Month: September 2017
Concrete Experience
There’s an old proverb that says ‘experience is what you get after the fact’. Keep this in mind as you write your Concrete Experience because it is an experience you’ve had which you need to document. ‘Documenting’ is also used purposefully because it sums up the Stage 1 requirement.
Stage 1 is the feeling stage. Aside from the fear this prompts for the rationalists amongst us the main difficulty with documenting the Concrete Experience is the need to reflect upon the situation (ie, it has already happened otherwise we couldn’t be writing about it).
Consequently—because it has happened in the past—we often inadvertently end up in Stage 2 (Reflective Observation). Two tools to aid the student with Stage 1 are: write in the first person and write in the present tense. “Hi, I’m Nicola,” loudly declares the dark-haired, twenty something girl who has arrived for a three o’clock computer-based training session. I introduce myself and accept the training manual she offers.
The organization is a university, and the programme I’m being trained on, CROSSFIRE, is the main student database. Nicola explains [loudly] that she will log me in and ‘we’ll go from there’.
I wonder whether her heightened volume is due to nerves. Having organised two chairs I’m somewhat dismayed when she takes the driver’s seat. “But I need to know how to log on and what the screens look like,” I think to myself. But it’s too late as she’s already logged in and like a filly on race day she’s off.
Having reclaimed the manual she’s attempting to introduce me to two additional sheets of information as her hands fly left, right, up and down, back and forth across the keyboard. “F8 clears the screen,” she informs, “and F4 takes you forward a screen. “F6 is the exit key and F9 … but don’t worry about these for now.
I eventually comprehend that the additional information contains instructions about forms and reports, ‘for things like Zoaster, Zoonit, and Uldreg’ she explains. I have no idea what these mean and it’s all moving way too quickly and I feel that at some basic level I am sadly lacking something, it’s like some pre-knowledge that I should just know has eluded me. “You’re looking really worried,” she booms in my left ear.
Given the pace and jargon, and an inner concern I’m secretly being trained on a Lord of the Rings’ pilot programme, my inner critic and I have commenced an argument about high expectations [a common and ongoing theme]. She’s very friendly and approachable,” prompts my light side. I opt for small talk. “Does CROSSFIRE stand for something? ” I ask.
I’m met with a blank stare and a significant pause in verbal and bodily communications.
“Is it an acronym? ” I elaborate. “I don’t know,’ she says, “no one’s ever asked that before”. Her mobile phone rings breaking the break in our conversation and as she answers my dark-side kicks in. Dismay and concern give way to annoyance about poor structure, inadequate facilitation, and basic considerations of courtesy.
Cite this page
Concrete Experience. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Corporation and Equity Participation
“Nemawashi” is an agricultural metaphor. The idea is that before a farmer plants a seed, he should prepare the roots and the soil, so that the seed has the best chance of survival. It is a political process by which an unofficial understanding is reached before a final decision is made on a particular matter. “Nemawashi” is Bottom-up style decision making (middle management has the greatest influence on decision making). The Japanese are primarily concerned with harmoniously working out problems without causing interpersonal frictions, such nemawashi is employed as simply informal lobbying to gain consensus before action. A complete consensus is essential and this is achieved by using the process of “ringi”. Everyone stamped his chop on a piece of paper called “ringsho”, a formal meeting can be called to discuss the issue very formally. No one usually says anything negative at this meeting. Why this is largely due to the extensive preparation involving a lot of meetings before the final meeting. While vertical US system is top-down decision making, downward communication consists primarily of orders for implementation, and upward communication consist of reports on performance and accomplishment. Top management come up with programmed decisions, employees are to follow through. Nemawashi promotes Democracy for lower levels, encourages greater participation, decisions are met with general acceptance and it reinforces harmony within the company. Because an excessive number of meetings are held, involving an excessive number of people, the process is time consuming and can lead to lost business opportunities. Situation: Company worker identified a potential new client. Process: Important account information and an outline of potential benefit from acquiring the client is composed using a ringsho. This is passed to various departments to determine if the potential client matches each department requirement. For example finance/accounting (for credit worthiness), to distribution (for logical support) and to public relations (for appropriateness of associating with the new client) Situation: A decision concerning financial commitment is needed. Process: A ringisho is composed with various financial alternatives. Based upon the financial requirement, the ringsho is circulated to the appropriate managerial levels. For example Chairman, the president, vice president, senior management group and, to divisional managers. The process permits initiative from lower level managers by giving them responsibility for carrying out action. It gives top management control while providing a method for group participation. Drawback may include inadequate overall knowledge of the company by the lower-level manager to make effective decision. The inability to make spontaneous decision can inhibit long-range planning. The organizational culture may compel individual group member to accept the final decision, even if they disagree. (b) Understanding the difference between the two cultures’ nonverbal communication system is necessary for a successful business transactions. Japanese business meeting etiquette must also be religiously respected. These will go a long way to decrease intercultural communication apprehension on both sides. Several symbols represent words or expressions to the Japanese that must be conveyed verbally in other countries. For Americans or Canadians to be successful with the Japanese, we must learn how to comprehend the significance of important traditions: e. g. Japanese bow, business card exchange, different meaning of eye contact, facial expressions, and typical Japanese body gestures, tactile aspects, and time concepts. Qi Concepts Limited offers cross-cultural communication seminars, one-on one coaching for key executives and business “hotline” services. At the beginning of the meeting, it is expected that foreigners greet fellow Japanese business people with respect and earnestness. Although the customary greeting in Japan is to bow, some Japanese, especially those with international experience will greet fellow business people with a handshake. If one is greeted with a bow however, they should return the bow, preferably as low as the one they received. How low one bows determines the status of the relationship between the two. Between Japanese, subordinates will bow deeply and their superiors will not to the same extent. Before everyone takes a seat, it is an essential part of Japanese business etiquette to exchange business cards. In Japan, business cards are called ‘meishi’. They are considered not only as serious tools for establishing business contacts, but also as identification of the individual and the company he/she represents. Business cards should be printed with one side in Japanese and one side in the language of the individual’s home country. It is in ones best interest to offer their business card with both hands as this denotes reater respect. Unlike many Western countries where it is acceptable to ‘pocket’ a business card upon receipt, it is considered extremely rude and disrespectful in Japan. In comparison it is expected for the recipient to review and memorize the details printed on the card and then carefully place it in a card holder or pocketbook. As Japanese business meetings are conducted formally, it is unacceptable for members to dress casually. Acceptable attire for men includes conservative suits in a dark color. Women are also expected to dress conservatively and should avoid wearing trousers as Japanese men may take it offensively. In addition both men and women should wear slip on shoes as it is probable that they may frequently have to take off their shoes. The seating arrangement in Japanese business meetings tends to be dependant on the status of the participants; the highest ranking member will be expected to take a seat at the head of the table. The succeeding members of rank will then take their seats starting with the seats closest to the highest ranking member and then gradually move round to the end of the table. At the end of the meeting, one must wait until the highest ranking participant stands before they can. Throughout the business meeting, it is mandatory to behave in the accepted manner. For example, pointing or using large hand gestures should be avoided as it is not usual for Japanese people to gesticulate as they talk and so it may be considered a distraction. In addition, blowing your nose in public is perceived as being disruptive and unhygienic. As a participant, it is also important to look interested for the duration of the business meeting. Consequently, taking notes is highly appreciated. For Japanese business persons, social drinking provides an outlet and is greatly encouraged by the business world. Doing business with the Japanese is a skillful art acquired through patience and understanding. One can never hide one’s western culture so attempt to blindly copy Japanese methods are destined to fail. Instead, respect the Japanese system, and business communication is sure to flourish. (c) Representative offices aimed at the collection and provision of information may be freely established without any registration requirements under the Japanese Commercial Code; no notification need be provided to tax offices, as representative offices do not engage in business operations in Japan and hus are not subject to corporate tax. However, representative offices established by foreign banks, insurance companies, securities companies, or other financial institutions are exceptions; prior notification must be provided to the Financial Services Agency for such representative offices as stipulated in the Banking Law, Securities Exchange Law and other laws. A bank account opened by a representative office will ordinarily be registered jointly in the name of the office and an individual representative, as in name of representative, Japan Representative Office, name of company. The documentation generally required for a representative office to open a bank account is as follows: Passport of representative, Certificate of alien registration of representative, Company brochure, Leasing agreement. Bank seal Foreign companies generally engage in business operations by establishing a branch office, subsidiary company, or limited liability partnership, and the legal differences between each of these are summarized in the following table.
- https://internationalbusiness. wikia. com/wiki/Japanese_Business_Meeting_Etiquette
- www. jetro. go. jp/en/invest/setting_up/laws/section1/
- https://www. allbusiness. com/human-resources/employee-development-problem-solving/393248-1.
- html www. cognos. com/SPSS www. japanese123. com/
- www. basis. ie/servlet/blobservlet/japan. pdf
Cite this page
Corporation and Equity Participation. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Educational Evaluation
What Is Educational Evaluation? By Shane Hall, eHow Contributor I want to do this! What's This? [pic]Educational evaluation involves the systematic assessment of educational activities. Objects of evaluation include instructional programs, school initiatives and education goals. The growth in federal funding for education and policy-makers' increased calls for school accountability have contributed to the growth of educational evaluation. Many large school districts have personnel responsible for evaluation activities. Function 1. Educational evaluation strives to assess the merits and the impacts of educational programs and initiatives. Examples include evaluating the success of a new dropout prevention program, or comparing the effectiveness of two different reading programs. Methods 2. Educational evaluation uses many of the research methods employed by education and social science researchers. Evaluation involves data collection and analysis, using quantitative and qualitative methods. Benefits 3. Evaluation can help educators determine the success of their programs and pinpoint efforts to improve student achievement. It also can help school systems identify the characteristics of successful programs. Considerations 4. Many school systems receive federal and state grants, which often include evaluation requirements, which helps document how the grant funds were used, and what outcomes resulted from funded activities. Misconceptions 5. Many educators often mistake student assessment and teacher appraisals for evaluation. These activities are better described as measurement: the former is an assessment of individual learners rather than of educational phenomena, whereas the latter is a measurement of certain attributes in teachers. https://www. ehow. com/facts_5006257_what-educational-evaluation. html Read more: What Is Educational Evaluation? eHow. com https://www. ehow. com/facts_5006257_what-educational-evaluation. html#ixzz0yeqxHyKl Educational evaluation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Educational evaluation is the evaluation process of characterizing and appraising some aspect/s of an educational process. There are two common purposes in educational evaluation which are, at times, in conflict with one another. Educational institutions usually require evaluation data to demonstrate effectiveness to funders and other stakeholders, and to provide a measure of performance for marketing purposes. Educational evaluation is also a professional activity that individual educators need to undertake if they intend to continuously review and enhance the learning they are endeavouring to facilitate. Standards for educational evaluation The Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation published three sets of standards for educational evaluations. The Personnel Evaluation Standards [1] was published in 1988, The Program Evaluation Standards (2nd edition) [2] was published in 1994, and The Student Evaluations Standards [3] was published in 2003. Each publication presents and elaborates a set of standards for use in a variety of educational settings. The standards provide guidelines for designing, implementing, assessing and improving the identified form of evaluation. Each of the standards has been placed in one of four fundamental categories to promote evaluations that are proper, useful, feasible, and accurate. [edit] The Personnel Evaluation Standards • The propriety standards require that evaluations be conducted legally, ethically, and with due regard for the welfare of evaluatees and clients involved in. The utility standards are intended to guide evaluations so that they will be informative, timely, and influential. • The feasibility standards call for evaluation systems that are as easy to implement as possible, efficient in their use of time and resources, adequately funded, and viable from a number of other standpoints. • The accuracy standards require that the obtained information be technically accurate and that conclusions be linked logically to the data. [edit] The Program Evaluation Standards • The utility standards are intended to ensure that an evaluation will serve the information needs of intended users. The feasibility standards are intended to ensure that an evaluation will be realistic, prudent, diplomatic, and frugal. • The propriety standards are intended to ensure that an evaluation will be conducted legally, ethically, and with due regard for the welfare of those involved in the evaluation, as well as those affected by its results. • The accuracy standards are intended to ensure that an evaluation will reveal and convey technically adequate information about the features that determine worth or merit of the program being evaluated. [edit] The Student Evaluation Standards The Propriety standards help ensure that student evaluations are conducted lawfully, ethically, and with regard to the rights of students and other persons affected by student evaluation. • The Utility standards promote the design and implementation of informative, timely, and useful student evaluations. • The Feasibility standards help ensure that student evaluations are practical; viable; cost-effective; and culturally, socially, and politically appropriate. • The Accuracy standards help ensure that student evaluations will provide sound, accurate, and credible
Cite this page
Educational Evaluation. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
The Mind of the Mad: Analysis of Hamlet
The Mind of The Mad What is it to be mad? Is it related to something of biological background? Or is it to do with the complex breakdown of one’s emotions? Or is it both? These questions are important to keep in mind when understanding whether Hamlet is truly mad or feigning madness as part of his ‘plan’ in which Shakespeare builds up throughout the play. This relates to the second aspect which must also be looked at when comprehending the fictional play Hamlet. This aspect is the certain ‘key’ events that take place, and how they not only provide a basis for, but also shape and mould the emotions of the character Hamlet. When Hamlet is first introduced into the story, his dark mood can be perceived as an inveterate shape of mind which can be traced to his father’s passing.
Shakespeare uses many statements, such as, ‘Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, That can denote me truly’, to convey the dark mind of Hamlet. George Wilson Knight believes that Hamlets grief for his father’s death and his mother’s ‘quick forgetfulness’, both contribute, ‘if not wholly’, to Hamlet’s fragile state of mind, and that they are an important basis to Hamlet’s madness. The madness of Hamlet is first introduced when he learns of his father’s ghost, who has been taken by death, and discovers his uncle as the murderer, who now wears the crown. One can see the scene with the ghost as a phantasmagoria which Shakespeare uses to ‘play’ with the storyline. Is this ghost truly Hamlet’s father or is it a shade of the Devil? The answer for this is left completely up to the discretion of the reader. Shakespeare does however litter the text with clues that can justify either side of the Arcanum. One such comment is by the guard Marcellus when Hamlet leaves with the spirit. He says, ‘Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. ’ Hamlet’s madness can be seen in many scenes; however it still cannot be labelled as ‘real’ or not. During Hamlet’s talk with Polonius after the King and Queen leave, in which he acts quite fractious, he begins with the insult of ‘Fishmonger’. This can either be seen as a comical input by Shakespeare, as there are many throughout Hamlet, or as a hint to Hamlet’s madness. In this conversation Polonius attempts to elicit the reason behind Hamlet’s attitude, and to find duplicity in his behaviour.
Hamlets conversation at this point can be identified to be a duplicity as it can be seen that he drops many hints of his knowledge. An example of this is when Hamlet quizzes Polonius of his honesty and says, ‘Ay, sir. To be honest, as this world goes, is to be one man picked out of ten thousand. ’ This purely relates to his treacherous uncle Claudius, and also opens the question, is one of the reasons behind Hamlets madness to do with Hamlet’s ‘denied’ access to the throne? The fact that Hamlet states ‘Ay, sir, but ‘while the grass grows’ – the proverb is something musty’ to Rosencratz and Guildenstern in reference to his ‘desire’ for advancement leaves this question open. Is this purely for comical relief? Or is this his madness and a darker greed that had not been illumined yet? The relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia is a very complex one in Hamlet, and in which Shakespeare uses many plot elements to manipulate. When first understanding this relationship, one must be aware of the hints placed throughout the play of the relationship between the two characters before the start of the book. These hints indicate Hamlet was deeply in love with Ophelia and that he wrote her many love letters.
However, when the play reaches the stage when Hamlet first interacts with Ophelia, the emotions one can derive from it are much different to the emotion we know as love. In this scene Ophelia is used by The King and Polonius as a bait for Hamlet, while Ophelia’s wishes remain uncorrupted as she wishes to give back to Hamlet the letters he gave her, stating that, ‘And with them words of so sweet breath composed as made the things more rich. Their perfume lost. This gives the reader a feeling of Hamlets attitude towards Ophelia. However the reason for this is left completely up to the reader.
Hamlet begins this conversation with, what seems, talking to himself. He then notices Ophelia and begins to talk to her. He denies the letters that Ophelia claimed he gave her. This is also left ‘open’ by Shakespeare, in the sense that the reader may believe that Hamlet did in fact give letters of a very affectionate nature to Ophelia, or that Hamlet never gave her letters, and that he’s denial is truthful. It is however commonly believed that Hamlet did in fact write Ophelia letters which, as mentioned before, Shakespeare uses to establish a history of Hamlet and Ophelia’s relationship. This being the case, why would Hamlet deny giving these letters? In the argument that Hamlet is truly mad by this stage, it is believed that he truly has no idea that he ever gave letters to Ophelia. However to argue the fact that Hamlet isn’t really mad, it is believed that to maintain his illusive madness he must end his relationship with Ophelia, nd break all ties with her for his madness to look convincing. This is another example of Shakespeare ‘playing’ with the madness of Hamlet, and to keep the reader guessing. It is also interesting to briefly look outside the text of Hamlet, and into other Shakespearian plays, where he depicts madness to a similar level.
The Character Lear, from King Lear, also suffers from a similar, brought on, madness. This argument of whether the madness is real or not can also be asked of the character Lear. Does he really go insane from the flagitious actions of his two daughters? Or is he faking it as part of a big scheme to get revenge? Like Hamlet, Shakespeare leaves many plot clues that point ‘both ways’. Shakespeare plays with Lear’s madness in a similar way he does with Hamlet, and through this, creates many different ‘ways to travel’ when deciding what one believes in. It is important to note that Hamlet is a tragedy, and holds many of the characteristics tragedies held in the renaissance. Tragedies feature the main character being brought to ruin and grief and usually, but not always, result in death of the main character and others. In Hamlet we see that Hamlet is either brought to ruin through the fate of his father and the actions of his mother, or by his own ‘selfish’ and colluding attitude.
The madness that he suffers after this could be the final element that pushes him to ruin. However many could also argue that the fate and actions of his father and mother alone brought him to this ruin, and that he solely concentrates on revenge now by feigning madness. A tragedian named Catherine Belsey believes that the readers of today read tragedies from ‘… he present, to produce for it a meaning intelligible from our own place in history. ’ This interesting point must be taken into account when asking the play questions such as these. From a look at today’s beliefs, many readers tend to justify the main character and brand him as a ‘good’ character or heroine. However it is interesting to ‘turn’ the text Hamlet around. When doing this one can still see Hamlet as the main character, however one can also see him as a villain, bringing ruin and chaos to Denmark through the actions of his ‘madness’. In this sense, one can see the incredible flexibility Shakespeare has when moulding the story.
From the evidence mentioned before, the capricious text of Shakespeare can be turned on all angles. This is due to how he plays with Hamlet’s madness, and uses it to make readers question its own authenticity.
Because of this, the very revenge that Hamlet has planned can be questioned. Are his actions brought on by madness and no other motivation, or is it planned, and will it save Denmark or break it? These questions prove that to answer a question such as this, many things must be taken into account. Hamlet is an extraordinary text in this sense, and whichever way one ‘turns’ it, a new direction in its plot is found. Bibliography Belsey, Catherine, The Subject of Tragedy.
Methuen and Co Ltd, England, 1985. Coyle, Martin and Peck, John, How to Study a Shakespeare Play. Macmillan Education Ltd, England, 1985. Palmer, Christopher, The Mysteriousness of Hamlet. Published in Meridian, La Trobe University Press, Australia. Shakespeare, William, Hamlet. This Edition) The Penguin Group, England, 1980. Shakespeare, William, King Lear. (This Edition) The Penguin Group, England, 1972. Wilson Knight, George, The Wheel of Fire.
Oxford University Press, England, 1930. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. W. Shakespeare, Hamlet, P. 15, L. 82. [ 2 ]. G. Wilson Knight, The Wheel of Fire, P. 18. [ 3 ]. W. Shakespeare, Hamlet, P. 31, L. 90. [ 4 ]. W. Shakespeare, Hamlet, P. 50, L. 179. [ 5 ]. W. Shakespeare, Hamlet, P. 82, L. 350. [ 6 ]. W. Shakespeare, Hamlet, P. 67, L. 98. [ 7 ]. C. Belsey, The Subject of Tragedy, P. 2.
Cite this page
The Mind of the Mad: Analysis of Hamlet. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Contemporary Culture and Youth
Culture can be understood as a set of beliefs, values, practices and traditions followed by a particular group of people living together. It is passed on from one generation to the other, but still every generation brings subtle changes in the culture of a society. Thus, it would not be wrong to say that if we want to study the contemporary culture of a particular society then, we should attempt to analyze the trends of its youth. This is because as the people grow and age in a particular society, they leave their cultural legacy behind, putting the responsibility on the shoulders of its youth to carry forward that name and legacy. Youth in a given society can either carry forward that cultural legacy or break it. Change is gradual though. It takes several generations and efforts of several passionate adherents to a particular cause to bring about a significant change in society and its cultural practices. For instance, there was a time in India when ‘sati’ was a part of our cultural heritage but it took diligent efforts on the part of many reformers which could eventually help eliminate the brutal practice of sati. There are societies where the youth take it upon themselves to bring about a revolution and then, there are others where they think that what difference could one or two of them possibly make to the system. The thinking is somewhat pessimistic in the sense that they believe that if you make an effort to change the system, the system will change you; but what they probably forget here is that the system is also made up of people like you and me and if there is anyone who could make a difference then, its nobody else but us. I am not trying to provide a critique of a particular society here as both the aforementioned types are found in every society and are part of every culture. The world is, as we know, neither all black nor white but there are different shades of different colors found everywhere we look around. Good and bad, optimism and pessimism co-exist. Thus, with every generation there are some positives added some positives subtracted, some negatives gone and few others replacing them; and all of these come together to define the culture of a given society at a particular point in time. Culture, if viewed in this way, seems like an ever-changing dynamic concept but that exactly is what it is not. It is more or less stable over time. Keeping this thought in mind, I would like to conclude by stating that no doubt the youth of a given society can either be an asset or a liability to it, but the change is gradual and it takes several generations of like-minded people to be able to bring about any significant change in the culture of a society.
Cite this page
Contemporary Culture and Youth. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Today’s Postal Rule Application
It is usually said that not only the offer be accepted, but the acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. Where the parties are negotiating face to face, this present no problem since the acts or words which manifest acceptance will also communicate it. Where the parties are negotiating at a distance by post, telephone, telegram, telex, fax or messenger the principle obviously has important applications.
(Dudgale, 1992) However in the case of postal acceptance, perhaps numerically the most common case, the rule is subject to an exception (Dudgale, 1992). It was decided in Adams v Lindsell (1818) that a postal acceptance was effective as soon as it was posted even if the letter is delayed, destroyed or lost in the post and it never reaches the offeror. On 2nd September, the defendant wrote an offer selling goods to the plaintiff and asked a reply by post. On 5th September the plaintiff received the letter and sent his acceptance by post.
However the defendant had sold the goods to a third party on the 8th September and received the letter of acceptance by the plaintiff on 9th September. It was held that a binding agreement was made and the postal rule noted that the date of sending is the date of acceptance.
(McKendrick, 2008) In Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance v Grant (1879), this rule was applied even when the letter of acceptance was inadequately stamped or wrongly addressed, and it is open to the offeror to say expressly that he will not be bound until he receive the acceptance.
Moreover, in Holwell Securities v Hughes (1974), the Court of Appeal held that such a requirement could be implied from the nature of the contract (exercise of an option). Keenan, 2007) Meanwhile, modern forms of communication such as e-mail, telephones with answering machines and faxes do not follow the postal rule.
(Kelly, Holmes & Hayward, 2005). On the other hand the communication rule was applied to contracts of telex by the Court of appeal in Entores v Miles Far East Corpn (1955) and by the House of Lords in Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl (1982). In these cases generally, the telex machines were in the offices of the parties and messages were sent during the office hours. Communication, therefore, was practically instantaneous as it is on telephone, which is assumed to be covered by the same rule.
(Rose, 2008)
The postal rule does not apply to the modern form of communication, also known as instantaneous communication because they occupy an intermediate position. This can be said that the time of acceptance is the time of receiving compared to the postal communication. However, courier service is still bound to the postal rule as the time of acceptance is the time of sending. Beale, Bishop & Furmston, 2008) There are criticisms existed for postal rule. One of the criticisms of the rule is that it favours the offeree.
The English case of Household Fire Insurance v. Grant (1879) is a prime example of the possible injustice which may result in the application of the postal rule. In this case, on receipt of an offer from Grant to take up an insurance policy, the company posted back their acceptance and the letter never arrived, so Grant was unaware of the acceptance from the company. It was held that a contract existed, and that he was liable to pay premiums.
(O’Brien, 2007)
This example shows how, through application of the postal rule, a party may be bound by a contract without actual knowledge of its existence. If the rule stated that the contract would not be formed until receipt by the offeror, injustices like this could be avoided. According to Furmston (2001), it would also have been acceptable as a ruling in the Adams v. Lindsell case as “the defendants’ offer would not be revoked by their sale to third party on 8th September. This statement underpins the fact that the ruling was an arbitrary one, which was needed to make certain the law regarding acceptance by post at the time.
(O’Brien, 2007) Due to the high proportion of modern forms of communication, for example fax, registered post where receipt of acceptance is normally issued to the customer, and e-mail, the usage of the postal system in modern day business is waning.
Electronic telecommunication, are the most common competition for the long established postal system. One of the earliest references of case law regarding electronic communications is Entores Ltd v.
Miles Far East Corporation (1955). This English case deals with an offer which was sent via the plaintiff’s telex machine to the defendants in Holland. The plaintiff sent a telex message from England offering to purchase 100 tons of Cathodes from the defendants in Holland. The defendant sent back a telex from Holland to the London office accepting that offer.
The question for the court was at what point the contract came into existence. If the acceptance was effective from the time the telex was sent the contract was made in Holland and Dutch law would apply. If the acceptance took place when the telex was received in London then the contract would be governed by English law. The English Court of Appeal held that the contract was concluded when the acceptance was received in London. This set a precedent which isolated electronic forms of communication from the authority of the postal rule.
(Poole, 2008) The principles of the Entores case were approved by the House of Lords in the case Brinkibon Ltd. v. Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelgesellschaft GmbH.
Lord Wilberforce declared that he would accept it as a “general rule … but not necessarily a universal rule. He believed that to avoid the injustice that might be caused by universal application of the rule, cases regarding instantaneous forms of communication must be resolved “by reference to the intention of the parties, by sound business practice and in some cases by a judgment where the risks should lie.
” This lack of an undeniable rule creates a margin for the types of cases which would otherwise be dealt with in an unjust manner. (Peel, 2007) Nonetheless, if an offeror provides an offer with an e-mail address for purposes of correspondence, the acceptance by the offeree is effective when it first becomes accessible by the offeror. This is a contemporary example of how the postal rule is being dispensed with in favour of the more liberal general rule as applied in Brinkibon. (Peel, 2007)
Another criticism of postal rule is that the effects due to revocation of offer. Where an acceptance is posted after the offeror posts a revocation of the offer, however before that revocation has been received, the acceptance will be binding, as posted acceptance take effect on posting.
(Kelly, Holmes & Hayward, 2005) This point is illustrated in Byrne & Co. v.
Van Tienhoven & Co. (1880), where the courts confirmed the long-standing idea that any revocation of an offer must be communicated to the offeree; although again there are some exceptions to this rule. The offeror need to communicate this revocation to the offeree himself, however. It is not always practicable for a company, or even an individual, to communicate directly with the other contracting party and this is reflected in the decision in Dickinson v.
Dodds (1876) that revocation may be communicated by a reliable third party. Kelly, Holmes & Hayward, 2005) The question is then whether a revocation sent at the same time as an acceptance will nullify an offer.
In Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co. v. Grant (1879), the court ruled that the postal rule only applies to acceptances. As a result, revocation is only effective if it can be received by the offeree before they post their acceptance.
(O’Brien, 2007) In contract law, the offeror is aware of the terms of an offer before the offeree and thus is in a better position to know when that a contract may be created. It would therefore unjustifiably prejudice the offeree if the offeror were able to withdraw their offer even after a letter of acceptance has been posted. The postal rule reflects this state of interaction and goes some way to balancing the power levels between the two parties. (Kelly, Holmes & Hayward, 2005) In a nutshell, judging by the criticism of the postal rule which it favours the offeree creating unbalance in justice and the effect after the offer being revocated, this postal rule of acceptance will not be applicable to modern forms of communication.
Cite this page
Today's Postal Rule Application. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Finance Functions in Manufacturing Company
ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FUNCTIONS IN AN AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS MANUFACTURING COMPANY AREAS
- Accounts Receivable
- Accounts Payable
- Inventory
- Direct and Indirect Taxes
- Payroll
- Treasury Operations
- Manufacturing/Final Accounts
Accounts. Activities in Accounts Receivable
- Recording of Invoices based on the Sales made during the day.
- Recording of Receipts during the day. Passing the credit notes/debit notes and recording the same.
- Preparing the Account Receivables report on periodical basis and giving the information to the concerned like: a. Aged AR to the Top Management. b. AR-Customer details to the sales/marketing people for collection and other purposes. c. AR-Customer detailed ledger to the Customer for reconciliation purpose.
- Bad Debts provisions are also maintained and updated regularly.
- Also the General Ledger Control Account is matched to the sub ledger on periodical basis. Activities in Accounts Payable Function 1. Recording of the vendor invoices on daily basis matching the same to the inventory receipts and also to the Purchase orders.
Passing the credit notes/debit notes and recording the same. Updating the Accounts Payable-Vendor wise for the payments made to the Vendors which could be against the invoices outstanding or advance payments.
Accounts Payable report updating on periodical basis and using the information for MIS Reports to Management, Treasury Operations etc. Ensuring that the Accounts Payable-Vendor detailed ledger are reconciled to the Vendor statement of accounts.
Also the General Ledger Control Account is matched to the sub ledger on periodical basis Activities in Inventory Function 1. Recording of Inventory movements like receipts of materials (Raw Materials, Stores and Spares, Fixed Assets, Consumables etc. ) and issue of the materials to the production/services department. Also, recording the receipt of finished goods from production department and the outward movement for sales etc. forms an integral part of the Inventory Function.
The inward and outward inventory movements must be matched to the respective Purchase and Sales orders. Physical verification of the Inventory/Fixed Assets must be done on periodical basis and matched to the books. MIS reports on inventory like ageing of the inventory, valuation etc. must be prepared and sent to the concerned. 5. Ensure that the control accounts in General ledger are matched to the sub-ledgers. Activities of Direct and Indirect Taxes Function The Excise duties records must be maintained as per the Excise Laws and the same must be matched to the books of accounts.
The Sales tax/Service tax registers including returns must be prepared, updated and matched to the books of accounts. The income/service taxes must be deducted at source for salaries, sub-contract charges etc. and the TDS certificates to be made and given to the parties in time. Also, the TDS Returns to be prepared and submitted at the regular due dates. 4. The company’s income tax/gift tax to be computed from the statutory accounts and the return to be submitted within the due dates. Also, the advance taxes to be computed and paid within the due dates.
Fringe Benefit taxes are also to be computed and paid at respective due dates. Tax Audit, International Arms’ Length Prices Audit must be done within the due dates. All the assessments hearings to be duly attended. Activities of Payroll Function
The Attendance cards/Time records to be updated in the systems and also the payroll for the workers, staff and management members to be made. Ensure that the salaries and wages are computed as per the laws, contracts and also the same is disbursed in time. Also, the tax deductions are done as per the law is another important function.
Bonus computation as per the law is another activity in Payroll function. The control accounts in General ledger to be matched to the sub-ledgers maintained in the Payroll department. Ensure proper deduction of Provident fund is made and remitted to the Government in time. Activities of Treasury Function 1. Prepare the daily, weekly and monthly cash flow/funds flow statement for the company based on the inputs from the AR, AP, Production departments. Ensure that the working capital availments with the banks are within the limits.
Project Management (Fixed assets) is also another important activity in this function.
Try to minimize the Interest cost by optioning for various financial instruments. Forex cover, bill discounting/letter of credit facilities, interaction with banks etc.are other activities in Treasury function. Activities in Manufacturing/Final Accounts Function. Preparation of the Yearly Budgets, monthly estimates, comparison of the actuals vs. estimates. Preparation of various Manufacturing accounts in Inventory, Production, Scrap etc. including quantitative records. Comparison of the Actual Manufacturing results with the Standards and the reasons for the deviations. Preparation of the Monthly Management accounts and Yearly Statutory accounts as per the Companies Act, 1956. Liaison with Internal and Statutory Auditors for preparation of accounts, checking of transactions, scrutiny of records, physical verification of stocks, fixed assets etc. also form activities in this function. Various MIS reports generation like Sales analysis, Overheads analysis, Gross Profit/Product analysis, Costs overruns analysis etc. Preparation of Input/Output analysis, Costing of products, Scrap analysis, Machine Hour output analysis are some of the MIS reports in manufacturing side. 8. Filing of statutory reports with the Registrar of Companies including Fixed Deposits return.
Ensuring proper maintenance of accounts by having adequate provisions for expenses, income recognition as per the accounting policies etc. 10. Co-ordination with the secretarial function for Board meeting requirements like monthly/statutory accounts, schedules to the accounts, notes to the accounts, cash flow statements etc. Accounting Standards (ASs).Disclosure of Accounting Policies | |This standard is useful to the company in determining its accounting policies to be followed in the books of accounts and | |ensuring that it is consistent and adhering to the Companies Act, 1956.
Valuation of Inventories
This standard deals with the Inventory valuation of the company and suggests different methods like FIFO, LIFO, Weighted average methods. The company is following weighted average method Cash Flow Statements. This standard suggests the different methods of cash flow statement like direct and indirect methods. Contingencies and Events occurring after the Balance Sheet Date. This standard deals with the transactions and way it should be accounted in the books based on the events, circumstances existing after the date of the balance sheet.
Net Profit or Loss for the period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies. This standard deals with any changes to the accounting policies that the company adopts and also how to deal with certain expenses/transactions which will have revenue/capital impact or might be relating to different periods. Depreciation Accounting
This standard gives out the various depreciation methods like straight line method, written down value method to be adopted and will be consistent to the Companies Act, 1956.Accounting for Research and Development This deals with the transactions relating to research and development nature and also the disclosure of the same in statutory accounts. Revenue Recognition. This standard helps in recognizing the revenue items and also the stage at which the same should be taken as revenue. Accounting for Fixed Assets. This standard deals with the norms for accounting of the Fixed assets of the company and the recognition of the same.
The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (revised 2003), deals with the transactions relating out of Foreign Exchange fluctuations and the dealing of the same in the books of accounts.
Accounting for Investments
This standard deals with the accounting of the investments made by the company which might be of trading or non-trading nature.
Employee Benefits
This standard deals with the recognition of the transactions relating to the employees including the terminal benefits like gratuity, superannuation etc.
Borrowing Costs
This standard deals with accounting of the borrowing costs incurred for borrowing of external funds and does not deal with the equity funds.
Segment Reporting
This standard deals with principles for reporting financial information, about the different types of products and services an enterprise produces and the different geographical areas in which it operates, Related Party Disclosures The (a) related party relationships; and (b) transactions between a reporting enterprise and its related parties.
Leases for lessees and lessors, the appropriate accounting policies and disclosures in relation to finance leases and operating leases. The objective of this Statement is to prescribe principles for the determination and presentation of earnings per share which will improve comparison of performance among different enterprises for the same period and among different accounting periods for the same enterprise. The focus of this Statement is on the denominator of the earnings per share calculation. Even though earnings per share data has limitations because of different accounting policies used for determining ‘earnings’, a consistently determined denominator enhances the quality of financial reporting. Consolidated Financial Statements The objective of this Statement is to lay down principles and procedures for preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements.
Consolidated financial statements are presented by a parent (also known as holding enterprise) to provide financial information about the economic activities of its group. These statements are intended to present financial information about a parent and its subsidiary(ies) as a single economic entity to show the economic resources controlled by the group, the obligations of the group and results the group achieves with its resources. Accounting for Taxes on Income. The objective of this Statement is to prescribe accounting treatment for taxes on income.
Taxes on income is one of the significant items in the statement of profit and loss of an enterprise. In accordance with the matching concept, taxes on income are accrued in the same period as the revenue and expenses to which they relate. Matching of such taxes against revenue for a period poses special problems arising fromthe fact that in a number of cases, taxable income may be significantly different from the accounting income. This divergence between taxable income and accounting income arises due to two main reasons. Firstly, there are differences between items of revenue and expenses as appearing in the statement of profit and loss and the items which are considered as revenue, expenses or deductions for tax purposes.
Secondly, there are differences between the amount in respect of a particular item of revenue or expense as recognised in the statement of profit and loss and the corresponding amount which is recognised for the computation of taxable income. Intangible Assets The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the accounting treatment for intangible assets that are not dealt with specifically in another Accounting Standard.
This Statement requires an enterprise to recognise an intangible asset if, and only if, certain criteria are met. The Statement also specifies how to measure the carrying amount of intangible assets and requires certain disclosures about intangible assets.Impairment of Assets The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the procedures that an enterprise applies to ensure that its assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount. An asset is carried atmore than its recoverable amount if its carrying amount exceeds the amount to be recovered through use or sale of the asset.
If this is the case, the asset is described as impaired and this Statement requires the enterprise to recognise an impairment loss. This Statement also specifies when an enterprise should reverse an impairment loss and it prescribes certain disclosures for impaired assets. Provisions,Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets The objective of this Statement is to ensure that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement bases are applied to provisions and contingent liabilities and that sufficient information is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements to enable users to understand their nature, timing and amount.The objective of this Statement is also to lay down appropriate accounting for contingent assets. Financial Instruments: Presentation objective of this Standard is to establish principles for presenting financial instruments as liabilities or equity and for offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities.
It applies to the classification of financial instruments, from the perspective of the issuer, into financial assets, financial liabilities and equity instruments; the classification of related interest, dividends, losses and gains; and the circumstances in which financial assets and financial liabilities should be offset. The principles in this Standard complement the principles for recognising and measuring financial assets and financial liabilities in Accounting Standard (AS)
Cite this page
Finance Functions in Manufacturing Company. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Critical Lens Essay with 1984
Cite this page
Critical Lens Essay with 1984. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Forensic Anthropology
Cite this page
Forensic Anthropology. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
The Home and the World
The Home and the World is a 1916 novel by Rabindranath Tagore. The book illustrates the battle Tagore had with himself, between the ideas of Western culture and revolution against the Western culture. These two ideas are portrayed in two of the main characters, Nikhil, who is rational and opposes violence, and Sandip, who will let nothing stand in his way from reaching his goals.
These two opposing ideals are very important in understanding the history of this region and its contemporary problems. There is much controversy over whether or not Tagore was attempting represent Gandhi in Sandip but many argue that Tagore would not even venture to personify Sandip as Gandhi because Tagore was a large admirer of Gandhi and Gandhi was anti-violence while Sandip would use violence in any respect to get what he wanted. The book shows “the clash between new and old, realism and idealism, the means and the end, good and evil” within India and southern Asia.
The novel’s setting is in early 20th century India. The story line coincides with the National Independence Movement taking place in the country at the time, which was sparked by the Indian National Congress. There were various national and regional campaigns of both militant and non-violent ideas which all had the common goal of ending British colonial rule.
Militant nationalism had a strong showing in the early part of the 20th century, especially during the World War I period. Some examples of this movement are the Indo-German Pact and Ghadar Conspiracy, unfortunately both of these failed.
The latter stages of the movement saw a transition to non-violent forms of resistance led by Mohandas Gandhi.
India remained a British colony until 1947, when Pakistan (August 14) and India (August 15) gained their freedom. On January 26, 1950, India adopted a constitution and became its own republic. At the time of Indian Independence, the Muslim dominated north west and eastern parts of the country were separated to form West Pakistan and East Pakistan (which later became Bangladesh). Particularly important to the novel is an understanding of the Swadeshi movement, as a part of the Indian Nationalist Movement.
The Swadeshi Movement started in response to the Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon which occurred in 1905. The Swadeshi movement was a successful resistance policy against the British colonization. Indian citizens were encouraged to boycott British goods in order to foster Indian identity and independence. This movement was important in fostering “the new spirit in India,” and separating India from Britain, which was largely thought to be responsible for the subsequent widespread poverty.
Traditional Indian Household
Family structures in traditional India consists of not only the nuclear family but also grandparents, parents-in-law, and unmarried sister-in-laws as well. Though the joint-family is linked to ancient India, its still prevalent in modern day India.
Traditionally, baby boys were preferable to baby girls since boys were able to earn money and support the family. Girls on the other hand, were expensive to raise. They didn’t bring home the bread and the girl’s marriage dowry required a hefty amount of money and other luxury goods such as valuable jewelries and saris. Once girls were married off to the other families, they would have to address their new parents-in-law as “father” and “mother”.
As home maker of the family, the wife’s duty was to supervise the household and take care of the children, she also had to try hard to please her new in-laws.
The Home and the World tells us not only the personal struggles of the three main characters, but also little details of the family structure and how traditional Indian households were like. In the book, Bimala starts off as a traditional, obedient house wife who is faithful to her husband and even forces herself to be respectful towards her nagging sister-in-law. “I would cautiously and silently get up and take the dust of my husband’s feet without waking him, how at such moments I could feel the vermilion mark upon my forehead shining out like the morning star”. However as she falls “in love” with Sandip, she slowly weens away from her traditional housewife role. She becomes more daring, more confidently brushes off her sister-in-law’s criticisms, and crosses outside the women’s quarter of the house, and easily converses with another man, Sandip, who is not her husband.
Through her dilemma, the readers are able to learn about the traditional ways of the Indian household through Bimala’s change from the good house wife to an independent, more modern woman.
Plot summary The novel is set in early 20th century India in the estate of the Bengali zamindar Nikhil. He marries Bimala, a woman who is both of a lower status and of a darker complexion, which is contradictory to his family traditions.
Their love is idyllic and both are dedicated to one another until the appearance of his friend and radical revolutionist, Sandip. Sandip, a passionate and active man, is a contradiction to the peace-loving and somewhat passive Nikhil. His charismatic speech, support of the Swadeshi movement, and a renewed appreciation of everything Indian while denying everything British garnered support from local natives across the province. After hearing Sandip speak at a rally, Bimala insists that Sandip visit Nikhil’s estate.
While visiting, Sandip’s influential nature easily attracts the innocent and unsuspecting Bimala, and she suggests he make his headquarters at their house.
Once empowered by the inside world, knowing only her husband and home, she becomes engaged with the outside world, taking part in the Swadeshi movement by working with Sandip. As the novel develops, Bimala is drawn to Sandip’s passion and the attraction between the two becomes inevitable, producing a love triangle. She begins to question her marriage with Nikhil and finds in Sandip what she has always sought after in a man: zeal, ambition, and a hint of danger. She begins to help Sandip by stealing money from Nikhil’s treasury, convinced that if it is not equally his money as well as hers, then it belongs to the country. While Bimala claims her national duty as motivation, her true intentions lie in pleasing Sandip.
Nikhil subsequently discovers their actions, but grants Bimala freedom to grow and choose what she wants in her life (as their marriage was arranged when she was a young girl).
Meanwhile, Bimala experiences love for the first time, which ultimately helps her understand that it is indeed her husband Nikhil who really loves her. The novel ends with a riot, resulting in Sandip fleeing the city. Nikhil is mortally wounded in the head. Amulya, a young follower of Sandip’s movement who considered Bimala as his sister, and whom Bimala thinks of as her son (since she has no children), dies by a bullet through his heart.
Major Events The Rally
Near the beginning of the novel, Nikhil brings his wife Bimala to a political rally in an attempt to get her to join the outside world and get in touch better with “reality.
” Though Bimala had heard of Sandip before this time, and developed a somewhat negative opinion of him, this was the first time she heard Sandip speak. This event not only changes her opinion of Sandip, but affects her entire outlook on her life both at home and in the outside world. “I was no longer the lady of the Rajah’s house, but the sole representative of Bengal’s womanhood,” Bimala says.
returned home that evening radiant with a new pride and joy. ” After returning home, Bimala asks her husband to invite Sandip to their home for dinner, setting the plot of the novel in motion. Bimala’s Realization Towards the end of the book Sandip convinces Bimala to steal from her husband, Nikhil.
While in the act of stealing 6000 rupees, she comes to a realization of the terrible crime she is committing, “I could not think of my house as separate from my country: I had robbed my house, I had robbed my country. For this sin my house had ceased to be mine, my country also was estranged from me”.
This represents a character turning point for Bimala: While in the act of thieving, she realizes that Sandip is not only corrupting and robbing the nation, but encouraging her and others to do the same.
Ultimately, she ends up giving the money to Sandip and receives unceasing praise from both Sandip and Amulya for her newly recognized sin. However, Bimala realizes that she has made a mistake by stealing the money from Nikhil and attempts to have Amulya pawn off some of her jewelry in order to replace the money. Amulya attempts to give the box back, but Sandip steals it and gives it back himself. This event allows both Amulya and Bimala to see that Sandip is concerned only with himself, thus allowing them to break free from part of his web.
It is during this time that Bimala realizes her power over Sandip by being able to easily make him jealous. Characters [edit] Nikhil – Husband of Bimala Nikhil is seen and described as an educated and gentle man. The reader can see that as the story is told from his point of view. His words flow more poetically, as if possessing a higher proficiency of language. He is from an aristocratic family of landlords, and his family prides themselves in beautiful women.
However, Nikhil is different in that he married not only a poor woman, but also one who was not particularly attractive.
Nikhil loves his wife very much as he likes to buy her European style dresses and other modern gifts. He also tries to educate her about the outside world and bring her away from the traditional female life in India. However, due to his gentle and soft nature, he cannot do anything but watch and standby as he sees a relationship unfolding between his wife and his old friend, Sandip. He is also unpopular in the town because he has not joined them stating, “I am not running amuck crying Bande Mataram.
In light of this, the police also suspect him of harboring some “hidden protest. ” In reality, Nikhil considers himself to be more aware of his country’s role in a broader sense, and refuses to take part in Swadeshi. He claims that ” ‘[He] is willing… to serve [his] country; but [his] worship he reserves for Right which is far greater than [his] country. ‘ ”
In traditional texts Nikhil’s full name reads as Nikhilesh. Its literal translation is “Lord of the Universe” with Nikhil being literally translated to ‘”whole” and insinuating harmony, wisdom, and awareness.
edit] Bimala – Wife of Nikhil Bimala is described as not very pretty and from a much more humble background than Nikhil. She loves her husband dearly, and enjoys being completely devoted to him.
At the beginning of the novel, she seems to be confined to the traditional female role, and has no thoughts of entering the real world, even with persuasion from her husband. Her feelings make a rapid change with the occurrence of the Swadeshi movement. “My sight and my mind, my hopes and my desires, became red with the passion of this new age”. When she meets Sandip, her new ideals are fueled by his zealous nature and a fiery, shameless side of her emerges.
As time goes on she becomes more interested and involved in the Swadeshi movement; it is at this time that she starts to develop romantic feelings for Sandip.
Literally translated Bimala means “without mal or blemish”. It is often used to mean clean, pure, and immaculate. Oftentimes the name is shortened to Bimal. Although Bimala is married to Nikhil and their marriage was arranged since she was a little girl, Nikhil believes that Bimala is free to make her own decisions to her life. I was married into a Rajah’s house.
When I was a child, I was quite familiar with the description of the Prince of the fairy story”. Therefore, Bimala is very dedicated to her husband, her marriage, and most importantly, her family values.
However, Nikhil sometimes questions her view of him, basically that of a traditional woman. She cannot stand her husband’s idleness, and unwillingness to participate in more “patriotic” endeavors. “Bimala has no patience with patience.
She loves to find in men the turbulent, the angry, the unjust. Her respect must have its element of fear. Bimala was not raised the way her husband was raised: well and educated. However, she understands the social differences between her and her husband. “My husband’s grandmother and mother were both renowned for their beauty… only the auspicious marks with which I was endowed gained me an entry into this family – otherwise, I had no claim to be here”.
Sandip Sandip is the third major character in the novel, completing the love triangle. He is a guest in the home of Nikhil and Bimala and his revolutionary ideas and speeches have a significant impact on Bimala.
He is very vocal in his anti-imperialistic views and is a skilled orator. Sandip represents characteristics that are directly opposite to those Nikhil possesses, thus drawing Bimala to Sandip.
Bimala gets caught up in the ideas that Sandip presents as well as the man himself. Her seemingly increasing patriotism causes her to spend more and more time with Sandip, thereby solidifying the love triangle conflict. Where her husband is reserved and proper, Sandip is impassioned and stis the emotions not only of Bimala, but the people of Bengal.
He spreads the notion of “Swadeshi”, or using goods made locally and boycotting British goods. However, his character is far from the ideal patriot. His motivations are selfish at times, prompted by the need to better himself socially. He fools people with his mask of goodness, something that Nikhil sees through at the beginnings of Sandip’s relationship with his wife. “I have been noticing for some time that there is a gross cupidity about Sandip.
His fleshly feelings make him harbor delusions about his religion and impel him into a tyrannical attitude in his patriotism. His nature is coarse, and so he glorifies his selfish lusts under high-sounding names”. At one point he convinces Bimala to steal from her house and her husband for the “cause”. Sandip’s presence in the novel concludes with him fleeing while his speeches and ideas result in communal riots.
Sandip’s full name is Sandip Babu. His first name is translated to “with dipa(light fire flame)”.
According to the notes in the novel this is used to describe him as “inflaming, exciting, arousing”. Sandip’s last name “Babu” originated as an aristocratic title however has come to describe Bengali’s educated in the west, or comparable settings. The British used “Babu” as a patronizing term however, its usage as an honorific title still survives in India today. Bara Rani (Bimala’s sister-in-law) Bimala and her sister-in-law’s relationship is strained at best.
Bimala’s sister-in-law causes a lot of tension in the household. Bara Rani also uses Nikhil to get the material items that she desires.
Bimala constantly complains about her to Nikhil. Bara Rani taunts Bimala for her mingling with Sandip Babu. Amulya Bimala considers Amulya to be her adoptive son, whom she met from the Swadeshi Movement. When first they meet, Bimala asks him to acquire money for their cause.
He lists wild schemes and plans, to which Bimala replies “you must not be childish” After pondering their situation, Amulya resolves to murder the cashier for the money. Tagore uses him to symbolize the raw emotion and passion, yet lack of sympathy for others often emcompassed by group or riot mentality. Tagore also characterizes Amulya as the typical idealistic youth when Amulya rationalizes the murder with a phrase from the Bhagavad-Gita stating “Who kills the body kills naught!
Amulya is used as a parallel to Sandip, comparing follower to leader. When Bimala shows such sympathy by calling him “little brother”, he is caught off guard, suggesting that the youth is even more impressionable with emotions than Sandip’s ideals. Amulya struggles, as any youth, between completing the goals of the movement and developing strong relationships on an individual level, such as with Bimala; this is made extremely difficult by Sandip’s powerful influence.
Amulya frequently accepts Sandip’s motives by rationalizing the necessary actions. In a sense, he can be considered a pawn used by Bimala and Sandip in their strategic power struggle, particularly when Bimala requests he sell her jewels.
Important Themes Nationalism
While the entire novel centers around the Swadeshi movement, the author of the novel is not advocating it but rather warning his audience of the dangers of such a movement. Tagore knows that it is possible for even a seemingly peaceful movement to turn quickly into aggressive nationalism. Such a change would do the country more harm than good.
The character named Sandip is the vivacious and ardent leader of Swadeshi. He knows that his movement has the potential to turn ugly. He fervently believes however that freedom must be achieved no matter the cost. On page 123-4, Sandip cites a story from the Bhagavad Gita in support of his own path.
The story tells of the Hindu Lord Krishna advising Arjuna to perform his duty as a warrior regardless of the result. Sandip’s use of the Hindu epic poetry to support his movement illustrates the tendency of individuals to use religion as a basis for nationalism.
The use of excerpts from the Indian epic poem was indicative of the blending tradition elements of Indian culture with the ideals and goals of modern Indian Independence movement. As both have the potential to yield individuals claiming an unshakable fervor for their cause, this can be a rather dangerous combination, a fact clearly acknowledged by the novel’s author.
Nationalism is also expressed through the rejection of foreign goods, which was a part of the Swadeshi movement. Sandip was strongly against the sale of foreign goods as Bimala stated that “Sandip laid it down that all foreign articles, together with the demon of foreign influence, must be driven out of our territory”. Nikhil on the other hand felt the opposite. He stated that in terms of banishing foreign goods from his Suskar market that he “could not do it” and he refused to “tyrannize”.
Bimala even pleaded with her husband to “order them to be cleared out! ” ).
She also stated that banishing foreign goods “would not be tyranny for selfish gain, but for the sake of the country” (109). [edit] Tradition vs. Modernism As the title suggests, a major theme is the relationship of the home with the outside world. Nikhil enjoys the modern, western goods and clothing and lavishes Bimala with them. However, Bimala, in the Hindu tradition, never goes outside of the house complex.
Her world is a clash of western and traditional Indian life. She enjoys the modern things that Nikhil brings to her, but when Sandip comes and speaks of nationalism with such fire, she sees these things as a threat to her way of life. Bimala’s struggle is with identity. She is part of the country, but only knows the home and her home is a mix of cultures.
She is torn between supporting the ideal of a country that she knows she should love, or working toward ensuring that her home, her whole world, is free from strife and supporting her husband like a traditional Indian woman should. Bimala is forced to try to understand how her traditional life can mix with a modern world and not be undermined.
This theme ties in with the nationalism theme because it is another way that Tagore is warning against the possibility that nationalism can do more harm than good. Sandip vs. Nikhil Nikhil and Sandip have extremely different views for the growth of the nation. Nikhil believes in a nation that is peaceful, demonstrates the equality of individuals, and respects social harmony.
Nikhil demonstrates these beliefs in him marrying Bimala, an “unattractive” woman because of her skin color. In the novel, Nikhil talks about disliking an intense patriotism nation, “Use force? But for what? Can force prevail against Truth? “(45).
On the other hand, Sandip has contrasting views for the growth of the nation believing in power and force, “My country does not become mine simply because it is the country of my birth. It becomes mine on the day when I am able to win it by force”
The contradicting views of Nikhil and Sandip set up the story and constructs an interesting dilemma for Bimala. Unfortunately for Nikhil, he has already tried to show Bimala the outside world, and stir some sort of emotion within her since the beginning of the novel, and failed. Sandip possesses great oratory skill, that wins Bimala over simply because of his passion and ferocity, something that her husband may lack.
[edit] Illusions The constant forming of illusions in the novel grows to be a major recurring theme. Sandip tends to create illusions that almost always have negative affects on his followers and on the nation of Bengal. He builds an illusion of his beliefs that sucks the people of Bengal into a sort of cult. His illusion is complete sovereignty, free of all other worlds, and an endless supply of wealth and self enjoyment. This illusion, as many are, is a fake and a lie.
It ultimately sells these people a front row ticket to watch their nation fall into complete chaos and civil war among people with different beliefs. He constructs an illusion for Bimala to believe, saying she is the future, women are the future, they are the chosen path to salvation. Bimala builds an illusion that she is to blame for this war, it is solely her doing. That she has done all wrong and no right.
She refuses to accept that she too was a victim of Bande Mataram. ” I now fear nothing-neither myself, nor anybody else.
I have passed through fire. What was inflammable has been burnt to ashes; what is left is deathless. I have dedicated myself to the feet of him, who has received all my sin into the depths of his own pain. ” (199)The biggest illusion of all of is his mask of caring and passion, while he hides his own selfishness and desire for the world.
Truth In more than one way, this novel is a comparison of different views of truth. Which reality is truer is up to the reader’s interpretation.
Nikhil maintains an idealistic view of the world while Sandip takes a radical, nature-worshiping view. He feels Nikhil’s view of the world is inferior to the real, raw world in which he lives as a radical leader. Bimala as well must compare truths. Through her interactions with Sandip, she is introduced to the truth of “sakti” (female power), yet her life with Nikhil is centered on the truth of conjugality.
Each of these instances is a comparison of truth as being something simply objective to being something with a more spiritual or moral dimension. While the story ends in tragedy, both views of truth are important players in the story’s outcome, and it is left to the reader to ponder with which he or she agrees or disagrees. Love/Union From page one of the novel, the love and union between Nikhil and Bimala is illustrated as something sacred.
Nikhil proved throughout the story that he was undeniably devoted to his wife. He proved this first by marrying a woman who hailed from a poor family, along with accepting her darker skin. He made great effort to not only educate her, but also for her to understand her place in the world and not just her place in the captivity of their house.
He shows his love by giving her freedom. Bimala also adores her husband, but in a less material manner. This is demonstrated in Bimala’s daily ritual of “taking the dust”, an Indian ritual of reverence not usually performed by a wife to her husband. Due to Bimala’s extreme devotion to Nikhil, In the beginning of the novel, the union between the two of them is seen as one that cannot be broken.
However as, the story progresses, Bimala is slowly overcome by her feelings for Sandip. She eventually realizes that she has found in Sandip what she longed for in Nikhil, fierce ambition and even violent defense of ones ideals. Her deep desire for Sandip led her to completely break her scared union with Nikhil, going as far as to steal money from her household funds. Sandip shows his love for Bimala through idolization. This idolization comes about due to her freedom though.
The tale clearly presents the theme of love and union time and time again, going from Nikhil and Bimala’s marriage, through the love triangle created by Sandip, and once again returning to Bimala’s love for Nikhil at the very end.
This story tests the boundaries of the union of marriage. It stretches and twists it to the point where a 9 year marriage is nearly destroyed simply because of a raw temptation.
In addition to the idea of romantic love, there is a sense of love of owns country depicted throughout the novel. Questions such as, is it best to love ones country through action, perhaps even violence, or by passive tolerance are posed in the arguments of Nikhil and Sandip. While love and worship seem parallel in marriage, Nikhil believes these feelings cannot apply to ones country. To worship my country as a god is to bring a curse upon it”(29).
The Role of Women Throughout the novel as stated earlier a strong sense of devotion is seen in the relationship between Bimala and Nikhil. It is key to notice that an indirect evaluation of the role of women is seen in this novel also, in a very subtle manner.
In the society described, Bimala, like most women, blindly worships her husband. This can be seen when, Bimala is described, “taking the dust of my husband’s feet without waking him,” and when she is caught doing this act of kindness, her reaction is, “That had nothing to do with merit. It was a woman’s heart, which must worship in order to love. “.
This seen shows the average woman in this society who believes love will happen and worship is a given in a marriage. She blindly respects her husband without understanding or having a grasp of who he is. Another one of the many scenes that alludes to a woman’s place in this society is when Nikhil and Sandip Babu argue and Bimala is asked her opinion, which she finds unusual, in addition to “Never before had I [Bimala] had an opportunity of being present at a discussion between my husband and his men friends”. This line shows how there is a strong disconnect and there is no place, usually, for a woman in real world conversations.
To further prove this,in Nikhil’s story, the role of a woman is seen clearly,”Up till now Bimala was my home-made Bimala, the product of the confined space and the daily routine of small duties”.
The indirect references and descriptions are quite frequent throughout the novel and clearly allows the reader to get a sense of what women were subject to and their overall role in the society. [edit] Religion versus Nationalism One major theme in the novel is the importance of religion and on the other hand nationalism. In this novel, religion can be seen as the more “spiritual view” while nationalism can be seen more as the “worldly view. ” Nikhil’s main perspective in life is by the moral and intangible while Sandip is more concerned about the tangible things, which to him is reality. Sandip believes that this outlook on life, living in a way where one may follow his or her passions and seek immediate gratification, is what gives strength and portrays reality, which is linked to his strong belief in nationalism.
From Sandip’s point of view, “when reality has to meet the unreal, deception is its principal weapon; for its enemies always try to shame Reality by calling it gross, and so it needs must hide itself, or else put on some disguise” (Tagore 55). To Sandip, reality consists of being “gross,” “true,” “flesh,” “passion,” “hunger, unashamed and cruel” (Tagore 55).
On the other hand, Nikhi’s view is more concerned with controlling one’s passions and living life in a moral way. He believes that it is, “a part of human nature to try and rise superior to itself,” rather than living recklessly by acting on instinct and fleshly desires (Tagore 57).
Nikhil argues that a person must learn to control their passions and “recognize the truth of restraint” and that “by pressing what we want to see right into our eyes we only injure them: we do not see” (Tagore 60). All these moral precepts tie in with his faith. Nikhil also speaks from a more religious perspective when he speaks of how “all at once my heart was full with the thought that my Eternal Love was steadfastly waiting for me through the ages, behind the veil of material things” (Tagore 66).
This shows that Nikhil does not live morally just for the sake of trying to be good but that it is grounded in his religious views. Sandip reiterates the fact that in their country, they have both “religion and also our nationalism” and that “the result is that both of them suffer” (Tagore 80).
Film, TV or theatrical adaptations Ghare Baire was first released at the Cannes Film Festival in France on May 22, 1984, under the direction of Satyajit Ray. It was also nominated for the Golden Palm award, one of the highest awards received at the Cannes Film Festival. It was later released in the United States on June 21, 1985. The scriptwriters were Satyajit Ray (writer) and Rabindranath Tagore (novel).
Sandip was played by Soumitra Chatterjee, Nikhilesh was played by Victor Banerjee and Bimala was played by Swatilekha Chatterjee. At the beginning of the movie a woman tells the story of the events in her life and how they changed her perspective on the world. She recalls how her husband challenged traditions by providing her with education and letting her, a married woman, out of seclusion. Her husband’s friend is a leader in the rebellion against the British when they come to visit and the movie takes off from there.
Historical Context
The story of The Home and the World takes place in 1916 in the Bangladesh Region.
From the period of 1858 to 1947, the British Empire ruled 8 major provinces throughout the region of India. These regions include Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore, and Burma. Drawn to region for trading purposes, the British soon had set up an expansive empire most noteworthy the East India Trading Company. Not only was it one of the biggest trading powers in the world, it also allowed Britain to enlarge its already huge Navy. The majority of the local people in India did not like being under Colonial Rule resulting in many rebellions.
These uprising became known as the Indian Independence Movement. This movement included a variety of political parties, ideas, and movements that all strived to end British rule.
Perhaps the greatest influence on the people of India came from the ideas and beliefs of Mohandas Gandhi who stressed that non violence was the ultimate tool to opposing foreign rule.
Cite this page
The Home and the World. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
James Joyce: Araby Setting
James Joyce - Araby How does setting progress the story? In James Joyce’s Araby setting takes center stage immediately to capture the readers interest. Joyce goes into great detail to describe his surroundings so that his narrator’s emotions may be magnified. Joyce uses setting as well as other literary devices in order to do this. Setting in a story is vital to develop a character. Joyce first describes the street his character lives on as “being blind,” (262) and that the only time the street comes alive is when the boys are let out of school. Joyce refers to this as the boys being set free. The neighborhood is described as isolated and dreary.
"The other houses on the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces. " (262) This creates an image of isolation and uneasiness. The neighborhood is one that has much to be desired but the boys make the most of it. They are very interested in the adult world and we learn this when they are represented by their spying on the narrator’s uncle and even more importantly Mangan’s sister. The narrator takes great interest in her and this gives the reader some inspiration to the story. When the boy is finally presented with the chance to talk to Mangan’s sister he does not know what to say.
“At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused that I did not know what to answer. ” (263) When he is finally able to respond he suggests he will get Mangan’s sister form the bazaar. This introduces us to the excitement of the boy and his quest to win Mangan’s sister over. All to quickly the boy plans to win over Mangan’s sister are crushed when his uncle forgets that he has to take him to the bazaar. When the narrator finally gets to the Araby market he describes it exactly as the sort of dreary dark market you would expect in the Dublin Joyce describes. Not only do the shop keepers pay much attention to him, he does not have enough money to buy anything for Mangan’s sister. This realization that his quest is hopeless leaves the boy angry and hopeless. Joyce ends the story with “Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger. " (265)
Cite this page
James Joyce: Araby Setting. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Career Opportunities with Commerce Education
- On such assignm
- Accounting Introduction
- Banking Introduction
- Company Secretary
- Remuneration
- Remuneration
As a stream of study, Commerce can be studied right after 10 years of schooling. After the 10 years of schooling – commerce is available as an option in 10+2 or the Higher Secondary level. This paves the way for higher studies in commerce related subjects.
The undergraduate and postgraduate Education in Commerce is offered at University departments and colleges spread all across the country. Specializations are offered at post graduate and at research levels. A number of subjects can be studied under disciplines of Commerce in conjugation like; accountancy, economics, mathematics, business, finance etc.
Most commerce colleges in India offer the following subjects: Business economics: This would cover concepts like the laws of demand and supply, law of returns, elasticity, theory of pricing under different market forms etc.
Financial accounting: This subject would deal with the preparation of profit and loss statements, balance sheets and final accounts of a company, knowledge of Indian and international accounting standards, calculation of depreciation and valuation of shares and goodwill of a company.
Cost accounting: This would include process, job and contract costing, costing of overheads, standard and variance costing and budgetary control.
Income tax: This would encompass the nature and basis of charge of income tax, tax planning, tax deduction, incomes not taxable etc.
Business finance: This would include in its scope financial analysis as a diagnostic tool, the management of working capital and its components as well as capital structure leverages.
Business law: This subject would discuss the different laws in India relating to, among others, the Companies Act and the Consumer Protection Act. Programs Offer in Commerce Education S. No.
Traditional Programs: Following study programs are offered by different university departments and colleges in India.
Intermediate in Commerce (Class XII): This is the preliminary stage (senior secondary level) where students get basics of commerce education. This is a two year course offered by various central boards (viz. CBSE, ICSE), state boards and councils.
Eligibility Criteria: A candidate must have completed 15 years of age and 10 years of schooling during the time of admission for this program.
Under Graduate (UG) Programs: In general, B. Com. Bachelor of Commerce) is awarded under this program.
There may be two options. One can simply take up BCom as a pass course or can take up with honours.
Eligibility Criteria: A candidate must have completed 17 years of age and 12 years of schooling during the time of admission for this program. Candidate also requires fulfilling the eligibility criteria laid by the University / Institutions / Departments in which he / she seek admission.
Post Graduate (PG) Program: In general, M. Com. (Master of Commerce) in relevant discipline is awarded under this program.
One has to choose a specialization in a particular subject of his/her choice.
Eligibility Criteria: A candidate must have completed Bachelors’ Degree during the time of admission. He / she also require fulfilling the eligibility criteria laid by the university department in which admission is sought.
Master of Philosophy (M. Phil. ): This is pre doctoral program offered by various university departments.
Generally admission to this program is offered on the basis of Interview and past academic record.
8Eligibility Criteria: This program is offered to candidates who shows research aptitude and who have good academic record. The minimum eligibility criterion for admission into this program is M. Com.
in relevant discipline.
9Doctoral Programs: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is awarded under this program. The degree is awarded in the area in which candidates carry out research and submit thesis work. 10Eligibility Criteria: Most university departments asks for M.
Phil. for admission into this program. Qualification in National Eligibility Test (NET) is largely accepted for admission.
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade The Department of Commerce, Govt of India – Promotes trade and commerce related activities in the country; also enhances academic development in the field. The universities and professional bodies conduct entrance examinations / qualifying examinations like, Under Graduate Entrance Test (UGET), Post Graduate Entrance Test (PGET) etc for admission. However, in some cases direct admissions are also offered to students on the basis of marks obtained in the last qualifying examination.
Career Opportunities with Cmmerce Education Educational career directly links with professional career.
However in some cases it is not true but in most cases one who opts for a particular academic program wants to do jobs in that field. Hence the decision should be taken at the very beginning of the intermediate level. Students who have an interest in working with numbers, and enjoy reading and analyzing numerical data and who aspire to make a career in the financial and business world are ideally suited for commerce.
One who prefers Commerce as a field of study can make career in the following subjects. Please click on any of the following career options to know the details about that particular field.
- Chartered Accountants
- Economics
- Mathematics and Statistics
- Accounting
- Banking
- Company Secretary
- CWA
Chartered Accountancy
Accountancy is a rewarding profession where one can practice his/her own or can do jobs in various public and private sector companies. The areas of work include accounting, auditing, corporate finance, project evaluation, company and other business laws, taxation and corporate governance. The multi-faceted knowledge a chartered accountant enjoys through unique academic programme blended with practical training is what the business and industry need in the advent of liberalisation, privatization and globalization of Indian economy.
Chartered Accountants are better equipped to discharge accounting and audit functions in a computerized business environment. In recent times, all over the world, accountancy has grown in popularity as a lucrative profession.
Wherever there are makers and users of money, (however, small their individual business may be), the services of a CA are required. Moreover, under the Companies Act, only CAs in professional practice are entitled to be appointed as auditors of companies in India. Courses & Eligibility A chartered accountant is a person who is accepted as a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) after having passed the final examination for the chartered accountancy course conducted by the institute.
A candidate who desires to become a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) and thereby a practicing chartered accountant must:
- Clear the intermediate and final examination of the institute.
- Register as an articled or audit clerk with a practicing chartered accountant.
- Register with the board of studies of the institute. In order to be eligible for appearing in the intermediate and final exams of the institute, the aspirant must have successfully completed and passed the foundation course.
Most chartered accountants are commerce graduates with good percentage of marks. Registration to the foundation course of one-year duration is open to those who have completed 10+2. The foundation course can also be taken up simultaneously with graduate or postgraduate studies.
Commerce graduates with 50% marks, non-commerce graduates without maths, with 55% marks and non-commerce graduates with maths and an aggregate of 60% marks are exempted from the foundation exam and are permitted to register as articled clerks for practical training. Career prospects A career in CA is highly challenging and rewarding. Aspirants should have excellent analytical skill to boost. There is maximum career growth in this field and one will get utmost level of job satisfaction and remuneration in this field. The training for CAs is a highly elaborate procedure.
Aspiring chartered accountants should pass the intermediate exam within ten years of the commencement of their practical training. After successful completion of the final exam, the aspiring CA can apply for membership of the ICAI. All members are deemed Associate members of the institute.
Associate members who have been in practice for a minimum of 5 years and possess the experience prescribed by the council for this purpose are entitled to apply for Fellowship. Chartered Accountants are sometimes appointed as executors under a will or trust in order to carry out the administration of an estate or settlements.
On such assignm
ents, they are often required to work in co-operation with solicitors and lawyers. CAs also perform functions under special positions such as directorships of companies, arbitrators for settling disputes, handling work related to insolvency, bankruptcy, etc. They are free to go in either for professional practice or to be employed by the industry sector (private companies, public sector undertakings, etc.
) Remuneration The remuneration of a salaried CA professional in corporate sector is very high. The salary varies between Rs. 25, 000 and 1. lakhs per annum. Individual with a CA qualification is treated the same with a person having MBA qualification in Finance.
Similarly one who runs his/her own firm can also earn handsome of money. He/she can conduct auditing works in various companies.
Institutes The CA course is conducted through lectures and postal tuitions by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), head-quartered in New Delhi. The ICAI has five regional offices at Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Kanpur, and New Delhi, with 81 branches to these regional centers.
Accounting Introduction
Accounting is the branch of commerce which deals with the study of those aspects which help in keeping financial records, summarizing, reporting, and analyzing financial transactions etc. An accountant’s work can range from auditing, which is the formal analysis of an organization’s financial statements, to the daily bookkeeping that ensures the accounts are hunky dory. An accountant makes sure that a corporation is telling the financial truth to its shareholders, an individual is coming clean on his tax returns, or a company has been paid all of its outstanding accounts.
Courses and Eligibility Accounting is taught right from the intermediate class. In degree level the subject is taught with much emphasis.
One can take it as a pass subject or an honors subject at the degree level. After completing B. Com one can do M.
Com with specialization in Accounting and finance.
Note: Computer accounting courses are now a days very much popular due to its large employment opportunities. The computer accounting package like Tally is quite useful for doing accounting works in offices. Hence young intermediate or graduate after pursuing these courses can directly enter to a private company as junior accountant.
Career prospects With the rapid growth of banking and financial sectors in the country, the demand for skilled accountants has also been increased considerably. Today the world of finance and investment banking attracts many top graduates to this field. There is an array of career opportunities to suit all interests including traditional auditing and assurance work, management consulting, corporate finance, IT consulting, tax planning, human resources (HR) and insolvency. The same is true for the large investment banks and financial institutions. After gaining their professional qualifications, many accountants move into senior management positions in large firms.
The Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in many of the India’s leading companies are qualified accountants. All Finance Directors (the step down from the CEO in the corporate hierarchy) are accountants. Accounting graduates can hold positions as follow: -Staff Accountant: This is an entry-level job, usually at public accounting firms.
Accountants sometimes go into the audit pool, which is a large group of accountants who get picked out from time to time to work on audits under the supervision of a senior, usually a chartered accountant. Typically, freshers get the easier audit assignments, namely, cash accounts, for instance, leaving the Swiss bank accounts and money-laundering operations to older hands! In private accounting, the staff accountant may have responsibility for managing particular accounts, such as accounts receivable or accounts payable.
Internal Auditor: In this line, you’ll basically do for a company what a public accountant does for the public record: make sure that the value is where it should be. It used to be a position one would cut their teeth on before moving up, now accountants are staying at this level longer. Budget and Credit Analysts: The budget section of an organisation usually plans and manages corporate finances for the entire year or longer.
The government also employs thousands of budget analysts to do the same type of work for public programmes and expenditure. Credit specialists focus on whether or not customers or institutional clients can repay a loan or credit line. Banks and other financial institutions are the biggest employers of such analysts.
Senior Accountant: This is the level when you begin to live a little comfortably. It is the second level in the public accounting hierarchy. After a year or two at a public accounting firm, your paycheck improves and you might get sent out alone to run an audit.
This is also when a lot of accountants, as many as eight out of 10, leave their firms for some form of private corporate accounting.
Controller: Here is where you begin to be more of a rudder for the organization, taking on more and more decision and strategy-making responsibilities. The responsibilities and pay will vary considerably depending upon the size of the firm. Controllers generally leave most of the actual number juggling to junior accountants and take a more strategic role in the support side of the business, planning the allocation of various funds throughout the company.
Manager: If you get to this point, the firm thinks you’re partner material and you’re probably giving the idea some serious thought yourself. You don’t do as much hands-on auditing anymore, although managers often handle sensitive issues such as an important client’s creative bookkeeping. Mainly, you plan and assemble audit teams and allocate various jobs.
In most cases, this is a five-to-seven-year test with significant competition from your peers, who are also on the partner track.
Salary & Remuneration: Owing to rapid strides in the field of science and medical industry, today biochemist professionals symbolize success and quick career growth. As a trainee, one can start with a salary of Rs. 000-Rs.
150000. one can command a higher salary as the experiences raises, generally MNCs and private companies pay higher. Institutes: There are large number of colleges and universities in India offering Bachelors and masters degree courses in Commerce with specialization in Accounting.
Banking Introduction
Most people like to save something for our future lives or hard times, which people sometimes encounter during their life span. . On the other hand there are some people who need finance to start new ventures or expand their existing business.
This is where the banking services step in. A bank mobilizes people’s surplus money to meet the objective of national economic growth. Today banks not only serve as savings bank but also render many more services such as to provide safe custody for our valuables, to lend money against property, to accept deposits, to issue traveler cheques etc. Banks provides employment opportunities to men and women both. Eligibility: For seeking entry into banking services a candidate must at least be a graduate with fairly high marks.
Recruitment for the public sector banks is done through the Banking Service Recruitment Boards (BSRBs). The advertisements for recruitment appear in all major national newspapers as well as the Employment News. Recruitment is done on the basis of a written test, which consists of:
a) Test of Reasoning
b) Quantitative Aptitude
c) General Awareness
d) English Language
e) Descriptive Test
The test is qualifying in nature and the marks obtained are not added in the final merit list. Except for the descriptive portion, all other sections contain objective-type questions. In Reasoning, there are verbal and non-verbal sections.
In English, the test is aimed at judging the overall comprehension and understanding of the language. The descriptive paper can be answered in English or Hindi. It is meant to judge the written expression of the candidates. While recruitment in nationalized banks is done through the BSRB, recruitment in private banks is direct. The jobs are considered more glamorous as most private banks give preference to high value accounts.
One may be able to join these banks after putting in a few years of service in a nationalized bank.
However these banks give preference to MBAs and Chartered Accountants who can find direct recruitments as officers. Lower down the line, fresh graduates can hope to find jobs as clerks, marketing executives, personal banking executives and home banking executives. Job Prospects: Banking has emerged as one of the most challenging sectors in our country today.
Openings are available at various levels, from clerks to Probationary Officers (PO). Apart from people with commerce or management backgrounds, the banks also recruit engineers and agriculture graduates, for specialized jobs in the rural areas and industrial belts. What is more, banks hire doctors for the supervision of the health of all its employees.
Company Secretary
A Company Secretary is a professional whose role in a corporate set up is that of an advisor for legal matters. As per the Companies Act, a statutory requirement is that companies with a paid up share capital of a minimum of Rs. 50 lakh are required to appoint a Company Secretary.
Company Secretary is a very important member of the corporate management team. He/she assists the efficient management of a corporate body. The skills and attributes required for a company secretary is such that he/she should be accountable for efficient management of the corporate sector. He co-ordinates and assists various departments of the organisation, ensures compliance of company legislations and advises directors on statutory requirements of the company. The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) offers courses in Company Secretary.
To become a professional company secretary in India, individual must pass the following examinations conducted by the ICSI. These are:
- The Foundation Course
- The Intermediate Course
- The Final Course
After successful completion of the above courses, the individual undergoes practical training to become a member of the Institute of the Company Secretaries of India after which he is considered as a Professional Member of the ICSI and is also issued a membership number. About ICSI The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) is constituted under the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 (Act No. 56 of 1980) to develop and regulate the profession of Company Secretaries in India.
It was in 1960 that the Company Law Board started a course in company Secretaryship leading to the award of government Diploma in company Secretaryship.
As the number of students taking up the company Secretaryship course swelled, the government promoted on 4th October 1969, the Institute of Company Secretaries of India under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 for taking over from the government the conduct of company Secretaryship examination. Since then the Institute of Company Secretaries of India has been converted into a statutory body with effect from 1st January 1981 under the Company Secretaries Act, 1980. It is a recognized professional body formed to develop and regulate the profession of company secretaries.
It is the ONLY institute which offers this course and awards the certificate bestowing the designation of company secretary to a candidate qualifying for membership of the institute.
The institute has its headquarters at New Delhi and has four regional offices at Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai. In addition, there are 36 chapters and 10 satellite chapters located all over the country. Career prospects Pursuant to Section 383 A of the Company Act, 1956, companies having a paid-up share capital of Rs.
50 lakhs or more are statutorily required to appoint a company secretary. Also all companies seeking listing on stock exchange are required to have a full-time qualified company secretary. A qualified company secretary is a competent enough to take up wide range of responsibilities in legal, secretarial, finance, accounts, personnel and administrative departments of companies or other organizations in the private and the public sector. Almost every kind of organization whose affairs are controlled by boards or councils and other corporate structures be it a co-operative society, association, federation or statutory authority, finds it beneficial to appoint a qualified company secretary.
Initially the career may begin with designation of a Junior Secretarial Officer. Depending upon the experience and hard work it can rise up to senior level positions of Company Secretary and even Finance Advisor. While a Company Secretary can aspire to get employment opportunities in government accounts or law departments, he/she can become a Chairman or Managing Director of a Company or be a part of the esteemed Board of Directors of a Company.
Remuneration
The salary of Company Secretary or Secretarial Officer depends upon his/her experience. The remuneration of a salaried CS professional in corporate sector is very high. The salary varies between Rs.
1. 5 lakhs and 3 lakhs per annum. Individual with a CS qualification is treated the same with a person having MBA qualification in Finance. The CS professionals are also appointed as financial advisor in big companies. 1.
5 Company Secretary Introduction A Company Secretary is a professional whose role in a corporate set up is that of an advisor for legal matters. As per the Companies Act, a statutory requirement is that companies with a paid up share capital of a minimum of Rs.
0 lakh are required to appoint a Company Secretary.
Company Secretary is a very important member of the corporate management team. He/she assists the efficient management of a corporate body. The skills and attributes required for a company secretary is such that he/she should be accountable for efficient management of the corporate sector.
He co-ordinates and assists various departments of the organization, ensures compliance of company legislations and advises directors on statutory requirements of the company. The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) offers courses in Company Secretary. To become a professional company secretary in India, individual must pass the following examinations conducted by the ICSI. These are:
- The Foundation Course
- The Intermediate Course
- The Final Course
After successful completion of the above courses, the individual undergoes practical training to become a member of the Institute of the Company Secretaries of India after which he is considered as a Professional Member of the ICSI and is also issued a membership number. About ICSI The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) is constituted under the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 (Act No. 6 of 1980) to develop and regulate the profession of Company Secretaries in India.
It was in 1960 that the Company Law Board started a course in company Secretaryship leading to the award of government Diploma in company Secretaryship.
As the number of students taking up the company Secretaryship course swelled, the government promoted on 4th October 1969, the Institute of Company Secretaries of India under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 for taking over from the government the conduct of company Secretaryship examination. Since then the Institute of Company Secretaries of India has been converted into a statutory body with effect from 1st January 1981 under the Company Secretaries Act, 1980. It is a recognised professional body formed to develop and regulate the profession of company secretaries.
It is the ONLY institute which offers this course and awards the certificate bestowing the designation of company secretary to a candidate qualifying for membership of the institute.
The institute has its headquarters at New Delhi and has four regional offices at Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai. In addition, there are 36 chapters and 10 satellite chapters located all over the country. Career prospects Pursuant to Section 383 A of the Company Act, 1956, companies having a paid-up share capital of Rs.
50 lakhs or more are statutorily required to appoint a company secretary. Also all companies seeking listing on stock exchange are required to have a full-time qualified company secretary. A qualified company secretary is a competent enough to take up wide range of responsibilities in legal, secretarial, finance, accounts, personnel and administrative departments of companies or other organizations in the private and the public sector. Almost every kind of organization whose affairs are controlled by boards or councils and other corporate structures be it a co-operative society, association, federation or statutory authority, finds it beneficial to appoint a qualified company secretary.
Initially the career may begin with designation of a Junior Secretarial Officer. Depending upon the experience and hard work it can rise up to senior level positions of Company Secretary and even Finance Advisor. While a Company Secretary can aspire to get employment opportunities in government accounts or law departments, he/she can become a Chairman or Managing Director of a Company or be a part of the esteemed Board of Directors of a Company.
Remuneration
The salary of Company Secretary or Secretarial Officer depends upon his/her experience. The remuneration of a salaried CS professional in corporate sector is very high. The salary varies between Rs.
1. 5 lakhs and 3 lakhs per annum. Individual with a CS qualification is treated the same with a person having MBA qualification in Finance. The CS professionals are also appointed as financial advisor in big companies. 1.
6 Cost and Works Accountancy (CWA) Introduction Cost and Works Accountancy (CWA) is a new branch of study in the field of commerce and business and is a profession ushered in during the last century. With increase in competition and consequent economic pressures, cost and management accountancy has been finely interwoven into the main fabric of management.
Collection, assimilation, collation and analysis of financial information from all areas of an organization are the functions of a cost accountant.
The role of a costs and accounts manager in an organization is so vital that the success or failure story depends on his/her quality of information made available to the management. Cost Accountant can facilitate strategic decisions in respect of diverse economic activities of an organization where he/she is employed as an employee or deployed as consultant. Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India (ICWAI) is a premier, dynamic, vibrant professional institution actively associated in providing training programs in the field of costs and account management and thereby helping in the industrial and economic development of the nation.
The ICWAI has opened up further scope and tremendous opportunities for Cost and Works accountants to shoulder responsibility as Cost and Management Accountants in accordance with new dimensions and vision here in India and abroad.
Members of this profession will be the driving force in the team of management while in employment and a key consultant, an effective Cost and Management Auditor and an appropriate advisor in place. This is why Cost Accountants in India are called Management Accountants all over the world. Courses & Eligibility ICWAI offer Cost and work accountant programme for all the students wishing to make a mark in this field.
The programme is divided into three stages-Foundation, Intermediate and Final. For each stage the student have to appear for a separate exam. ICWA as profession Job Opportunities Members of ICWAI are being absorbed as Chairman, Managing Director, Finance Director, Chief Executive, General Manager, Finance Manager, etc. in many Public and Private sectors organizations and also in the Government departments. There is an existing Cost Accounting Service in Central Govt.
amed as Indian Cost Accounts Service, which is at par with the Class I Services of the Government of India.
The Association of Indian Universities {AIU} resolved on May 28, 1991 that Bachelor Degree holders, who have passed ICWAI Final Examination be allowed by the Indian Universities to register for M. Phil and Ph. D.
in Commerce and allied disciplines. Since then the Institute is approaching different Universities to make necessary provision in their respective Rules so that Members of ICWAI having Graduation qualification can register for Ph. D courses in Commerce and allied areas. Till now some 35 Indian Universities have approved the course offered by ICWAI. As the Final Examination of the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India has already been recognized by AIU, they do not anticipate any difficulty to be faced by the ICWAI candidates in the matter of acceptance of their qualification as sufficient for registering for Ph D/M Phil.
All India Council for Technical Education decided that Fellow members of the Institute will be treated at par with the persons holding Ph. D.
degree as far as appointment in the posts of Professor, Associate Professor, Reader, Asst. Professor and Lecturer in Professional/management Institutes are concerned. Some of the Universities which have already recognised the membership of the institute of cost and works accountants of India as sufficient qualification for pursuing PhD. Courses are: 1 Sardar Patel University 2 Guru Nanak Dev University 3 South Gujarat University ,University, ,Surat 4 Moharshi Dayanand University ,Rohtak
Economics
Economics is a branch of Arts/Science that deals with the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of various goods and services within a particular country. Individuals, groups of people, business concerns or by governments, carry on these activities. The study of economics is aimed at enabling such individuals to carry out activities related to goods and services in such a manner that optimum benefit is obtained from the activity.
Economics principles are applied to the production processes, distribution processes, consumption patterns and human behaviour. The aim is to devise the most effective way of functioning, taking all relevant factors into consideration. Different countries have different ways of functioning; therefore the economy may accordingly be capitalistic, communist or socialist. The economists of a country function as per the guidelines of the economic system prevailing in that country.
The study of economics starts from the school level. In school education the students are taught fundamental principles of economics and its application in the day to day life. But the study becomes even tough at higher secondary and degree level where one can opt for it as a subject of his/her study.
With a specialization in economics at post graduation level, one can find ample opportunities for career growth and development. Courses and Eligibility Economics very often forms a part of the curriculum in many Indian schools right from class IX itself. An early exposure to the language helps students determine whether they have the natural aptitude and the inclination for the subject. To study Economics (with Honours) in any of the Indian colleges, one must secure a fairly high percentage in the results of (particularly economics) classes Xth and XIIth. One can go for a specialisation in the subject at post graduation level and then pursue further specialization in the form of a Ph.
D. Career prospects Economics graduates find ample job opportunities both in private and public sector.
To begin with, government enterprises, public undertakings, banks, finance and investment firms, business journals and newspapers and the private sector throw up many avenues of employment in various departments.
The Indian Economics Services are also an excellent option open to those who want to join government service. Officers are recruited through examinations conducted by the Union Public Service Commission. To be eligible for this examination, one needs to be a graduate and in the age group of 21-28 years.
The examination is held in the month of September every year. The announcement for the same is made in the month of March of the same year. The written examination has papers in English, General Studies, General Economics and Indian Economics. The written examination is followed by an interview. Another highly lucrative avenue open to those looking for government employment is the Reserve Bank of India.
Written tests are conducted by the RBI for the purpose. Postgraduates in the age group 21-28 are eligible for the examination.
Those who successfully clear the examination are finally selected through personal interviews. A postgraduate or a PhD holder in Economics can also take up teaching as a career option. There are large numbers of colleges in India appointing these individuals as faculty member in their economics dept. on full time/part time basis.
There are offered hand some pay package with other perks and benefits.
- Institutes/Universities There are large number of colleges and universities in India offering Bachelors and masters degree programs in economics. The famous institutes for economics in India are listed below.
- Delhi School of Economics(University of Delhi)
Conclusion
Commerce is a very popular subject in India these days. Indian economy is growing at a rapid pace and since Services sector constitutes the largest chunk of India’s GDP therefore there are ample career opportunities for Commerce graduates. One of the most obvious career options available to commerce students is to pursue B.
Com and thereafter work as Accountants. Educational background in commerce also gives an edge to the students interested in a career in Insurance and stock market. The more ambitious and brighter ones can opt to become Chartered Accountants, Cost and Work Accountants and Company Secretary.
<Cite this page
Career Opportunities with Commerce Education. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Rabbit Proof Fence
Rabbit Proof Fence (2002) “Three little girls. Snatched from their mothers’ arms. Spirited 1,500 miles away.
Denied their very identity. Forced to adapt to a strange new world. They will attempt the impossible. A daring escape. A run from the authorities.
An epic journey across an unforgiving landscape that will test their very will to survive. Their only resources, tenacity, determination, ingenuity and each other.
Their one hope, find the rabbit-proof fence that might just guide them home. A true story. ” (IMDB, Anonymous Review) This movie takes place in Australia in the 1940s and 1950s.
The movie is based on a true story that details how white people took Aborigines from their families and attempted to breed them into white people. The movie details the journey of three girls violently taken from their mothers and taken miles away to camps where they would be forced to conform to the white population.
Race and white supremacy are prevalent themes, as well as the struggle for power. Through Rabbit Proof Fence one is able to see the first hand negative effects of social stratification and cultural imperialism in a society. Moreover, social stratification is the ranking of people in a society.
In Rabbit Proof Fence one’s race plays a key role in their ranking. Race is a convenient cultural construction based on one’s skin type rather than phonotypical features. In the movie the whites are the highest ranking and the blacks are the lowest.
Half-castes are considered a “third unwanted race”. I am someone who has reaped the benefits of taking over another’s culture as a stereotype. Until recently, I thought all Australians were tan and blonde. It never occurred to me that there were native people there first.
Even watching this movie I was surprised to learn that there were still hunter and gathering societies in that country in the nineteenth century. “See that bird? That’s the spirit bird. He will always look after you. ” (Maud to Molly)
The film puts a human face on the ‘Stolen Generation’, a phenomenon which characterized relations between the government and Aborigines in Australia for much of the 20th century. The girls were taken away to be trained as domestic servants at the Moore River Native Settlement, north of Perth.
This was consistent with official government assimilations’ policy of the time decreeing that ‘half caste’ children should be taken from their kin and their land, in order to be ‘given a chance’ , in other words, ‘made white. ’ Focusing on the escape of the three girls from Moore River in the 1930s, the film highlights the despair experienced by mothers whose children were taken by the government, and the terror and confusion of those children, snatched from familiar surroundings and forced to adapt to European ways.
Led by fourteen year old Molly, the girls defy all odds to travel 1600 kilometers through unfamiliar territory to return to their land, their homes and families in North-Western Australia, with the authorities chasing them all the way. Gracie (Laura Monaghan) age 7, Daisy (Tianna Sansbury) age 9, and Molly (Everlyn Sampi) age 14 As a result of forced assimilation, by the late 1880s most aborigines had joined white rural and urban communities.
Aboriginal people became economically marginalized and were exposed to new diseases. The consequence was massive depopulation and extinction for some aboriginal tribes. Land and property rights fueled an important civil rights movement in the 1970s.
Aborigines spoke out for equal rights, and specifically for land rights for property that had been forcibly taken by British settlers. The Aboriginal Land Rights Act, passed in 1976, became instrumental in territories with tribal associations. The 1990s witnessed further rights milestones, including government legislation that returned a great degree of autonomy, and increased wages and welfare benefits to aboriginal people. Figure 2: Kenneth Branagh as A. O.
Neville I am appalled that anyone would want to completely erase someone’s culture. The treatment of Aborigines should be equal to the treatment of the rest of Australian people. As a United States citizen, it is my belief that states, or countries, should be unified and treated as one by a single governing party. The treatment of these people brings back to mind the terror and confusion during the Holocaust.
Although not as intense or extreme, it is certainly a similar situation where human beings are denied their personal rights of independence, mere existence, and happiness: “Aboriginal people should have the opportunity of living without any limit on the exercise of their Australian citizenship, and on the equal terms with all other Australians” (Howson, “Land Rights”, quoting minister, Paul Hasluck, on the movement by the Methodist church).
Humans desire a sense of belonging and religion is a key factor in the pursuit of happiness. Regardless of what religion or beliefs, people must always have a sense of community which is founded in the nation as a whole. Figure 3: The girls being captured by a government official. I was not surprised, given the time this movie took place, that people were being put into camps based on their race.
The Nazi’s were putting Jews into camps and had their own eugenics programs. During World War II, Asian Americans were put into camps in the United States; however, what did surprise me was how long the Aboriginals were being held and administered into camps.
The movie said this took place up until the seventies and that Molly’s own children suffered as she had. It makes me wonder if there were any resistance movements by the aboriginals and how much the British played a role in their mistreatment.
Globalization brought the British to colonize Australia and it was their culture that they tried to forcefully assimilate the Aborigines into.
The disregard for another’s culture and the implementation of your culture over another’s is called cultural imperialism. In the movie the half-castes face socio-linguistic discrimination as they are forbidden from speaking their own language and are required to speak English. They are given a different diet then they had as foragers. Furthermore, they are taught to pray and go to the white settler’s church.
Mr. Neville explains that the half-castes have the “benefit of everything our culture has to offer” by being in the settlements. The whites believe that the “natives must be helped” and that what they are doing is right and necessary. For the three girls, the fence was a symbol of hope, freedom, and security. “The implications for humans are not limited to physical health and well being, and available and uncontaminated air, water, food, but include psychological need and benefit considerations relating to a spectrum of developmental, competence fostering and care-eliciting experiences in natural environments, such as identity formation, restoration, recreation, connection, and inspiration.
Equally, the perception and/or direct experience of environmental degradation and loss can lead to concern, anxiety, guilt, anger, helplessness, dread, and pessimism.
” (Reser) The girls become one with nature striving for survival as they take an epic journey back to Western Australia, travelling 1500 miles on foot with no food or water, and navigating only by following the fence that was built across the nation to stem an over-population of rabbits. In the movie, on the train ride to the camp, the girls are kept in cages like animals. I believe this excerpt from the Australian Psychological Society describes accurately how humans react to their environment. The physical landscape, or natural environment, plays a key role in the suffering of the young girls as they traveled miles striving for life.
It is ironic that their lives are put to the test in their journey while their only objective was a chance at life. Figure 5: This picture depicts the rabbit-proof fence, the area the girls traveled for nine weeks on a 1500 mile journey. However, for the three girls the physical landscape pushed them forward. They looked to one another for strength and to them the rabbit proof fence was a guide as well as a symbol of hope. They were fighting their fears and proving their means of survival.
Cite this page
Rabbit Proof Fence. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Eradication of Beggars
Cite this page
Eradication of Beggars. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
The Character of Peter Pan
Have you ever dreamed of the place where you would never grow up, where you would never have to worry about your difficulties and live in happiness? The movie Peter Pan will bring you to that world. Peter Pan is a character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. It is about a mischievous boy Peter Pan who can fly and never grows up to live with his Lost Boys and fairies in the island of Neverland. And he likes to meet the children from the world outside. One day, he meets Wendy, a beautiful little girl in London and persuades her to come with him to Neverland. They have a great time until Hook, the leader of pirates, wants to kill Peter Pan to take over the Neverland. And at the end, Peter gives Wendy a first kiss and takes her back to her house because Wendy misses her family and wants to grow up just like other kids in her world. Peter Pan is sad but he knows he ought to let Wendy choose her own life and he makes a promise to visit her in the future. Being matured, many people wish to get back to their childhood to never grow up again. They don’t have to worry about their lives and think too much to make theirs better. They just play around and have fun, scared of getting old and sick. But a wish is just a wish; everyone will have to pass over their childhood and one chance to grow up only. “So come with me, where dreams are born, and time is never planned. Just think of happy things, and your heart will fly on wings, forever, in Neverland. ” said Peter Pan to Wendy. Certainly, every kid will come when they can make their dreams come true and they will be kids forever. So will Wendy. She thinks Peter Pan and the Lost Boys are her good friends she ever has. The friendship of them comes strong when they together fight for their freedom toward Hooks. Everyone has a dream. At least when they are still kids, because children love to dream. Peter Pan is considered as a giver for children who want to achieve their dreams and live with happy things. One of the dreams that the kids make is to be able to fly. And Peter Pan told them to think of happy things, have the happy thoughts because happy thought make them fly easily. And by the help of fairy Tinkerbell, it is much easier. But the children have to leave their parents to fly to Neverland, the world of children. And who will take care of them? Who will feed them? They will never be able to take care of themselves or else because they are forever kids who don’t know how to do anything except playing around and having fun anytime. And then they will start being bored and missing their parents. All of them who are kids want to be with their parents. The movie has expressed the picture of the boys who lost their family, came to live in Neverland. They have been told by Peter Pan and his fairy Tinkerbell to get away from the world outside and never grow up in Neverland. Although the kids will not grow up, they can die and can not age. They are not immortal. How sad when the children have no one to take good care of them. Especially Peter Pan, the most lost boy at all. The reason Peter Pan comes to Neverland is because he does not want to grow up and die and also his mother wants him to go to law school like his father. Then Tinkerbell comes and saves him by taking him to Neverland. Later, he comes back to visit his family and they have another baby, they forget about him. The director has also told us in the movie that some family don’t care much for their children and because of that, they lose their sons and daughters. A movie is also a lesson for careless parents. It is not too late to change, but they need time to change at all. The friendship of Peter Pan and Wendy has grown up passionately when Tinkerbell is being jealous that Peter Pan pays all attention to Wendy only. He forgets about Tinkerbell. But at the end, Tinkerbell understands why Peter does that. Just because Peter Pan never meets anyone like Wendy before, he thinks Wendy is his mother rather than a lover. Because Wendy knows how to take care of him and makes him happy. It shows more in the movie when Hooks uses Tinkerbell to catch Peter and his Lost Boys and of course Wendy. She has strengthened Peter Pan when he is getting hurt by Hooks and Peter from losing his flying power now can fly again and destroy Hooks and his pirates. Giving the peace back to Neverland and knowing how special Wendy is in his heart. Even though Peter Pan and Wendy live in two different worlds, but their heart always direct to each other no matter what. Peter will never grow up but Wendy. Barrie has done a great job on Peter Pan novel. He lets the viewers know that some children they want their dreams to come true, but besides that, they still also want to live in their real world with their parents and their friends. The dream must affect the reality that what people are expecting at that period of time. Barrie characters Wendy as a nice girl who loves her family very much. So Wendy refuses to stay with Peter and brings her brothers back to their world with their parents. Not all the kids are the same; some of them just like their family the best and understand the meaning of having a dream come true might ave them to lose their family. In brief, this is one of the best movies for children and parents also. Kids never want to grow up because they think they will not have more fun when they are older. But the fact is that life of a human exists from birth, aged, sick and death naturally. Barrie has messaged us that we can be able to get away from the age for a certain time but we can not be immortal. We can’t live forever. Peter Pan is characterized as a dream giver to those who want to live everlastingly. But he is also the one to take the dream receivers back to the reality, being normal kids. Peter Pan is totally different from other children, he refuses to be aged. He also represents for a number of children who lack the care of their family. They can be growing up themselves but they will have the same thought as they are young or old. They will not be matured. Barrie wants to point out so that mothers and fathers will know what they should do to take care of their children in the right way. They should know how to direct their kids on the path to the future successfully.
Cite this page
The Character of Peter Pan. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Advertising Infiniti
Cite this page
Advertising Infiniti. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Zoos are Valuable in their Educational Role
Cite this page
Zoos Are Valuable in Their Educational Role. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Power Factor
Power factor: The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power, and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as a percentage, e. g. 0. 5 pf = 50% pf). Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power. In an electric power system, a load with low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred.
The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system, and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial costumers where there is a low power factor Linear loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads, such as rectifiers, distort the current drawn from the system. In such cases, active or passive power factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and raise the power factor. The devices for correction of the power factor may be at a central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into power-consuming equipment. Contents
• 1 Power factor in linear circuits o 1. 1 Definition and calculation o 1. 2 Power factor correction of linear loads
• 2 Non-linear loads o 2. 1 Non-sinusoidal components o 2. 2 Switched-mode power supplies o 2. Power factor correction in non-linear loads ? 2. 3. 1 Passive PFC ? 2. 3. 2 Active PFC
• 3 Importance of power factor in distribution systems
• 4 Measuring power factor
• 5 Mnemonics
• 6 References
• 7 External links Power factor in linear circuits In a purely resistive AC circuit, voltage and current waveforms are in step (or in phase), changing polarity at the same instant in each cycle. All the power entering the loads is consumed.
Where reactive loads are present, such as with capacitors or inductors, energy storage in the loads result in a time difference between the current and voltage waveforms. During each cycle of the AC voltage, extra energy, in addition to any energy consumed in the load, is temporarily stored in the load in electric or magnetic fields, and then returned to the power grid a fraction of a second later in the cycle. The “ebb and flow” of this nonproductive power increases the current in the line.
Thus, a circuit with a low power factor will use higher currents to transfer a given quantity of real power than a circuit with a high power factor. A linear load does not change the shape of the waveform of the current, but may change the relative timing (phase) between voltage and current. Circuits containing purely resistive heating elements (filament lamps, strip heaters, cooking stoves, etc. ) have a power factor of 1. 0. Circuits containing inductive or capacitive elements (electric motors, solenoid valves, lamp ballasts, and others) often have a power factor below 1. 0. Definition and calculation AC power flow has the three components: real power (Active power) (P), measured in watts (W); apparent power (S), measured in volt-amperes (VA); and reactive power (Q), measured in reactive volt-amperes (var). The power factor is defined as: [pic] In the case of a perfectly sinusoidal waveform, P, Q and S can be expressed as vectors that form a vector triangle such that: [pic] If ? is the phase angle between the current and voltage, then the power factor is equal to the cosine of the angle, [pic], and: [pic] Since the units are consistent, the power factor is by definition a dimensionless number between 0 and 1. When power factor is equal to 0, the energy flow is entirely reactive, and stored energy in the load returns to the source on each cycle. When the power factor is 1, all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by the load. Power factors are usually stated as “leading” or “lagging” to show the sign of the phase angle. If a purely resistive load is connected to a power supply, current and voltage will change polarity in step, the power factor will be unity (1), and the electrical energy flows in a single direction across the network in each cycle. Inductive loads such as transformers and motors (any type of wound coil) consume reactive power with current waveform lagging the voltage. Capacitive loads such as capacitor banks or buried cable generate reactive power with current phase leading the voltage. Both types of loads will absorb energy during part of the AC cycle, which is stored in the device’s magnetic or electric field, only to return this energy back to the source during the rest of the cycle.
For example, to get 1 kW of real power, if the power factor is unity, 1 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred (1 kW ? 1 = 1 kVA). At low values of power factor, more apparent power needs to be transferred to get the same real power. To get 1 kW of real power at 0. power factor, 5 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred (1 kW ? 0. 2 = 5 kVA). This apparent power must be produced and transmitted to the load in the conventional fashion, and is subject to the usual distributed losses in the production and transmission processes. Electrical loads consuming alternating current power consume both real power and reactive power. The vector sum of real and reactive power is the apparent power. The presence of reactive power causes the real power to be less than the apparent power, and so, the electric load has a power factor of less than 1. Power factor correction of linear loads It is often desirable to adjust the power factor of a system to near 1. 0. This power factor correction (PFC) is achieved by switching in or out banks of inductors or capacitors. For example the inductive effect of motor loads may be offset by locally connected capacitors.
When reactive elements supply or absorb reactive power near the load, the apparent power is reduced. Power factor correction may be applied by an electrical power transmission utility to improve the stability and efficiency of the transmission network. Correction equipment may be installed by individual electrical customers to reduce the costs charged to them by their electricity supplier. A high power factor is generally desirable in a transmission system to reduce transmission losses and improve voltage regulation at the load. Power factor correction brings the power factor of an AC power circuit closer to 1 by supplying reactive power of opposite sign, adding capacitors or inductors which act to cancel the inductive or capacitive effects of the load, respectively. For example, the inductive effect of motor loads may be offset by locally connected capacitors. If a load had a capacitive value, inductors (also known as reactors in this context) are connected to correct the power factor. In the electricity industry, inductors are said to consume reactive power and capacitors are said to supply it, even though the reactive power is actually just moving back and forth on each AC cycle. The reactive elements can create voltage fluctuations and harmonic noise when switched on or off. They will supply or sink reactive power regardless of whether there is a corresponding load operating nearby, increasing the system’s no-load losses. In a worst case, reactive elements can interact with the system and with each other to create resonant conditions, resulting in system instability and severe overvoltage fluctuations. As such, reactive elements cannot simply be applied at will, and power factor correction is normally subject to engineering analysis. 1. Reactive Power Control Relay; 2. Network connection points; 3. Slow-blow Fuses; 4. Inrush Limiting Contactors; 5. Capacitors (single-phase or three-phase units, delta-connection); 6. Transformer Suitable voltage transformation to suit control power (contactors, ventilation,… ) An automatic power factor correction unit is used to improve power factor. A power factor correction unit usually consists of a number of capacitors that are switched by means of contactors.
These contactors are controlled by a regulator that measures power factor in an electrical network. To be able to measure power factor, the regulator uses a current transformer to measure the current in one phase. Depending on the load and power factor of the network, the power factor controller will switch the necessary blocks of capacitors in steps to make sure the power factor stays above a selected value (usually demanded by the energy supplier), say 0. 9. Instead of using a set of switched capacitors, an unloaded synchronous motor can supply reactive power. The reactive power drawn by the synchronous motor is a function of its field excitation. This is referred to as a synchronous condenser. It is started and connected to the electrical network. It operates at a leading power factor and puts vars onto the network as required to support a system’s voltage or to maintain the system power factor at a specified level. The condenser’s installation and operation are identical to large electric motors. Its principal advantage is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted; it behaves like an electrically variable capacitor.
Unlike capacitors, the amount of reactive power supplied is proportional to voltage, not the square of voltage; this improves voltage stability on large networks. Synchronous condensers are often used in connection with high voltage direct current transmission projects or in large industrial plants such as steel mills. Non-linear loads A non-linear load on a power system is typically a rectifier (such as used in a power supply), or some kind of arc discharge device such as a fluorescent lamp, electric welding machine, or arc furnace.
Because current in these systems is interrupted by a switching action, the current contains frequency components that are multiples of the power system frequency. Distortion power factor is a measure of how much the harmonic distortion of a load current decreases the average power transferred to the load. Non-sinusoidal components Non-linear loads change the shape of the current waveform from a sine wave to some other form. Non-linear loads create harmonic currents in addition to the original (fundamental frequency) AC current. Filters consisting of linear capacitors and inductors can prevent harmonic currents from entering the supplying system. In linear circuits having only sinusoidal currents and voltages of one frequency, the power factor arises only from the difference in phase between the current and voltage.
This is “displacement power factor”. The concept can be generalized to a total, distortion, or true power factor where the apparent power includes all harmonic components. This is of importance in practical power systems which contain non-linear loads such as rectifiers, some forms of electric lighting, electric arc furnaces, welding equipment, switched-mode power supplies and other devices. A typical multimeter will give incorrect results when attempting to measure the AC current drawn by a non-sinusoidal load; the instruments sense the average value of a rectified waveform. The average response is then calibrated to the effective, RMS value. An RMS sensing multimeter must be used to measure the actual RMS currents and voltages (and therefore apparent power). To measure the real power or reactive power, a wattmeter designed to work properly with non-sinusoidal currents must be used. Switched-mode power supplies A particularly important class of non-linear loads is the millions of personal computers that typically incorporate switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) with rated output power ranging from a few watts to more than 1 kW. Historically, these very-low-cost power supplies incorporated a simple full-wave rectifier that conducted only when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeded the voltage on the input capacitors. This leads to very high ratios of peak-to-average input current, which also lead to a low distortion power factor and potentially serious phase and neutral loading concerns. A typical switched-mode power supply first makes a DC bus, using a bridge rectifier or similar circuit.
The output voltage is then derived from this DC bus. The problem with this is that the rectifier is a non-linear device, so the input current is highly non-linear. That means that the input current has energy at harmonics of the frequency of the voltage. This presents a particular problem for the power companies, because they cannot compensate for the harmonic current by adding simple capacitors or inductors, as they could for the reactive power drawn by a linear load. Many jurisdictions are beginning to legally require power factor correction for all power supplies above a certain power level.
Regulatory agencies such as the EU have set harmonic limits as a method of improving power factor. Declining component cost has hastened implementation of two different methods. To comply with current EU standard EN61000-3-2, all switched-mode power supplies with output power more than 75 W must include passive PFC, at least. 80 PLUS power supply certification requires a power factor of 0. 9 or more. Power factor correction in non-linear loads Passive PFC The simplest way to control the harmonic current is to use a filter: it is possible to design a filter that passes current only at line frequency (e. g. 50 or 60 Hz). This filter reduces the harmonic current, which means that the non-linear device now looks like a linear load. At this point the power factor can be brought to near unity, using capacitors or inductors as required. This filter requires large-value high-current inductors, however, which are bulky and expensive. A passive PFC requires an inductor larger than the inductor in an active PFC, but costs less. This is a simple way of correcting the nonlinearity of a load by using capacitor banks. It is not as effective as active PFC. Passive PFCs are typically more power efficient than active PFCs. Efficiency is not to be confused with the PFC, though many computer hardware reviews conflate them. A passive PFC on a switching computer PSU has a typical power efficiency of around 96%, while an active PFC has a typical efficiency of about 94%. Active PFC An “active power factor corrector” (active PFC) is a power electronic system that controls the amount of power drawn by a load in order to obtain a power factor as close as possible to unity. In most applications, the active PFC controls the input current of the load so that the current waveform is proportional to the mains voltage waveform (a sine wave). The purpose of making the power factor as close to unity (1) as possible is to make the load circuitry that is power factor corrected appear purely resistive (apparent power equal to real power). In this case, the voltage and current are in phase and the reactive power consumption is zero. This enables the most efficient delivery of electrical power from the power company to the consumer Some types of active PFC are:
• Boost
• Buck
• Buck-boost Active power factor correctors can be single-stage or multi-stage. In the case of a switched-mode power supply, a boost converter is inserted between the bridge rectifier and the main input capacitors.
The boost converter attempts to maintain a constant DC bus voltage on its output while drawing a current that is always in phase with and at the same frequency as the line voltage. Another switchmode converter inside the power supply produces the desired output voltage from the DC bus.
This approach requires additional semiconductor switches and control electronics, but permits cheaper and smaller passive components. It is frequently used in practice. For example, SMPS with passive PFC can achieve power factor of about 0. 7–0. 75, SMPS with active PFC, up to 0. 99 power factor, while a SMPS without any power factor correction has a power factor of only about 0. 55–0. 65. Due to their very wide input voltage range, many power supplies with active PFC can automatically adjust to operate on AC power from about 100 V (Japan) to 230 V (Europe). That feature is particularly welcome in power supplies for laptops. Importance of power factor in distribution systems The significance of power factor lies in the fact that utility companies supply customers with volt-amperes, but bill them for watts. Power factors below 1. 0 require a utility to generate more than the minimum volt-amperes necessary to supply the real power (watts). This increases generation and transmission costs.
For example, if the load power factor were as low as 0. 7, the apparent power would be 1. 4 times the real power used by the load. Line current in the circuit would also be 1. 4 times the current required at 1. 0 power factor, so the losses in the circuit would be doubled (since they are proportional to the square of the current). Alternatively all components of the system such as generators, conductors, transformers, and switchgear would be increased in size (and cost) to carry the extra current. Utilities typically charge additional costs to customers who have a power factor below some limit, which is typically 0. 9 to 0. 95. Engineers are often interested in the power factor of a load as one of the factors that affect the efficiency of power transmission. With the rising cost of energy and concerns over the efficient delivery of power, active PFC has become more common in consumer electronics. Current Energy Star guidelines for computers (ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements for Computers Version 5. 0) call for a power factor of ? 0. 9 at 100% of rated output in the PC’s power supply. According to a white paper authored by Intel and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency? , PCs with internal power supplies will require the use of active power factor correction to meet the ENERGY STAR® 5. 0 Program Requirements for Computers. [17] In Europe, IEC 555-2 requires power factor correction be incorporated into consumer products.
Measuring power factor Power factor in a single-phase circuit (or balanced three-phase circuit) can be measured with the wattmeter-ammeter-voltmeter method, where the power in watts is divided by the product of measured voltage and current. The power factor of a balanced polyphase circuit is the same as that of any phase. The power factor of an unbalanced polyphase circuit is not uniquely defined. A direct reading power factor meter can be made with a moving coil meter of the electrodynamic type, carrying two perpendicular coils on the moving part of the instrument. The field of the instrument is energized by the circuit current flow. The two moving coils, A and B, are connected in parallel with the circuit load.
One coil, A, will be connected through a resistor and the second coil, B, through an inductor, so that the current in coil B is delayed with respect to current in A. At unity power factor, the current in A is in phase with the circuit current, and coil A provides maximum torque, driving the instrument pointer toward the 1. 0 mark on the scale. At zero power factor, the current in coil B is in phase with circuit current, and coil B provides torque to drive the pointer towards 0. At intermediate values of power factor, the torques provided by the two coils add and the pointer takes up intermediate positions. Another electromechanical instrument is the polarized-vane type. In this instrument a stationary field coil produces a rotating magnetic field, just like a polyphase motor. The field coils are connected either directly to polyphase voltage sources or to a phase-shifting reactor if a single-phase application. A second stationary field coil, perpendicular to the voltage coils, carries a current proportional to current in one phase of the circuit. The moving system of the instrument consists of two vanes which are magnetized by the current coil. In operation the moving vanes take up a physical angle equivalent to the electrical angle between the voltage source and the current source. This type of instrument can be made to register for currents in both directions, giving a 4-quadrant display of power factor or phase angle. Digital instruments can be made that either directly measure the time lag between voltage and current waveforms and so calculate the power factor, or by measuring both true and apparent power in the circuit and calculating the quotient. The first method is only accurate if voltage and current are sinusoidal; loads such as rectifiers distort the waveforms from the sinusoidal shape.
Mnemonics English-language power engineering students are advised to remember: “ELI the ICE man” or “ELI on ICE” – the voltage E leads the current I in an inductor L, the current leads the voltage in a capacitor C. Or CIVIL – in a capacitor(C) the current (I) leads voltage (V), voltage (V) leads current (I) in an inductor (L).
Cite this page
Power Factor. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
What were the Civil Rights Problems Faced by Black Americans
What were the civil rights problems faced by black Americans during the 1950’s and 1960’s? How did Martin Luther King respond to these problems? Racism has been ruling America since way back in the 1800’s when African Americans were used as slaves by the white people. The emancipation proclamation was introduced to free people of slavery but of course this really didn’t change much. Things finally started to change during the 1950’s and 1960’s when civil rights problems were finally being acknowledged and dealt to with Martin Luther King playing a big part in this. In America during the 1950’s and 1960’s segregation was a very big problem and it was even legalised because of “Jim Crow” Laws. “Jim Crow” Laws held a “separate but equal” policy but really this was not the case, the laws led to poverty and employment issues and the African Americans were treated unfairly at any opportunity. Public toilets, parks, swimming pools, restaurants, diners, even hospitals and schools were segregated. This meant that the hospitals and schools had inexperienced staff and insufficient financial support which majorly disadvantaged the African American people in the community. Even busses were segregated and the first 10 rows were reserved for whites only and the African Americans were forced to sit at the back. One of the earliest responses to these civil rights problems was the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955. This was when Rosa Parks refused to move to the back of the bus and was arrested because of this and a bus boycott started. The Montgomery Improvement Association was formed and Martin Luther King was appointed leader
Cite this page
What Were the Civil Rights Problems Faced by Black Americans. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Qs Registration
Question 1 The Construction Industry is a complex and unique compared to other due to its characteristic. Some of the characteristic of this industry is it involve many key players from either from inside or outside of this industry i. e. normally when someone said construction, the image of building, contractor, architect will cross into mind however, that only a basic key player; there are lots of them outside like arbitrator, local authorities, bankers and etc. to narrow down this issue, the profession normally involve are like architect, engineer, contractor and quantity surveyor. All these types of profession have their own responsibility and works towards the construction. However, each of them must be registered profession before start the works in order to have an authority in each profession later on. For example, for the quantity surveyor, they have two governing body that must be known and registered i. e. Board of Quantity Surveyor Malaysia (BQSM) and Institution of Surveyor Malaysia (ISM). First of all the governing body that a quantity surveyor must be involves with is BQSM. BQSM was made by an Act of Parliament which is the Registration of Quantity Surveyor s Act 1967, Act 1967, Act 487 (revised 1992). The board comprised of a president, who is a register members of quantity surveyor, and sixteen (16) of members which are appointed by the Minister of Works Malaysia i. e. five members holding the office in Public Service of Malaysia, five registered quantity surveyor that have at least six years working; involve with Malaysian construction industry and this five consist of four from consulting practice and one from private sector. One from any institution of higher learning, one from nomination of Board of Architect, and one from Board of Engineers and two ore are nomination from the president.
Furthermore, each of the members in the BQSM is appointed in term according to the QS Act 1967 (Revised 2002) normally in 3 year’s stages. In addition, this board also will act as a body for registration of quantity surveyor and practice firms consulting of quantity surveyor. This board is a body corporate body with unending chain and common seal and which may sue and be sued. According to Section 4 under QS Act 1967 (Revised 2002), there are several function of the BQSM stated like the quantity surveyor must be a registered with the board first before working and apply all the quantity practice to the community. The board has the authority either to approve or disapproved the registration of a quantity surveyor and/or the practice i. e. the firm itself. BQSM also will act like an advisor to the quantity surveying firm practice such as in case related to the issue of registration of the quantity surveyor. For example, the written notice will be send from BQSM to the misconduct quantity surveyor regarding either warning, summon or other actions that can be taken. The rate for professional charge each quantity surveying practice will be revised time to time, with the approval of the Minister of Public Works. The scales of fees and charge for the provision of consulting quantity surveying services will be in board control.
Next is to settle the disputes that arise in the quantity surveying profession. Moreover, the board also has the power to appoint the committee or arbitrator in order to settle that dispute. The disputes here mean only relating to professional conduct or ethics of registered, registered graduate or temporary registered quantity surveyors.
Another function of BQSM is to act as a stakeholder in a contract for consulting quantity surveying practice in Malaysia. After that, the board is the one who will decide and determine what the codes are and conduct for the quantity surveyor. Therefore these codes will be the rules and the guide for each registered members. The BQSM also functioned in giving the quantity surveyor any information regarding the industry by held the various programs i. . developments programs in order to make sure the practice by the members are archive the standard require as a quantity surveyor.
For example, the BQSM sometime conduct a seminar on the cost control and QS profession at the universities to give students clear and details information regarding the QS world. Before someone qualified to be a fully register quantity surveyor. He or she must enter and pass all the tests and exams that be conducted by the BQSM. The exam will be held by the board every years normally. Next, the examiners also will be the responsibility or the BQSM to decide i. e. he board will appoint persons or a body or institutions to be the examiner. Furthermore, the board also has the power to appoint whoever they want in giving recommendation regarding the examinations for the purpose of qualifying for admission to the profession. As we know, the construction involved many professions and each of them have their own board that supervise and organized like Board of Engineer and Board of Architect. In these boards, there a person that is from BQSM members that appointed by the board itself i. e. registered quantity surveyor to act on behalf of the BQSM in that organization. Furthermore, this not only focus ton these two boards only, but whatever board that are related to the profession of quantity surveying. The BQSM also concern about the studies programs and the students itself especially the students that are study in the quantity surveying practice.
Therefore, to make sure they pass and graduate without having any difficulties, the board can provide the scholarship for any of them that interested to get the scholar from the BQSM. Next is to authorize any person to investigate the commission of any offence under this Act or any rules made under this Act i. . the Quantity Surveyors Act 1967. In the other hands, the ISM is an organization that combine all the surveyors profession like quantity surveyor, land surveyor, building surveyor, general practice surveyor and so on under one name i. e. ISM. ISM consists of four surveying divisions such as Building Surveyor, General Land Surveyor, Property Consultancy and Valuation Surveying and Quantity Surveyor. The main reason of ISM was made is to secure the advancement and facilitate the acquisition of that knowledge which constitutes the profession of a surveyor in the industry. Firstly, to make sure that the surveyors profession are widely known and recognized as a professional profession level same as other profession in the construction industry like architect, engineer, contractor and other specialist. Next is to encourage the works of the surveyors up to excellent level and satisfied the needs and requirement of the industry nowadays. Furthermore, another main function this institution is to combine and gather all the surveyors’ profession together and then become a centre of the excellent for them i. e. assist and guide the surveyors until their success in their profession. Another function ISM is to promote and improve the standard of the professional practice and also ethics of the surveyors by organized development programs either in collaboration with BQSM or not.
The welfare and rights of the surveyors also will be taken in account by ISM which is similar with BQSM. ISM also will be responsible for expanding the surveyors practice i. e. by incorporating related disciplines into our profession. Therefore, the surveyors’ profession not only widely related but also become a well known profession later on. No matter what will comes later on, both body which are BQSM and ISM is there to promote the general interests of the profession and to maintain and extend its usefulness for the public advantage. So, both of them are importance for surveyors especially for quantity surveyors which is a person who have a widely knowledge and expertise not only in the construction industry but also other industry like private practice, government sectors, educational institutions, construction companies, property developers, banks and financial institutions, industrial companies and other commercial companies. Therefore with so many services that a quantity surveyor can deliver to the public, he or she should have these body to protect and make sure their works in accordance with the industry. Question 2 Nowadays, quantity surveyor (QS) is played important roles in the construction industry in order to fulfill the clients’ needs and requirements. This job’s value as a quantity surveyor is similarly and equally with engineer and architect in the construction work. If the architect do the design and artistic works and engineer with his/her civil and mechanical and electrical design aspect, the QS will be the person who will quantified all the amount of the works for both parties in form of quantity and rate. Furthermore, the unique of this profession is not only that, but also act as a person that in charge of the contracting matters in the constructions like a lawyer or arbitrator but in another point of view i. e. the basis is the same which is to advise the clients and parties that involve in the contract. Therefore, with all the responsibilities and knowledge that QS has, they will be placed in a strong position to take a leading managerial role throughout the development of a project.
For example, they are able to assess the implications of changes in design, site conditions and working arrangements and give the client accurate budget and time estimates. However, to be fully registered QS are not as easy as we think.
There are several methods and procedure to be followed in order to get that title. These procedures are stated in the Quantity Surveyors Act 1967. Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)/ O level or equivalent Diploma in QS from approved Institution of Higher Learning Degree in QS from approved Institution of Higher Learning Route to register as a registered quantity surveyor with BQSM First of all, for a graduate quantity surveyor to be a registered quantity surveyor, he or she shall know what are the requirement and procedure to become a fully registered quantity surveyor. First step he or she shall follow is to be a registered graduate quantity surveyor and to be a register graduate QS, the requirements as follows:- 1) Must be a Malaysian citizen or a permanent resident of Malaysia (Section 10(3) of the Act) 2) Holds a qualification in quantity surveying recognized by the Board (Section 10(1)(a) of the Act) 3) Passed the requisite elective subjects (if required) 4) Fulfills any topping-up condition imposed by the Board The qualification from the higher learning institution normally differs and revised every year in order to make sure the output i. e. the graduate is qualified enough. So, the graduate should check and make sure the qualification they get is certified and recognized by the board. When the qualification is recognized, he or she can apply to become a registered graduate quantity surveyor. The procedures for a graduate student to follow to be a registered graduate member are stated by BQSM. The registration can be made either by online or by manual by using Form A. There are several form and supporting documents needed:- 1) Certified copy of SPM/STPM/ A-Level certificates or equivalents 2) Certified copy of Degree/Diploma/Certificate 3) Certified copy of full examination transcript from first year to final year of Degree/Diploma/ Certificates 4) Passport-size photo in formal attire ) Copy of identity card (I. C. ) 6) A non-refundable processing fee of RM50. 00 and registration fee of RM50. 00 in the form of crossed cheque/ money order/ postal order/ bank draft made payable to “LEMBAGA JURUUKUR BAHAN MALAYSIA”. 7) Address of employment and a copy of company’s letterhead (if applicable) 8) Duly completed Education History Form. In addition, the copy of academic qualifications, I. C and any other supporting documents must be certified by a Registered QS or ISM member like the example below:- [pic] The graduate must stated all the information of the qualifications like educational history and other. If the form were not incomplete, the board will inform the applicant to rectified and verify again.
However if completed, 4 months will be taken by board to decide the result and after 1 months, the applicant will be inform and he or she will get a registration number as a registered graduate quantity surveyor stated in Form C. After being a register graduate, he or she can apply for register quantity surveyor after fulfill the following requirement and procedure:- 1) Must be a Malaysian citizen or a permanent resident of Malaysia (Section 10(3) of the Act) ) Must works as a quantity surveyor with under supervise of registered QS or ISM member to the satisfaction of the employer minimum 2 years period after registered as a graduate QS in any departments, authorities or institution approved by board 3) In case not in employment of any of the departments etc, employment as a quantity surveyor performing quantity surveying duties to the satisfaction of the employer, for a minimum period of two years after registration with the Board as registered graduate Quantity Surveyor in any firm or etc that having a principal, partner, director or a supervisor who is a registered Quantity Surveyor. ) Must have passed the Test of Professional Competence conducted jointly by BQSM and ISM. The test will comprise:- i) 2 years minimum period of professional experience mentioned before and approved areas of work under the supervision of a registered Quantity Surveyor. ii) Submission of practical tasks as directed by the Joint Test of Professional Competence Panel iii) A written test related to the professional experience that he has obtained and the Code of professional conduct iv) A professional interview conducted by at least two examiners appointed by the Joint Test of Professional Competence Panel from time to time ) Any other form of test or assessment of professional competence as the Joint Test of Professional Competence Panel may decide from time to time vi) Must have passed other appropriate form of test or assessment as the Board deems fit. Next is the procedure to register as fully registered QS where the applicant can either use via online or manual by using Form B. same as register procedure for registered graduate Qs, the supporting documents also required such as:-
• Certification of minimum two (2) years of working experience from employer in approved format [pic] Letter of approval from Joint Test of Professional Competence (JTPC) on successful completion of TPC or other form of approved certification.
• Passport-size photo in formal attire
• Name and address of employment.
• A non-refundable processing fee of RM50. 00 and registration fee of RM300. 00 in the form of crossed cheque/ money order/ postal order/ bank draft made payable to “LEMBAGA JURUUKUR BAHAN MALAYSIA”. In short, all the above are similar procedure like before i. e. registration for graduate QS. Furthermore, these supporting documents also must be certified by a Registered QS or ISM member in the same format. For the purpose of calculating years of employment, the commencement date of the two years period shall be calculated from the date of registration as a registered graduate Quantity Surveyor. The TPC shall be conducted jointly by the Board & ISM in accordance with the Rules & Guide to the Test of Professional Competence published jointly by Board and ISM. If the application is incomplete or does not satisfy the registration requirements, a notification shall be issued to the applicant for rectification. Complete applications shall be decided by the Board within four (4) months from the date of receipt of complete application. Applicants shall be notified of the decision of the Board in writing within one (1) month of the date of the decision. Successful applicant will be given a registration number. A certificate of registration in Form D shall be issued to successful applicant. In a nutshell, the procedures are almost similar only the type of form being used and the amount of fees only differ from each registration. ———————– Graduate Registration 2 years approved supervise experience (ASE) Test of Professional Competence (TPC) (written test, interview, work diary, log book, practical task) Fully Registration of QS
Cite this page
Qs Registration. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Leadership in Rapidly Changing Business Environments
Abstract
Globalization is placing new demands on today’s corporate leaders. As organisations continue to expand and operate in a more competitive environment, leaders are being asked to provide guidance and direction to teams working across time zones and distances. In addition, the competitive environment is requiring leaders to make sense of increasingly unlike sources of information and make decisions more rapidly.
Different scholars present different theories and discuss the characteristics of leadership. They point out that vision, capacity to learn, adoptability, initiative and innovative approach are the qualities those a leader should have to make h/her more effective in managing the organisations to cope up with this ever changing business environment. Relation between leadership and changing business environment are also presented by the researchers on how a leader can play the vital role in long term success of the organisation.
Introduction
It has been a prescription to say “nothing is permanent in this world except change. Dramatically, this proven proverb led many people to accept change than to oppose it. In this world where technology is at its height and still in progress, change has become widespread and fast.
To cope with this, people especially those in the corporate world who, are mostly affected, need to have strategic plans to address such unforeseen changes in the organisation (Kanellis, 2005). Globalization is rapidly redefining today’s business environment. Significant strategic shifts are transforming the playing field. Vast opportunities for growth are emerging at the same time that the pool of high-performing talent capable of seizing those opportunities is shrinking. Those who can stay ahead of the rapid pace of change, anticipate talent needs, and take the lead in developing innovative strategies for the future will likely be tomorrow’s winners (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2007).
Successful business leaders must shape their organisations to be more nimble and flexible, less hierarchical, and more networked—in short, better organized to deliver value. The focus should be on key emerging business revolutions: agility, authenticity, talent, and sustainability. A distinctive leadership framework—one that defines success quotients—provides direction on what it will take to lead and shape organisations in the future.
The fate of future business rests, in part, on how well business leaders can anticipate change, demonstrate authentic leadership, maximize the power of their talent, and embrace social responsibility (Applebaum, St-Pierre & Glaves, 1998).
Background Of The Study
Around the 1960s and on to today, the environment of today’s organisations has changed a great deal. A variety of driving forces provoke this change. Increasing telecommunications has “shrunk” the world substantially.
Increasing diversity of workers has brought in a wide array of differing values, perspectives and expectations among workers. Public consciousness has become much more sensitive and demanding that organisations be more socially responsible. Much of the third-world countries have joined the global marketplace, creating a wider arena for sales and services. Organisations became responsible not only to stockholders but to a wider community of “stakeholders”, (Michael Ray and Alan Rinzler, Eds. , 1993).
As a result of the above driving forces, organisations are required to adopt a “new paradigm,” or view on the world, to be more sensitive, flexible and adaptable to the demands and expectations of stakeholder demands.
Many organisations have abandoned or are abandoning the traditional top-down, rigid and hierarchical structures to more “organic” and fluid forms (Daryl R. Conner, 1993). Knowing the importance and implication of organisational change and admitting the fact that organisational change is the demand of a time, for sustainable success leadership can play a key role in bringing and implementing these changes, by deciding the desired form of an organisation and taking the practical steps which are needed for the process.
The next obvious question which one can have is what kind of leadership is needed for successful organisational change? At the point where the authors agrees and accept that the role of a leader is crucial for managing organisational change, at the same point they also mention that the process of organisational change is very complex and challenging (Wasim & Imran, 2010).
Purpose Of The Study
To meet the highly competitive and ever changing environment of business and trends, there is a continuous need for organisations to change their business model according to the trends, technologies and future concerns. This demands the most competent leadership for organisations that is not only well capable to understand and analyze the current business needs, but also prove effective and helpful to suggest the most suitable form of a change by using their vision and then implement this change by using their innovative approach to get that vision successfully. Knowing the importance of organisational change and accepting the key role of leadership in change process, the purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between successful organisational change and leadership on the basis of his or her characteristics.
Research Question
This paper revolves around the core research question that is: What is the relationship between leadership and the rapidly changing business Environments? In order to make this paper manageable and reader’s friendly, we decide to split our core question in to three questions. There are two reasons behind this purpose, first we want to give our readers a sufficient knowledge base to easily understand the characters, which we are going to use in this paper, and the second reason is to do our work in more structured way. Three sub research questions which we decide to address here are:
- What do we understand by leadership?
- Why leadership is important in the rapidly changing business environment?
- Finally, how leadership and rapidly changing business Environments are related to each other?
Literature Review
Leadership and its role are the most concerning issue for the business and organisations now a days. The “Leaders are individuals who establish direction for a working group of individuals and who gain commitment from this group of members to established direction and who then motivate members to achieve the direction’s outcomes” (Conger, 1992). The term leadership can be viewed through multiple angles and concepts.
Traditionally leadership is a set of feature owned by the leader or it is a social phenomenon that comes from relationship with groups. These concepts can give different opinions about the definition of leadership. It is a continuous debate that whether the leadership comes from the personal qualities of a leader or a Leader makes follower ship through what s/he does or believes (Grint, 2004).
Grint (2004) also highlight position problems with the leadership, which explores, is the leader a person in charge? With the true authority to decide or implement, or it is only a person in front who takes h/her directions for someone. Recent reviews take leadership as a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (Northouse 2004).
Another view about leadership is that “leadership is like the Abominable Snowman, whose footprints are everywhere but who is nowhere to be seen” (Bennis and Nanus 1985). In short leadership/leader is either a person who is in charge and has authorities to take decision and also has powers to implement h/her decisions or a process having a set of other authoritative process about organisational, personal or social process of influence for which the groups, teams or organisations can do more to increase their ability. The selection of the leader not only depends on the personal characteristics of a person but also on the social and cultural factors along with h/her exposures towards life (Bolden 2010).
Organisational leadership has a central role in evolution and cultivating an organisation. It can help the member of an organisation and working teams to face the challenges and to work for organisational goal in a worthy way. Organisational leadership is not a magic that one person have and other don’t have.
It is also not all about the ordered by boss and then observed by him that how much these ordered are obeyed. The leadership of an organisation is instead, an ability of management to get and protect the company benefits by realizing employees need and company targets and bringing them together to work in a better environment to achieve the common goals (Sansom 1998).
Senior and Fleming describe an organisation leadership as a person who can promote change in an organisation by its vision and strategy (Senior and Fleming 2006). The leader is one who may have some dreams and ideas like other people, but also has an ability to turn these dreams and ideas in to reality. This is the basic difference between the dreamers and leaders (Prestwood and Schumann 2002).
Prestwood and Schumann further states that “Leadership is a state of mind not a position”.
Leaders must be capable to promote and cultivate the innovative culture within an organisation, by motivating other to bring new ideas and provide a proper infrastructure to convert them into reality (Prestwood and Schumann 2002). Importance of the fast-changing environment, business conditions bring consequences in management both in inner and outer factors. That is why in most cases, most of the managerial activities revolve around decision – making.
Knowledge plays a major role in organisational development (Kelstein, 1993). Adding to Kelstein, Malhotra (1998) said that organisational changes are usually described, including management and employee training requirements, recruiting efforts, changes in business processes and changes in authority, structure or management practices.
The increasing complexity of the global environment has changed what it means to be a leader. Even the most sophisticated planning tools fail to account for the non-linear and often chaotic manner in which issues and eventualities occur. Effective leaders need to organize people and resources to promote optimal creativity, flexibility, adaptability and the capacity to learn as an organisation (NECSI, 2010).
A competent and effective leadership is required to manage the situation. Gruban highlight the fact that the leadership competencies have a great relation with successful organisational change and a competent leader may prove more effective in managing the change process successfully (Gruban 2003). Bennis also acknowledges that special qualities and characteristics are required form a leader to bring successful organisational change (Bennis, 1987).
According to Robert Heller & Tim Hindle (1999), today’s leaders and or managers must deal with continual, rapid change. Managers faced with a major decision can no longer refer back to an earlier developed plan for direction. Management techniques must continually notice changes in the environment and organisation, assess this change and manage change.
Managing hange does not mean controlling it, rather understanding it, adapting to it where necessary and guiding it when possible. Accepting the greatness of organisational change and knowing the fact that practical steps are needed to make things happen, the next question may arise in mind that “who will take initiative to bring these changes for organisations, to take practical steps” and “who will be the person in charge”.
Scholars and researchers also agree on the point that role of a leader is very important while managing organisations or addressing the issue of organisational change. Kennedy believes that role of the leadership is a key while addressing the issue of organisational change and effective leader can bring effective change for an organisation (Kennedy 2000). In their book Organisational Change, Senior and Fleming discus the role of leadership and claim that leader is a change agent who can take initiative and bring change for organisation (Senior and Fleming 2006).
As the business goals can’t be achieved without adopting any strategic business process, likewise the organisational success and sustainability also can’t be accomplished without a strategic role of leaders. From allocation of resources to alignment, from perception of thing to decide future focusing, form commitment and motivating the teams to get the goals of an organisation, to confirm the sustainable growth, it’s a leadership whose footprints are everywhere (McGuire, 2003). Vision is a must quality that a good leader should have.
The vision is sort of complex term to define and has multidimensional view. Different scholars and researchers describe it in different way. Kouzes takes it as “an ideal and unique image of future for the common good” (Kouzes and Posner, 2007).
At the other end Jonathan swift states that “Vision is the art of seeing the invisible”. Knowing where you are going and what is the destination needs a clear vision. Vision can develop motivation, inspiration, and mutual responsibility for success and can provide smart choices to the leader because they can make their decisions on the basis of end results which are already in their mind because of their vision (Kotter, 1990). Therefore vision can be taken as an ability or characteristics of a good leader which can not only make him or her capable to perceive the future in precise and accurate way, but also can increase h/her motivation and sense of responsibility to get this desired future.
According to Bennis and Nanus “vision is a mental image of a possible and desirable future of the organisation” (Bennis & Nanus, 1985, in Lyerly, Maxey 2000, P 48) This mental image grows inside the mind of leaders and depends on the h/her competency to perceive the things accurately and use them intelligently for the betterment and sustainability of an organisation. Bennis (1985) also describes that there are some practically proven leadership competencies that can affect the performance of an organisation, which also includes “vision and goal setting”, “interpersonal skills and self knowledge” along with some special characteristics which may be concerned with any specific businesses. Kotter states that the vision is the ability of a leader to look in to future while aligning the team with that vision, and then make them inspire to get the desired goals concerning that future: “Vision is a picture of the future with some implicit or explicit commentary on why people should strive to create that future”.
He also mentioned that organisations are based on teams, and dedicated team work is required to make things happen.
These people and teams need a clear picture of a future that motivate and inspire them to become an efficient part of an effort for getting that desired future. It is also important in the way that what the reason of their work and decisions is? It is the vision of a leader that makes it assure that actions and the decisions of organisational team are fit into the actual picture of desired future (Kotter, 1995). In this age of uncertainty, organisations and companies may face some unexpected and unwanted circumstances any time.
So the need of capable leadership is more than ever now a days to sense these unexpected conditions before time and to cope with them by their innovative approach (Prestwood and Schumann 2002).
Imaginations can play an important role to take a competitor advantages in business. The innovative approach of leadership may lead a company towards a sustainable success and can better formulate the organisational strategy for desirable future for organisation, by using their vision (Prestwood and Schumann 2002). In an organisation, there are major risks and uncertainties in systems development that need to be addressed by the management.
Determining when new systems and business processes can have the greatest impact is involved in these challenges. This may be the reasons why organisational change and development is becoming a common scenario to talk about involving management, organisations, business, and leadership.
In simple words, building new systems produce organisational change. And since building new systems is incorporated in the organisation, managers should really take a considerable concern not only on the hardware and software aspects but also in people ware, particularly the organisational structure of information flow. In other words, the company agent faced with these changes should have at least a broad understanding of the framework of the change attempt.
In this way, the basic systems and the organisational structures including their principles, roles, terms, will be understood by the leadership and management of the organisation (Malhotra, 1998). Relationship between Leadership and the Rapidly Changing Business Environments In order to get the long term success and sustainability the organisations need to take some practical steps. While talking about these practical steps for organisations, the scholars and researchers are agree that organisations need to accept, adopt and implement changes in their business model according to changing trends, technologies, customer preferences and future concerns.
Many authors write massively in this area. At the one end when, Caetano takes the organisational change as a demand of time to remain successful in business (Caetano, 1999) Boston, at the other end claims that organisational change is important for long term success and survival of an organisation. There are possibilities for organisations to lose their repute and market share if they do not prepare themselves according to rapidly changing circumstances and situations.
Boston (2000) also describes the significance of organisational change in different way that it is an accepted fact that organisational change is important for sustainable business and long term success which can only be dealt by a good leader. While discussing the leadership competencies many authors admit that organisational change is a process in which a most desirable and suitable future form of an organisation is perceived and route map is decided to get his new shape. Therefore a visionary leadership with innovative approach is a key to make this change happen successfully (Gesell, 2010).
According to Bennis, vision is a mental image of a desirable future, so it is important that this future is perceived accurately, which needs a visionary leadership (Bennis & Nanus, 1985). Scholars also highlight that the innovative approach of a leader can increase the chances of success for a leader to get his vision (Bass 1990). Every individual has some dreams and goals for his or her betterment, improvement or successful future.
But unfortunately only having dreams and goals is not sufficient. They need to take practical steps and actions to get them in a better way, and these steps and actions demand different kind of knowledge, skills and talent to become successful. Likewise in order to get the level of long term success and sustainability the organisations need to take some practical steps. While talking about these practical steps for organisations, the scholars and researchers are agree that organisations need to accept, adopt and implement changes in their business model according to changing trends, technologies, customer preferences and future concerns (Wasim & Imran, 2010).
According to Kotter (1995), without the vision of leaders the motivation level of organisation people may go down and their activities become meaningless which can prove worst for organisations at the later end. He further said that “Vision plays a key role in producing useful change by helping to direct, align and inspire actions on the part of large numbers of people. Without an appropriate vision, a transformation effort can easily dissolve into a list of confusing, incompatible and time consuming projects that go in the wrong direction or nowhere at all” (Kotter 1995).
To survive in this age of global competition, the organisations and businesses have come to realize the need of innovations in their business model and strategies. It is well evident from the recent reports and publications that the companies form different geographical regions and countries spend a considerable amount of money for the purpose of innovation, and the ratio of allocating the funds for innovation is continuously increasing (Hage & Powers1992)
For organisations who want excellence and sustainability in their business, need to think about the managers/leaders/leadership with innovative approach in order to develop the business strategy by turning their innovative concepts into reality (Carneiro, 2008). Innovation is an art of responding the market and technological challenges and the future trends of business for organisations in most suitable way that can lead organisations towards long term success and sustainability. It is necessary to make the products, services and business model compatible with the potential market demands and customer needs in order to meet the organisational goals and sustainable development (Brenner 1987).
From the beginning of 1980, it is observed that the changes have a significant effect on the business organisations in term of their long term success and sustainability.
Therefore the urge of capable leadership was also observed to handle, manage and implement these changes successfully. The question was raised by the scholars that what kind of leadership is needed for organisations to cope and handle the situations of more demanding and rapidly changing business trends? Most of such questions were answered by highlighting the role of visionary leadership with innovative approach, as a key component (Bass 1990). In this era of rapidly changing business trends and increased customer demands, the role of leadership is more crucial now a days.
The strategic leadership is eagerly needed for organisations, which is well capable to predict the essential alterations and changes, in advance and create required commitment and highly suitable atmosphere for worker and teams to understand and adopt these changes successfully. This action by leaders is decisive not only for the effectiveness of the organisation but also for its very survival (Bass, 1990; Burke & Cooper, 2006).
Conceptual Framework
From the literature review, the following framework is drawn. Nowadays business trends are changing rapidly and quickly in the globe and the organisations that don’t change cannot survive (Hage, 1999). An organisation that does not adopt changes cannot survive long in market (Boston.
MA, 2000). Organisational changes provide different significant benefits e. g. t improves competitiveness, improves financial performance, enhances employees and customer satisfaction and most important is that it leads organisation towards continuous improvement and sustainability. These are organisational benefits and not every individual in any organisation can get benefits personally from these changes but every individual working in an organisation, usually have common goals and objectives and these changes made the organisation as a whole stronger (Boston.
MA, 2000).
From the above statement, we understand that organisational changes are necessary to stay in the business. It’s an era of high competition and ever changing technologies and global trends. To respond these changes accordingly and to remain compatible with them it is good for organisations to understand, adopt and implement changes.
It is the need of the time, to become successful in business and get the level of sustainability. The leader’s role is very important in rapidly changing business environment because it requires a well structured way of implementation the change by managing the behavior and attitudes of people working together. It also requires strong commitment of all the people to work together for a stated common vision.
Moving is the next phase in which organisational top management identifies, plan, and implement the appropriate strategies. Organisational change can make an organisation capable to better respond the future trends, technological changes, social and economical changes, and can also provide a competitor edge in this age of high competitions. Change can also improve the performance of an organisation which at the later end may lead organisations towards a long term success and sustainability.
The process of organisational change is very demanding and challenging. The strategic leadership is eagerly needed for organisations, which is well capable to predict the essential alterations and changes, in advance and create required commitment and highly suitable atmosphere for worker and teams to understand and adopt these changes successfully.
The vision of the leader is also very important for planning and implementing the strategies. All the strategies are shaped in the moving phase. The next step is to mobilize the change situation in which leader assists in stabilizing the changes so that it becomes integrated into status quo.
This is most important to understand for the leaders that how to best use of the changes because if adopting the new strategy is incomplete or not mange properly the change will be ineffective and the pre-change behaviors will be resumed. The good leadership qualities are very important for organisational changes because it is most important to handle the resistance, confusion, exploration and commitment of management. There are some predictable behaviors associated with the change stages and the effective leader always perceive these changes in efficient manner and respond appropriately to get the teams commitment.
Challenges
The change process is very challenging and important for organisations and can lead an organisation towards a path of success. It can also make them capable to meet future demands and to compete with other market player in effective way. (Robbins, 1999) Ulrich also highlight that change for organisations is necessary to deal with the diversities and the complex market situations (Ulrich, 1998).
There are different forces that influence organisation for change and these forces may create expectations of improved efficiency and better services, usually external forces leads towards innovation. When organisational changes are well planned and carried in a structured way it leads to continuous improvement and organisational innovation (Boston. MA, 2000).
In this ever changing business environment, question may arise, where can organisations turn to see the future of leadership? How can they determine the skills and tools that leaders will need to be successful? Organisational change is not only important but also is a demand of time, and leadership can play a key role in it. Our research work may contribute to better understand the role of leadership, h/her competencies and capabilities, while addressing the issue of coping up with the ever changing business world. Our work may also inspire the companies and organisations to think about the leadership qualities of Vision, Capacity to Learn, Adoptability, Initiative and Innovative Approach in a leader, which may lead organisations to better manage the process of organisational change and may increase the chances of their success.
The model we have purpose in this paper can also open new ways for researchers to think further on these lines, and develop a more strong and proven relation between the characters of this model. Now it is proved and widely believed that innovation can also happen by managing it. Likewise it is a big debate now a days that leaders born or made? Different scholars have different views over the matters.
If we go with the theory that leader can be roduced, then it will be the interesting area for researchers that how to produce visionary leaders, who may not only have the great analytical skills for current situations but also have a great ability to perceive the desirable future for organisations. A leadership strategy supports the effective implementation of an organization’s business strategy. Without the right leadership, organizational strategies will remain as ink on paper. Getting the right leadership to implement business strategies takes careful planning and dedicated effort, and often substantial investment.
Conclusion
The demand and the expectations of consumers today are not only very high towards companies but also changeful. So it is better for companies to not only meet the current demands of consumers, but also perceive the future trends and to make them prepare well before time. For this purpose the companies and organisations need to adopt and implement the change in their business model.
The leadership and its role are the most concerning issue in managing organisations and organisational change. It is accepted by scholars that organisational leadership has a central role in evolution and cultivating an organisation. It can help the member of an organisation and working teams to face the challenges and to work for organisational goal in a worthy way.
The role of a leader is also very prominent while addressing the change issue for organisations. By acknowledging the importance of vision and innovative approach as competencies of leadership it is also true that there are other important characteristics of leadership which has an effect on the effectiveness of leaders while managing organisations and organisational change. Moreover it is also a fact that role of leader is not a single important factor while addressing the process of organisational change.
There are several other factors which are important and have an ability to affect the process of organisational change and its results. Accepting the all limitations it is still believed that leadership has an important role in managing organisations and organisational change and a capable leader along with the characteristics such as vision and innovative approach can make the organisation more effective in managing and coping up with the change process. In view of the pressures being expected from the external environment and the critical vision of organizations, top management needs to establish a flexible and adaptive infrastructure that should lead tomorrow’s organizations to higher levels of performance.
The largest barrier to “change” is not changes to technologies, and work processes but changes involving people. To reach such level of performance, links between the environments, the vision of the organization, its leadership and learning processes are essential. Further research is needed to identify systematic integrative models of change with predictive capabilities.
These models could be utilized both by management and organizational researchers in order to facilitate the implementation of adaptive strategic change initiatives. To succeed in a more global, faster-paced business environment, organizations will need to consider the behaviors of the leaders they are going to need for their future leaders to demonstrate, and the tools and techniques leaders will need to master. This has a range of implications for organizations; from the design of leadership development programs to the prioritization other future budgets. By leveraging the lessons from the literature reviewed here, companies can gain a better understanding of the ways in which the next generation of leaders will be operating. The journey toward globalization won’t always be easy. But we believe, by implementing these recommendations, the game of global business will be more fun; leaders will gain an edge over their competitors.
<Cite this page
Leadership in Rapidly Changing Business Environments. (2017, Sep 20).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Bill Henson
Cite this page
Bill Henson. (2017, Sep 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Critical Path Method
Cite this page
Critical Path Method. (2017, Sep 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
The Commonality and Differences of the Hispanic Culture in the United States
Cite this page
The Commonality and Differences of the Hispanic Culture in the United States. (2017, Sep 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
Essay on Evolutionism
Cite this page
Essay on Evolutionism. (2017, Sep 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
The Basic Difference between Anatomy and Physiology
Week 1 Chapter 1 1. What is the basic difference between anatomy and physiology? (p. 2) ANSWER: Anatomy (a-NAT-o-me; ana- = up; -tomy = process of cutting) is the science of structure and the relationships among structures. Physiology (fiz? -e-OL-o-je; physio- = nature, -logy = study of) is the science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work. 2. Define each of the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism. (p. 6) ANSWER: AtomUnit of matter that makes up a chemical element; consists of a nucleus (containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons) and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus. Molecule (MOL-e-kul)The chemical combination of two or more atoms covalently bonded together.
CellThe basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all the activities vital to life. TissueA group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function. OrganA structure composed of two or more different kinds of tissues with a specific function and usually a recognizable shape. SystemAn association of organs that have a common function. Organism (OR-ga-nizm)A total living form; one individual 3. How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they different? (p. 9) ANSWER: A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition.
Consider one negative feedback system that helps regulate blood pressure. Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels.
When the heart beats faster or harder, BP increases. If a stimulus causes BP (controlled condition) to rise, the following sequence of events occurs (Figure 1-3). The higher pressure is detected by baroreceptors, pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels (the receptors). The baroreceptors send nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which interprets the impulses and responds by sending nerve impulses (output) to the heart (the effector). Heart rate decreases, which causes BP to decrease (response). This sequence of events returns the controlled condition—blood pressure—to normal, and homeostasis is restored. This is a negative feedback system because the activity of the effector produces a result, a drop in BP, that reverses the effect of the stimulus. Negative feedback systems tend to regulate conditions in the body that are held fairly stable over long periods, such as BP, blood glucose level, and body temperature. A positive feedback system strengthens a change in a controlled condition. Normal positive feedback systems tend to reinforce conditions that don’t happen very often, such as childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting.
Because a positive feedback system continually reinforces a change in a controlled condition, it must be shut off by some event outside the system. If the action of a positive feedback system isn’t stopped, it can “run away” and produce life-threatening changes in the body. The basic difference between negative and positive feedback systems is that in negative feedback systems, the response reverses a change in a controlled condition, and in positive feedback systems, the response strengthens the change in a controlled condition. 4. Describe the anatomical position and explain why it is used. (p. 15) ANSWER: The language of anatomy and physiology is very precise. In the study of anatomy, descriptions of any part of the human body assume that the body is in a specific stance called the anatomical position (an? -a-TOM-i-kal). In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward (Figure 1-4 on page 11). In the anatomical position, the body is upright. Descriptions of any region of the body assume the body is in the anatomical position, in which the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward, the feet flat on the floor and directed forward, and the arms at the sides, with the palms turned forward. 5. What are the various planes that may be passed through the body? Explain how each divides the body. (p. 15) ANSWER: A sagittal plane (SAJ-i-tal; sagitt- = arrow) is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. More specifically, when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides, it is called a midsagittal plane. If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane (para- = near). A frontal plane or coronal plane divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. A transverse plane divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. A transverse plane may also be called a cross-sectional or horizontal plane.
Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes are all at right angles to one another. An oblique plane, by contrast, passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and the frontal plane. Chapter 2 6. Compare the meanings of atomic number, mass number, ion, and molecule. (p. 29) ANSWER: The atomic number, the number of protons, distinguishes the atoms of one element from those of another element. The combined total of protons and neutrons in an atom is its mass number. An atom that gives up or gains electrons becomes an ion—an atom that has a positive or negative charge due to having unequal numbers of protons and electrons. A molecule is a substance that consists of two or more chemically combined atoms. The molecular formula indicates the number and type of atoms that make up a molecule. 7. What functions does water perform in the body? (p. 40) ANSWER: 1. Water is an excellent solvent. 2. Water participates in chemical reactions. 3. Water absorbs and releases heat very slowly. . Water requires a large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas. 5. Water serves as a lubricant.
Water is the most abundant substance in the body. It is an excellent solvent, participates in chemical reactions, absorbs and releases heat slowly, requires a large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas, and serves as a lubricant. 8. Why is ATP important? (p. 40) ANSWER: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (a-DEN-o-sen tri-FOS-fat)The main energy currency in living cells; used to transfer the chemical energy needed for metabolic reactions. ATP consists of the purine base adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose, to which are added, in linear array, three phosphate groups. Chapter 22 9. What are the functions of electrolytes in the body? (p. 550) ANSWER: Electrolytes control the osmosis of water between fluid compartments, help maintain acid–base balance, carry electrical current, and act as enzyme cofactors. 10. What are the major physiological effects of acidosis and alkalosis? (p. 552) ANSWER: The major physiological effect of acidosis is depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission. If the systemic arterial blood pH falls below 7, depression of the nervous system is so severe that the individual becomes disoriented, then becomes comatose, and may die. A major physiological effect of alkalosis is overexcitability in both the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. Neurons conduct impulses repetitively, even when not stimulated; the results are nervousness, muscle spasms, and even convulsions and death. Week 2 Chapter 3 11. What is meant by selective permeability? (p. 47) ANSWER: Selective permeability (per? me-a-BIL-i-te)The property of a membrane by which it permits the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others. 12. What is the key difference between passive and active transport? (p. 52) ANSWER: Active Processes Movement of substances against a concentration gradient; requires cellular energy in the form of ATP. Active Transport Transport in which cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient aided by membrane proteins that act as pumps; these integral membrane proteins use energy supplied by ATP. Passive Processes Movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached; do not require cellular energy in the form of ATP. Movement of a substance by kinetic energy down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached. 13. How does diffusion through membrane channels compare to facilitated diffusion? (p. 52) ANSWER: Simple diffusion Passive movement of a substance through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Facilitated diffusion Passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient aided by ion channels and carriers. In simple diffusion, lipid-soluble substances move through the lipid bilayer. In facilitated diffusion, substances cross the membrane with the assistance of ion channels and carriers. 14. Why is the nucleus so important in the life of a cell? (p. 58) ANSWER: 1. Controls cellular structure. 2. Directs cellular activities. 3. Produces ribosomes in nucleoli.
The nucleus contains most of a cell’s genes, which are located on chromosomes Nucleus Consists of nuclear envelope with pores, nucleoli, and chromatin (or chromosomes). Contains genes, which control cellular structure and direct most cellular activities. Chapter 4 15. Define a tissue.
What are the four basic types of body tissues? (p. 73) ANSWER: A tissue is a group of similar cells, usually with a common embryonic origin, that function together to carry out specialized activities. 1. Epithelial tissue (ep? -i-THE-le-al) covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts (tubes); and forms glands. 2. Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity. 3. Muscular tissue generates the physical force needed to make body structures move. . Nervous tissue detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates and transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) that coordinate body activities to help maintain homeostasis. 16. What are the functions of muscular tissue? (p. 90) ANSWER: muscular tissue produces motion, maintains posture, and generates heat. 17. Name the three types of muscular tissue. (p. 90) ANSWER: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Chapter 5 18. What structures are included in the integumentary system? (p. 101) ANSWER: Skin and structures associated with it, such as hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands. 9. What are the three pigments found in the skin, and how do they contribute to skin color? (p. 101) ANSWER: Skin color is due to the pigments melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene are three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to skin. The amount of melanin causes the skin’s color to vary from pale yellow to reddish-brown to black.
Melanocytes are most plentiful in the epidermis of the penis, nipples of the breasts, the area just around the nipples (areolae), face, and limbs. They are also present in mucous membranes. Because the number of melanocytes is about the same in all people, differences in skin color are due mainly to the amount of pigment the melanocytes produce and transfer to keratinocytes. In some people, melanin accumulates in patches called freckles. As a person grows older, age (liver) spots may develop. These flat blemishes look like freckles and range in color from light brown to black. Like freckles, age spots are accumulations of melanin. A round, flat, or raised area that represents a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes and usually develops in childhood or adolescence is called a nevus (NE-vus), or a mole.
Exposure to UV light stimulates melanin production. Both the amount and darkness of melanin increase, which gives the skin a tanned appearance and further protects the body against UV radiation. Thus, within limits, melanin serves a protective function. Nevertheless, repeatedly exposing the skin to UV light causes skin cancer. A tan is lost when the melanin-containing keratinocytes are shed from the stratum corneum.
Albinism (AL-bin-izm; albin- = white) is the inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin. Most albinos (al-BI-nos), people affected by albinism, do not have melanin in their hair, eyes, and skin. In another condition, called vitiligo (vit-i-LI-go), the partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots. The loss of melanocytes may be related to an immune system malfunction in which antibodies attack the melanocytes. Dark-skinned individuals have large amounts of melanin in the epidermis. Consequently, the epidermis has a dark pigmentation and skin color ranges from yellow to red to tan to black.
Light-skinned individuals have little melanin in the epidermis. Thus, the epidermis appears translucent and skin color ranges from pink to red depending on the amount and oxygen content of the blood moving through capillaries in the dermis.
The red color is due to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells. Carotene (KAR-o-ten; carot = carrot) is a yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolk and carrots their color. This precursor of vitamin A, which is used to synthesize pigments needed for vision, accumulates in the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis and subcutaneous layer in response to excessive dietary intake. In fact, so much carotene may be deposited in the skin after eating large amounts of carotene-rich foods that the skin color actually turns orange, which is especially apparent in light-skinned individuals. Decreasing carotene intake eliminates the problem. 20. In what two ways does the skin help regulate body temperature? (p. 106) ANSWER: Body temperature regulation.
The skin contributes to the homeostatic regulation of body temperature by liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis. In response to high environmental temperature or heat produced by exercise, sweat production from eccrine sweat glands increases; the evaporation of sweat from the skin surface helps lower body temperature. In addition, blood vessels in the dermis of the skin dilate (become wider); consequently, more blood flows through the dermis, which increases the amount of heat loss from the body. In response to low environmental temperature, production of sweat from eccrine sweat glands is decreased, which helps conserve heat. Also, the blood vessels in the dermis f the skin constrict (become narrow), which decreases blood flow through the skin and reduces heat loss from the body. 21. In what ways does the skin serve as a protective barrier? (p. 106) ANSWER: Protection. Keratin in the skin protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, and chemicals, and the tightly interlocked keratinocytes resist invasion by microbes. Lipids released by lamellar granules inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface, thus protecting the body from dehydration. Oily sebum prevents hairs from drying out and contains bactericidal chemicals that kill surface bacteria.
The acidic pH of perspiration retards the growth of some microbes. Melanin provides some protection against the damaging effects of UV light. Hair and nails also have protective functions. Week 3 Chapter 6 22. Give several examples of long, short, flat, and irregular bones. (p. 114) ANSWER: Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a variable number of ends.
They are usually somewhat curved for strength. Long bones include those in the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), and fingers and toes (phalanges). Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width. Examples of short bones include most wrist and ankle bones. Flat bones are generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment. Bones classified as flat bones include the cranial bones, which protect the brain; the sternum (breastbone) and ribs, which protect organs in the thorax; and the scapulae (shoulder blades). Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories.
Such bones include the vertebrae and some facial bones. 3. What are the four types of cells in bone tissue? (p. 118) ANSWER: 1. Osteogenic cells (os-te-o-JEN-ik; -genic = producing) are unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed. They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts.
Osteogenic cells are found along the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels. 2. Osteoblasts (OS-te-o-blasts? ; -blasts = buds or sprouts) are bone-building cells. They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. As osteoblasts surround themselves with extracellular matrix, they become trapped in their secretions and become osteocytes. (Note: Blasts in bone or any other connective tissue secrete extracellular matrix. ) 3. Osteocytes (OS-te-o-sits? ; -cytes = cells), mature bone cells, are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes do not undergo cell division. Note: Cytes in bone or any other tissue maintain the tissue. ) 4. Osteoclasts (OS-te-o-clasts? ; -clast = break) are huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum.
They release powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of the bone extracellular matrix. This breakdown of bone extracellular matrix, termed resorption, is part of the normal development, growth, maintenance, and repair of bone. (Note: Clasts in bone break down extracellular matrix. ) 24. What is bone remodeling? Why is it important? (p. 123) ANSWER: Bone remodeling is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue. It involves bone resorption, the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts, and bone deposition, the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts. Thus, bone resorption results in the destruction of bone extracellular matrix, while bone deposition results in the formation of bone extracellular matrix. Remodeling takes place at different rates in different regions of the body. Even after bones have reached their adult shapes and sizes, old bone is continually destroyed and new bone is formed in its place.
Remodeling also removes injured bone, replacing it with new bone tissue. Remodeling may be triggered by factors such as exercise, sedentary lifestyle, and changes in diet. Old bone is constantly destroyed by osteoclasts, while new bone is constructed by osteoblasts. This process is called remodeling. 25. What are some of the important functions of calcium in the body? (p. 123) ANSWER: In addition, most functions of nerve cells depend on just the right level of Ca2+, many enzymes require Ca2+ as a cofactor, and blood clotting requires Ca2+. The role of bone in calcium homeostasis is to “buffer” the blood calcium level, releasing Ca2+ to the blood when the blood calcium level falls (using osteoclasts) and depositing Ca2+ back in bone when the blood level rises (using osteoblasts). 26. What types of mechanical stress may be used to strengthen bone tissue? (p. 124) ANSWER: Weight-bearing activities, such as walking or moderate weightlifting, help build and retain bone mass.
Adolescents and young adults should engage in regular weight-bearing exercise prior to the closure of the epiphyseal plates to help build total mass before its inevitable reduction with aging. However, the benefits of exercise do not end in young adulthood. Even elderly people can strengthen their bones by engaging in weight-bearing exercise. 27. How does aging affect the brittleness of bone and the loss of bone mass? (p. 147) ANSWER: Bone brittleness results from a decrease in the rate of protein synthesis and in the production of human growth hormone, which diminishes the production of the collagen fibers that give bone its strength and flexibility. As a result, inorganic minerals gradually constitute a greater proportion of the bone extracellular matrix. Loss of bone mass results from demineralization Chapter 7 28. What factors determine movement at joints? (p. 157) ANSWER: The functional classification of joints relates to the degree of movement they permit. Functionally, joints are classified as one of the following types: Synarthrosis (sin? -ar-THRO-sis; syn- = together): An immovable joint.
The plural is synarthroses. Amphiarthrosis (am? -fe-ar-THRO-sis; amphi- = on both sides): A slightly movable joint.
The plural is amphiarthroses. Diarthrosis (di? -ar-THRO-sis = movable joint): A freely movable joint. The plural is diarthroses. All diarthroses are synovial joints.
They have a variety of shapes and permit several different types of movements 29. Define each of the movements at synovial joints and give an example of each. (p. 163) ANSWER: 1. In a gliding movement, the nearly flat surfaces of bones move back-and-forth and side-to-side. This can be illustrated between the clavicle and acromion of the scapula by placing your upper limb at your side, raising it above your head, and lowering it again. 2. In angular movements, there is a change in the angle between bones. Examples are flexion–extension, hyperextension, abduction–adduction, and circumduction. Examples of flexion include bending the head toward the chest (Figure 7-4a); moving the humerus forward at the shoulder joint as in swinging the arms forward while walking (Figure 7-4b); moving the forearm toward the arm (Figure 7-4c); moving the palm toward the forearm (Figure 7-4d); moving the femur forward, as in walking (Figure 7-4e); and bending the knee (Figure 7-4f). Extension is simply the reverse of these movements. 3. In rotation, a bone moves around its own longitudinal axis. An example is turning the head from side to side 4. Special movements occur at specific synovial joints in the body. Examples are as follows: elevation–depression, protractionretraction, inversion–eversion, dorsiflexion–plantar flexion, and supination–pronation Elevation (el? -e-VA-shun = to lift up) is the upward movement of a part of the body, such as closing the mouth to elevate the mandible (Figure 7-8a) or shrugging the shoulders to elevate the scapula.
Depression (de-PRESH-un = to press down) is the downward movement of a part of the body, such as opening the mouth to depress the mandible (Figure 7-8b) or returning shrugged shoulders to the anatomical position to depress the scapula. Protraction (pro-TRAK-shun = to draw forth) is the movement of a part of the body forward. You can protract your mandible by thrusting it outward (Figure 7-8c) or protract your clavicles by crossing your arms. Retraction (re-TRAK-shun = to draw back) is the movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position (Figure 7-8d). Inversion (in-VER-zhun = to turn inward) is movement of the soles medially so that they face each other (Figure 7-8e). Eversion (e-VER-zhun = to turn outward) is movement of the soles laterally so that they face away from each other (Figure 7-8f). Dorsiflexion (dor? -si-FLEK-shun) is bending of the foot in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface), as when you stand on your heels (Figure 7-8g). Plantar flexion involves bending of the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (Figure 7-8g), as when standing on your toes.
Supination (soo? -pi-NA-shun) is movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned forward (Figure 7-8h). Supination of the palms is one of the defining features of the anatomical position (see Figure 1-4). Pronation (pro-NA-shun) is movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned backward (Figure 7-8h). Opposition (op-o-ZISH-un) is the movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint (between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb) in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand (Figure 7-8i). This is the distinctive digital movement that gives humans and other primates the ability to grasp and manipulate objects very precisely. 30. Which joints show evidence of degeneration in nearly all individuals as aging progresses? (p. 167) ANSWER: knees, elbows, hips, and shoulders. It is also common for elderly individuals to develop degenerative changes in the vertebral column Chapter 8 31. Which features distinguish the three types of muscular tissue? (p. 173) ANSWER: Skeletal muscle tissue is mostly attached to bones. It is striated and voluntary. Cardiac muscle tissue forms most of the wall of the heart. It is striated and involuntary. Smooth muscle tissue is located in viscera. It is nonstriated and involuntary. 32. What are the general functions of muscular tissue? (p. 173) ANSWER: Producing body movements. Stabilizing body positions. Storing and moving substances within the body.
Producing heat. 33. What is a sarcomere? What does a sarcomere contain? p. 175) ANSWER: Sarcomere (SAR-ko-mer)A contractile unit in a striated muscle fiber (cell) extending from one Z disc to the next Z disc. A bands 34. Explain how a skeletal muscle contracts and relaxes. (p. 180) ANSWER: Muscle contraction occurs when myosin heads attach to and “walk” along the thin filaments at both ends of a sarcomere, progressively pulling the thin filaments toward the center of a sarcomere. As the thin filaments slide inward, the Z discs come closer together, and the sarcomere shortens. Two changes permit a muscle fiber to relax after it has contracted.
First, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). When nerve action potentials cease, release of ACh stops, and AChE rapidly breaks down the ACh already present in the synaptic cleft. This ends the generation of muscle action potentials, and the Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane close. Second, calcium ions are rapidly transported from the sarcoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As the level of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm falls, tropomyosin slides back over the myosin-binding sites on actin. Once the myosin-binding sites are covered, the thin filaments slip back to their relaxed positions.
Figure 8-7 summarizes the events of contraction and relaxation in a muscle fiber. 35. What is the importance of the neuromuscular junction? (p. 180) ANSWER: At the NMJ, a motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle fiber in the following way Release of acetylcholine. Activation of ACh receptors. Generation of muscle action potential. Breakdown of ACh. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber. It is where the axons of motor nerves meet the muscle & transmit messages from the brain which cause the muscle to contract & relax. 36. Define the following terms: myogram, twitch contraction, wave summation, unfused tetanus, and fused tetanus. (p. 185) ANSWER: A record of a contraction is called a myogram. It consists of a latent period, a contraction period, and a relaxation period. A twitch contraction is a brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential. Wave summation is the increased strength of a contraction that occurs when a second stimulus arrives before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus.
When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a rate of 20 to 30 times per second, it can only partially relax between stimuli. The result is a sustained but wavering contraction called unfused (incomplete) tetanus (tetan- = rigid, tense; Figure 8-10c). When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a higher rate of 80 to 100 times per second, it does not relax at all. The result is fused (complete) tetanus, a sustained contraction in which individual twiches cannot be detected (Figure 8-10d). 37. What characteristics distinguish the three types of skeletal muscle fibers? (p. 185) ANSWER: Slow oxidative (SO) fibers or red fibers are small in diameter and appear dark red because they contain a large amount of myoglobin. Because they have many large mitochondria, SO fibers generate ATP mainly by aerobic cellular respiration, which is why they are called oxidative fibers.
These fibers are said to be “slow” because the contraction cycle proceeds at a slower pace than in “fast” fibers. SO fibers are very resistant to fatigue and are capable of prolonged, sustained contractions. Fast oxidative–glycolytic (FOG) fibers are intermediate in diameter between the other two types. Like slow oxidative fibers, they contain a large amount of myoglobin, and thus appear dark red. FOG fibers can generate considerable ATP by aerobic cellular respiration, which gives them a moderately high resistance to fatigue. Because their glycogen content is high, they also generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis. These fibers are “fast” because they contract and relax more quickly than SO fibers.
Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers or white fibers are largest in diameter, contain the most myofibrils, and generate the most powerful and most rapid contractions. They have a low myoglobin content and few mitochondria. FG fibers contain large amounts of glycogen and generate ATP mainly by anaerobic glycolysis.
They are used for intense movements of short duration, but they fatigue quickly. Strength-training programs that engage a person in activities requiring great strength for short times produce increases in the size, strength, and glycogen content of FG fibers. 38. Explain how the characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers may change with exercise. (p. 186) ANSWER: Although the total number of skeletal muscle fibers usually does not increase, the characteristics of those present can change to some extent. Various types of exercises can induce changes in the fibers in a skeletal muscle. Endurance-type (aerobic) exercises, such as running or swimming, cause a gradual transformation of some FG fibers into fast oxidative–glycolytic (FOG) fibers.
The transformed muscle fibers show slight increases in diameter, number of mitochondria, blood supply, and strength. Endurance exercises also result in cardiovascular and respiratory changes that cause skeletal muscles to receive better supplies of oxygen and nutrients but do not increase muscle mass. By contrast, exercises that require great strength for short periods produce an increase in the size and strength of FG fibers. The increase in size is due to increased synthesis of thick and thin filaments. The overall result is muscle enlargement (hypertrophy), as evidenced by the bulging muscles of body builders. 39. Why does muscle strength decrease with aging? p. 188) ANSWER: due to decreased levels of physical activity. Week 4 Chapter 9 40. What are the functions of the dendrites, cell body, axon, and synaptic end bulbs of a neuron? (p. 230) ANSWER: Dendrite (DEN-drit)A neuronal process that carries electrical signals toward the cell body.
The cell body contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria, and a Golgi complex. Most cellular molecules needed for a neuron’s operation are synthesized in the cell body. Axon (AK-son)The usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propagates a nerve impulse toward the axon terminals. Synapse (SYN-aps)The functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical. 41. Which cells produce myelin in nervous tissue, and what is the function of a myelin sheath? (p. 230) ANSWER: formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes Like insulation covering an electrical wire, the myelin sheath insulates the axon of a neuron and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction. 2. What are the meanings of the terms: resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolarization, nerve impulse, and refractory period? (p. 234) ANSWER: Resting membrane potentialThe voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane when the cell is not responding to a stimulus; in many neurons and muscle fibers it is –70 to –90 mV, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside. depolarizing phase, the negative membrane potential becomes less negative, reaches zero, and then becomes positive. epolarizing phase, the membrane polarization is restored to its resting state of -70 mV. Nerve impulse is a wave of physical and chemical excitation along a nerve fiber in response to a stimulus, accompanied by a transient change in electric potential in the membrane of the fiber.
During the refractory period, another action potential cannot be generated. For a brief time after an action potential begins, a muscle fiber or neuron cannot generate another action potential. This time is called the refractory period. Chapter 10 43. What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier? (p. 254) ANSWER: The blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits the passage of certain material from the blood into the brain. 44. Why is the hypothalamus considered part of both the nervous system and the endocrine system? (p. 263) ANSWER: The hypothalamus controls the release of several hormones from the pituitary gland and thus serves as a primary connection between the nervous system and endocrine system. 45. Where are the primary somatosensory area and primary motor area located in the brain? What are their functions? (p. 263) ANSWER: Cerebral Cortex The primary somatosensory area (so? -mat-o-SEN-so-re) is posterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe (Figure 10-13). It receives nerve impulses for touch, proprioception (joint and muscle position), pain, itching, tickle, and temperature and is involved in the perception of these sensations. The primary somatosensory area allows you to pinpoint where sensations originate, so that you know exactly where on your body to swat that mosquito.
The primary visual area, located in the occipital lobe, receives visual information and is involved in visual perception. The primary auditory area, located in the temporal lobe, receives information for sound and is involved in auditory perception.
The primary gustatory area, located at the base of the postcentral gyrus, receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception. The primary olfactory area, located on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe (and thus is not visible in Figure 10-13), receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory perception. Chapter 11 46. What happens during the fight-or-flight response? (p. 280) ANSWER: 1. The pupils of the eyes dilate. 2. Heart rate, force of heart contraction, and blood pressure increase. 3. The airways dilate, allowing faster movement of air into and out of the lungs. 4. The blood vessels that supply nonessential organs such as the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract constrict, which reduces blood flow through these tissues. The result is a slowing of urine formation and digestive activities, which are not essential during exercise. 5. Blood vessels that supply organs involved in exercise or fighting off danger—skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, liver, and adipose tissue—dilate, which allows greater blood flow through these tissues. 6. Liver cells break down glycogen to glucose, and adipose cells break down triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol, providing molecules that can be used by body cells for ATP production. 7. Release of glucose by the liver increases blood glucose level. 8. Processes that are not essential for meeting the stressful situation are inhibited.
For example, muscular movements of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive secretions decrease or even stop. 47. Why is the parasympathetic division of the ANS considered the rest-and-digest division? (p. 280) ANSWER: the parasympathetic division enhances “rest-and-digest” activities. Parasympathetic responses support body functions that conserve and restore body energy during times of rest and recovery. In the quiet intervals between periods of exercise, parasympathetic impulses to the digestive glands and the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract predominate over ympathetic impulses. This allows energy-supplying food to be digested and absorbed. At the same time, parasympathetic responses reduce body functions that support physical activity Chapter 12 48. Which senses are “special senses”? (p. 286) ANSWER: special senses, which include smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium (balance). 49. Why is it beneficial to your well-being that nociceptors and proprioceptors exhibit very little adaptation? (p. 290) ANSWER: The lack of adaptation of nociceptors serves a protective function: If there were adaptation to painful stimuli, irreparable tissue damage could result. Proprioceptive sensations also allow us to estimate the weight of objects and determine the muscular effort necessary to perform a task. Because proprioceptors adapt slowly and only slightly, the brain continually receives nerve impulses related to the position of different body parts and makes adjustments to ensure coordination. 50. What is referred pain, and how is it useful in diagnosing internal disorders? (p. 290) ANSWER: In many instances of visceral pain, the pain is felt in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ, or in a surface area far from the stimulated organ.
This phenomenon is called referred pain (Figure 12-2). In general, the visceral organ involved and the area in which the pain is referred are served by the same segment of the spinal cord. For example, sensory neurons from the heart, the skin over the heart, and the skin along the medial aspect of the left arm enter spinal cord segments T1 to T5. Thus, the pain of a heart attack typically is felt in the skin over the heart and along the left arm.
Cite this page
The Basic Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology. (2017, Sep 19).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2017/09/page/17/
