Cigarette Vending Industry | Marketing

The Effectiveness of Direct Mail on the Cigarette Vending Industry in the United Kingdom

Irrespective of the mode and methods adopted for marketing, including direct mail, the cigarette vending industry continues to prosper not only in the United Kingdom, but also across the world. At the same time there is a continuous rise in the spread of a number of diseases directly related with smoking including chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and various types of cancers in turn leading to increased death rates amongst the smoking populations.

One of the major causes of premature deaths in developing countries, the figures for United Kingdom alone show that approximately 120,000 individuals die every year from diseases directly related to smoking, which is an alarming 20 present of all deaths in a given year. A similar study on smoking also revealed that cancer alone accounts for nearly a third of all deaths from smoking, and another one sixth die from other causes related to smoking.

Figures for the younger generation entering the smoking populations of the United Kingdom showed that there was a gradual rise between the years 1988 and 1997,and a somewhat similar rise in the figures amongst adult smoking populations. Marketing departments of cigarette manufacturing companies around the world would least care that an individual smoking cigarette on a regular basis more than doubles the risk of dying before he or she reaches the age of 65.

If there is any consolation for these companies adopting various lucrative direct mail strategies for vending and marketing cigarettes, smoking by pregnant women have been found to result in severe repercussions for the foetus as well as new born baby. These include an increased risk of miscarriage, reduced birth weight and potential for prenatal deaths. In similar context, parents who continue to smoke after pregnancy invite increased chances of 'sudden death syndrome' in their infants. The following dissertation will however limit its discussions and studies, and present its findings on the effectiveness of direct mail in the cigarette vending industry of the United Kingdom. (DOH, 1998)

Introduction

One of the most widely accepted facts and one that has been proven beyond any doubt is that smoking poses a number of health risks. In addition smokers are more than likely to contract certain diseases in comparison to those who do not smoke at all. It is also a fact that smoking is largely accepted as an addictive habit, and with the passage of time, and advances in the study of and implications of smoking alto openly reveal that today it is not merely an addictive habit; on the contrary it is a collection of human behaviours which also includes smoking.

It must also be borne in mind that since it is an addiction, and for some indeed a very strong habit, it is wrong to assume that this habit cannot be given up. In fact, there have been numerous cases where individuals have totally given up smoking. It is precisely this line of approach that has made major cigarette manufacturers to print health warning instructions on all their respective packs of cigarettes. Furthermore, majority of the cigarette manufacturing companies around the world, including those of the United Kingdom comply with requisite regulations and legislations with respect of marketing, advertisement and sales of cigarettes.

There are also companies, which have their own pack labelling policies, which go beyond the requisite legislation of the respective host country. It is perhaps this lapse, if one may wish to call it, which has allowed majority of cigarette manufacturing companies to guise their marketing, promotion, advertising and selling policies into a philosophy which acknowledges the right of the adult populations to smoke, and consequently respect and protect that particular right. (Pierce et al,1998; Beemer and Siegel, 2000; Safer and Chaloupka, 1999; Anderson etal, 2002; Slade, 2001; Lewis and Littler, 1999)

In pursuance of the rights of the smokers, cigarette manufacturing companies also stand against any excessive price regulations and tax measures which are presumably aimed at reducing demand for cigarettes. An independent view of a number of tax and price measures levied by various countries including the United Kingdom reveal that the smoking populations are unduly punished for the pleasure of smoking, and governments largely fail to take into account the huge sums generated from revenues on the various taxes levied on cigarettes. These high rates of taxes levied on cigarettes then results in the illegal and often illicit trade of smuggling cigarettes in turn undermining the legitimate market for cigarette companies running and operating under legal channels of business.

A brief on the United Kingdom's cigarette industry reveals that 1 in every 5 cigarettes is smuggled into the country, which adds to a huge20 present of the entire cigarette industry of United Kingdom.

In similar context is the call for a ban on the sale of duty free cigarettes, as the primary objective behind the promotion of duty free sale of cigarettes, or for that matter any other product is reduction in illicit trade of that particular item. A ban on the duty free sale of cigarettes would practically jeopardize the 'regulated duty free retail' of that product, and at the same time have a minimal effect on the sale of cigarettes. On the contrary a ban on the duty free sale of cigarettes would simply bring about a shift in the market of cigarettes from a duty free environment to one that is largely controlled by domestic market.

Another related aspect of the cigarette vending industry is that of various standards and policies which are aimed at raising awareness about the potential health risks associated with smoking. Trade zones such as those found in European Union for example are ample grounds for such standards and policies to be levied, which in turn allow for uniform results as well as derive common interests amongst the respective countries.

The non-smoking segment of the populations is yet another vital area of focus for cigarette manufacturing companies. As also a public health issue, the non-smokers are prone to, and thus demand protective measures from passive smoking. In this respect, there exist two schools of thought; one that disregards any findings and conclusions, which present cigarette smoke as a potential health hazard for non-smokers.

This group though acknowledges that cigarette smoke is indeed a source of annoyance as well as one of the causes of environmental pollution. Yet, they also call for an approach based on simple logic and common sense and co-operation. While the second school of thought, such as M/Gallaher, one of the major cigarette manufacturing and marketing companies in the UK, contend that government initiatives including the “Air Quality' program are viable and productive programs to address vital public smoking issues.

Literature Reviews

There have a number of writings and case studies, which prove the effectiveness of direct mail on the cigarette vending industry,. These writings and studies have convincingly proven that direct mail has had positive affect and its influences have directly contributed to the rise in cigarette sales, in turn promoting the cigarette vending industry in general. Thus, it would not be wrong to state, as also proven from the following case studies, that the direct mail strategy in the cigarette vending industry has proven to affect smoking initiation as well as consumption.

A brief historical perspective also reveals that cigarette manufacturing companies the world over have significantly changed their focus from the traditional advertising tithe use of techniques which emphasize on developing as well as maintaining a relationship with individual customers. Direct mail through direct communication thus offers cigarette-vending industry source of generating sales including obtaining measurable response in related areas of marketing. (Pierce et al, 1998; Beemer and Siegel,2000; Safer and Chaloupka, 1999; Anderson et al, 2002; Slade, 2001;Lewis and Littler, 1999)

One of the most effective techniques, and perhaps one of the oldest as well, is that of utilizing mailing list of individuals maintained by major and minor cigarette vending companies alike. It is this list of individuals or customers, which serves as the potential for direct mail for cigarette vending industry. This list is also used for the distribution of coupons, sweepstakes offers, and brand-loyalty programme catalogues. Also included in the items distributed through direct mail are event announcements sponsored by the cigarette vending industry, and magazines published by major tobacco manufacturing companies. Practically all these items which are sent to individuals using the direct mail system contain activities and feature images which serve a two-fold purpose.

First, these promotional items are designed in such a manner to make emotional appeals to customers. Second, they serve to strengthen, rather reinforce the existing images of the various brands of cigarettes in the market. There are different modes of collecting such list of individuals, which includes events that are sponsored by the cigarette industry, sweepstake forms, signed coupons as well as brand-loyalty program orders. These listings more often than not include some form of a response mechanism, which invites recipients to fill out surveys for example, or mention their lifestyle preferences.

A statistic covering the US cigarette industry with particular reference to the role of direct mail reveals that there has been general rising trend in the use of direct mail in the United States. Brief on the 6 largest US cigarette manufacturers showed that they collectively spend a staggering amount of US 133.9 million dollars on direct mail in 2001. This was an increase of 131.8 present from the figures of 1998. One may note that these huge figures do not include sums spent on coupons or specialty items distributed through the mail system. (USFTC, 2002)

A survey carried out by a team of doctors at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, in the United States provided for results which convincingly proved that direct mail in the cigarette vending industry not only enhanced initiation, but effectively raised the chances for potential smokers. This survey comprised of some 3900adults, and primarily focused on the answer to 3 questions. (University of Medicine and Dentistry NJ, 2002; SUDAAN, 2001)

Questionnaire for the Survey

- Did any of the participant receive direct mail from a tobacco company within the last 6 months, including magazines, coupons, or catalogues.
- Did any of the participants use a coupon to buy cigarettes.
- Did any of the participants save any UPC codes, or tokens from any brand-loyalty
programmes of a tobacco manufacturer.

Results of the Survey

The results of the above questionnaire from the selected adult participants showed that the current range of smoking populations were4 to 5 times more likely to have received direct mail within the past 6months as compared to those who had never smoked before or were belonged to the former smoking community.

Second, the survey showed that smokers who had quit smoking in the last 12 months were 2 to 4 times more likely to receive direct mail as compared to those who had never smoked or those who belonged to the former smoking community.

The survey also revealed that the white populations as compared to other groups of populations topped the list of individuals receiving direct mail offers for cigarettes or related material in aid of marketing for a given brand of cigarette. The use of coupons was found to be the highest amongst the female smoking community, white adults as well as those falling within the age group of 25 and 64 years. Similarly, saving for programs such as brand-reward programs was also found to be highest amongst current population of smokers, white segment of the population as well as the those falling within the age bracket of 18 and 24 years.

Discussion on the Findings and Literature Review

The above findings significantly provided evidence that direct mail served to increase the consumption of cigarettes, and subsequently ‘impede' cessation. The said survey also found that coupons delivered through the direct mail to individuals were originally designed to bring about a reduction in prices of cigarettes, as well as simultaneously offset the impact of rise in taxes and other control measures levied by respective authorities.

It was also found that programs offered through direct mail, such as brand-loyalty programs were intended to reward and encourage smokers through offer for additional purchases. The survey also revealed that direct mail marketing for cigarettes was originally designed to restrict switching of brands amongst customers. However, this strategy was only cover-up, and instead such direct mail offers allowed and in fact assisted smokers to continue smoking.

The above literature review and survey on the role of direct mail on the cigarette vending industry shows numerous legislations, public campaigns against smoking, proven addictive behaviours resulting in serious health repercussions and rising awareness levels against thrill effects of smoking all have somewhat forced cigarette manufacturing companies the world over to adopt direct mail strategies. These direct mail strategies not only provide smokers with appealing and inviting messages; they move a step further and offer rewards for smoking. Direct mail also offers an excellent mode of communicating directly with customers, which is all too easily disguised and more than hidden from the piercing scrutiny of the public health community. It is also an effective strategy against rising restrictions on the different and traditional modes of advertising. In this respect a direct mail marketing plan of the world renowned Philip Morris also notes that direct mail is indeed one of the influencing factors in the use and consumption of cigarettes. (Slade, 2001; Strategic Plan, 1995)

The above literature review and survey also reveals though direct mail is only one of the many marketing techniques adopted by cigarette vending industry, it is undoubtedly one which is witnessing continuous growth pattern, and one that is likely to grow in the future as well. The use of direct mail strategy is all the more worthy of concern as the cigarette vending industry is witnessed to continually change its marketing strategies in response to rising set of legislations and public opinion. It also a proven fact that practically all those involved in cigarette vending industry pursue a marketing strategy with a singular objective; one which aims to encourage initiation and consumption in smoking cigarettes.

To curb such efforts, and to bring about a control for restricting such marketing strategies including direct mail, there is an ever-demanding need to fully comprehend marketing tactics utilized by cigarette vending industry. Included in these efforts is removal of the names of the individuals from the list maintained by cigarette vending industry by the smokers themselves as they decide to quit smoking. The exposure of probable intent on the part of cigarette vending industry and possible effects of such direct mail strategies along with measures, which serve as potential triggers, such as the presence of ashtrays, should also be taken into account. (Fiore et al, 2000; King, 2001)

2nd Literature Review

In continuation with our dissertation on the effectiveness of direct mail on the cigarette vending industry, yet another research carried out by Lynn McFadden of the University of Strathclyde and published in the British Medical Journal issue of March 2001 is presented here. This research uncovers young people's awareness about marketing strategies adopted by cigarette vending industry and their involvement and association with their smoking behaviours.

One of the most successful methods of direct mail marketing is one, which is carried out at the point of sale. It is the venue of point of sale where a number of cigarette vending industrialists tend to focus, as also evident in the research findings of the University of Strathclyde. The research comprised of some 629 young people, aged between the ages of 15 and 16, and all of who had opted to be a part of the research through a postal consent procedure.

The focus of the research, as also stated in the preceding lines waste examination of young people's awareness of and involvement with cigarette marketing. The research also sought to determine the level of association, if any, amongst the group of young people between the level of awareness and the their smoking behaviours.

The overall findings of the above research comprising of young people revealed an extra-ordinary high level of awareness and equally high levels of involvement of young people in the marketing strategies of cigarette vending industry. Out of the 629 participants involved in the research, some 95 present of them were more than aware of the various advertising techniques utilized by the cigarette vending industry, as also aware of the various methods utilized in the point of sale marketing. Thus, both the aspects, those of awareness and involvement with cigarette vending industry were strongly found to be related with being a smoker. This was more than proven from the statistics derived in the said research.

For example out of the group of some 185 participants, 55 or a huge 30 present of the research participants admitted that they had received free gifts through coupons attached with the cigarette packs. A comparison with non-smoking community showed that only 11 present or 21 out of 199 participants had received fee gifts through coupons in the cigarette packs. Furthermore, it was also revealed in the same set of researches that aside from the awareness element about coupon schemes, participates were also equally aware about brand stretching and tobacco marketing, all of which were linked in some way or the other with their smoking habits. (DOH, 1992;Atiken et al, 1987; Led with, 1984; Charlton et al, 1997; Altman et al,1996; Aitken et al, 1991)

The above research thus concluded the young populations aged 15 and16 were not only fully aware on the various aspects of cigarette marketing including direct mail and marketing at the point of sales; they were also more than associated with the different cigarette vending industries in the marketing of cigarettes and both the awareness and involvement in the marketing were linked with their smoking status and habits. These findings also called for a more stringent set of statutory legislations, as compared to the otherwise voluntary regulations which are primarily designed to protect these teenagers, and which have become somewhat ineffective.

Other findings from the above carried out researches revealed and established the fact that the role of the mass media in advertising encouraged smoking amongst the younger populations. From a purely economics perspective, the same findings showed that expenditure on advertising pointed towards an increase in the prevalence, while a drop in the expenditures on advertising resulted in the subsequent drop in the prevalence of cigarette consumption, thereby proving a direct relationship between advertising and consumption of cigarettes.

These studies focusing on the younger population showed that teenagers smoking cigarettes are more likely to appreciate as also be aware of the tobacco and cigarette advertising related sponsorships, merchandising and vending. In line with such studies, other cohort studies on the same segment of teenage smoking populations resulted in similar results and furthermore predicted a tendency of future smoking behaviours amongst the researched populations. (DOH, 1992; Aitken et al,1987; Led with, 1984; Charlton et al, 1997; Altman et al, 1996; Aitken al, 1991)

A similar experiment involving some 2400 teenagers all aged a 15years, yet only differentiated by sex and postal addresses were taken for a research project from an area in the North of England. These teenagers were invited to participate in the research programme after due consent from their parents/guardians with the primary objective of deriving some 280 smokers from the total lot of participants. With response rate of more than 48 present, some 1062 responded to the call for invitation and studies carried out from the set of questionnaires mailed to each participant along with the consent form.

The results obtained from the 1062 participant teenagers (all aged15 years) showed that one in every 5 teenager was involved in smoking,214 teenagers or 20 present of the respondents were regular smokers,825 or a huge 78 present not regular smokers, while 23 respondents or 2percent of the total respondents declined to divulge their smoking status.

In continuation with the studies on the teenage smoking population, a random number of 373 respondents were gradually removed from the research list, as they were not regular smokers. The removal of these selected respondents further narrowed the research to those who were in the habit of, or were involved in smoking cigarettes. The number of respondents was now brought down from 1062, as also stated in the opening lines of these paragraphs, to 686 candidates only.

These 686 teenage candidates were then interviewed through a team of professional interviewers, who were in turn instructed to make at least4 clear attempts to gain positive research results. The interviewers were not given any prior information as the status of smoking habits of the interviewed candidates so as to derive a transparent set of findings. Here too, the permission of the parents/guardians was sought prior to the interview, as well as a 5-Pound gift voucher was also handed to each candidate.

In carrying out the above research 629 out of the total 686respondents were successfully interviewed. Those who were left out did so due to the passage of time, as by the time the research was concluded, the respondents had entered their 16th year, whereas the entire team of research candidates belonged to the 15 year old age bracket only. Each of the candidates was given two sets of questionnaires; one included a face to face interview with the teenage candidate, while the candidate in the presence of their guardians/parents filled out the second questionnaire.

One may note that there was no influence of the parents' presence on the part of the respondent teenagers. Each of the questionnaires resulted in the awareness, as well as the involvement of the candidates with the different techniques used in the marketing by the cigarette vending industry including direct mail marketing. The findings of the research revealed the smoking habits/status of the teenage candidates, their future intentions for smoking, education levels, and smoking by their peers, siblings, and whether their parents smoked or not. (DOH, 1992;Atiken et al, 1987; Led with, 1984; Charlton et al, 1997; Altman et al,1996; Aitken et al, 1991)

A detailed analysis of the awareness element of the teenage group interviewed showed that in comparison to the non-smoking teenage population, those who smoked cigarettes were more than aware of practically all forms of marketing techniques including direct mail marketing. Information from the respondents showed that teenagers involved in smoking were also fully aware of the different types, but also knew about advertisements in magazines, newspapers, special price schemes, and offers for cigarettes. In addition, majority of the smoking teenage population had witnessed advertising on billboards, where more than fifty present of those interviewed had read about some form of cigarette marketing in the press. Also included were advertisements and marketing at point of sales, coupon schemes, and special price offers for cigarettes.

Other findings from the research of the 15 year old teenagers revealed that 20 present of the said teenage population had witnessed some form of brand stretching, which included clothing or other items with logos of famous brands of cigarettes, new pack designs, the different and attractive nature and size of the cigarettes, free gifts offered through cigarettes, competitions, and watching famous personalities smoking in films and on television. Though at a lower level, there was awareness on the various promotional mails from cigarette vending industry, distribution of free cigarettes, and to some extent from the network, or the Internet.

Thus, it was observed that young smokers were more than fully aware of practically all forms of cigarette marketing techniques including direct mail, in comparison to non-smokers or those who had tried to join the smoking populations. The awareness on the marketing aspect on the part of the teenage populations was more noticeable where free gifts, special price offers, promotional mail, and newer forms of cigarette packs and designs.

Marketing of Cigarettes and Role of Teenagers

As also stated in the above researched teenage smoking group, there was significant evidence to suggest the involvement and role of teenagers in the marketing of cigarettes including both direct mail and coupon schemes. It was also revealed there was little difference amongst male and female teenagers both of who participated somewhat equally in the marketing of cigarettes.

A statistical break-up of the smoking teenager population and the non-smoking teenagers showed that more than fifty present of the smoking populations amongst the teenagers had willingly participated in one or other form of marketing for cigarette companies. In comparison, some 25 present of non-smokers and those who had tried smoking had also participated in some form of marketing for cigarettes.

The above research on the teenage smoking population also showed that some 33 present of those interviewed had received free gifts through coupons schemes; another 25 present were in receipt of the special price offers for cigarettes, and a smaller 10 present of the teenage population had received free gifts through direct mail schemes at events organized by the cigarette vending company or received the same through promotional mail schemes.

The above findings thus conclusively show that there is a more than strong relationship between awareness of each cigarette marketing technique and current smoking status while variable linked with teenage smoking are held constant. In particular, the awareness of coupon schemes and brand stretching are one way or the other linked to the enhanced probability of the individual being a current smoker, as also with having friends who smoke, siblings, or either parent being smoker.

In this study, having friends as smokers was found to be a great influencing factor with the individual being a current smoker. The number of marketing techniques also varied and left a positive mark on the current smoking status and habit of the teenagers interviewed. Hereto, the presence of a close friend, either parent, or siblings was directly associated with an enhanced probability factor for a current smoker.

A break up of the different marketing techniques to which the teenage populations are exposed show that package design or price promotion account for a larger exposure, as compared for example brand stretching and shop advertising, the latter of which had little or no effect on the teenage segment of the smoking population. In spite of the above findings, a common factor to emerge was that the young populations was observed to receive some form of benefit, reward, or reassurance from either of the cigarette vending industries; hence a reinforcement of smoking habits, or promotion of smoking amongst the teenage populations.

These research more than confirms the need for a stronger set of legislation and laws. The research also calls for an equally tighter set of controls on the marketing techniques adopted by the cigarette vending industries across the United Kingdom. It also proves that the current voluntary form of regulations primarily designed to protect would be smokers, new smokers, and in particular teenage and younger populations are failing, and there is a greater and crucial need for revision of the same. The British Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Bill should be so designed to comprehensively ban some of the most famous forms of marketing such as coupon and brand stretching; the ban should move a step further and outlaw practically all forms and modes of marketing by the cigarette vending industry.

Laws, Regulations and Loopholes Exploited by the Cigarette Vending Industry by Marketing/Promotion of Cigarettes

This section of the dissertation will address some of the applicable laws and regulations presently levied in the United Kingdom as well as through the directives of the European Union for all member states respectively. It will also take into account the various loopholes and exploiting measures employed by the cigarette vending industry, as they bypass or practically ignore effective regulations to promote the sale of cigarettes, including various forms of direct mail, as also the subject of our above dissertation.

One of the first sets of regulations is the European Union Directive98/43/EC, which was duly accepted as a law as of 30th July 1998. Theseus Directive specifically called for minimal tobacco advertising inside the shops. Though the directive contains a summary and overview of the measures and timetable for the implementation of the directive, the salient feature of this directive calls for member government of the European Union including United Kingdom to ban all forms of commercial communication as well as sponsorships, both of which primarily aim actor influence the promotion of tobacco products.

An overview of the above said directive shows that though this covers vast area of advertising, and is largely utilized by the cigarette/tobacco vending industry to promote their respective products; the objective of the directive is to bring a halt to the transfer or changeover of promotion techniques used in the marketing of cigarettes. However, the same directive is all too easily exploited through loopholes and exemptions such as those enjoyed by the sellers of tobacco only, marketing at limited point of sales, imported publications, and use of vague language.

Brand Stretching

One of the areas which perhaps provide as one of the largest loopholes for the cigarette vending industry in their endeavours to market their brand of cigarettes is that of 'brand stretching'. As also discussed in detail in the above present literature reviews and researches, brand stretching is the use of non-tobacco products and services to advertise tobacco and various cigarette brands. These include for example clothes with logos of famous cigarette brands, shoes, and other items, which though are one of the means for marketing; yet in reality they serve to attract the attention of current as well as would be smoker populations alike.

This directive is one step short of a total ban on all forms of advertising including such direct mail advertising as utilized by "Marlboro Classics", yet it allows governments to exempt advertising where the branding is 'visibly different from the brand of the cigarette and where advertising is done in 'good faith' without clarifying the actual meaning of the phrase ‘good faith'. Thus, we have a loophole duly utilized by the cigarette vending industry in the form of relaxation on such advertising, and use of such phrases as 'good faith'.

3rd Literature Review - An Insight into Advertising As One of the Strongest Forms of Direct mail Marketing Strategy Used by the Cigarette Vending Industry

Studies carried out by British Government's health Select Committee in1999 into the affairs of the British tobacco industry revealed that Britain’s tobacco industry's leading advertising agencies played significant role in the promotion of cigarette smoking. These findings also revealed that Britain's tobacco industry's motivations and mindset for the promotion and marketing of cigarettes in the country was far more detrimental as well as resulting in harmful effects for the smoking populations. The same studies also revealed that though advertising was just one smaller aspect of marketing, yet the modes adopted in advertising were truly benefiting the promotion and marketing of tobacco and cigarette vending industry in the country.

The following part of the dissertation presents the findings of the studies carried the Britain's Select health Committee, as also published in the August 2000 issue of British Medical Journal by Hastings G., and McFadden of the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.

The British government's select committee identified some 5 major British advertising agencies with clients in the tobacco industry. Yet the focus of the findings however remained limited to 4 principle questions, the answers for each of which will form the following part of the present dissertation.

1st Question: Are there any effects on consumption and brand share from tobacco or cigarette advertising?

This question has also been partly answered in the above paragraphs where it has been reiterated that cigarette vending industry has always argued that various forms of advertising for tobacco and cigarette are encouraged for 'brand switching' amongst the smoking populations; and not for increasing consumption as generally believed.

In response to these statements at the behest of the advertising agencies, the British government's select health committee carried out its own studies and reviews.

According to these studies and reviews, it was found that expenditures on advertising and smoking prevalence were directly related; (McGuines and Cowling, 1975; Witt and Pass, 1981; Radar, 1985)

It was also found that there existed a significant difference in smoking prevalence and levels of advertising controls in different countries (Cox and Smith, 1984; Laurencin and Meads, 1991).

The findings also revealed that there were changes in smoking prevalence after advertising bans were introduced (Perkurinen, 1989;Department of Health, 1992).

In all the above findings carried out by the Economics and Operational Research Division of the Department of Health, United Kingdom generalized that advertising in fact encouraged consumption. The findings also confirmed the original stand taken by the cigarette vending industry that the prime objective was to encourage brand switching. The findings from the above studies also found that advertising assisted and invited younger populations towards the habit of smoking. (Department of Health, 1992)

To investigate the effects on consumption and brand share from advertising as one of the forms of direct mail marketing, there was an entire list of documents which served as significant set of evidences, and which more than confirmed the findings of the British Government’s select health committee in their research. These documents were procured from the selected advertising agencies and included the following;

The first set of documents pertained to contact reports between the client and the respective advertising agency. Included in these contact reports were minutes of meetings involving personnel of the advertising agency and account executive or an account director of the client/firm.

Another set of documents, which were studied, included client briefs, which included a number of documents prepared by the respective advertising agency to inform the agency on the potentials of, or proposed advertising campaign.

Third set of documents studied included creative briefs, which were in effect agency's responses to the client brief, and which served as an internal guide for the creative team respectively.

A media brief followed this, which served as a guide in areas of purchasing of media space and time. The media brief also included advice on the appropriate selection of a channel for advertising, and strategy for targeting potential consumers/customers.

Another vital set of documents was the media schedule, which served as a monitoring device while the media strategy was being implemented. This also served as a guide as to the timing and place of proposed advertising.

An important set of documents studied was the advertising budget documents. This included all the relevant details regarding the different avenues of the advertising budget over a given time period, as also covering the different modes of media.

Research reports also formed an important link to the studied set documents, as it was realized that practically all forms of modern concepts and practices in advertising couldn’t be at all feasible without the need of a rigorously prepared consumer research report. This report perhaps formed the core of the entire development of the advertising strategy, as also serving as a guide in the preparation of requisite advertising campaigns. Both, the pre-campaign Andre-transmission period as well as the post transmission periods were duly analysed and vigorously evaluated in line with the said research report. Some of the salient documents which formed part and parcel of the research report included the research report, proposals, and presentations.

A vital set of documents pertained to the various forms of links with other modes of communication both prior to and during advertising. For example mass media was considered as perhaps being the first link, while other forms of communication included point of sale, pack design of the cigarette, sales promotions, direct mail as also the principle subject of our present dissertation, loyalty schemes, as well as focus on the actual merchandise. All these were effectively combined to produce the desired results of advertising.

Just as there were links created with various forms of communication, there were also documents pertaining to the marketing strategy of the respective company. In this context, there was the ever-important link with communication in practically all areas of focus, as well as the marketing strategy. Yet, the core of the links to marketing strategy included a focus on the formulation of the product, its pricing and the various channels and strategies used in the distribution of the respective product.

2nd Question: Are the younger populations targeted by the Cigarette Vending Industry?

The second important question was an ever important agenda on the entire cigarette vending industry as the younger generation was not only a potential for all marketing and vending strategies; it is this particular vulnerable group which would go and form the next generation of smokers and become the major segment of the smoking population. Hence, it is not surprising that younger populations are at particular risk and a potential target for the cigarette vending industry.

Statistics to this effect all too clearly reveal that in the United Kingdom alone, approximately 80 present of the British smoking populations commence smoking as teenagers. Thus, children and young people are comparatively more vulnerable targets for the cigarette vending industry (Thomas et al, 1998)

A similar study on cigarette consumers also found that cigarette advertising was having a powerful effect on both the smoking attitudes as well as the smoking behaviours of these younger vulnerable younger populations (Aitken et al, 1985; Aitken, 1990).

Details on this particular segment of the British population showed that use of imagery and positive association by the advertising agencies had a significantly high level of effect on this segment of vulnerable populations. Children somewhat following the steps of their peers and adults when compared with the adult smoking populations have also been observed to take up smoking the popular brands of cigarettes or those which are widely advertised (Aitken et al, 1991; Arnett and Tyrrhenian, 1998).

In the said researches and answering the question whether the cigarette vending industry targets the younger populations, it was more than confirmed that young people have always remained a key group for cigarette vending industry. This can be evidenced, for example in thievery definition of 'young' which to date remains dubious. A number of documents surveyed by the British governments select health committees of 1999 reveals that particular care is taken when addressing this vulnerable segment of the British populations. Examples of phrases used to describe the young populations include "young adult smokers", "young people", and the "youth market".

A more startling set of information derived from the study of documents by the British government's health officials found that there was significant evidence to suggest that people as young as 15 year old were included in the market research. Indeed this was done at the behest of the cigarette vending industry. Evidence of such researches on 16-year-olds was found in the documents of a consultant agency 'M/stage'. TGI is considered a standard source of information for the advertising agencies, and which provided detailed analysis on the ‘values and aspirations' of 16 year olds with particular reference to smokers of the 'Silk Cut' brand.

The Use of Creativity, Psyche and the Psychology of the Younger Populations

The above question, whether the cigarette vending industry targets the younger populations, though partly answered in the above paragraphs. Yet, there is significant evidence which suggests it is not only true, but more over there are signs and measures which show that the cigarette vending expertly uses the psyche and psychology of the younger populations for their own benefit.

For example, it was found that cigarette vending industry is well aware of the fact that smoking amongst the younger populations was more of a matter of image as it was about attributes of these young generation. Both the advertising agencies and their principals, the cigarette vending industry further exploited these younger populations by recognizing and then reiterating that smoking for these vulnerable groups was a "rite of passage". As this segment was ever in search of such attributes as "reassurance and identity"; both of which were provided in the lucrative advertising campaigns and direct mail strategies of the cigarette vending industry.

In this context appealing and alluring slogans more than fulfilled such emotional voids amongst the younger populations. Examples to this respect can be found in such phrases, as also advertised by 'Marlboro Lights' as "the aspirational lifestyle brand.....The Diet Coke of cigarettes.” Another creative advertising brief leaves a sense of being there, owning and enjoying, as rightly put by an advertiser, "we want to engage their aspirations and fantasies", and leave each teenager with a feeling that he or she would like to be there, do that, and own that, whatever is being advertised (Polly et al, 1996)

From the above , one may observe that smoking 'Marlboro Lights' byte younger generation represents that they have passed a rite of passage, as also mentioned above. Since this group of smokers is in search of reassurance, they believe that they are doing the right thing, and cigarettes are certainly no exception. The aspect of identity is also a sought after attribute, and the role of cigarettes, often of a famous and popular brand duly plays a positive role in providing this identity. Smoking for these younger population is also assign or a badge; one which shows "maturity, discernment and independence." All these are clearly recognized and more than exploited by the advertising agencies all at the behest of the cigarette vending industry. Thus it would not be wrong to deduce that the cigarette vending industry pursues a truly detailed and qualitative market research to guide the development of "image building campaigns, as well as create an infusion of style, coolness and aspiration amongst the younger generation.

All the above activities, whether carried out by the advertising agencies to gain business, or at the behest and under guidance of the cigarette vending industry is pursued in direct and clear cut legislation’s to the contrary. For example there is a voluntary agreement which duly prohibits any link or association with 'social success' or any attempt at exploiting the emotional or physical needs and conditions of the general populations, with particular reference tithe vulnerable younger generation. These organizations also care less, and bear no consideration even if they contend that they do not have any intentions of targeting this young segment of the population, as the after effects of marketing including direct mail are presumably aimed at adults. Yet, the dangerous consequences of smoking eventually trickle down to those aged 16 or under.

A prime example of this strategy is the introduction of cigarette packs containing 10 cigarettes. The advertisers and in particular the cigarette vendors know too well that these smaller packs of 10cigarettes are largely purchased by the young adult smoking populations as it is not only easily available at corner shops (independent shops),but these cigarettes are cheaper in comparison to the larger standard packs of 20 cigarettes (Department of Health, 1995).

Thus, one may specifically note that no health, moral or ethical concerns are ever taken into account by the cigarette vending industry. In fact strategies such as the introduction of smaller packs are so widely publicized that it is more than apparent that the targets are the children. In addition, the recognition and potential of 'new entrants' is duly accepted, and the role of smaller packs more than serves to increase the number of young adult smokers, as well as encourages new entrants to the market (Polly et al, 1996; Arnett and Tyrrhenian, 1998; Barton and Jarvis, 1997).

3rd Question: Is there a role for sponsorships in Cigarette vending industry?

The next vital questions recurring during the research and studies carried out by the British government’s select health committee was the role and importance of sponsorships in the cigarette vending industry. The findings as reported by the said group of public officials revealed that sponsorship acted somewhat similarly to that of advertising. Infect, an insight into sponsorship in the arena of cigarette vending industry showed that sponsorships practically enhanced brand awareness, served as a strong ingredient for the promotion of brand association, and made it rather easier to decide in favour of taking up smoking(Led with, 1984; Aitken et al, 1986).

An example to this respect, as also confirmed through a number of researches showed that preference given to the sport of ‘Formula One ‘racing duly sponsored by cigarette manufacturers was found to be the single largest independent variable for those who were already smoking cigarettes, as well as the new entrants (Charlton et al, 1997).

Advertising and Sponsorships: Hand in Hand

A further insight into the role of sponsorships also revealed that there was a direct relationship between advertising and sponsorships, as both served to create as well as enhance the image of cigarettes. Here too, the cigarette vending industry through the joint collaboration of the advertising agencies carried out detailed and minute studies and research on consumers to find out the most popular sports and ones, which were influential amongst major segments of the populations. Some of the sports which were found suitable for sponsorships by the cigarette vending industry include 'Formula One ‘which is perhaps the most popular amongst all the sports. This was followed with such sports as big boat sailing, basketball, and ice hockey. In deciding on these sports, the cigarette vending industry and through them, the advertising agencies clearly researched that sports which were more active, and which had the potential to create a more dynamic and exciting brand image would be selected.

For example 'Formula One' racing was selected because it provided for a truly "international, glamorous, challenging, fast, furious, dangerous set of perceptions for the average viewers. In addition, this particular sport confirmed the notion amongst the majority of the viewers that 'living a life to the full', and 'living life on the edge ‘was possible. The brand of 'Benson and Hedges' sponsored such sports which confirmed most of these perceptions, as well as served to create "dynamic, macho and youthful" attitude.

The researches into selecting "Formula One" racing also revealed that the cigarettes sponsored through these events made the respective cigarette brand appear to be "very powerful". The sponsorship also lead viewers of these sports to attain an "association with young, fast, racy, adult, exciting, aspirational, yet ultimately attainable environments." Another example cited with famous sports events and sponsorships by the cigarette vendors is that of the sport of 'Rugby’, which is sponsored by the brand of "Silk Cut" cigarette, and which makes the brand as an exciting, dynamic and less pretentious brand. In similar context, the sport of Whitbread round the world yacht claims to make the brand appear as "masculine and adventurous." (Charlton et al,1997)

4th Question: Are there any other forms of cigarette promotion, and what is their role?

The 4th question, also recurring a number of times in the researches carried out by the British government's select health committee was the investigation whether there existed other forms of cigarette promotion. Furthermore, if there were other forms of cigarette promotion, what were their roles in the promotion and advertising of cigarette amongst the smoking populations of the country.

The researches on the subject of other forms of promotion revealed that these included cigarette coupons; brand stretching (also discussed above under a separate header); packaging of products; materials at the point of sales; free give- ways; the placement of products (shop windows and shelves etc.); and the latest mode of advertising on the Internet. All these forms of promotion have been found to leave significant imprints on both the smoking behavior as well as the smoking attitudes amongst the smoking populations. An example to this respect may include free give-ways or gifts with particular cigarette brands that acted as potential triggers to taking up smoking amongst the adolescent populations
(McFadden and Hastings, 1999; Faroese et al, 1996; pierce et al, 1998).

A further insight into other forms of promotion as part of the discussion on direct mail strategy used by the cigarette vending industry reveals that practically all areas and aspects of marketing are duly utilized in their efforts to enhance sales and consumption of cigarette amongst the various segments of the populations.

For example, the cigarette vending makes careful and detailed studies of entire populations and breaks it into different groups, each to be targeted with a strategy most suitable and appropriate for the respect segment of the population. Using the technique of customized marketing, segments, which are most suitable and promising are then targeted. Taking a totally anti-textbook marketing approach, the cigarette vending industry makes no reference to either the ethics of marketing, nor of the common marketing strategies employed in their efforts to increase sales and thus consumption of cigarettes. In the break up of populations for their own benefit, the most vulnerable segments of populations, as also the most easily targeted included the poor, women, and the students community.

Attracting the Poor

The first segregated segment is that of the poor, who are easily targeted and reached through a number of incentives including price discounts, gift schemes, and providing them with a reassurance that the brands used by them are better and superior to other brands. The result of such techniques and strategies is not surprising, as majority of the poor are observed to smoke a premium brand of cigarette, knowing towel that cheaper brand of cigarettes are indeed inferior products, hence immediately rejected. For the poor, a quality product is indeed a privilege, therefore the benefit for the respective cigarette brand.

Attracting the Women

The second segment segregated is that of women, who similar to their peers in the poor population segment, would rather prefer their own brand of cigarettes, brands which are marketed and sold with specific reference to the female populations.

Attracting the Students

The third segment, and perhaps the most vulnerable as well as the most attractive for the cigarette vendors, by and large choose brands which provide imagery, due to their image conscious beings. The cigarette vending industry and advertising agencies targets this young and vulnerable segment of the populations through student unions, and college campuses. Here the results are not surprising, as student community dictated by their image conscious behaviours, sense of identity, and rite of passage, as also discussed in the above sections all too readily fall into the trap of smoking, and see no wrong in adopting this ill habit.

Having researched and targeted the various segments of populations, the cigarette vending industry and their advertising agencies thus embark upon utilizing all forms of communication to bring into the fold of smoking populations. Advertising being just one of them, point of sale promotions, the use of databases, and the latest marketing strategy of Internet. However, in direct mail marketing the most successful, as also the most important strategy has been the cigarette pack itself, as serves as both an excellent tool of communication, as well as the purpose of serving as a 'badge'. This has also been briefly discussed, as the badge is readily acceptable for the larger student populations for the 'imagery', and 'symbol' of having passed the 'rite of passage'. The cigarette vending industry thus takes extra ordinary precautions to ensure that the pack of cigarette presents the true and correct image as desired by the users (students), and communicates the message so intended by the said industry.

Anti-government Campaigns through Direct Mail Marketing

Concluding the brief discussion on the 4 principle recurring questions pertaining to advertising, the dissertation moves ahead with the discussion on equally brief findings on a set of advertising documents, which were in fact anti-government. As also, these documents were in direct response to the various nature of researches being conducted to investigate the ill effects of marketing, advertising and promotion of cigarette smoking by the cigarette vending industry.

The anti-government advertising concepts were included in the said researches, and are briefly presented as part of our investigation into the effectiveness of direct mail marketing by the cigarette vending industry.

One of the first anti-government concepts to emerge was the complaint that restrictions on cigarettes were just a beginning, which may follow with restrictions in practically every area of the life of an individual. Examples of apprehensions as to the possible interference of the government included ban on foods such as butter; coffee and sugar, as these categories of food too were cited as being harmful just as cigarettes were deemed harmful.

Secondly, it was contended and questions put forward whether the banana restrictions on cigarettes would be limited to the marketing of cigarettes only, or would spread to other areas as well, such as sales and manufacturing. In this context it was reiterated that the government at present was only contemplating about placing a ban on the marketing of cigarettes, and there existed little evidence that this ban and restrictions would be extended.

Another important anti-government stance taken by the advertising pundits was whether the smoking populations would be forced to purchase cigarettes in plain packing without the respective brands printed on each pack. A point noted in this respect was that, in purchasing cigarettes without any brands, would the government rather see individuals hiding packs of cigarettes just as criminals hiding stolen item. Providing support and favour to the smoking populations, the advertising pundits were found to contend that smokers were simply being used as 'pawns' between the ensuing power struggle between larger participants such as manufacturers, suppliers, and government officials.

Example to this respect was given about the famous personality of Tessa Jewel, who has strongly advocated in favour of the tobacco/cigarette as her portal to reach heights of success. Emphasizing on the immense public support as the primary key of her success and popularity, Jewel has increasingly supported marketing of cigarettes. In her quest to climb the ladder of success, she has often cited marketing of cigarette brands as her ticket to the top. In fact,Jowel has been observed to be somewhat harsh at any proposed ban on marketing of cigarettes. Jowel's biased views are ample evidence to this respect.

Yet another vital point stressed by the cigarette advertising pundits, and which also served as an anti-government stance was the restriction, or the proposed plans to impose restrictions and a ban on marketing, was in fact restrictions on the rights to freedom of speech. Elaborating on this particular aspect, the advertisers of cigarette another tobacco products and those working for the promotion of smoking cigarettes all considered and deemed the right to advertising as a right to free commercial speech. In this respect, example of political parties with extreme agendas and policies were cited, and it was contended that since they were given this liberty, the cigarette vending industry too should be given these basic of rights, and denial of the same would be a denial of the basic right of the cigarette vending industry.

It is openly evident here that moral, ethical and health issues were least care for, or taken into consideration by these cigarette vending industry pundits or their advertising advisors and consultants.

The relationship Between Advertising's Effect on Consumption and Brand Share

Similar studies of documents and researches into the investigation of a relationship between the effect of advertising on consumption and brand share brought out some of the most startling findings.

For example researches into the relationship between advertising and brand share revealed that there existed dossiers, which confirmed and in fact initiated a desire to enhance consumption as well as brand share. A detailed study of these documents uncovers some three-principle strategies adopted to bring about an increase in both the consumption of cigarette smoking and expanding the brand share.

One of the first strategies employed by the advertising and marketing pundits at the cigarette vending industry was that promotion of specific campaigns which developed and supported both the smoker as well as the smoking habits amongst the smoking populations. In this attractive and often lucrative slogans were used to attract the smokers. One such slogan read "smoking can be a delight for everyone if it is done the right". Similarly other documents advocated the rights of the smokers through such slogans as "active support for smokers ‘rights" and "as smokers become more and more persecuted, they look to advertising as a friend."
Silverman, 1995; McGuiness and Cowling, 1975; Witt and Pass, 1981)

A second, equally important strategy adopted by the advertising and marketing experts at the cigarette vending industry focused on the expansion of particular markets. For example a detailed report was discovered which examined the different modes through which there could be "reinvigoration of the cigar market" w4. The advertising did not stop here, rather moved on with related apprehensions that "without this reinvigoration we will continue to see a decline in the size of the cigar market, which will hurt all brands, but particularly Hamlet."w4. One may well imagine the extent of research carried out to promote and expand practically all types of cigarettes, as well as the detailed studies which focus on increasing the market size of the cigarette vending industry.

A third strategy employed by the advertising and marketing experts in the cigarette vending industry was the undermining of the government’s control policies on cigarettes and tobacco. The strategy and mode of directly attacking government's various control policies to restrict and ban smoking included a direct attack through appropriately planned and well researched advertisement campaigns. The object behind the launching of such campaigns was to undermine the impact of any raise in government's budget allocation for such restrictions and bans respectively. Also included in the direct opposition to government policies were a number of options, which would be implemented once there was a ban in place for advertising of cigarettes and other tobacco products. A comment from an executives at one of the advertising agencies amply confirmed such line of approach, when he enquired, "why should they stop marketing their products simply because advertising is banned? (Cox and Smith, 1984).

Recruitment of New Smokers as One of the Principle Objectives

In our continued investigations into the effectiveness of direct mail marketing by the cigarette vending industry, researches show that one of the principle objectives behind majority of marketing and advertising strategies adopted includes the recruitment of new smokers, and the retention of existing populations of smokers. These strategies also serve to duly bring about an increase in the consumption of cigarettes, as well as prove the importance of new recruits and existing smokers in the overall advertising of cigarettes. Prime examples to this respect may be observed from a survey on some of the existing brands of cigarettes in the British smoking populations. The famous brand of 'Silk Cut' is presently witnessing a decline in its users, whereas the brands of 'Lambert and Butler, and Marlboro Lights ‘are more than preferred for their recruitment process.

Statistics on the various brands of cigarettes marketed and sold in Britain show that some brands have a stronger market share in the recruitment of new smokers as compared to others. For example the brand of Lambert and Butler (L&B) is considered an economy brand. With ashore of some 9.5 present of the British cigarette market, L&B has been found to lead other brands in the recruitment of new smokers, attend, which has been maintained since 1997. In view of these findings and statistics, it was also predicted that if the said percentage is maintained by 'Lambert and Butler', it is more than likely that threat of new starters taking on the habit of smoking will gradually increase in the near future.

In comparison, another famous brand, the 'Silk Cut King Size' enjoyed significant position amongst low tar brand cigarettes for new entrants in the smoking populations, a trend which was replaced by L&B after1996. This was further evidenced in the decline of the share of 'Silk Cut' brand by nearly 50 present, from a share of 11.2 present to a mere6 present. Another qualitative aspect which has perhaps served to lower the share of 'Silk Cut' brand cigarettes from the British smoking populations is its unappealing image. This particular reasoning for the decline in the 'Silk Cut' brand is further strengthened by the fact that young British adults are increasingly adding to the existing smoking populations of the country. These young British adults are observed to pay more emphasis on the imagery, hence brands such as ‘Lambert and Butler' is more than appealing as compared to 'Silk Cut ‘brand. A similar rational appears to be true for the rising success and popularity of the 'Marlboro Lights' brand, which enjoys a second position amongst the new entrants and a share of 7.3 present. (The first is L&B as discussed in the above lines).

Investigation Into The Effectiveness of Direct Mail on the Cigarette Vending Industry in The UK

Conclusive Comments

The study of relevant literature reviews, surveys including questionnaire from a selected group of populations, the role of teenagers in direct mail marketing strategies, the role of advertising, the extent of cigarette consumption and brand share from direct mail marketing, the importance of young populations for the cigarette vending industry, the exploitation of such techniques as creativity, psyche and the psychology of the younger populations for direct mail marketing, the role of sponsorships, study of promotion as a direct mail strategy, attracting the vulnerable groups of populations including the poor, women, and students community for direct mail marketing; anti-government campaigns, and a particular emphasis on attracting new smokers, all lead us to deduce that direct mail has attained the status as one of the most effective marketing strategies, and amply utilized by the cigarette vending industry. This is being carried out in spite of the proven statistics that smoking is a health hazard and which can lead to a number of chronic diseases for the general populations of our nation, or for that matter the entire human community.

In conclusion of the above said dissertation, it could safely be assumed that the cigarette vending industry has more than exploited the power of direct mail marketing in the United Kingdom. In doing so, the cigarette vending industry has very effectively used a number of different techniques and approaches to reach and target their audience. For the cigarette vending industry their potential target audience include both the smoking populations (for retaining them as their clients), as well as the non-smoking populations so that they too could be lured to the ill and hazardous habit of smoking. Also included in their list of potential consumers are poor segments of the society, women, and the younger populations, with each segment targeted with specific marketing strategy.

The above dissertation also leads us to deduce that the cigarette vending industry has not simply jumped into the sales and marketing arena for their respective brands of cigarettes. On the contrary, this industry has carried out thorough and equally detailed studies and researches on consumers, their behaviours, responses, attitudes, and the psychology to accomplish their sales and marketing objectives. Thought he use of the mailing list serves as one of the most important channels of direct mail marketing, there are other methods as well. These include hundreds of magazines, newspapers, and the different electronic media, including network marketing carried out through the Internet.

Equally effective, and perhaps the most obvious are event managements particularly mega- sports events, which has had a particularly inspiring effect on all segments of the population, which includes both the potential targets of smoking as well as non-smoking community of individuals. The sponsorship of mega sports events to date remains one of the most sought after direct mail marketing strategy. Such is the strength of the corporate sector in the cigarette vending industry, that any legislation that has been introduced is not only opposed; tactics and strategies have been used to delay the effective date of that legislation till after the end of a mega event. (Formula One Grand Prix scheduled for 2006 is a prime example to this respect.).

Thus, one may observe that the cigarette vending industry having realized the tremendous economic potentials has continued to pursue marketing strategies which has brought windfall profits for the said industry, yet cares little in terms of ethics or the health hazards involved from smoking cigarettes. Since the continuity of reaping profits from the sale of cigarettes lies in the equally continuous or repeat sales of cigarettes, marketing strategies such as direct mail are being used as a truly effective set of tools to accomplish the said objectives. This is also one of the reasons why one may not commonly see a salesman, or for that matter an entire sales force out in the field spreading the benefits of a particular brand of a cigarette. As wholesalers, retailers, mail order strategies, and reaching the target audience or potential consumers are often the preferred avenues and channels for accomplishing the same sales and marketing objectives, as may be expected from a salesman, hence the success of direct mail marketing.

Recommendations

In view of the gravity and strength of the corporate sector of the cigarette vending industry, and to stand up and fight against marketing of cigarettes, irrespective of the modes utilized, the following are some of the suggestions which can limit, if not altogether stop the aggressive marketing campaigns of the cigarette vending industry.

One of the first steps, and which is presumably the most effective strategies for the cigarette vending industry is the advertising at the point of sales, which includes inside the shops, at the kiosks, and corner shops. This type of advertising must be stopped, and banned. Furthermore, any such loopholes in legislation should be removed which do not allow advertising on the respective cigarette racks and gantries, yet openly allow advertising outside the same premises.

Sponsorships are yet another vital area of marketing, which needs complete overhaul. There should be a uniform policy for banning sponsorships for cigarette brands, with particular emphasis on mega sports events. (As there are different dates for imposing a ban for sponsorships for the United Kingdom, while the European Union has another date.) The holding of a mega event, such as the Formula One Grand Prix should not be an excuse for delaying the effective date for ban on sponsorships. These sports events can well be sponsored by number of industries, and the tobacco/cigarette industry must not be allowed to monopolize such events as an excuse to promote and market their brands of cigarettes.

Another important direct mail marketing strategy utilized by the cigarette vending industry is that of brand stretching. This should be totally banned, and clear set of instructions should be issued regarding the use of language. For example, the use of phrases such as in "good faith” should be clarified, so that the vulnerable and innocent segments of the society are not lured to the ills and hazards of smoking.

Raising taxes on cigarettes is often opposed with the contention that this will benefit the smuggling of cigarettes. This is truly absurd, as a rise in taxes will certainly curtail the consumption of cigarettes. The more expensive a cigarette, the more unlikely it will be for an average smoker to purchase a pack of cigarettes. This particular aspect has also been mentioned and proven in the above sections of the dissertation. Thus, high taxes should be levied on all cigarettes, irrespective of the brands.
A truly important aspect, which though constitutes part of the government incentives, is the health promotion campaigns and strategies for cessation of cigarette smoking amongst all segments of the populations. Though the present government is in pursuit of effective campaigns, following strategies for changing the attitudes and behaviours to give up smoking, such as the national 'Health Improvement Programmes (HimPs). However, there is a crucial need to develop comprehensive set of strategies to address the issue of smoking which can be accomplished through the combined efforts of local authorities and other agencies in both the private and public sector. In this respect, the commencement of 'National Priorities Guidance (NPG) is one effective programme, which outlines local targets for the prevention and reduction of smoking prevalence in the country.

A vitally important suggestion is the inclusion of such groups as the Environmental Health Officers, trade unions, employers ‘organizations, to effectively address the issue and guide against smoking at the workplace, public places, and academic institutions. The involvement of such groups will go a long way in addressing practically all the segments of the society, which includes smokers, poor, women, and the most vulnerable of them all, children and teenagers.

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