepreneurial trait in India is on a rise. Technological: Modern technologies in transport, communication, electricity, infrastructure, quality are available. A very favorable technological scenario. Environmental (Demographic): Population: 1,180,166,000(2010), Age structure: 15-64 years is 63. % (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009). India's per capita income (nominal) is $1016, ranked 142th in the world Wealth distribution in India is fairly uneven with top 10% of income groups earning 33% of the income. Legal: It takes 35 days to start a business in India. It has Quasi-federal, but unified judiciary. Taxation laws are very stringent and Corruption is also very much prevalent. Political Economic Socio-cultural Technological Environmental Legal PESTEL Model Internal Environmental Analysis Hero Honda has ample resources like Capital equipment, Skills of employees, Brand name, Financial resources, Talented managers. Hero Honda is an innovator and first mover, has an ERP, takes help of Six sigma process . So it also has a very powerful capability to make technological innovations. It has Core competency in making most fuel efficient and robust engines and so it outsources all other parts to localized suppliers. This has driven Hero Honda to be the world’s top manufacturer of 2 wheelers. Internal Environment KBSCMR | Hero Honda Environmental Analysis 1 Industry Environment Analysis Threat of new entrants: Mahindra entering into 2 wheeler Category. Power of suppliers: Hero Honda has threat of forward integration form the localized suppliers from whom they get parts other than engine. Power of buyers: Customers want quality improvements fairly very fast. They have many options to buy from its competitors in the same segment. So Hero Honda has to take care of its customers as they have power to take Hero Honda out of market. Threat of product substitutes: Because of rise in the prices of petrol people are shifting to Local trains and Buses for travelling. Cars are getting cheaper. Intensity of rivalry among competitors: 2 Wheeler industries in India is a purely competitive. There are many players and because of globalization and liberalization of economy the number is increasing. Industry Environment Analysis Competitor Environment Thanks to Wikipedia. org ? KBSCMR | Hero Honda Environmental Analysis 2

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Rin Vs Tide

RIN v/s TIDE FACULTY:PROF. UDAY SHANKAR MODULE: AD SALES AND MANAGEMENT DATE: 6TH SEPTEMBER,2010 SHRUTI TYAGI ROLL NO:51442 The tussle between the big two P&G and HUL has been causing ripples in the industry since the launch of its Rin versus Tide comparative advertisement. HUL has been under pressure since quite some time due to the launch of similar products backed by aggressive advertisement by its competitors. The latest conflict appears to have started when P&G introduced its brand Tide washing powder (in orange packaging), which ate into the sales of HUL’s Rin washing powder. In the first move of its kind by HUL, homecare brand Rin has openly taken on rival P Tide, without the typical airbrushing or pixellation to hide the rival brand name on TV and ads on radio. The current high profile aggressive stand of Rin has a background story.

There was a proxy war going on between Rin and Tide since December 2009. In order to retain its market share, in December P introduced a low-cost detergent, Tide Natural, claiming in its ads that it provided “whiteness with special fragrance”. The product was positioned against HUL’s Rin and Wheel. Tide Naturals was priced significantly lower to the Rin. Tide Naturals was launched at Rs 50 per Kg , Rs 10 for 200 gms and Rs 20 for400 gms. Rin was priced at Rs 70 per Kg at that time. The reduced price of the Tide variant was an immediate threat to Rin. Since Tide already has an established brand equity, Rin was bound to face the heat. Although HUL had another low priced brand Wheel priced at Rs 32/Kg, Tide was not in the same category of Wheel.

Rin had to cut the price to resist the market share erosion. HUL was facing a steady erosion in the market share in most of the categories. In the detergent category itself, the brand faced a market share fall of 2. % in December 2009. With P&G starting a price war, HUL had to react and it did by cutting the price of Rin by 30% to Rs 50 per Kg. HUL also reacted to the Tide Natural’s price war in a ‘ Guerrilla Marketing ‘ way. It took P to the court regarding the Tide Natural’s advertisement. The contention was that Tide Naturals was giving the impression to the consumers that it contained natural ingredients like Sandal.

The court ordered P&G to modify the campaign and P&G had to admit that Tide Naturals did not contain any Natural ingredients. While P&G opened a war in the price front, HUL retaliated by opening two war fronts. One was the direct comparative ad and other through the court order asking P&G to modify Tide Naturals Ad and to admit that Tide Naturals is not ‘ Natural’. So we can that HUL retaliated with an aggressive two-pronged strategy. * First, it challenged Tide’s claim of whiteness with special fragrance in the Chennai High Court, which passed an order on 25 February 2010 (CS 189/2010), directing P to modify the advertisement since it was not really able to substantiate the claim of “whiteness with special fragrance”. The court has granted an injunction and directed P to respond within three weeks. Three days later on 28 February, HUL launched an aggressive TV campaign aired during prime time It was Rin which won the Round 1 of this war. It generated enough Buzz about the brand with all the media talking about the campaign. Rin was also able to neutralize the aggression of P to certain extent.

Tide chose not to respond because further fuel to the fight can highlight the fact that Tide Naturals does not contain any ‘Natural Ingredients ” which may negatively affect the brand’s standing in the consumer’s mind. So it is better to play the role of a “poor” victim at this point of time. P&G can celebrate because of the free advertisement it got for Tide Naturals because of the comparative ad of Rin. Although Indian marketing world have seen lot of comparative ads, the Rin Vs Tide is a rare case of direct comparative ad where the brand has taken the competitor brand’s name and challenging it head on. That is the main reason behind the media noise about the campaign. P India always was a laid back competitor in the FMCG market. Despite having the product portfolio and market strength, it never realized its potential. The company was happy with their minuscule market share in the various categories in the FMCG business. For television viewers, it was hard to miss the now infamous Rin commercial, which was unleashed on Indian television screens on Thursday (February 25, 2010). Perhaps bombardment would be a better word: the high-voltage TVC was supported by a media plan that included primetime slots across all major GECs and news channels, in an effort to deliver maximum impact over the long weekend. The ad shows two mothers waiting at a bus stop for their children, who are returning from school. They spot each other’s shopping baskets – one woman’s basket sports a packet of Rin, while the other has purchased Tide Naturals. The Tide lady looks proudly at her purchase and brags about Tide’s ‘khushboo aur safedi bhi’ offering (fragrance combined with whiteness). The Rin lady simply smiles.

When the school bus rounds the corner and drops off the two children, the Tide lady’s boy is wearing a visibly dull shirt, while behind him emerges a boy clad in a spotless white shirt, who runs past the shocked Tide lady, over to his ‘Rin’ mother. To make things cheekier, the boy asks his mother, ‘Aunty chaunk kyun gayi? ‘ (Why is aunty so shocked? ), where the word ‘chaunk’ could easily be a reference to Tide’s punch line, ‘Chaunk gaye? The voiceover concludes that Rin is ‘behtar’ or superior to Tide, when it comes to whiteness, and at a ‘chaunkane wala’ price of Rs 25, at that. A super, ‘Issued in the interest of Rin users’, completes the commercial. Comparative advertising is, quite obviously, not a new phenomenon by any standards. Every other brand has dabbled with it at some point, while it is almost formulaic for some categories. However, to make comparisons with competition involves discretion in execution, such as air-brushing or pixelating a competitor’s brand name/pack shot, and most definitely, keeping away from referring to rival brand names. With this ad, however, Rin seems to have broken every rule in the book.

But what may seem like a publicity stunt to some, is, in all probability, a well-thought out strategy on the part of Rin’s makers, Hindustan Unilever (HUL). There are two debatable issues in this advertisement: * The advertisement clearly shows a packet of Tide Naturals, which has green packaging and is a cheaper extension of Tide, which orange packaging) whereas the woman in the commercial says ‘Tide se kahin behatar safedi de Rin’ (Rin gives better whiteness than Tide)- Does this amount to misleading the public as per the Indian Law? At the end of the advertisement, a line is displayed on the bottom stating that ”this claim is based on laboratory tests done through globally accepted protocols in independent third-party laboratories’ and Schematic representation of superior whiteness is based on Whiteness Index test of Rin Vs Tide Naturals as tested by Independent lab” . The challenge is whether the present statement(s) can be substantiated by way of evidence and if yes, whether such tests if conducted by any independent laboratory continue to be the same. Legal eagle The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) has, over the last few days, received several complaints from customers/viewers, who feel that the comparison is “not fair”. According to the ASCI spokesperson, “We are writing to the advertiser concerned about the complaints received and are seeking a response. ” In order to make comparatively superior claims, an advertiser has to keep the ollowing ASCI Code in mind, which states that advertisements containing comparisons with other manufacturers or suppliers or with other products, including those where a competitor is named, are permissible in the interests of vigorous competition and public enlightenment, provided:

• It is clear what aspects of the advertiser’s product are being compared with what aspects of the competitor’s product.

• The subject matter of comparison is not chosen in such a way as to confer an artificial advantage upon the advertiser, or so as to suggest that a better bargain is offered than is truly the case. The comparisons are factual, accurate and capable of substantiation.

• There is no likelihood of the consumer being misled as a result of the comparison, whether about the product advertised or that with which it is compared.

• The advertisement does not unfairly denigrate, attack or discredit other products, advertisers or advertisements directly or by implication. While no official confirmation could be obtained at the time of filing this report, sources reveal that there are sufficient grounds for HUL to be taken to court over this matter. An HUL spokesperson justifies the commercial, stating, “Rin is a household detergent brand and is used by millions of consumers across India for its promise and delivery of superior whiteness since its launch in 1969. The latest advertisement of Rin brings alive the superior whiteness delivery of Rin, vis-a-vis competing brands in the market. ” Further, HUL adds that this advertisement reinforces the promise to consumers that Rin delivers superior whiteness. This claim is based on laboratory tests done through globally accepted protocols in independent third party laboratories,” the spokesperson adds, to substantiate the claim made in the TVC. Knockout or washout? Unleashing this communication on a long weekend (Eid-e-Milad on Saturday and Holi on Monday) is no coincidence; industry watchers even feel that Indian courts being shut over the weekend has helped Rin’s cause, as anyone taking offence to the commercial could not do much about it during this period. In the meantime, Rin gained with high visibility on TV. Harish Bijoor, CEO, Harish Bijoor Consults, calls this the “putting your finger in competition’s eye” kind of advertising. “Of course, this is a gimmick to create ‘hungama’ or noise. But if the facts are correct and Rin is able to prove them in the buckets of the nation, then its job is done.

But I see the chances of that proof as slim,” he says. On the flip side, HUL is considered a “buzz generating, edgy and trend-setting” company, so there isn’t any reason to not tom-tom about its superior products, Bijoor adds. Ask him if the ad is distasteful, and Bijoor shakes his head in the negative. “What was distasteful 20 years ago isn’t now, and the younger generation’s palate of what is acceptable is fast changing,” he muses. And so, Rin’s well-planned strategy – both of taking on competition head on, as well as a weekend release – may not be a bad thing at all. | But there are contrarians like ad guru Alyque Padamsee, CEO, AP Advertising, who, incidentally, is the brain behind Rin’s trademark lightning strikes and whiteness positioning.

This is comparative advertising to its extreme,” he declares. To him, this is equivalent to hurling stones at another in a manner that doesn’t say, ‘I am better’, but that ‘You are worse’ – a tonality that hurts both brands. “My guess is, a significant dent in the sales of Rin, much due to Tide, may have led to this blatant, gloves-off approach,” he reflects. Ask him how Tide should react, and Padamsee says, “When people throw stones, it is because they have nothing to say. If I were Tide, I would not launch a counter-communication, which itself should put Rin in its place. The adman is also dissatisfied with the ‘faded shirt versus white shirt’ mnemonic used to bring out Rin’s ‘superiority’. “The consumer is not a moron (as David Ogilvy said), but the advertising agency that uses such tactics, is,” he signs off. | Naresh Gupta, director, strategy and planning, Dentsu Marcom, too, feels the only reason for such an attempt by Rin could be Tide’s entry into its whiteness territory. The fact that it targets Tide Naturals, a variant, and not Tide itself, may just be a ‘by the way’ thought, or a way to avoid some legal problems. To Gupta, the marketer in this case has shown gumption to say ‘I do this, they don’t. ‘ Air-brushing and other such means are, in fact, the coward’s way of doing things. “At the end of it all, it does evoke a chuckle or two,” he shrugs. “This is better than a lot of competitive advertising out there. ” As an analogy, Gupta muses that such an ad is akin to the two marketers picking up the phone and talking down to each other – something that is so interesting in itself, that the lack of a big creative idea (Padamsee’s ‘faded shirt’ grouse) can be forgiven. Brand experts conclude that this could well spark off a trend, to release controversial, capsule-duration advertising campaigns, which do their job by the time they are pulled up. But on the other hand, brands with limited, finite budgets may not have the financial muscle, or the gall, to walk this path. In my personal opinion, Rin chose a wrong way of telling its superiority to the consumer.

Last time I saw a direct comparative ad war was between Horlicks and Complan. Horlicks started the direct comparative ad and got a very very aggressive reply from Complan. The current status is that Horlicks stopped the comparative ad and Complan is continuing its aggression against Horlicks. It was an unnecessary move from Horlicks which woke up a laid-back competitor like Complan. I think that in that ad war, Complan won over Horlicks (not in sales terms but in share of noise ). The same thing is going to happen with Rin. It is going to lose this war primarily because there was no need for a direct comparison with Tide atleast in the ads. . If you observe the ad, 22 seconds of the 30 second ad is dedicated to Tide alone. That means in around 75% of the time, the ad talks about Tide. Interestingly the ad even mentions the USP of Tide as “It has fragrance and has whitening property”. Then the rest of the 8 seconds talks about Rin. So if HUL has blasted some 30 lakh in the current promo, 22. 5 lakh of it was spent on promoting Tide. Why should you ever mention your competitor in your ads??? Watching the ad, one homemaker commented ” I never knew Tide and Rin was from the same company, otherwise how can they show these two brands together in the same ad? “. The current campaign lacks any long term objectives. The brand is choosing a short-term path when the issue was a long-term competitive threat. Instead of spending such money on this ad, HUL could have run some serious sales promotional campaigns which could have prompted consumers to opt for Rin. It could have filled the retail outlets with Rin POPs. It could have run retailer campaigns to fill the shelves with Rin rather than Tide. HUL still has a huge distribution reach and strength compared to P&G, it could have won the war hands down had it capitalized on the retailer support alone. If Rin was too worried, it could have bought back Big B as the brand ambassador which could have added punch to the tagline “Chamakte Rahna”. Now the outcome of the ad war will be that HUL will be retrained by ASCII or the Court from further playing the ad. It means that Rin had adapted an unethical means against the competitor which will cause an unwarranted blemish on the brand reputation.

Second outcome is that it will encourage Tide to be more aggressive in the market. Tide now has been officially and publically acknowledged as the competitor for Rin. Third outcome is that an ad war will start which will benefit the respective advertising agencies and the media.

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Lesson Plan – “the Necklace” and “Cinderella”

– “The Necklace” and “Cinderella” Grade Level: 9th grade Course: 9th grade English (Intermediate to Advanced) Literature: “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant; “Cinderella” by Grimm Brothers I. 1. Students will define elements of a short story, including: characterization, setting, mood, protagonist, point of view, and theme. 2. Students identify the protagonist, setting, point of view, mood, and theme(s) in “The Necklace. ” 3. Students will intelligently predict the plot of “The Necklace” with peers in a small group. 4. Students will present their small group predictions to a peer audience in a clear, organized manner. 5. Students will compare and contrast “The Necklace” and “Cinderella” to demonstrate their understanding of intertextuality. II. Standards of Learning: 9. 3 (a-g); 9. 6 (a-e, g, h) III. This lesson is designed to expose students to Guy de Maupassant and one of his powerful French short stories, while also revealing how a preceding text influenced his story. It is important for students to understand that not all literature was written in English. The language that Maupassant uses is very formal and proper. For this reason, hearing an audio version of the story will help students understand the diction better. Maupassant’s works are straightforward and they are effective in helping students practice identifying literary elements. It is equally significant for students to learn how certain texts can build off of one another. Students should be able to recognize this in their own lives as popular television shows often build off of classic literature, and this fact alone can make the lesson relevant to them personally. Cinderella” is a story that most students have heard or read at some point in their lives, and their background knowledge will help them make deeper connections. Having students compare and contrast “The Necklace” and “Cinderella” will help them see how texts can interact and enhance one another, and it will help them to identify intertexuality in the future. IV. 1. Study guide for “The Necklace” 2. Grimm Brothers’ “Cinderella” 3. Venn Diagram to compare and contrast “The Necklace” and “Cinderella” V. The lesson will begin with a brief background lecture on Guy de Maupassant’s life and career (5m). Students will be encouraged to take notes during this time. Students will listen to “The Necklace” on CD until they hear that Madame Loisel has lost the diamond necklace (10M). Students will form groups of three or four, and they will be asked to brainstorm together and predict the rest of the story’s plot (5m). Each group will be asked to write their predictions on an index card and present them before the class (5m). Students will come back together and listen to the rest of the story (5m). A brief class discussion will discuss the predictions in comparison to the actual ending (5m). Students will be given the short story’s study guide to complete (30m). Next, students will be given copies “Cinderella,” and the class will read it silently (10m). To conclude the class, I will give a brief lesson on intertexuality (5m), and students will compare “The Necklace” and “Cinderella” in a Venn diagram (10m). There will be close communication with the special education aide/teacher. I will ensure that they have a copy of the Maupassant and intertexuality notes to go over again with the student(s). I will make sure that all learners are included in the small group prediction activity. VI. 1. Students work together and predict the outcome of “The Necklace” to reveal their understanding of the first half of the story’s plot. 2. Students fill in “The Necklace” study guide to demonstrate their comprehension of literary elements and the short story’s plot. 3. Students complete the Venn diagram to show their understanding of intertexuality and connections between “The Necklace” and “Cinderella. ” VII. This lesson is included in a larger short story unit. Each lesson in this unit focuses upon 1-2 short stories, and how different literary elements work together in the pieces. This lesson focuses many literary elements, especially plot, while also noting intertexuality and how “The Necklace” builds off of and turns upside down “Cinderella. ” This lesson also reveals a French masterpiece that has been translated into English. The lessons that follow this one will continue asking students to identify literary elements while exposing students to short stories by different writers.

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Neil Perry

Neil Perry Neil is the confident and popular student, and is well liked by his friend as well as the teachers at the boys-school. He is a person who cares about his friends, especially Todd, his new roommate. He is portrayed, in the film, as a boy with brown hair, fairly good-looking and tall. In the beginning Neil is inspired by the new English teacher Mr. Keating, who is passionate and interesting, with his ways of teaching and speaking to his students. Mr. Keating teaches his students to “think out of the box” and to “seize the day”. Neil is greatly influenced by this and takes it to the/his heart. Neil is curious about who Mr. Keating was when he attended the school when he was younger. And that leads to the boys discovering “Dead Poets Society”. Neil is the first one to make a move, and re-establish the “Dead Poets Society” and be the “leader” of the group of boys. This shows that Neil is ready to challenge the school's authority and his parents. Neil is a really good friend with a sense of humour. He is the one making the boys go through the day, joyous and with their heads held high. In the scene where Neil tries to cheer Todd up on his birthday and make the comment “You can feel it. This desk set wants to fly! ” shows how much he cares about his friends even though Todd may not feel like he has any friends. On/At the first meeting of the new re-established “Dead Poets Society” Neil reads out loud from the book, given to him from Mr. Keating. “I went to the woods because I wanted to live deliberately. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life. To put to rout all that was not life, and not when I had come to die, discover that I had not lived” - Walden Come, my friends, ‘T is not too late to seek a newer world. For my purpose holds To sail beyond the sunset, and though’ We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are; One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. ” – Ulysses “It was a dark and rainy night. And this old lady who had a passion for jigsaw puzzles sat by herself in her house at her table to complete a new jigsaw puzzle. As she pieced the puzzle together, she realized to her astonishment that the image that was formed was her very own room, and the figure in the centre of the puzzle, as she completed it, was herself. And with trembling hands she placed the last four pieces and stared in horror at the face of the demented madman at the window. The last thing that this old lady ever heard was the sound of breaking glass” - ? These lines from two different poems do not only speak Neil's philosophy but also predicts his future in the film. The puzzle from the poem symbolizes life, the madman by the window passion, and the death of the old woman iswoman is caused by letting her passion overcome her. In the end Neil realizes that he had/has his own life and he was/is the centre of it. Since his father had/has control over him and Neil was/is too afraid to stand up for himself, Neil lets the “passion” in himself in a last attempt to control his own life. And throughout the film he continues to put the last pieces in his puzzle together. In the end Neil lies to Mr. Keating about having permission from his father to still be in the play, and does not take up the discussion with his father again, but goes against his wishes and continues to be a part of the play. I have a theory that the last monologue from Puck in the play, where his father has arrived, was/is directed to Mr. Perry as an apology and a plea for forgiveness. Neil can only express himself to his father through his acting and passion for it. “If we shadows have offended, Think but this, and all is mended, hat you have but slumber’d here while these visions did appear. And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream, Gentles, do not reprehend; if you pardon, we will mend; And, as I am an honest Puck If we have unearned luck Now to ’scape the serpent’s tongue We will make amends ere long; So, goodnight unto you all. Give me your hands, if we be friends, and Robin shall restore amends. ” Finally Neil found/finds the last piece to his puzzle and his only option is to take his own life, to gain control over it. As Mr. Perry says so many times throughout the film that,, he has sacrificedes a lot for Neil, he indicates that he loves Neil very much but cannot express it in exact words to his son, and I get the impression that Neil is Mr. Perry's “dream”. So when Neil’s father wakes up after hearing the gun shot, the “dream has disappeared” Mr. Perry's relationship with his son is just a lot of misunderstanding between them. Mr. Perry loves Neil and Neil loves his dad even though he was/is controlling Neil's life. Neil just wanted/wants to find out who he was/is and what he wanted/wants to do, but he was/is unable to discuss his opinions with his father and Mr. Perry was/is unwilling to look at Neil's outlook on life. Therefore Neil concluded/concludes that suicide was/is his only option to stand up to his father. The only time Neil considered/consideres suicide was/is after the major confrontation with his father. Normally there are some signs when a person is considering suicide, but in this case, the warning signs never showed until the last moment. Mr. Perry is old fashioned and has a difficult time expressing his affections to his son. Neil never really understood that his father just wanted the best for him, and only saw his father as a tyrant, someone who would always go against what he wanted. Indholdet er s? rdeles GODT. Mange relevante eksempler og gode (psykologiske) overvejelser . Du er grundig og nar helt i dybden. FLOT! Kun fa fejl. Bem? rk dit problem med at holde linien mht. TID. (Analytisk pr? sens) Karakter: 12 You’ve done it again, girl !!!

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Effects of Modern Technology

In modern society, technology has brought us amazing surprises everyday. Someone claims that modern technology is creating a single world culture. I completely disagree with this statement. I will list some of my reasons here. Firstly, I believe that modern technology has improved multi-culturalism and the communication between cultures. With modern communication technology such as TVs and phones, we can see what people at the other end of the world is doing, and with a modern airplane, we can travel to every corner of the world. This will greatly help us understand the cultural diversity of this world, and we will learn to appreciate the cultural difference of people from different part of the earth. Secondly, modern technology increases the communication between cultures. Eastern people can learn good virtual from western culture such as politeness and self-cultivation; and western people can also learn a great deal of good virtual from eastern culture such as modesty and filial pity of one’s parents. By communication, one culture can learn from other culture and evolve. Thirdly, modern technology helps us to preserve our cultural relics and world treasures, and discover our culture in the past. We can also explore and discover more about our past, and have a better understanding of now and the future. For instance, Xi’an is famous for its figures of warriors and horses buried in the emperor’s tombs. In the modern world, we explore some of these tombs so that we would understand the remote and longstanding culture of Qin Dynasty in China’s history. Indeed, modern technology has shorten the distance between cultures, and made this world smaller. But we cannot say that it is creating a single world culture. On the contrary, with the help of modern technology, we find this world more and more diversify and colorful.

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Influence of Global Business

| Cross cultural influence of global business | | | |Contents | |1. Introduction | |2. Reed Elsevier | |3. The emergence of a company culture | |4. Products of a company culture | |5. Transference of a company culture | |6. Leadership and Structure | |7. Types of corporate culture | |8. Analysis of values | |9. Future projection | |10. Conclusion | |11. Bibliography | | | |1. 0 Introduction | |Culture is a term that encompasses areas of human activity and interest. It is ‘The integration pattern of human behaviour that includes thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values and | |institutions of a race, ethnic, religious or social group. ’1 | |If cultural settings are misunderstood or ignored in different regions, then the risk of failure to a business is enormous. In this age of the global marketplace, aided by the use of the Internet, the need to | |understand and adapt to cross-cultural issues is at its greatest. |In business terms, specifically a global business with offices throughout the world, culture becomes critical to a firm’s success. It is ‘…where balance between consistency and adaptation is essential’2 and must| |be addressed in a cohesive and intelligent sense. | |This case study will outline the importance of culture and its influence on Reed Elsevier (RE), in terms of its organization, its values and its success. | |It will analyse RE’s organizational structure, its global reach and the cultures it is influenced by. It will identify the emergence of defining its own specific corporate culture and the unique elements that | |have emerged from the formulation of its values. | |I will also cover the role of the company’s CEO and his influence in producing a cultural change within the business. An analysis of the products of this change will be presented and an analysis of the values | |and characteristics of RE and where the company will have to maintain its focus in the future. | |2. 0 Reed Elsevier | |Reed Elsevier (RE) is an amalgamation of two publishing companies. They originally date back to a Dutch business being formed in Rotterdam in 1880 (Elsevier) and Reed being formed in 1894 in Kent, England. Both | |companies enjoyed success for the best part of the next 100 years and in 1993 Elsevier NV and Reed International PLC merged. 3 | |‘Reed Elsevier’s corporate goal is to be the indispensable information provider for our target customers in selected professional markets. 4 | |Those markets include Science, Education, Legal and Business. Since the merger it has employed an aggressive expansion strategy resulting in being a global publishing presence, employing over 38,000 people | |across all continents. | |The merger of the two companies may have been a troubled time were it not for the fact that the two companies shared many cultural similarities.

The management structure of the board of directors represents both| |the Netherlands and the UK. The reserved British attitude was well matched to the cautious and considered approach of the Dutch. | |Today the company is composed of the US, Singapore, Japan and the rest of Europe. Expansion into China and India means cross-cultural factors must be noted and acted upon if success is to occur. | |3. 0 The emergence of company culture | |Culture within an organisation can often be sensed within a few minutes of talking to the company’s employees. It is ‘…the emergent result of the continuing negotiations about values, meanings and properties’5. |The company power structure, the rituals, symbols, organisation, and control systems give an identity to the business to the environment outside as well as internally. | |This paradigm, or ‘…constellation of concepts, values, perceptions and practices shared by a community’6, can be a company’s secret to success or its undoing. | |In 1999, RE employed Sir Crispin Davis as CEO, restructured the management hierarchy and announced a new strategy. At the core of this were the company’s five values that would be at the core of every division | |across the world. |The RE values are; | |Passion for winning | |Innovation | |Boundarylessness | |Customer Focus | |Valuing our people | |It is important to note that this change or tipping point in a company’s culture nearly always involves a new face and new ideas. Change, in this case, occurred over a period of years. Establishing a new look | |for the brands of the different divisions (Science, Legal, Education and Business) encouraged a change in culture. Innovation working groups and project teams collated ideas from around the world and backed | |those ideas financially. |Although it took some time to implement, the initial effects were felt within months.

The business took on a global air that enabled people from different countries and cultures, to become part of a group that | |spoke the same language, held the same values7 and achieved goals that were shared by different business units. The emergence of these shared values that were agreeable to every employee facilitated a workforce | |with a strong unilateral voice.

People in Europe understood that those in the US and Asia would be aiming at an RE way of doing business. | |It can be said that the re-structuring removed barriers and enabled channels to be opened, thus allowing change to become possible. By creating a vision of the future that employees subscribe to and act upon, an| |imprint of RE’s philosophy is placed upon all those who work there. They may not believe in it but the power of corporate values; crystallize the messages that the heads of a business wish to convey onto all | |their staff. | |‘Quantitative analyses have shown that firms with strong cultures out perform firms with weak cultures. ’8 | |4. 0 Products of a company culture | |The generation of global values brings together different cultures under a common set of beliefs. A physical product of this includes the Personal Development Plan that every employee, in every country, | |undergoes each year. It monitors performance aligned to the core values of the company. | |Internal awards recognise achievements within the business allowing reward for those who exemplify RE’s corporate manifesto. The Reed Employee Opinion Survey allows staff to comment critically on their working | |environment and their superiors in an anonymous online survey. | |Corporate Social Responsibility has become a very significant embodiment of what RE tries to communicate by helping charities and operating in an environmentally aware capacity. Scholarships have been set up to | |allow children of employees to benefit from education. | |5. 0 Transference of a company culture | |These products of company culture are powerful in transferring the values onto the employees, sometimes without their knowledge. The values are echoed down the hierarchy and taken on to each business unit. It | |could be argued that a company culture is so strong that it begins to replace more localized cultures because of its strength. | |RE is an Anglo-Dutch business with its main areas of commerce in the US and Northern Europe. It could be said that these cultures interact with each other on a basis of understanding. The management style of RE | |is objective orientated; indeed the whole organisation is geared up from the PDP to attain goals agreed between managers and sub-ordinates. | |6. 0 Leadership and structure | |‘Leadership: Good managers start with a personal agenda and use their leadership skills to spread it throughout the organisation’9. | |When Crispin Davis arrived at RE in 1999 his impact was felt immediately.

After ridding the company of expensive and inefficient business units he embarked on a process of changing the organisational culture. He| |personified the organizations values by personally presenting them to the board members of the four individual divisions. By having a long term vison and great organisational capacity he was able to project | |areas in the company future where he would like specific objectives to be met. | |In 2000 the strategy was communicated throughout the business. A five year plan was orchestrated that provided cohesion, a brand identity and a clarity of purpose to a global group. | |Davis became the company’s tone of voice; he has embodied how the company talks to its employees. From the position of CEO he has communicated across the board to each of the four business divisions. They in | |turn have spoken to each of their global boards that have then cascaded the message through each country’s business unit. | |7. Types of corporate culture | |Trompenaars identified four types of corporate culture: Family, Eiffel Tower, Guided Missile or Incubator culture. The structure of RE is very hierarchical so has elements of the Eiffel Tower, the highest levels| |can be seen below, and below each division more layers of management reside. Even in a small department of 25 people, four layers of management may exist. | |However, the company also has a strong family culture, based on authority through experience. A firm in Japan and Italy employs this way of doing business, where business leader exerts their power through | |sub-ordinates of like minds. This can also be seen in RE although it stops short of the sort of adoration that is notable in staff for highly charismatic leaders.

General Electric’s highly acclaimed Jack Welch | |whose ‘…word ran like Holy Writ throughout the GE organisation’10 felt a huge impact when he left the firm. Such was his influence in all areas of the business a vacuum was left when he retired. | |A notable point here is that in an ideal firm the top echelons find the best people and delegate the responsibilities down to them. They must still lead in one respect, ‘The objectives, ethos and principles of | |the organisation are, …determined by the words, examples and actions of those at the very top. 11 | |Reed Elsevier PLC | |[pic] | |Reed Business Global | |[pic] | |Reed Business UK | |[pic] | |In a company of the size of RE, the words and actions of the CEO are always under scrutiny, from the press, the shareholders or the employees. It is hugely important to lead by example in these environments. |The company is largely goal orientated and project led and so the guided missile culture of objective orientated tasks features highly. However, the typical set up of this type of culture normally has a flat | |structure with a strong emphasis on being cross-disciplinary with a reliance on specialists. 12 | |Although this occurs in RE, particularly in the environments of Marketing, Creative and IT where all departments must work together to deliver projects, individuals are still noticed and changes are made due to | |seniority and rank. In these scenarios it is often like having two leaders, your departmental boss and the project head. You must try to please both, and risk pleasing neither for the sake of achieving the | |project goals. | |This forms a matrix organisation, where RE has the culture of the Family in terms of authority through experience, the Eiffel Tower in terms of role orientated hierarchy and the Guided missile culture of object | |orientated goals. | |RE shows least similarities with the Incubator culture where self-expression and self-fulfilment are the most important elements to the structure and where existence precedes organisation.

The process of | |innovation and creation is its main focus and although RE has this at its core value, a company of its size finds it hard to embrace this culture. RE is very aware of the power of these types of business and has| |invested and bought Incubator companies that are useful, from around the world13. | |RE exhibits all types of organisational culture as it has so many different types of division across the world. The HQ, in London, and the board of directors are responsible for ensuring that different units are| |co-ordinated, learn from one another and stay true to the values and identity that gives them a common business language. | |RE is a truly international company and not a transnational organisation. The offices around the world are very much in tune and act accordingly, not so much instructed but using the HQ as consultants. |Transnational operations lose their centre in favour of influences from their specific regions, IKEA being a good example of this. 14 | |8. 0 Analysis of values | |A challenge to RE is its own culture, simply by being strong and successful. It is easy for it to become complacent and proud of its achievements whilst ignoring potential ways to cross the cultural divide and | |become more successful. A strong culture may find it difficult to recognise the need for change. | |It has a Universalist view of the world where a right way applies to all. This is opposite to the particularist view of studying relationships and putting these first where necessary. Cultures in the Middle East| |and Asia are more likely to be particularist and this must be noted if business is to grow in such areas. | |A large part of RE is US, a culture that has always proclaimed the way of the individualist, or as Eisenhower put it, ‘individual self-realisation is the central goal of American civilisation’15. However RE is | |more aligned to communitarianism. ‘As the information society develops, those with a communitarian ethos disseminate information faster’16. | |The company deals with the supply and creation of information and its success relies on the collective and not on the individual. The speed at which knowledge is shared ensures the profitability of an | |organisation, quick response times with ‘boundarylessness’ being at the core of the business values. | |Employees within RE operate on an outwardly neutral level, in that business discussions are conducted in the North European way of the brain controlling the emotions. An emotive element does become evident with | |caring for colleagues in an almost family atmosphere of trust and concern for each other’s well being. This feature of RE culture is captured in ‘valuing our people’. This is a mark of perhaps a global company | |taking the best elements from all cultures: the business focus on making calculated decisions but the emotive side making sure people are valued and cared for. |This blurring of types of cultures reoccurs where RE’s approach is specific in its objective but also diffuse in its attitude to what is needed from its customers. ‘Customer focus’ in all countries means | |tailoring your product to fit the requirements of the market and RE does this well, adapting their approach dependant on what type of culture they are dealing with, from oil companies to pig farmers. | |Achievement is a value held in high regard at RE, ‘passion for winning’ bears testament to this. As a FTSE 100 company it has a responsibility to shareholders to keep achieving goals and succeeding.

The culture | |of success then breeds a network of employees who work with others in similar companies and in similar positions in different countries. This is where the ascription factor of the RE culture may begin to occur, | |where deals are done on the basis of knowing business connections rather than finding better deals. RE categorically states that this practice is in contravention of contract. | |‘Innovation’ is a value that captures the company’s future focused approach to technology, new working practices and products. It also encapsulates the Dutch and American view of time being about present | |performance and future targets. 17 Planning, strategy and investment are hinged upon the company’s perception of time. Other cultures, including the UK, focus on tradition a lot more, where the past is held up as| |a benchmark or an ideal. Disregard for this approach towards these countries may be seen as arrogant and confrontational. | |Finally the environment is something that RE is aware of and alongside its CSR program is heavily involved in. Its response to the global demand for tighter controls on corporate waste is not surprising.

Its | |policy follows the United Nations Global Pact, ‘…a voluntary corporate responsibility initiative intended to ensure the protection of human rights, fair and non-discriminatory labour practices and care of the | |environment. ’18 | |9. Future projection | |‘In the economy of the future, knowledge is king and influence flows from wherever that knowledge resides’19 | |With e-business becoming a focus for all units, the RE structure may need to adapt quickly if certain opportunities are not to be missed. The Incubator culture is one that the business would do well to adapt to,| |if only in relevant areas such as online products. The current structure is too rigid and not flexible enough to follow the changes in technology that occur every few months. | |Another risk in approaching new cultures such as the Chinese is that we do not go with preconceptions about what we expect in terms of their business behaviour. We risk missing each other as they try to adapt to| |our culture and we adapt to theirs. The Chinese may be pro-western in their views already and so our stereotypes must not stand in the way of what we wish to communicate. | |10. 0 Conclusion | |RE displays all types of organisational structure, elements of all the seven key dimensions of business behaviour but does not fit within a stereotypical type of western company, perhaps because of its global | |nature. It combines the strength of its size with the nationalities of its employees and tries to take the best influences from different cultures. |The business must be aware that agility will be key in the coming years.

The ability to respond quickly to opportunities or threats in the global marketplace will be a crucial factor to RE’s continual success | Additional info: How Do Labor Forces Influence International Business? International Business is when corporations conduct business within in the global market. In order to be successful, international business requires a great deal of strategy. It is important to understand not only the political, cultural, monetary aspects but also the basics of labor forces and how they influence international business. Labor Quality Labor quality is an essential component to consider. Prior to finalizing business contracts and moving to expansion, the labor force should be analyzed in order to determine whether the right skill levels are available to profitable conduct business. There are several factors that influence the quality of labor such as education, experience and proficiency. There are also factors that affect the price of labor for example larger supplies of labor, lower demand for labor, lack of labor unions and lack of governmental rules & regulation. Labor Quantity The same factors that affect thequality of labor also affect the quality of labor.

Factors such as capability, creativity, managerial skills, knowledge, ability to learn new things and adaptability to changing environment must be considered while hiring candidates. Labor Mobility Labor mobility “consists of changes in the location of workers both across physical space (geographic mobility) and across a set of jobs (occupational mobility). ” Labor mobility allows the workers to improve economic conditions if where they live is not a match for their skill. Minorities and or traditional societies are another important group to consider. This group is defined as “a relatively smaller number of people identified by race, religion, or national origin who live among a larger majority. ” An advantage for to hiring minorities in a foreign country would be the immediate availability of labor. A disadvantage would be discrimination as they may be viewed as inferior to the majority

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Presentation Skills

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION ASSESSMENT FILE TOPIC: PRESENTATION SKILLS Submitted to: SUBMITTED BY: Ms Eeshani saraswat Priyanka tewari A0101909377 Section a-02 PRESENTATION SKILLS Good presentation skills are essential in today’s workplace. Being MBA students delivering presentations on a regular basis would be an important part of our job. Public speaking, even in a business setting among coworkers one see every day, can be stressful for many of us. It is important to understand certain things about presentation if we want to deliver effectively in public. COMMUNICATING WITH THE AUDIENCE: The first step in your business presentation should be to form your message to meet the needs and expectations of your audience.

Ask yourself what the purpose of your presentation is and what your audience is supposed to gain from it. Write this into a timed script and ask yourself if it’s something that you would find appropriate if you were an audience member hearing it from someone else. Check to make sure the information you need to convey is logical and complete, yet also interesting to hear. Tone is one of the most important presentation skills. Make sure your prepared script is natural-sounding and isn’t pompous or insulting to anyone in any way. Practice your script a few times a day and then make simple bullet points of key words from the script on an index card. You can then begin practicing your presentation using the bullet points to prompt you if you get stuck.

Having the card beside you on the actual presentation day can be a real confidence booster. USING PRESENTATION TOOLS EFFECTIVELY: Whether you’ll be using something like PowerPoint or just large charts, these visual tools can enhance your presentation skills in several ways. They can help take some of the visual focus off of you and this can make you feel more relaxed.

Visual tools can also make the contents of your presentation easier for your audience to understand. Even a handout with bullets outlining your main points can help your audience gain clarity on what you’re saying. Taking cues from respected higher ups at your company about which types of presentation tools to use can also enhance your corporate professionalism. ANTICIPATING AUDIENCE QUESTIONS: Thinking like your audience can really improve your presentation skills. Anticipate the questions the audience could ask at the end of your presentation and have good answers ready. It’s also very important to prepare yourself for how you’ll answer any unexpected questions by practicing how you’ll respond to questions you may feel are irrelevant or impossible to answer.

Again, when you attend presentations by respected higher ups in your company, take cues from them. Notice how they deal with difficult questions and apply their techniques to suit your own position and style. The Seven Laws of Presentation Skills Audiences sleep! There is one thing one really needs to know about audiences, audience interaction, handling questions or anything else involving them: That they sleep! That is their function and your is to keep them awake and invole them during the process * Repetition is death! A gesture used over and over again becomes at first irritating and then all consuming; your audience won’t be able pay attention to anything else. * Feelings are a poor indicator of how you are doing! It is really important how we feel about ourselves when we are presenting. This is the area of self-image and confidence. Here, there is also a hard route and an easy one. The hard route is to do everything yourself. To be your own critic and to monitor your own performance.

This means that you have to learn to be objective about yourself. For any type of performer this takes years of dedicated work. The problem is that we are always the worst person to give ourselves advice about how we are doing. * The job is to get them to want more of what you’ve got! Presentation works if you impact your audience in some way. They can even be impacted in a way you don’t want and didn’t choose and the act of presentation is still working. Not as you’d like, but it is still working.

The point of a presentation is to get the audience to want what you’ve got. * When you’re on, you’re in charge! This means it is on you to give the direction you want to give to your delivery while presentation. * There is always a message! Everything we do communicates. The experts who study the way communication works will tell you that in your typical face to face presentation situation, the words you say are actually a very small part of the communication. How you say them will often convey more meaning than the words themselves. Passion is mandatory! If you have to present something you have no real feeling for, then you need to find something you do have some feeling for and relate it to the subject you are presenting. The reason I say passion is mandatory is simple.

You can get everything else perfect, but if it doesn’t have as sense of your commitment behind it, it will be dead. If it’s dead, I can ignore it Informative Mind Map on Presentation skills STEPS TO PREPARE AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION * Presentation: 1. Determine the Purpose of the objective/purpose of the presentation. a. General purpose Informative Transfer of information from speaker to audience * Persuasive Attempt to change attitude, belief, or action b. Realistically define the results expected: * Realistic in scope * Realistic in view of receivers’ knowledge, culture, status, etc. * Realistic in view of possible actions by receiver * Realistic in terms of what you can reasonably expect to accomplish c. Specific outcomes you desire from the communication. Very specifically complete the following: When the presentation is finished, the audience will: d. Hidden objectives of the presentation that the presenter is aware of but does not share with the audience.

Sometimes the presenter has objectives that the presenter chooses not to share with the audience. It is important that the presenter is aware of them and prepares the speech accordingly. For example, if you were training on a safety procedure. You might have as your obvious purpose to inform the audience about the safety procedure. Your hidden objective might be to persuade the audience to follow the new safety procedure. 2. Determine and analyze the audience, occasion, and credibility Before beginning the “writing” of the presentation, there are some things that need to be considered.

Advanced analysis by the presenter can make a huge difference in the outcome of the presentation. e. Audience Analysis * In analyzing the audience ask some of the following questions: * Who are the key people in the audience? (Decision makers, etc. ) * What knowledge does the audience already have concerning the subject of the presentation? * What do you know about the language level of the audience? In general? * In relationship to the subject? * What are the cultural similarities between the audience and presenter? * What are the cultural dissimilarities between the audience and presenter? * What can the presenter do to minimize these? * How does the status of the audience compare to the presenter? * What are the status relationships within the audience that might affect understanding? * What attitudes do the audience members hold toward: * The subject? * The speaker? * What positive attitudes does the presenter have toward the audience? What can the presenter do to highlight those attitudes? * What negative attitudes does the presenter have toward the audience? What can the presenter do to de-emphasize those attitudes? * What is the age of the audience and what effect will it have on the presentation? * What is the predominant gender of the audience and what effect will it have on the presentation? f. Occasion Analysis * Do I have a choice on the time of day? * If so, what would be the best choice? * If not, what can be done to turn the time of day into an advantage? * What is the location? * Advantages of that location? Disadvantages of that location? * Will there be interruptions? * What can be done to eliminate the interruptions? * What can be done to reduce the effect of the interruptions? * What is the physical layout of the front of the room? * What effect will the layout of the room have on the presenter’s notes? * What effect will the layout of the room have on the presenter’s visual aids? * Can the room be rearranged to improve the presentation? If so, how? * Is the speaking occasion a special occasion? If so, should it be emphasized or de-emphasized? * What can be done by the presenter to emphasize the occasion? What can be done by the presenter to de-emphasize the occasion? g. Speaker Credibility * What does the audience know about the presenter’s credibility in the subject area of the presentation? * What does the audience know about the presenter’s credibility in other subject areas, other than that of the presentation? * What can the presenter do to enhance his or her credibility before the day of the presentation? * What can the presenter do to enhance his or her credibility right before the beginning of the presentation? * What can the presenter do to enhance his or her credibility early on in the presentation? What clothing would enhance the credibility of the presenter? Organization of the Presentation: 3. State main ideas or concepts the audience must get if objectives are to be met Review the objectives of the presentation. In order to attain those objectives, what aspects of the subject must be covered by the presenter? What must the audience know in order to attain those objectives? 4. Develop the main points of the presentation Organize the material that must be covered into a limited number of main points. Remember that in a presentation you can seldom cover an entire subject. Therefore, you must determine what aspects of the subject must be covered in order to reach your objectives. 5. Clear preview of what you want to accomplish in the presentation A sentence that clearly previews for the listener what you are going to cover in the presentation helps the listener focus during the presentation. This sentence should be stated early in the presentation, at the end of the introduction. It helps the speaker stay focused on the aspects of the subject that are going to be covered in the presentation and does the same for the listener. This is the single most important sentence of the entire presentation. 6. Determine, gather and group together the main points you want to communicate Group your ideas into 3, 4, or 5 main points. Don’t have a long list of main points. It is more difficult for you and for the audience to remember 10 main points! 7. Determine the presentation theme or tie your presentation to the theme of the program If you are a part of a program that has a theme, tie your presentation theme into that of the program. 8. Arrange main points in a logical order Think through the best way to arrange your 2 – 5 main points. Some possibilities are: chronological (time ordered), topical (by topic), spacial (by place in space, e. g. top to bottom), difficulty (from the simplest concept to the most difficult),etc. 9. Prepare introduction and conclusion Beginning the preparation of the speech with the introduction is difficult at best. The introduction and conclusion of the presentation should be prepared only after the main part of the presentation (the body) has been somewhat developed.

There is frequently unnecessary frustration caused by beginning the presentation preparation with the introduction. 10. Selection of supporting material Back when we were in school, we went to the library to gather supporting material for a presentation. In the business world, the support you need is frequently at your finger tips or right within your organization. Don’t overlook the use of trade journals. h. Find appropriate arguments to support your main points. For each of your main points you must develop the reasons that substantiate that point. Just saying something does not make it so. You need to back up your ideas with arguments that support them. i. Select appropriate language choice. * Use proper grammar Avoid technical language that the audience may not be familiar with * Avoid jargon (language specific to a profession or field, including acronyms) * Avoid fillers (e. g. “ah”, “um”, “you know”) j. Evidence as support.

Whether the presentation is informative or persuasive, you need to support your main points with evidence. k. Sources of evidence. * Fact * Example, real life or hypothetical * Authority, experts * Statistics l. Visual Aids as resource material. * Think through the various kinds of visuals that are available * Size of visuals. If the visual is too small, do not pass it around during your presentation. It will serve as much more of a distraction than an aid. * Handling of visuals. Plan in advance how you are going to handle your visual, when you will pick it up, how you will display it, etc. * If using presentation software, be careful to fight the tendency to put too many words on the screen at a time. The audience will tend to read the screen instead of listen to you. * Determining factor in decision to use visuals: Is presentation better with the visual? If not, do not use visual. A. Delivery of the Presentation: 11. Influence of non verbal on overall communication. More than half of what you communicate is communicated non verbally. You must make sure that your non verbal messages do not conflict with the words you say, otherwise your words will loose most of their effect. In preparing for your presentation, think about your non verbal as much as you think about the words you are to say. 12. Dealing with nervousness m. Accept that nervousness is very natural.

Even the most trained and experienced speakers and entertainers have some level of nervousness. n. The key to nervousness is to have it work for you not against you. . Use nervousness to your advantage. Nervousness causes our body to produce extra adrenalin and therefore “pumps” us up for the presentation.

Without nervousness you would not do as well as you can with nervousness. p. The difficult part is to make that nervousness work for you. Become aware of how your body responds to the nervousness and learn to control any negative effects of the nervousness. If, for example, you get extra energy that causes you to walk all over the place during your presentation, become aware of that nervous movement, control it and turn it into meaningful movement. Use it to help display enthusiasm about your subject. 13. Speaking notes . It is strongly advised that you do not write out your speech word for word. It is usually most effective for you to work from an outline of what you want to cover. When you write your presentation out word for word, you have a tendency to read it, believing that what you wrote is the very best way to say it. You may very likely find yourself reading from your notes when you know the subject very well. 14. Eye contact . One of the most important aspects of delivery is direct eye contact with the listeners. You should be looking at your audience at least 3/4 of the time. Keep your focus on your audience and glance at your notes instead of the reverse of that. q. Eye contact is a wonderful tool for getting feedback from your audience. An audience will communicate much to you if you are looking at them and reading their non verbal messages. r. Another advantage of eye contact is that it communicates to the audience your desire for them to pay attention to your presentation. It also makes paying attention to you much easier for them. Attention is much easier to pay to a speaker who is maintaining good eye contact than to a speaker who is looking away from the audience. s. If you were ever taught to look at the back wall, above the heads of the audience, forget that! Look right at the audience. 15. Handling of notes. t. Plan in advance where you are going to place your notes, how you are going to handle them. u. DO NOT staple your notes together. In doing so, you make it almost impossible to discretely get from one page of your notes to another. v. If you have more than one page of notes, number them. It is easy to get pages mixed up before the presentation.

Numbering them gives you a quick way to check that they are in the right order right before you go to give your presentation. w. If you have more than one page of notes and are using a lectern, have two pages of notes side by side on the lectern. Then you don? t have to turn the page at one specific point in the presentation. When you are finished with the page on the left and speaking from the page on the right, you can simply slide the page on the right over on top of the page on the left. This technique gives you more flexibility. 6. Gestures . You should not plan your gestures, or they will look planned. Instead, keep your hands about waist height so that they are free to gesture and then relax and see what happens.

You might be surprised to see that you naturally gesture. And if you don’t, then as long as you keep your hands relaxed and don’t do something distracting with them, they will not take away from the presentation. 17. Posture . Good postures are important but avoid stiff posture. Stand straight on both feet (which make nervous shifting back and forth from one foot to the other impossible to do). 8. Movement. Movement is good but only if it is natural for you. Be careful to watch for nervous movement that is very distracting to the audience.

Continuous pacing back and forth makes it difficult for the audience to listen to you. 19. Vocal quality. If you have ever listened to a monotone speaker, you do not question the need for vocal variety! Without vocal variety, it is difficult for the audience to listen and more difficult for them to believe that you are excited about, or even interested in, the subject. 20. Practice, practice, ractice! Practice may not make perfect, but it does increase the chance of success. When you do practice, try to create a similar physical environment to what you will have on the day of your presentation. For example, if you are going to do your presentation standing up behind a lectern, don’t practice sitting in a chair. Be creative! For example, when practicing your speech in a hotel room where you surely don’t have a lectern, use the ironing board as a lectern. The closer to the physical environment of your speech, the better! Think through the possible reactions of the receiver and then practice your reaction to the various receiver reactions. Compile a list of the possible reactions of your listeners.

Then, plan how you are going to react to them. If you do practice, you may still be surprised by a reaction or question from the audience but you will be more prepared to respond to it. Just planning your reaction to certain situations will help you react to those you did not even think of. * Handling of question and answer period 21. Restate question: Restating buys you a few seconds to think about your answer to the question. 2. Clarify vague questions 23. Answer questions directly but keep in line with your presentation objectives 24. Choose wisely questions to be answered privately, after the presentation * Time speaking is only one part of the presentation 25. Pay close attention to the way you are approaching and leaving the front of the room. Carry yourself with confidence even if you don’t feel confident. 26. Think about your verbal and non verbal cues when not speaking. Be aware of the tremendous impact on your presentation that your non verbal cues can have on the audience

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Synopsis Conveyor Belt System with Accident Preventer

CONVEYOR BELT SYSTEM WITH ACCIDENT PREVENTER Introduction A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries. Many kinds of conveying systems are available, and are used according to the various needs of different industries. Conveyor systems are used widespread across a range of industries due to the numerous benefits they provide. • Conveyors are able to safely transport materials from one level to another, which when done by human labour would be strenuous and expensive. • They can be installed almost anywhere, and are much safer than using a forklift or other machine to move materials. • They can move loads of all shapes, sizes and weights. Also, many have advanced safety features that help prevent accidents. There are a variety of options available for running conveying systems, including the hydraulic, mechanical and fully automated systems, which are equipped to fit individual needs. Conveyor systems are commonly used in many industries, including the automotive, agricultural, computer, electronic, food processing, aerospace, pharmaceutical, chemical, bottling and canning, print finishing and packaging. Although a wide variety of materials can be conveyed, some of the most common include food items such as beans and nuts, bottles and cans, automotive components, scrap metal, pills and powders, wood and furniture and grain and animal feed. Many factors are important in the accurate selection of a conveyor system. It is important to know how the conveyor system will be used beforehand. Some individual areas that are helpful to consider are the required conveyor operations, such as transportation, accumulation and sorting, the material sizes, weights and shapes and where the loading and pickup points need to be. Types of Conveyor System • Gravity Roller Conveyor • Gravity Skatewheel Conveyor • Belt conveyor • Wire Mesh • Plastic Belt • Belt Driven Live Roller • Lineshaft roller conveyor • Chain conveyor • Screw conveyor • Chain Driven Live Roller Conveyor A belt conveyor consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores. The belt consists of one or more layers of material they can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential. Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as elevator belts, are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks. Conveyor technology is also used in conveyor transport such as moving sidewalks or escalators, as well as on many manufacturing assembly lines. Stores often have conveyor belts at the check-out counter to move shopping items. Ski areas also use conveyor belts to transport skiers up the hill. A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets. Conveyors are used as components in automated distribution and warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less labor expense. Rubber Conveyor Belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (like at a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting. Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems and are commonly used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems. Block diagram [pic] Description To prevent accidents a proximity sensor will be installed near accident prone area. This sensor will trigger the relay to cut off the power supply to the motor drive.

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The Ten Point Agenda

Contents

Description And Analysis Beat The Odds
Description
Analysis

Evaluation

>Introduction

The creation of six million jobs in six years via more opportunities given to entrepreneurs, tripling of the amount of loans for lending to small and medium enterprises and the development of one to two million hectares of land for agricultural business.
The construction of new buildings, classrooms, provision of desks and chairs and books for students and scholarships to poor families,
The balancing of the budget,
The “decentralization” of progress around the nation through the use of transportation networks like the roll-on, roll-off and the digital infrastructure,
The provision of electricity and water supply to barangays nationwide,
The decongestion of Metro Manila by forming new cores of government and housing centers in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao,
The development of Clark and Subic as the best international service and logistic centers in the region,
The automation of the electoral process,
A just end to the peace process,
A fair closure to the divisiveness among the Edsa 1, 2 and 3 forces. (Arroyo strolling in the region of the Subic-Tarlac Express way)

Description And Analysis Beat The Odds

B – balanced budget E – education for all A – automated elections T – transportation and digital infrastructure. T – terminate hostilities with the MILF and NPA H – heal the wounds of EDSAs I, II and III E – electricity and water for all. O – opportunities for livelihood and ten million jobs D – decongestion of Metro Manila DS – develop Subic and Clark.

Description

“The development of Clark and Subic as the best international service and logistic centers in the region” (This part nman. description ng project. iniwan ko na toh.

pra me gagawin nman kau. mas mhaba. mas okei. joke. ewan.

kayo na bhala kung brief but straight to the point or elongated but florid statement. hahaha)

Analysis

( Guys. In this part. I don’t know if we must concentrate on our assigned agenda or we must also look at the overall view of the ten point agenda.

hat I’ve searched is ung sa overall kasi di rin ako mkahanap ng about sa subic echos. sana kayo mkahanap. then place it under this overall analysis. kayo na bhala)

Beating The Odds is an analytical close up of policy making, decision making, and action taking by a Philippine President under the most challenging circumstances. Through rigorous research and study, we students as researchers have been able to consolidate a portrait of leadership centralizing hounding budget deficit and economy downfall. Beating the odds is composed of many issues but we concentrated on the issue of budgeting, governance and the tenth agenda.

President Arroyo presided over 34 quarters of uninterrupted growth in the Philippine economy, drastically cut the deficit and set the basis of financial stability through the global financial crunch of 2009. The budget was in a dismal state when she first took over the reins of power in 2001. Revenues were low, debt was high, and inefficiencies and corruption drained the country’s coffers. She took steps to ensure the proper ranking of government expenditures and allocations and implemented tax reforms to improve collections. By supporting and pushing the revenue and customs agencies to ferret out tax evaders, she stepped up revenue collections.

Working closely with Congress, she pushed for the approval of fiscal reforms to further increase revenues and balances the budget. Her actions sustained the economy as it ushered in a period of sustained growth that has shielded the Philippines from global financial upheavals. Inheritance of GMA to the motherland, the positive side (Strength) President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, in her 112th Independence Day speech, said she will leave the Filipino people a legacy of a strong and stable economy.

In her speech at the Quirino Grandstand in Luneta Park, her last as head of state, the outgoing President said her reform programs “now offer more economic opportunities and support the aspirations of our heroes who all dreamt of a national vision of attaining prosperity, freedom and justice for all. Since the start of her administration in 2001, the President said poverty alleviation became the centerpiece of her 10-point agenda the so-called beat the odds.

Beat The Odds stands for a Balanced budget; Education for all; Automated elections; Transportation and digital infrastructure; Terminate hostilities with the MILF and NPA; Heal the wounds of EDSAs I, II and III; Electricity and water for all; Opportunities for livelihood and ten million jobs; Decongestion of Metro Manila; Develop Subic-Clark. She said the implementation of these pro-poor programs were all achieved through economic reforms that resulted to a lower budget deficit, better economic growth and generated much needed funds to finance vital infrastructure projects such ports, seaports, airports, bridges, highway networks and the roll-on roll-off ferry system.

The President said the May 2010 automated elections also delivered the most modern and open election that will lastingly change the face of Philippine politics such as the earliest proclamation in history of the President and Vice President. In the course of her speech, beneficiaries thanked the President for her numerous programs. Mrs.

Arroyo presented them one-by-one and then talked to them in their dialect, and then cited her administration’s achievements in the last 9 years. Among these achievements are on transportation, job creation, expanding business opportunities, education, addressing the Communist and Moro rebellion, implementation of the May 10 automated elections, generating more electricity and improving water supply, developing the call center industry, and the transformation of the Subic-Clark economic zone. The President said these beneficiaries are among the millions of Filipinos who benefited and gained employment from BEAT THE ODDS. The negative side (Weaknesses)

The first Chief Executive to be formally accused in Congress of cheating, lying and stealing.
The highest level of public debt (P6 trillion) and the biggest amount of foreign borrowing (more than Presidents Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos and Joseph Estrada combined).
The biggest number of downgrades of American, British and Japanese credit rating firms.
The No. most corrupt country in Asia in a survey of 102 countries according to the World Economic Forum and Asian Development Bank. Now also confirmed in the CBCP statement calling for “reforms” in her “graft-ridden” government. Estimates of amounts lost to corruption reach as high as P200 billion.
The most dangerous place for journalists in the whole world, 2nd only to war-torn Iraq according to the New York- based Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) and earlier the London based ICJ. And the killings of judges, prosecutors and lawyers are also common. Index crimes are up 15 percent over last year.
The new shabu-manufacturing center in Asia with the number of drug users multiplying rapidly. Marijuana plantations in the highlands are increasing.
The harshest repression of freedom of speech and of assembly topped by a no permit, no rally policy. Control of media is Malacanang’s policy.
The highest unemployment rate (20. 3 percent adult unemployment rate as reported by SWS) and the highest underemployment rate (26 percent) including the collapse of the garment industry. UP Economics professor Dr. Ernesto Pernia found out that with 1. 4 million new entrants to the labor force yearly, GMA created only 800,000 new jobs annually, many of them casual or part-time.
The weakest link in the war on terror and the loss of standing and respect in the international community accompanied by a deterioration of US-Philippine relations. Mindanao has been tagged as a terrorist training ground.
The most expensive and the most fraudulent elections held ever on May 10, 2004, now documented on tape and prefabricated election returns and certificates of canvass.

A ranking DBM official has now revealed that P750 million was released to Phil Health before the elections and more than P3 billion has been spent for the alagaan mo ang kalsada natin election gimmicks. 11) The fastest deterioration in the poverty line from 32 percent under President Erap to 53 percent in four years of GMA with a Ph. D.

in Economics. Hunger stalks the land with 58 percent saying they are not eating properly, with many saying they eat only once a day. Many are even selling their bodies or their organs just to survive.

Interference with the Supreme Court and other inferior courts highlighted by mediocre appointments to the judiciary stressing political paybacks and personal loyalty to GMA. The most number of casinos and gambling establishments and proliferation of gambling operations nationwide topped by an importation of 60,000 slot machines and a jueteng payola reaching billions of pesos. We are now one big gambling parlor.

Evaluation

(this part. gagawa ntin. if ntapos na ntin ung mga primary parts.

mdali na lang toh)

Expressway drives Subic-Clark-Tarlac growth Manila Bulletin (The National Leading Newspaper) May 30, 2010 The full operation of the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway has been cited as one of the major factors that have driven investments into the country’s premier free ports Clark Freeport Zone and Subic Bay Freeport Zone, a special report said. The 93. 77 kilometer SCTEX was cited as a legacy of the administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

Since its full operations in 2008, the 93. 7-km expressway was cited as the “key to the evolution of the mega logistics hub within the parts of the Subic-Clark corridor,” a special report on the Subic Freeport said. Edgardo Pamintuan former chairman of the Subic-Clark Alliance for Development (SCAD) earlier said that the Subic-Clark corridor has been expanded with the extension of the expressway to Tarlac. “One of the features of the SCAD corridor framework is the production-oriented logistics corridor with three equidistant hubs—Subic, with its sea port as the sea hub, DMIA as the air hub, and Tarlac as the land hub,” Pamintuan said.

The same report said that Subic-Clark-Tarlac makes Asia’s largest logistics hub and this has been made possible by the construction and completion of SCTEX. At least 150,000 jobs have been created by businesses along the Subic-Clark corridor alone. Subic Bay had been earlier transformed as a bustling seaport that has drawn investments from global players which wanted to cash in on the highly developed cargo handling and seaport management capabilities and facilities of the former Naval base of the United States.

Clark has now become a magnet for investments in light industries, taking advantage of the presence of the entire expanse of airport facilities in this former US military base.

Tarlac, with its vast agricultural and industrial areas, completes the “troika” of major development forces in Central Luzon. All three hubs require a road infrastructure that is ideal for cargo movement from Subic Bay and Clark to many destinations, and that is where SCTEX “fits into the picture–to expand and enhance the cargo reach our clients on time,” said one locator. Overall, SCTEX has positive impact on the economic growth of the entire Central Luzon region, which the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) said is third highest in regional gross domestic product, next to the National Capital Region and Calabarzon.

Central Luzon contributes 40% to the country’s Services sector, 35% to the agricultural sector, and 24. 5% to agricultural output. Subic Bay Freeport, which boasts of two container terminals with a combined capacity of 600,000 TEUs, is expected to make full use of the modern SCTEX.

Subic Bay Freeport has been positioned as “the maritime gateway for Luzon. Clark Freeport is home to the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA) and its burgeoning businesses in business process outsourcing (BPO), health and wellness, logistics and port development, food, agribusiness, tourist destination and facilities development and ancillary services and products to locators within the industrial estates.

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Brainwashing

Melissa Gonzalez August 9, 2010 6:00 pm to 8:30 pm / Introduction to Psychology Ms. Sharnell Stocks Brainwashing Before 1950, the term brainwashing didn’t exist in America; this is something new in the English language. And since it is a fairly new term, one may ask what the term brainwashing is? Where does it come from, or how is it applied? Following I will explain the different definitions of brainwashing, its origins and how Americans were brainwashed during the Korean War. Brain washing is described as an intensive, forcible indoctrination, usually political or religious, aimed at destroying a person's basic convictions and attitudes and replacing them with an alternative set of fixed beliefs. It is also known as the application of a concentrated means of persuasion, such as an advertising campaign or repeated suggestion, in order to develop a specific belief or motivation. Brain washing was used as a form of coercive persuasion during the Inquisition, the show trials against "enemies of the state" in the Soviet Union. No specific term emerged until the methodologies of these earlier movements were systematized during the early decades of China for use in their struggles against internal enemies and foreign invaders. Until that time, descriptions were limited to concrete descriptions of specific techniques. The American Soldiers were victims during the Korean War in the 1950’s. The American prisoners were given several demands by their captors that included sleep deprivation and other intense psychological manipulations designed to break down the autonomy of individuals. The captors would start with a smaller request and gradually worked up to bigger demands. They would also have to write statements about self- criticism, do public confessions, and group discussions. But yet when granted permission to return to America, the American prisoners did not return and instead they switched their allegiance to the enemy and retained allegiance to the anti-American doctrines that had been inculcated during their incarcerations. The ones that returned to America thought that communism didn’t work in America; it was a good thing in Asia. Brainwashing is also used in religious cults, sects, and government. In conclusion brainwashing is used through different methods such as isolation, monopolization of perception, induced debility , threads, occasional indulges. Brainwashing is a weapon commonly seen by dictators, abusive husbands, ect.. against those who are vulnerable.

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Brita Case Study

The Brita Products Company began in 1988 under the recommendation of Charlie Couric, a marketing executive with the Clorox Company. Optimistic of its capability to be profitable, Clorox acquired the right to market the home water filtration system. Clorox, citing the overriding long-term benefits of continuous filter sales, initially engaged in deficit spending. Such measures paid off and Clorox not only created a $350 million market, but also captured 70% of the market revenue. Brita enjoyed success in the market by creating a perception of better tasting water. However, as water purification technology improved and consumer awareness increased, taste alone was no longer enough to sustain its massive market share. Consumers are demanding more in terms of health benefits and Brita needs to respond to their growing needs and wants. The market environment is characterized by fast growth. As consumers are becoming more health-conscious, bottled water and water-filtration systems are becoming a necessity for most, with a Brita pitcher in 1 out of 7 homes – 103 million households. Brita’s competitors were unable to effectively rival Brita in pitcher sales. Brita dominated despite many new entrants to the market. However, a small competitor, PUR, launched a different water filtration product. PUR’s faucet-filter system offered added health and convenience benefits that Brita’s pitcher couldn’t provide. Now suddenly, our competitors came up with the first mover product. Thus Couric is considering allocating resources to launch a faucet-mounted filtration system in response to these emerging competitors. Many think Brita needs to capitalize on this opportunity to gain new consumers while their name still remains synonymous with quality and taste. Thus raising the question, how should Brita attempt to further penetrate the market with their products? Lets take a look at the Pros and Cons of each option: Option 1: Implement the new faucet mount filtration system The Purpose This writing aims to present one possible solution to the dilemma that Clorox Company faces. The Clorox Company was the market leader in water filtration in the USA with the Brita Pitcher (one of the Clorox’s most important product), but in 1999 they faced the threat of a new product ' the faucet mounted filter. Clorox already had its own version of this new product ready to launch into the market, so the issue was to decide the best of the following strategies: 1. Continue selling only the current product; 2. Introduce their new faucet mounted filter in addition to the pitcher into the market 2. The Analysis Market Summary Clorox launched in 1988 the Brita Pitcher and after a decade they were the market leaders of water filtration systems with a market share of 69%. After the Brita pitcher launch, the water quality became a growing concern to consumers. This new attitude about the quality of drinking water allowed the purified water market to grow in both bottled water and filter systems. This growing on the water market, allowed Clorox After overview Has not defined product Market segmentation

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Is Shylock a Victim or Villain?

In The Merchant of Venice how does Shakespeare present both Shylock as both victim and villain? Throughout the play, ‘The Merchant of Venice’, Shylock reveals many personalities; therefore making him such an emotionally complex and detailed character that shows elements of being both a victim and villain; and to come to my decision to whether Shylock is either of the two, other characters language towards him and his reactions will perceive different ideas from different era’s in time to determine my answer. The first time Shylock is introduced into the play is in Act 1 Scene 3 where Antonio is to lend Bassanio 3,000 ducats to allow him to meet his love, Portia, in Belmont. However Antonio’s money is tied up at sea; which is why Shylock is asked to borrow money for him. The first sign of Shylock liking money is when talking to Bassanio about the bond. Also in this era Jews were to make profit when lending out money and Shylock saw this as a perfect opportunity to do so now. Shylock always seems a step ahead of everyone throughout the play as he knows correctly where Antonio’s money is tied up, while talking to Bassanio about Antonio he states: “he hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the Indies; I understand moreover upon the Rialto, he hath a third at Mexico, a fourth at England and other ventures... ”. This tells us that Shylock can be a greedy person as he seems to know pretty much everything about the bond. Furthermore as Shylock is a very intelligent man; his ideas that Antonio’s boats may not make it back within 3 months gives him an incentive to carry on with the deal. He knows that if he is to accept the bond, he has a very good chance of making a profit, and with different problems such as: “land-thieves and water-thieves” as he knows about in this time, he will go about this bond with confidence and the bound that he has put on Antonio that he truly wants, and one he will get. During the play there is a lot of evidence showing how Shylock is a victim; due to how the characters refer to him. They rarely use his real name and Solanio showing an example here by regularly using: “villain Jew”; “dog Jew” as a reference to Shylock. Antonio is perhaps the guiltiest in Shylock’s eyes for the abuse he causes: “You call me misbeliever, cut-throat, dog, /And spet upon my Jewish gabardine”. As a gabardine is a Jewish coat; this is an atrocious sin committed towards Shylock, giving him more reason to hate him. The fact he is described as an animal shows he thinks less of him than he does an animal. Afterwards in the play though in Act 4 scene 1 in the courtroom, Antonio presents powerful imagery showing himself as poor and helpless, as the lamb, and Shylock as the beg devil wolf. This is arguably the most important scene in the play as it shows contrasting ideas to whether he’s a victim or villain. When Antonio says this he’s at his most vulnerable, tied in the chair trapped and says: “You may as well use question with the wolf/ Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb”. This quote really enforcing that Shylock is the villain here, and that Antonio isn’t guilty of anything. Although again presenting that Shylock is a victim is in the courtroom as he isn’t treated correctly or with any respect; as the judge says: “call the Jew into court”. This injustice is displayed throughout the play and this anger must be built inside of him which is why he is so desperate to carry out the bond. In some ways this shows why Shylock can be perceived as a villain; he treats people the same way he gets treated. Within Act 3 scene 1 Shylock arguably says the most important speech throughout. It also perhaps sums up whether Shylock is a victim or villain. It shows great emotion abd really speaks from the heart, and during this time, most Jews would feel the same way Shylock does. He takes great harm from what Antonio has done to him when he states: “ He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses... ”. Following on from saying what Antonio has done to him throughout his life, he asks perhaps the most important question. He says: “and what’s his reason? I am a Jew”. Here Shakespeare has shown great sympathy for Shylock, and rightly so as in most respects he is correct, yet the Elizabethan audience never gave the Jew a chance. Reading the play its as if Jews are completely different to Christians, as if they are aliens. Here Shylock mentions this as he says: “If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? ... ” . Shylock is basically saying that Jews are humans, not hell-born alienated humans. However Shakespeare has been very clever here; reading the play the first time you could say he has possibly made Shylock look the villain by making the bad points stand out, yet if you look deeper the play shows great sympathy towards the Jew. He has hidden the sympathy towards Shylock so it pleases the crowd. Bringing all this speech together it shows all of Shylock’s anger again, and he expresses this in a very powerful and emotive speech. On the other hand I believe that Shylock can react wrongly, and is too adamant to get his revenge which I think is a harsh revenge. An example of Shylock acting a villain is when losing his daughter Jessica; who then runs off with Lancelet and eventually changing her religion to become a Christian. As parents should unconditionally love their children regardless of what they chose to do with their life; Jessica has committed the ultimate crime against Shylock, to change religion from being Jewish, and religion is supposedly Shylock’s life. This is why Shylock reacted in the way he did as shown in Act 3 scene 1. In this scene Shylock’s says a horrific statement directed at his daughter Jessica; which most of the crowd would consider Shylock acting a villain, including me: “I would my daughter dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear”. Nonetheless to realise that your daughter has run away and for her to be ashamed to be your child: “To be ashamed to be my father’s [Shylock’s] child”; must be a horrible feeling for Shylock. Also if your daughter has stolen half a million ducats; your late wife’s ring, and other precious sentimental items, I’m not overly surprised how he reacted. However for Jessica to say “Our house is hell”; is very strong and for her to say this, Shylock must have done wrong to her. In this side of the story; Shakespeare has made it majorly difficult to decide whether he’s acting a victim or villain here; reading it the first time I thought he was a villain, but after putting myself in Shylock’s position, he shows signs of being what truly a human would be like, how a human would react, and in the Elizabethan era, Jews weren’t necessarily seen as humans. In Elizabethan times when this play would have been shown; the bulk of the crowd were prejudice and would see Shylock as the villain as soon as they knew he was a Jew. In this period of time there were few Jews in Britain, they were considered rare. Anti-Semitism was shown normal throughout Elizabeth’s reign, as they saw Jews as non-believers and greedy. Shakespeare shows in the play Shylock being greedy, as when Jews lend out money for example, they expect interest back. Whereas this is against the Christian religion to do so: so seen as a villain throughout by the crowd. If the play was to be shown in the time of the Holocaust; much more sympathy would have been given to Shylock. As an Elizabethan audience would suddenly conclude that Shylock is a villain, an audience from Britain in the days of the Holocaust would have the greater part saying he’s a victim. The main reason for this is because of the enormous amount of Jews killed in this period, for committing no offence whatsoever. Whereas today’s generation there’s mixed opinion; people would show a blank mind on it; not giving a prejudice idea on it. Shylock shows a great appetite for revenge in the latter parts of the play; and shows that few things will make him break the bond. In Act 4 scene 1, in the courtroom, is where he shows the true desire for his bond. Many people believe Shylock is the average money grabber, thinking money is his life. But throughout this play mainly Antonio has delivered much prejudice abuse aimed at Shylock, so his anger has fuelled up that he now wants nothing other than his bond. Subsequently this shows a sign of true affection for his religion The example of Shylock showing how much he has longed and won’t give up his bond is when he says: If every ducat in six thousand ducats/Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,/I would not draw them: I would have my bond! ”. Following this he won’t give up the bond when Bassanio offers even 10 times the amount, as people see Shylock as obsessed by money more than his religion, this shows how much more religion means to him. In the court scene however Shylock is so revengeful, that he starts to get the lawyer on his side. Portia enters as the lawyer introducing what is to happen to Antonio, asking if he confesses the bond, Antonio confesses, then Portia states what is to happen when she says: “You must prepare your bosom for the knife”, there then does Shylock start sucking up to the lawyer, befriending the lawyer so he gets the opportunity to get what he wants most. After the lawyer states what is to go on Shylock replies: “O noble judge! O excellent young man”. He calls Portia a man yet he doesn’t realise she is cheating him as she’s married to Bassanio. This shows Shylock being a victim as they are all ganging up on him. It seems everybody in this scene is iased towards Antonio, as throughout Gratiano is shouting abuse towards him too. Contrastingly this shows a very evil side to Shylock, firstly sucking up to the lawyer, and also sharpening his knife before he thinks he is to go through with the bond. To conclude this play I believe throughout the play there are many contrasting points to come to a decision to whether Shylock is a victim or villain. The majority of the time I feel he is portrayed a villain, yet the bitterness he displays in parts of the play, is a direct effect from the abuse received from the other characters. Consequently in my opinion he is a victim.

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Is Shylock a Victim or Villain?. (2017, Sep 24). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Hr Questions and Answers

HR QUESTIONS

What is your greatest strength?

My greatest strength includes my analytical approach, my strong logics and my patience my greatest strength is helping who r not interested in working and make them to workhard and enjoy the work with sincere. my greatest strength is my strong and positive thinking. honesty is my policy and i am hardworking... My greatest strength is my ability to lead a team, delegate work and help them deliver and keep the team highly motivated. my strengths are i'm adaptable and flexible .. i can very well adjust with new situations and circumstances i consider my patience as my very big strength.. I think my greatest strength includes my mental strength as well as my honesty,patience,intelligence,confidence and adjusting capability. I am hardworking and I have a will to walk the extra mile to achieve excellence in my life.. as far my greatest strength is concerned it comprises of 7C's. My greatest strength is determination & dedication towards my work. I learn from my mistakes very quickly and soon realise that "the world is my oyster". My greatest stength is Hard working, Punchualty, honesty and analysing the situation and take a reaction on the behalf on firm with effective and efficient manner.

Tell me about yourself: firstly tell ur name , what u r doing now, education qualification, technical qualification if u have, ur interest on other activities ,ur likes dislikes,hobbies, ur achievement , and then go for ur parents description only if it is necessary.

I am hard working, thorough, innovative. my strength is my patient adjustable attitude that keeps me working even in difficult situations. like reading and am inquisitive about learning new things. i am determined to use my creativity and knowledge in the corporate world benefiting myself and moreover the organization i will be working for.

What is more important to you: the money or the work?

Money and work both are like siblings. But I believe when you work hard; money will flow to you. So work is more important than money. Only hard work can help you put another feather in your success cap. Perhaps satisfaction is the most important one.. ,not just the money or work.. We may not be satisfied even if we have the money.. ut our performance will definitely give us the satisfaction as wel as the money.. So ultimately,we must go for satisfaction and decide which of our action is going to give us the same.. It is the work and the performance of an individual's that determine the success and the money. so. it will be more benefical for an individual to focus on the work. Both work and money are important to me, it is the matter of preferance, I will prefer work, because of work I will be getting money, no work no money, ultimately work harder and you can gain more and more money.

SHOULD I HIRE U?

You have published this vacancy in open market. I have applied for it. You have shortlisted me. So, I think that I am one of the best deserving candidates for this job. Because I am hard working & I think I have all necessary qualities that are required for this job. Since I am a organized and self motivated person I can do my level best to improve your company's standards without much supervision and also I have physical and mental fitness to face any stress condition. I may not be able say why should you hire me but could definitely say how I could strive for the better interests of the company... I enjoy working in this(so and so)field. Enjoying work comes with passion, learning new things etc.. And also i am really good at getting habituated to new environments very fast. I believe everybody may be good at this. But the race is about how fast you do that... and I can assure u that i ca do it in best way. Give some example and alll..... Explain how you would be an asset to this organization You should be anxious for this question. It gives you a chance to highlight your best points as they relate to the position being discussed. Give a little advance thought to this relationship. Am hardworking, self motivated and committed person which I can tackle critical situation in ease of time together with my positive attitude towards anything makes me best in Industry.

Where would you like to be after five years?

After five years i would find myself settled in an reputed organization like yours and serving it with my hard work, knowledge and sincerity. i never live in future. I live in present and i believe that my hardworking nature,my maturity in doing work will help me in seeing myself at a more secure,more successful human being . PRESENT IS A FRUIT OF PAST .. BUT ITS ALSO A SEED FOR FUTURE. SO HOW GOOD WE ARE IN FUTURE DEPENDS ON HOW WELL WE PERFORM NOW. BUT I CAN SAY AS AN AMBITION TAT IN NEXT FIVE YEARS I WOULD LIKE TO EXCEL IN WAT EVER FIELD I AM IN AND AS A RESULT OF MY HARDWORK I WOULD LIKE TO BE IN A COMFORTABLE AND LEADING POSITION IN NEXT FIVE YEARS

Tell me about yourself

Good morning sir! I am Arun currently pursuing my Third year BE computer science engineering in Srinivasa technology near poonamallee. I did my schooling in Avichi Hr secondary school located at virukambakkam and passed out with 80% marks. My strengths are I can easily mingle with people and can communicate easily with others. I am an organized and self motivated person. I have enough confidence and will power to do any kind of functions that are assigned to me. I have potential to grasp things easily. I learn new information and data easily. My weakness is that I am a very short-tempered person and nowadays I am practicing yoga to overcome that. My hobbies are (If u have any hobbies please mention here). (Please mention if u are really interested in a particular game or sports) I love traveling and visiting different kinds of people. I like people who are really dedicated to their tasks and I hate people who deny opportunities. After telling all these things just relax yourself and say I believe that A good name is better than riches (it s a proverb it may attract the HR) so wherever I go I will do my level best to get a good name.

Are you applying for other jobs?

Of course, I am. I am looking for the best place to apply my abilities, and so far this place looks excellent. Side note - if you sent the resume, rather than went on a recommendation from a friend, it would be obvious you sent it to other places as well.

WHAT ARE YOUR WEAK POINTS?

The best answer to this question is staying away from negative aspects of your life. If you answer this question it should look like a positive thing even though you quote it as your weakness. For example, you can say that sometimes you stick with your work till it is completed 'coz you can not leave it pending or you can quote as looking for the minutest details in the work as your weakness. Your answer must sound positive to the employer though you quote it as a weakness. 2. You can say that you do not have any particular weakness that you remember.

Why did you leave your last job?

Stay positive regardless of the circumstances. Never refer to a major problem with management and never speak ill of supervisors, co-workers or the organization. If you do, you will be the one looking bad. Keep smiling and talk about leaving for a positive reason such as an opportunity, a chance to do something special or other forward-looking reasons.

What irritates you about co-workers?

Nothing irritates me, Every individual is different. Everybody has negative as well as positive points. If u look at things from their angle, things would seem more clear and analytical. Tell me about your dream job. A job where I love the work, like the people, can contribute and can't wait to get to work. Do you have any questions for me? Usually Employer asks this question to test your interest in the company. Hence you should ask questions to show keen interest to join the company. e. g. , Do you provide any training, if I am employed?

What do you expect from the prospective employees in this job? What is the criterion for growth in this company? etc... Remember that dont ask too many questions and whatever you ask, the question should be genuine and inquisitive. How long would you expect to work for us if hired?

I worked for my previous employer ... years. That demonstrates my loyalty. So, as long as the work is challenging, and I will have growth and training potential, I will be happy to work here

Are you a team player? While answering this question, try to keep yourself on both sides. For example, if the interviewer asks if you prefer to work alone or on a team, he may be trying to get you to say you are one way or the other. But you don't have to play this game. The reality is that most jobs require us to work both independently and in teams. Your response to this question should show that you have been successful in both situations

Why do you want to work for this organization?

I wanted to work for this company because you are a leading and fastest-expanding company. Hence it is a logical progression for me to join this company with my abilities I wanted to work for this company because you are a leading and fastest-expanding company. Hence it is a logical progression for me to join this company with my abilities. " Want to know about KRA & KPA KPA means Key Process areas which are useful for measuring the CMM levels of the organization Key Role Activity both KPA both are same

Answered By: sagar Date: 4/2/2008 KPA is nothing but KEY PERFORMANCE AREA and KRA IS KEY result area, both are used to define job profile for perticular employee in an orgnization.

If you had enough money [pic] to retire right now, would you?

I don't think so that I would retire full time because if I do retire, I would stop learning and that day, my brain will be dead. I would rather opt for going into Research and Development and have my brain cells burn more.

Do you know anyone who works for us?

If this question is for reference/favor, i say NO. but if it's for records/formalities, i say YES.

What qualities do you look for in a boss?

The main thing that should be present is that at no point of time, i should feel like i have nothing to learn from him either proffesionally or personally. He should be co-operative towards employees and should pe patience if any freshers took time to do work.

Do you think you are overqualified for this position?

TRAPS: The employer may be concerned that you'll grow dissatisfied and leave. BEST ANSWER: As with any objection, don't view this as a sign of imminent defeat. It's an invitation to teach the interviewer a new way to think about this situation, seeing advantages instead of drawbacks. Example: I recognize the job market for what it is a marketplace. Like any marketplace, it's subject to the laws of supply and demand. So overqualified can be a relative term, depending on how tight the job market is. And right now, it' s very tight. I understand and accept that.I also believe that there could be very positive benefits for both of us in this match.Because of my unusually strong experience in ________________ , I could start to contribute right away, perhaps much faster than someone who'd have to be brought along more slowly. There's also the value of all the training and years of experience that other companies have invested tens of thousands of dollars to give me. You'd be getting all the value of that without having to pay an extra dime for it. With someone who has yet to acquire that experience, he'd have to gain it on your nickel.I could also help you in many things they don't teach at the Harvard Business School. For example, how to hire, train, motivate, etc. )

When it comes to knowing how to work well with people and getting the most out of them, there's just no substitute for what you learn over many years of front-line experience. You company would gain all this, too.From my side, there are strong benefits, as well. Right now, I am unemployed. I want to work, very much, and the position you have here is exactly what I love to do and am best at. I'll be happy doing this work and that's what matters most to me, a lot more that money or title.Most important, I'm looking to make a long term commitment in my career now. I've had enough of job-hunting and want a permanent spot at this point in my career. I also know that if I perform this job with excellence, other opportunities cannot help but open up for me right here. In time, I'll find many other ways to help this company and in so doing, help myself. I really am looking to make a long-term commitment.

NOTE: The main concern behind the overqualified question is that you will leave your new employer as soon as something better comes your way. Anything you can say to demonstrate the sincerity of your commitment to the employer and reassure him that you've looking to stay for the long-term will help you overcome this objection

What have you learned from mistakes on the job?

Here you have to come up with something or you strain credibility. Make it small, well intentioned mistake with a positive lesson learned. An example would be working too far ahead of colleagues on a project and thus throwing coordination off.

Would you be willing to relocate if required?

If you say you need to go to moon. My very next question would wen i hav to leave . Change in location helpz a person to learn and grow as an individual.

What motivates you to do your best on the job?

First of all i am a workohlic and i cannot sit idle. So the motivation to do the best work comes to me naturally. But if asked what actually motivates me then i would say its the Satisfaction that i get after a whole day of work that keeps me going.

Do your skills match this job or another job more closely?

I would try to utilise my skills according to the job given to me. Tell me about your ability to work under pressure. I have always enjoyed working under pressure it is like a tonic which boosts me but i always keep it under contorl so it does not take a a toll on me.

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Hr Questions and Answers. (2017, Sep 24). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/4/

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Is Shylock a Victim or Villain?