Social Responsibility and Social Responsibility Disclosure

1.0 Introduction

Though some of the country around the world is rich in resources, but there are still have a possibility that ran out of the resources. Beside that, there are also a large number of countries around the earth that lack of resources. Because of this, as a people living in this earth, we should protect the resources from exhaust. We should not be so selfish and should cherish the resources, so that other people could also enjoy use of the resource. As a big community, we should not think ourselves interest only, we should also think for others. Think that everyone can has a chance to use the resources and also how to value the resources so that others have a chance to use it. We can start doing social responsibility to ensure that the limited resources are not run to waste.

As an opening of this introduction, we begin by defining social responsibility. Social responsibility can be defined as a theory from the perspective or ideological whereby a specific entity, being the person, organization, government, corporation, non-profit organization and etc., has a responsibility to make good decision and take sustainable action that will develop benefit of the society and enhance the welfare and interests of the public. In another meaning, we also can define social responsibility as whatever a specific entity done, the intention is to improve the welfare or the interest of the society. Although it is not mandatory for the entity to accomplish social responsibility, but the entity should also has some conscience. In addition to protect their own benefit, the entity should also concern the society’s welfare and interests.

In the beginning of the introduction, we have defining the social responsibility. Now we will look on what is corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is the social responsibility that implements by an organization. Corporate social responsibility is about how a company using their own knowledge intelligently to earn profit for the company beside that still can protect the interest of society. They are not only being concerned with their own benefit, but they also concern with the interest and welfare of the society. Corporate social responsibility also gives a picture of how a company supervises their business processes to generate an overall positive impact to public.

The initiation of corporate social responsibility involves several issues that related to company’s concern behavior in its social atmosphere except the company’s economic sphere which the company traditionally associates with. To implement corporate social responsibility, the organization must take in mind of the society welfare in beside to fulfill its own benefit in doing the business. The organization should not be self-interested in consider that the interest of the organization is their main objective. They should not think that increase stock price and short-run profit is the most important thing to the company. Service the society also an important objective and it is as important as the profit of the company.

The company also should concern with the society ethically other than earning profit and increase stock price. The company’s stakeholders are not only the shareholders and investors, but also include the employees, customers, government, communities, suppliers, and special-interest group. So the company should also concern other stakeholder’s interest and what they are desired for. Commonly, the company using their own policy as a built-in, self-legalize instrument which incorporate into their business model to monitor the business processes and activities, so that their business obedience to the law and regulation, ethical standard, and international norms.

It also ensures that the company not only pays attention to their profit and stock price but also the interest and welfare of the society. Implement social responsibility not only bring benefit to the society, but also give benefit to the company. Because implement social responsibility can add value for the positive image of the company. Public listed companies in Malaysia nowadays are required by Bursa Malaysia to disclose their social responsibility in their annual report. They can built their own corporate social responsibility report or refer to Bursa Malaysia’s corporate social responsibility framework. The report is not mandatory to follow, it is just a reference.

When operate in businesses, there are several main areas that firms should concern and responsible for. It is because the businesses will give some impact on these main areas. According to Vinsign website, there are six main areas of social responsibility, which is community and environment, the employees, governments, consumers, providers of finance and other organizations or groups. For example, the firm should concern about environmental issue, such as rainforests disappearing and they can take action by reducing using paper or do not waste any paper when doing businesses or help the government to plant more trees. For employees’ issues, they should treat every employee fairly and should concern about their safety during work, welfare, training and development.

Corporate social responsibility disclosure discloses information on what the firms have done for the sake of the community. It also shows the disclosure of firms’ action on what they have been contribute to the welfare of the society and what they will do in the future for the welfare and interest of the society. Usually the disclosure is disclosed in a social responsibility report and publishes in company’s website or annual report of public listed companies. For public listed company in Malaysia, Bursa Malaysia has ruled them to disclose their social responsibility disclosure in their annual report. It is mandatory for them to disclose in annual report recently and most of them comply with the rule to create a good image to the society and government.

Corporate social responsibility disclosure is very important to company’s stakeholder. The stakeholders of the company always take note to the disclosure because the disclosure shows what the company plan to do and have done for the welfare of the society. A recently report shows that most of the investors are invest in firms that have involve greatly in social responsibility. With actively involve in the activities of social responsibility, the company can increase their positive image emerge to the society. It can bring advantage to the companies with having increasing number of investors invest in the company and attract more supplier cooperates with them.

Some companies disclose their social responsibility voluntarily. According to “Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in Malaysia” written by several author, companies are disclosing their social information for various reasons. The reasons can be classified into three broad categories, which is pressure from the government and market, enhancing corporate image, and top management awareness. Companies also disclosing their social information because of they think that they should informing the public what they have done for the public and will done for the sake of the public.

Before companies release the social responsibility disclosure in their report, they have to think about the question of how much information should they publish in the report, how much information are enough to the viewer of the report and which information are useful to the viewer of the report. It is very important for the companies to think about the questions because the interest groups are based on the information to make certain important decision making. Different groups of stakeholder look for different type of social responsibility information. For example, employees and future employees of a company are more concerned with human resource issues in the social responsibility report. The public and government are more concerned on philanthropic issues in the report.

The quantities of the information are not regarded as important, qualities of the information disclosed by companies are more think greatly of to the stakeholders. In spite of quantities of the information disclosed, useless information disclose to stakeholder will not help them in certain decision making. According to “Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in Malaysia” written by several author, companies in Malaysia are more concern in human resources issues. Useless or unclear social responsibility information will lead to some problems, such as damage companies’ image, penalties from government and dissatisfied of stakeholders. When this situation happens, the company may lose their intellectual capital and most of the investor decides not to invest in the company since the company cannot fulfill their expectation for the information from the report.

Large firm in this research mainly refer to public companies listed in Bursa Malaysia. Bursa Malaysia has built a corporate social responsibility framework for the public company as reference which has mentioned earlier in this research. According to Bursa Malaysia website, it mainly focuses on four main areas, which is environment, community, marketplace, and workplace. Bursa Malaysia encourages public listed companies to involve in corporate social responsibility and disclose it in annual report. Why public listed company been encourages to involve in corporate social responsibility?

According to Bursa Malaysia, they believe that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is key to sustainability. Bursa Malaysia say that “sustainability is a process and it is a business approach used to create long term value by seizing the opportunities and managing risks that emerge from the economic, environmental and social developments”. For example, by protecting the environment, it can help in conserve the natural scarce resources from being destroy or no need to confront with the situation of some resources become extinct. This can help the company to use the natural resources everlasting and the next generation also can enjoy it.

Social responsibility involvement are very important to the public listed company and also others small and medium company in Malaysia. It is because social responsibility involvement can help increase competitive advantage of the company compare to others company in same sector. Involve in social responsibility activities can also improve the relationship between the company and the society. Other than become distinctive compare to other company and enhance the relationship with the society, social responsibility activities also can increase public image of the company, increase the stock price of the company, and can help to solve problems that the community faces.

Involving in social responsibility activities bring a lot of advantages to company but still many companies are not willing to involve in social responsibility activities and disclose it. It is mainly because most of the companies think that social responsibility is not so important to them, profit of the company are their priority. Unfamiliar with what information to disclose are also one of the reason they rarely involve in social responsibility activities. Most of the companies are not sure which information is important to stakeholders although the company involves in social responsibility activities.

1.1 Problem Statement

The problem in corporate social responsibility is that not every public listed company in Malaysia is sincere in voluntary involves in social responsibility. As a large company which listed on Bursa Malaysia, the company is required by Bursa Malaysia to disclose corporate social responsibility in their annual report in recently year. Some of the small company even didn’t implement social responsibility because of the company thinks it is not their obligation to implement it and for small firm, social responsibility disclosure are not mandatory. They are not aware of the advantages that the social responsibility brings to them and importance of the social responsibility information to the society. Some of the company didn’t disclose social responsibility because of they not sure what to disclose and how much information should disclose. Even though some companies have made the respective disclosure, the information they disclose may be irrelevant and as the result it is not useful to the stakeholders.

1.2 Objective

The objective of this research is to find out the important of the social responsibility and social responsibility disclosure to different sector among public listed companies. This can understand through the involvement of the public listed company in the social responsibility and their key disclosure areas. The study aims to study how different of industries disclose their social responsibility activities and further to evaluate their awareness to the social responsibility. It also aims to study how willing are the public listed company disclose their social responsibility activities to the society without conceal anything from the society. The higher the willingness that company discloses their social responsibility information, the more the information that company will disclose. Not merely disclose what the company plan to do in the future, but also what the company have done that achieve from previous year social responsibility activities planning. Another objective is to find out the relationship between size of firm and the extent of corporate social responsibility practices. This study is to see whether it is the truth that the larger the firm is, the greater the involvement of the firm in the social responsibility. Whether it is only large firm will involve in social responsibility and disclose it out to the stakeholders or not.

1.3 Contribution

The contribution of this research is to increase the number of companies and the willingness of companies to participate in social responsibility practices. From this research, the company will find out the importance of involvement in social responsibility activities and advantages that social responsibility activities bring to them. So that, the public listed company is more wiling to involve in social responsibility activities and disclose the information to its stakeholder. Beside that, the public also can see how corporate social responsibility will improve their living and enhance their welfare and interest. The community will more appreciate what the company has done for them and then will have more and more investor wiling to invest in the company.

1.4 Conclusion

In conclusion, corporate social responsibility is about how you should as a corporation. Although, corporate social responsibility in nowadays is still not much concern by the public listed company, but in the future they will identify the importance of social responsibility. From this awareness, the company is more willing to involve in social responsibility activities and disclose the information to the society. From the advantage that the community receives from the social responsibility, they will become more concern with the issue of the social responsibility. Thus, the community acts as a watchdog to concentrate on what the public listed company plan to do and what they have done for the welfare of the society. The company views the community as an important stakeholder, so the company is more willing to improve the community’s living. Community can survive without business but business cannot exist without community.

Chapter 2 Background of Study

Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) was established on 1 March 1993 under the Securities Commission Act 1993, the Securities Commission is a self-funding statutory body with investigative and enforcement powers. It reports to the Minister of Finance and its accounts are tabled in Parliament annually. The SC's many regulatory functions include:

* Supervising exchanges, clearing houses and central depositories;

* Registering authority for prospectuses of corporations other than unlisted recreational clubs;

* Approving authority for corporate bond issues;

* Regulating all matters relating to securities and futures contracts;

* Regulating the take-over and mergers of companies

* Regulating all matters relating to unit trust schemes;

* Licensing and supervising all licensed persons;

* Encouraging self-regulation; and

* Ensuring proper conduct of market institutions and licensed persons.

Underpinning all these functions is the SC's ultimate responsibility of protecting the investor. Apart from discharging its regulatory functions, the SC is also obliged by statute to encourage and promote the development of the securities and futures markets in Malaysia.

Bursa Malaysia is an exchange holding company approved under Section 15 of the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007, which is regulate by Securities Commission Malaysia. It operates a fully-integrated exchange, offering the complete range of exchange-related services including trading, clearing, settlement and depository services. Bursa Malaysia today is one of the largest bourses in Asia with just under 1,000 listed companies offering a wide range of investment choices to the world. Companies are either listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad Main Market or ACE Market. In assisting the development of the Malaysian capital market and enhancing global competitiveness, Bursa Malaysia is committed to maintaining an efficient, secure and active trading market for local and global investors.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a central management concern at Bursa Malaysia. For Bursa Malaysia, CSR means integrating open and transparent business practices into our business operations which are based on ethical values and respect for employees, communities and the environment. The way they do business is designed to deliver sustainable value to the society at large and to all stakeholders, including their shareholders. On 5 September 2006, Bursa Malaysia launched a CSR Framework as a guide for Public Listed Companiess in implementing and reporting on CSR. The Bursa Malaysia CSR Framework looks at four main focal areas for CSR practise – the Environment, the Workplace, the Community and the Marketplace, in no order of priority.

With effect from 31 December 2007, all public listed companies are required to disclose their CSR activities or practices (and of their subsidiaries) and if there are none, a statement to that effect. Listing Requirements (Appendix 9c, Part A (29)). Listing Requirements (Appendix 9c, Part A (29)) is about description of the corporate social responsibility activities or practices undertaken by the listed issuer and its subsidiaries or if there are none, a statement to that effect. Failure to comply with any of these Requirements will amount to a breach in respect of which actions may be taken or penalties may be imposed or both.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Framework for Malaysian Public Listed Companies

The Bursa Malaysia CSR Framework is in fact a framework, and not a template. This framework does not tell the whole story of CSR and neither does it have all answers. It is a bit like running shoes: One size does not fit all. The CSR Framework is basically a set of guidelines for Malaysian Public Listed Companies (PLCs) to help them in the practice of CSR. As the Prime Minister mentioned in the 2006 budget speech, from now on, all PLCs are required to disclose their CSR activities. Some PLCs may be doing corporate social responsibility even without realising it. The directive from the Prime Minister is really an opportunity for logical thinking about CSR. It is meant to encourage Malaysian PLCs to become more engaged in being socially responsible, and to make the way they approach the process of CSR, part of the way they normally work and think.

According to Bursa Malaysia, CSR means it is not about how a firm spends money, but about how the firm makes money. CSR is defined as open and transparent business practices that are based on ethical values and respect for the community, employees, the environment, shareholders and other stakeholders. It is designed to deliver sustainable value to society at large. There is no universal approach to CSR. Companies are free to adopt what suits them. CSR is not about compliance or philanthropy or public relations. It often involves cultural transformation in a company as it integrates CSR concepts into its operations and decision making. Vitally, CSR involves communicating the company’s actions to its stakeholders and encouraging their feedback. The Bursa Malaysia CSR Framework looks at 4 main focal areas for CSR practice. They are: the Environment, the Workplace, the Community and the Marketplace, in no order of priority.

The Environment

When looking at the environment, CSR can focus on a variety of issues. Most of the people worry about energy, how to use it more efficiently and how to reduce the way its emissions damage the climate. Here in Malaysia, bio fuels have become a topical issue. There are other aspects as well. Companies live amongst some of the richest biodiversity in the world. Protecting the flora and fauna is essential.

The Community

Companies live within the community. They depend on the community in many ways and the community depends on them. Supporting employee involvement in community issues enriches the community and the company. Supporting education, such as adopting a school, is another possible activity. Companies can be creative in looking at how they can contribute to children, youth development and the under-privileged. The opportunities for company interaction with the community are vast.

The Marketplace

The Marketplace is where companies find important stakeholders – their shareholders, suppliers, and customers. Companies can interact responsibly with this group in a number of ways, such as supporting green products or engaging in only ethical procurement practices. Helping to develop suppliers and other vendors is another way of contributing. Raising the standards of Corporate Governance within the company so that it meets shareholder expectations is a further consideration.

The Workplace

Companies draw their employees from society and so everything they do with their staff needs to be socially responsible, whether they are dealing with basic human rights or gender issues. A quality work environment and health & safety are obvious considerations, as is the way in which, if companies believe in CSR, they inculcate in their employees, the values which the company holds dear. Ideally, companies should consider all 4 CSR dimensions when crafting their own visions. But that does not mean a company must do everything.

For some companies there will be focal areas or initiatives that do not apply. The important thing is that the company uses the framework to help it identify its choices and priorities. Individual CSR initiatives will depend on the nature of each company’s business, its inclinations, and its resources. However, sometimes a company will adopt initiatives that may even have indirect impacts. Like most PLCs, Bursa Malaysia is exploring the framework to see what suits companies best as an exchange.

3.0 Introduction

There are some different points of view of the corporate social responsibility definition from several parties. Corporate social responsibility is defined as the duty of the organisation to respect individuals’ rights and promote human welfare in its operations (Manakkalathil and Rudolf, 1995; Oppewal et al., 2006). According to Carrol (2000a), businesses not only have the economic responsibility of being profitable and the legal responsibility to follow the laws or ground rules that guide their ability to achieve their economic requirements, but they also have ethical responsibilities that include a range of societal norms or standards. From this two definition, it can see that individuals’ rights and human welfare is more important than profit earning and organization is try to balance them, so that the interest of public did not deprive.

Malaysian Government’s point of view by our Prime Minister, Dato’ Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak in a corporate social responsibility conference held in June 2003 at PWTC, Kuala Lumpur referred to corporate social responsibility as “a concept whereby corporation integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and their interactions with stakeholders on a voluntary basis”. It is a process of providing information which does not have purely financial implications designed to discharge social accountability. Companies should recognize their corporate social responsibilities not only to their shareholders but also to the society they operate in. This sustainability concept calls for a company to operate in a responsible manner that takes full account of their business impact on the environment, people and the community.

Corporate social responsibility can also be defined as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1999). In general, CSR embraces all organizational activities relating to the organization and society. These may include employees support (safety, job security, profit sharing, employee participation, treating employees fairly and equitably etc.), community support (activity involved in education, health and housing related supportive activities, philanthropic activities), product/services support (product/service quality, product safety, delivery, research and development etc.), and environmental support such as; sustaining the eco-friendly environment, producing environmentally friendly products, waste management, recycling etc. (Staples, 2004; and Sen and Bhattacharya, 2001).

In the last decade Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an issue that has increasingly attracted attention from the business, political, and public spheres (Brammer, and Palevin, 2004). In emerging capital markets, such as Malaysia, this issue also tends to be a strategic issue for public listed companies. Malaysian firms incorporate CSR into their corporate governance agenda to become good corporate citizens in the Malaysian capital market. They also seek to increase the pool of enhancement in the recognition and profile of corporate domestic firms who can gain better recognition from the perspective of international and local investors. Furthermore, the push towards better CSR practices is also important to be consistent with the overall national agenda, particularly in achieving Vision 2020, meeting the objective of the National Integrity Plan and as a tool for generating greater economic and capital market growth (Corporate Governance, 2004).

Tay Kay Luan (2005a), cited the Malaysian government’s stand on CSR issues is that all organisations in the country should take account of the economic, social and environmental impacts of their activities, and should be encouraged to act and address the key challenges which arise from these impacts on their core competencies. Moreover, the government is taking stand that the existing legal framework and regulations are sufficient to improve corporate behaviour. Gray et al. (1987) define social reporting as “… …the process of communicating the social and environmental effects of organisations’ economic actions to particular interest groups within society and to society at large. As such, it involves extending the accountability of organizations (particularly companies), beyond the traditional role of providing a financial account to the owners of capital, in particular, shareholders. Such an extension is predicted upon the assumption that companies do have wider responsibilities than simply to make money for their shareholders”.

Chan (2002), Godfrey et al. (2000), and Gray et al. (1996) describe corporate social disclosure as voluntary reporting of social and environmental information relating to an organisation’s interaction with its community, shareholders, physical and social environment to outsiders through corporate annual reports.

Although the disclosure is based on corporate’s voluntary, but it as been motivated to disclose in recent year. According to Godfrey et al. (2006), corporate social responsibility is motivated by legal regulation, management accountability and shareholder activism. Voluntary corporate social disclosure gives information to the public regarding a company’s activities that relates to the community. Companies that operate in a developed world have moved to include sections on social issues within their annual reports. These sections give information on their responsibility towards reducing hazardous impacts on the environment, improving waste management, showing compliance with Environmental Quality Regulation 1989, better efforts to protecting their employees and other social issues affecting the public. The disclosures were towards an increasing trend. However the level of disclosures itself are still low. (Teoh & Thong,1984; Foo & Tan,1988;Ho,1990 and Shireenjit & Zuaini 1998).

The Malaysian government’s incentive to further promote corporate social responsibility (CSR) among public listed companies (PLC) is very encouraging in Malaysia. The honorable Dato’ Seri Najib Tun Razak, Prime Minister of Malaysia, in his keynote speech at the Corporate Social Responsibility Conference on 21 June 2004 had made it clear that CSR helps improve financial performance, enhance brand image and increases the ability to attract and retain the best workplace, contributing to the market value of the company. The growth of public awareness about CSR has put pressure on corporations, profession and governments to increase the amount of social information in corporate reports.

More recently, in the 2007 budget speech, the Malaysian Former Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi has stressed the importance of corporate social responsibility reporting by requiring companies to disclose their CSR activities in the annual report. Corporate social reporting is one approach how companies published or disclosed their corporate social responsibility activities. One way to reduce the gaps between company and its stakeholders is by reporting the activities to the stakeholders or through additional disclosure.

Teoh and Thong (1984) pointed out that the philosophy of the top management and legislation were the primary factors contributing to corporate social awareness in Malaysia. More recently, Malaysian executives and managers were found to have positive attitudes towards corporate social responsibility, although the extent of their involvement in corporate social responsibility is lower today than it was a decade ago (Abdul Rashid & Ibrahim, 2002). Mohammad Jamil, Alwi, and Mohamed (2001) similarly found that CSR disclosure in Malaysia is generally low, especially with regards to fair business information. This also appears true for environmental information (ACCA, 2002). The level of CSR was again confirmed to be low in recent studies conducted by SRI (2003) and Ramasamy and Hung (2004).

Since in Malaysia, corporate social responsibility is voluntary, the choice of social issues reveals the Government’s priority or the particular responsibility which companies have. Therefore by having corporate social responsibility, the company would have better reputation and this would increase its chances to secure contracts from the Government as it is seen as being socially responsible. Companies would be able to attract and retain good employees which would in turn benefit them financially in the long run. Corporate social responsibility may be able to strengthen stakeholder relations as reporting promotes corporate transparency and instills greater confidence and trust among stakeholders. It is also an additional channel for engaging stakeholders in dialogue, and enables companies to identify and address key issues of concern to their stakeholders.

On the other hand the users of accounts also benefit as investors obtain an honest and clear snapshot of a company's true health when it accounts for all its impacts, costs and performance measures, whether economic, social or environmental. It can alert that cases like Enron and Worldcom to happen again. For example current or potential employees of companies are able to assess the companies’ objectives and plans for the human resource management within their companies. This information will definitely help in their decision making process.

Malaysia has demonstrated an increasing awareness of corporate social responsibility in recent years. The emergence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the Consumer Association of Penang (CAP), the Federation of Malaysia Consumers Association (FOMCA) and the UN Global Compact in Malaysia has contributed towards this awareness. While there is yet to be any statutory requirement in Malaysia for public-listed companies (PLCs) to disclose information relating to their CSR activity, the launch of a CSR Framework by Bursa Malaysia in September 2006 provides useful guidance for Malaysian PLCs to help them implement reporting on CSR.

This initiative has definitely added a valuable dimension to the revised listing requirements of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) that require disclosure of information that has the potential to influence the financial performance of a company. The issuance of the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance in March 2000 also sent a clear and strong message about the importance and urgency of being an accountable and responsible corporate entity. The Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) has also incorporated a new standard that makes explicit reference to environmental reports and value-added statements in encouraging companies to present additional information if management believes they will assist users in making economic decisions (ACCA, 2003).

Corporate social responsibility disclosure can be enhanced through comprehensive corporate governance mechanism (Shahin and Zairi, 2007; Zairi, 2000). This is also concurred in the Cadbury Report (1992), which stated that a higher standard of corporate governance could be reflected through improvement in the quality of financial reporting. Shahin and Zairi (2007) believe that business entity responsibility towards a society needs can be enhanced through appropriate corporate social responsibility initiative and disclosure, which is achieved by strong leadership characterised in effective corporate governance. Thompson and Zakaria (2006) point out that polite persuasion from regulatory bodies alone is not enough to improve the level of corporate social responsibility disclosure without a strong drive from top governance of business entities.

2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in Malaysia.

The Bursa Malaysia CSR framework (Bursa Malaysia, 2006) was designed to deliver sustainable value to society at large. Corporate Social Responsibility supports triple bottom line reporting which emphasizes the economic, social and environmental bottom-line wellness. Corporate social responsibility disclosure provides information to the public regarding companies’ activities with community, environmental, its employees, its consumer and energy usage in the companies. Corporate social disclosure are categorized as voluntary disclosures since it is not required by any financial disclosure regime, accounting standards, the stock exchange rules and regulations, and the Companies Act in Malaysia. Some only provide guideline for the companies, not necessary must complies with it.

Corporate social disclosure can be defined as the provision of financial and non-financial information relating to an organization’s interaction with its physical and social environment, as stated in annual report or separate social reports (Hackston and Milne, 1996). Corporate social disclosure includes details of the physical environment, energy, human resource, products and community involvement matters.

According to Gray et al. (2001), social and environmental disclosure can be typically thought of as comprising information relating to a corporation’s activities, aspirations and public image with regard to environmental, employee, consumer issues, energy usage, equal opportunities, fair trade, corporate governance and the like. Social and environmental disclosure may also take place through different media such as annual report, advertising, focus group, employee councils, booklets, school education and so forth.

The definition used by Hackston and Milne (1996) covers the five themes that can be found in company’s annual report and websites in Malaysia which were environment, human resource, energy, community involvement and products, and also used Gray et al. (2001) as the definition for the extent of disclosures through different media such as annual report, advertising, focus group, employee councils, booklets, school education and so forth.

An increasing public awareness of corporate social responsibility has developed a criticism towards the use of profit as an all-inclusive measure for corporate performance (Hackston & Milne, 1996). This in turn has led to a growing attention by the accountancy bodies to consider Corporate Social Responsibility in accounting practices including Malaysia. There is no consistent standard or regulations concerning the disclosure of social and environmental issues. Each country has its own legislative regulations. In Malaysia, it has its own Environmental Act but still does not impose a mandatory disclosure in annual reports.

The disclosure of social and environmental information attracts attention as the information itself involves the living quality despite the fact that its reporting is voluntary in nature (Mohamad and Ahmad, 2001).

2.3 Reason of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure

Legitimacy theory relates the extent and types of corporate social disclosure in the annual report to be directly related to management’s perceptions about the concerns of the community. Lindblom (1994) in his legitimacy theory identified four reasons why companies disclosed social information. Firstly, is to inform the “relevant public” the organization’s performance and activities in response to any environmental changes.

Secondly, is to change the perception of relevant public. Thirdly, is to deflect attention from issues concerned. The last reason is to change the outside expectation of their performance when they feel its “relevant public” have unrealistic expectation of its social and environmental performance. Social disclosures are made to please the readers or users of the financial statements. Pattern (1992), asserts that disclosing of information can be used to maintain its freedom, status and reputation (Hogner, 1982) and projecting an image to society that the corporations are socially responsible (Abbot and Monson, 1979; Pattern, 1992).

Another theory, stakeholder theory (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978) assumes that disclosure on social and environmental information by an organisation is as a result of the pressure from stakeholders such as communities, customers, employees, environment, shareholders and suppliers. This theory concludes that Corporate Social Responsibility is a way to show a good image to these stakeholders to boost long-term profits because it would help to retain existing customers and attract new ones. Therefore, under this theory the larger company tend to disclose more social and environmental information in the annual reports.

Accountability theory in addition, implies that corporate social and environmental disclosure is as a result of corporation’s obligation to provide the information needed by the users. The company should furnish information when and only needed and should not go beyond the scope of the requirement in order to avoid crossing the boundary of legitimacy theory (Mohamed Zain, 199). Next, is social contract theory, which is developed based on concept that there exists contract between business and wider society, whereby business (is deemed to) agrees to perform various society desired actions in return for approval of its objectives, other rewards and its ultimate survival (Guthrie and Parker, 1989).

The other theory, the agency theory assumes the voluntary social and environmental disclosure by corporations as a means for the reduction of agency costs that could arise in the form of legislation and regulation. Social and environmental disclosure is seen as an important element in the corporation’s maintenance of its freedom, status and reputation with influential “publics” or “stakeholders” (Hogner, 1982).

2.4 Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Practices and Companies’ Characteristic.

Normally, Corporate Social Responsibility practices of companies always influence by their own characteristic, such as firm’s size, firm’s profitability, firm’s leverage, size of audit firm, and ownership.

(i) Firm’s size.

Spicer (1978) suggests firm size as a factor influencing pollution control, as larger companies had a better record in this regard than smaller firms. Watts and Zimmerman (1978) argue that because political costs reduce management wealth, companies attempt to reduce costs by such devices as social disclosure campaigns. Cowen, Ferreri and Parker (1987) found out that larger corporations tend to disclose more information because larger corporations are highly visible, make greater impact to the society, and have more shareholders who might be concerned with social activities undertaken by corporations.

Other studies which found similar findings include Trotman and Bradley (1981), Cowen et al. (1987), Hackston and Milne (199 6) which concluded that size is an explanatory variable, insomuch as their findings indicated that firms supplying information on social responsibility are of a larger size, are more concerned with longer-term events, and have a positive systematic risk.

However, the findings of the above studies are contradicted by environmental disclosure. Halme and Huse (1997) conducted a study on annual report for the year 1992 from Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland, Spain and Norway) and found no significant relationship between environmental reporting and companies’ size. In the Malaysian context, Mohamad and Ahmad (2001) concluded that firm’s size is not significant while Zauwiyah Ahmad, Salleh Hassan and Junaini Mohamad (2003) concluded that there is no association between environment disclosure and company’s size.

In addition, studies by Mohamed Zain (199) and Romlah et al. (2003) revealed that company’s size as measured by total assets provides an explanation on the variability of environmental disclosure among Malaysian companies. This is further confirmed by latest study on construction companies in Malaysia which concluded that firms’ size as measured by firms’ profitability and turnover is positively related with CSR (see Mohamed Zain and Tamoi Janggu, 2006).

(ii) Firm’s Profitability

Gray et al. (1987) claim that profitability is not related to Corporate Social Responsibility in the same period, but may be related to lagged profits. In Malaysia, it is also found that the relationship between social involvement and profitability is not significant (Mohamed Zain, 199; Mohamad and Ahmad, 2001). In contrast, Abbot and Monsen (1979), indicate that there is positive correlation between amount of disclosure and profitability. This means that companies are more likely to disclose social responsibility expenditures when their financial statements indicate favourable financial performance.

In addition, Inchausti (1997) argues that managers of very profitable companies would use external information in order to obtain personal advantages such as continuance of their positions and compensation arrangements, which provides some agency notion in this variable. On the other hand, Holmes (1976) finds that profitability was not an important feature in the thinking of management in social involvement. He argues that corporate involvement in social responsibility is because of three main reasons; matching of social need to corporate skill, need or ability to help, he seriousness of the social need and the interest of top executives.

(iii) Firm’s Financial Leverage

Jensen and Meckling (1976) and Myers (1977) relate disclosures on social responsibility with agency theory that predicts the level of voluntary disclosure increases as the leverage of the firm grows. Letfwich et al.(1981) conclude that voluntary disclosure increase with shareholder–debt holder–manager conflicts. In addition, companies with high leverage may disclose more information to satisfy the needs of long term creditors (Malone, Fries and Jones, 1993) and to remove suspicion of debt holders regarding wealth transfer (Myers, 1997). Positive relationship has been found between financial leverage and the extent of voluntary disclosure (Trotman and Bradley, 1981). However, Chow and Wong Boren (1987) and Ahmed and Nicolls (1994) and Mohamed Zain and Tamoi Janggu (2006) found no statistical relationship between financial leverage and voluntary disclosure.

(iv) Size of audit firm.

Hossain et al. (1994), and Ng and Koh, (1993, 1994) found a positive relationship between auditor and voluntary disclosure. Some found no relationship between audit firm and disclosure. For example, Malone et al. (1993) found no relationship between auditor and disclosure in the United States oil and gas industry. A study by Tan, Kidman and Cheong (1990) and Mohamed Zain and Tamoi Janggu (2006) also found no support to the audit firm and disclosure relationship in Malaysia. This is not consistent with recent study by Mohamad and Ahmad (2001) who found that environmental disclosure is negatively related to audit firm.

(v) Ownership

Publicly-owned firms are expected to face pressure to disclose additional information due to visibility and accountability issues resulting from the larger group of stakeholders than privately-owned companies. Companies concerned with the investors’ risk will also provide more social and environmental information than other firms (Cormier and Gordon, 2001). There are also differences in the nature of social and environmental disclosure depending on the company’s country of ultimate ownership. Companies in countries with high levels of social consciousness (example, Sweden and Canada) are more likely to provide more information of voluntary disclosure (Moneva and Llena, 2000).

In addition, societal values, a political and legal system and country of domicile were found to be variables influencing social accounting disclosure (Adams and Harte, 1998). Previous studies have focused on country of ownership and social disclosure. However, his study will look at ownership from different point of view, for example, based on shareholding of top five shareholders. The corporation is classified as “individual” owner if majority of the shares are held by individual shareholders and likewise, if majority of shares are owned by “corporate or other companies” then the corporation is classified as “corporate” ownership.

4.0 Introduction

In this research, the sample was represented from the main board of public listed companies in Bursa Malaysia for the year ended 2008. The random sampling method was used in selects the sample from each sector of the public listed companies in main board companies in Malaysia. The research was based on secondary data collected from the annual report and company’s website of main board companies. The sample will be selected from both financial and non-financial companies listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia in the year 2008. The research will select the companies that are listed in the main board of Bursa Malaysia from seven sectors that is construction, consumer product, trading and services, finance, hotel, properties, and technology in year 2008.

The descriptive analysis method was used in this research. The sample of large companies from the seven sectors represent the final sample of the each sector after take into consideration and the companies have both sources of data that is annual report and companies’ web site. We will use the sample year ended 31.12.2008 annual report because not all the company have year ended 2009 annual report. Use year ended 31.12.2008 annual report will be more appropriate because the entire sample have 2008 annual report and will only choose from the group companies that have same financial year end. We will do comparison between sectors and study their social responsibility activities and its disclosure and also analyze the hypotheses that match all the sectors

From the seven sectors, 68 companies are randomly selected from 135 public listed companies from the main board of Bursa Malaysia. From the seven sectors, the samples are chosen randomly 50% from each sector in the main board of Bursa Malaysia. Choosing randomly 50% sample from each sector is because it can represent the whole sector, 50% of the sample can represent the other 50% that are not chosen. Only Hotel sector will take 100% sample because the sector only has 3 companies. Table 1 shows the number of companies selected from the main board of Bursa Malaysia. From table 1, the construction sector can select 10 samples and the 10 samples will select randomly from total companies of the sector. For example, the sample will select every 2nd (21/10) companies from the list of companies in the construction sector until select finish the 10 companies.

No.	Sector	Total companies	Percentage	Selected sample
1.	Construction	21	50%	10
2.	Consumer product	35	50%	17
3.	Finance	21	50%	10
4.	Hotel	3	100%	3
5.	Properties	24	50%	12
6.	Technology	15	50%	7
7.	Trading and services	16	50%	8
	Total	135		68

Table 1 Number of companies selected from each sectors from the main board.

4.1 Hypotheses

After analyze the sample, the sample will conclude with hypotheses to see whether relationship between the corporate social responsibility disclosure and the company’s characteristic is positive or negative. Below are some of the hypotheses:

(i) Size

Larger firms are more visible in the public eyes and more politically sensitive (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978). From this argument, to manage or reduce the political costs, the large companies may disclose corporate social responsibility activities in the annual reports as part of a strategy. Larger companies tend to receive more attention from the public and are under greater public pressure to exhibit social responsibility (Cowen et al., 1987). It has also been suggested that CSR is aimed at protecting or enhancing a company’s image or reputation (Hooghiemstra, 2000).

Image-building and public interest concerns might influence the decision to spend on socially responsible activities and to disclose those activities (Belkaoui and Karpik, 1989). Large companies in this research are meant the public listed companies in Bursa Malaysia. All the samples that select are large companies and analyze to see whether large companies are greatly involve in corporate social responsibility disclosure or not.

H0: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is positively associated with company size.

H1: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is negatively associated with company size.

(ii) Profitability

Those firms which are more socially responsive can be expected to be more profitable because these firms should possess the same requisites skills to run a company profitably (Belkaoui and Karpik, 1989). Additional disclosure ‘‘screened out’’ good performing companies from those performing less well (Akerlof, 1970). In the social disclosure area, those who hypothesized a negative relation between social disclosure and economic performance have argued that high investment in social responsibility results in additional costs (Balabanis et al., 1998). All the samples that select are analyze to see whether there is any relationship between company’s profitability and corporate social responsibility disclosure.

H0: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is positively associated with company’s profitability.

H1: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is negatively associated with company’s profitability.

(iii) Size of audit firm

Audit firm in this research can be categorized into small and medium audit firm, and large audit firm. Large audit firm is mean big four audit firm, which is Ernst & Young, KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers, and Deloitte Touche. Where else small and medium audit firm is the non big four audit firm, which mean all audit firm except the big four audit firm. To see whether the companies that audit by small & medium audit firm and large audit firm will have any difference in corporate social responsibility disclosure. All the samples that select are analyze to see whether there is any relationship between size of audit firm and corporate social responsibility disclosure.

H0: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is positively associated with size of audit firm.

H1: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is negatively associated with size of audit firm.

(iv) Industry

Companies in high profile industries disclosed significantly more social information in their annual reports (Patten, 1991). Proprietary costs vary across industries (Verrecchia, 1983). Following this line of argument, companies in certain types of industries may face different degree of pressure to disclose certain type of information because of competitive reasons (Verrecchia, 1983). Different industry may have different pressure to disclose the corporate social responsibility. The stakeholder may have varied expectation for the corporate social responsibility disclosure for different sectors. All the samples that select are analyzed to see whether there is any relationship between type of industry and corporate social responsibility disclosure.

H0: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is positively associated with type of industry.

H1: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is negatively associated with type of industry.

(v) Ownership

Ownership in this research categorized into several forms, which is ownership concentration, director ownership, government ownership, foreign ownership, and managerial ownership. The company’s ownership also will affect the disclosure of corporate social responsibility. No matter the company is owned by government or there is a foreign ownership in the company, there have different result of corporate social responsibility disclosure. It is important to study the relationship between the ownership of a company and the corporate social responsibility disclosure to see how the ownership can affect the corporate social responsibility disclosure.

Government ownership of shares is a particular feature of Malaysian companies, largely where the government retains shares in privatized companies (Mohd Ghazali and Wheetman, 2006. Government ownership was associated with increased voluntary disclosure (Eng and Mak, 2003). A significant relationship between corporate social disclosure and foreign shareholders indicated that Malaysian companies use corporate social disclosure as a proactive legitimating strategy to obtain continued inflows of capital and to please ethical investors (Haniffa and Cooke, 2005).

Small boards will mitigate agency conflict between managers and shareholders (Lipton and Lorsh, 1992; Eisenberg et al., 1998; Raheja, 2003). Large boards results in less effective coordination, communication and decision making and are more likely to be controlled by the CEO (Jensen, 1993). It is predicted that ineffective coordination in communication and decision making will lead to low quality of financial disclosure since the board of directors are unable carry out their roles efficiently (Jensen, 1993).

There was no significant relationship between ownership concentration and corporate environmental reporting in annual report (Halme and Huse, 1997). Ownership concentration was not significant in explaining the extent of voluntary disclosure where it is consistent with Halme and Huse (1997) (Mohd Ghazali and Wheetman, 2006). Ownership concentration was not significant in explaining the extent of voluntary disclosure (Mohd Ghazali and Wheetman, 2006).

The influence of ownership structure in explaining the level of voluntary disclosures among the Malaysian financially distressed firms and found that management shareholding levels have a significant and positive association with the level of voluntary disclosures (Mohd Nasir and Abdullah, 2004). Managerial control (percentage of stock owned by insiders) is positively related to charitable giving (Coffey and Wang, 1998). Government ownership of shares is a particular feature of Malaysian companies, largely where the government retains shares in privatized companies (Mohd Ghazali and Wheetman, 2006).

H0: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is positively associated with ownership of the companies.

H1: The extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is negatively associated with ownership of the companies.

Chapter 5 Analysis and Discussion of Finding

In chapter 5, the research begins with analyzing the annual report and companies’ website disclosure of the sample from the seven sectors about the social responsibility activities. It begin with analyze each sample companies in each sector and discuses their involvement in the social responsibility activities, key areas disclosure and then lastly compare among the sectors in the conclusion and decide the result of hypotheses. The social responsibility activity can categorize into 4 types, which is the environment, the community, the workplace, and the marketplace.

1. Size

The Public Listed Companies (PLCs) are categorized into three type of size: - - ≤ RM100, 000,000 of total assets = small size.

- RM100, 000,001≤ total assets ≤ RM 499,999,999 = medium size.

- ≥ RM 500,000,000 of total assets = large size.

E = Environment C= Community

W= Workplace M= Marketplace

The companies which fulfill one of the social responsibility activities and disclosure will get one tick and one tick is equal to one point. If a company fulfills all the social responsibility activities and disclosure, then the company will get four ticks and is equal to four points.

(i) Large size firm ( ≥ RM 500,000,000 of total assets).

No.	Company	Total Assets (RM)	E	C	W	M	Total
1.	Public Bank Berhad	166,698,854,000	√	√	√	√	4
2.	PBB Group Berhad	5,898,619,000	√	√	√	√	4
3.	Malayan United Industries Berhad	2,139,757,000	√	√	√	√	4
4.	WCT Berhad	2,028,104,000	√	√	√	√	4
5.	Sarawak Energy Berhad	1,945,345,000	√	√	√	X	3
6.	Bandar Raya Development Berhad	1,806,794,000	√	√	√	√	4
7.	Landmarks Berhad	1,683,252,000	√	√	√	X	3
8.	Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad	1,633,113,000	√	√	√	√	4
9.	Unisem (M) Berhad	1,329,604,570	√	√	√	√	4
10.	Tradewinds (M) Berhad	1,290,680,000	√	√	√	X	3
11.	OSK Holdings Berhad	1,107,876,772	√	√	√	√	4
12.	Petra Perdana Berhad	1,005,385,000	√	√	√	√	4
13.	Allianz Malaysia Berhad	906,056,000	√	√	√	√	4
14.	Shangri-La Hotels (Malaysia) Berhad	820,725,000	√	√	√	√	4
15.	United Malayan Land Berhad	699,634,000	√	√	√	√	4
16.	Dijaya Corporation Berhad	690,555,000	√	√	√	√	4
17.	Mah Sing Group Berhad	686,516,000	√	√	√	√	4
18.	Green Packet Berhad	676,199,000	√	√	√	X	3
19.	MAA Holdings Berhad	581,844,000	√	√	√	√	4
20.	Fountain view development Berhad	545,176,000	√	X	X	√	2
	Total		20	19	19	16	74

(ii) Medium size firm (RM100, 000,001≤ total assets ≤ RM 499,999,999).

No.	Company	Total Assets (RM)	E	C	W	M	Total
21.	MUI Properties Berhad	456,968,000	√	√	X	X	2
22.	Manulife Holdings Berhad	402,999,000	X	√	X	X	1
23.	Ahmad Zaki Resources Berhad	399,670,462	√	X	√	√	3
24.	Tanco Holdings Berhad	363,430,000	X	√	√	X	2
25.	Jerneh Asia Berhad	362,681,000	√	√	X	X	2
26.	Encorp Berhad	357,291,891	√	√	√	√	4
27.	Hock Seng Lee Berhad	353,313,646	√	√	√	X	3
28.	Integrax Berhad	329,808,136	√	√	√	√	4
29.	LPI Capital Bhd	329,492,000	√	√	√	√	4
30.	South Malaysia Industri Berhad	319,729,573	√	√	√	X	3
31.	Kamdar Group (M) Berhad	257,983,951	X	√	√	X	2
32.	Apex Equity Holdings Berhad	253,008,440	X	√	X	X	1
33.	TRC Synergy Berhad	244,112,493	X	√	X	X	1
34.	Grand Central Enterprises Bhd.	237,458,341	√	√	√	√	4
35.	Ekowood International Berhad	234,685,354	X	√	√	X	2
36.	Furqan Business Organisation Berhad	233,932,307	√	√	√	X	3
37.	Crest Builder Holdings Berhad	229,342,729	X	√	√	√	3
38.	Patimas Computers Berhad	222,653,000	X	√	√	X	2
39.	SPK-Sentosa Corporation Berhad	221,372,000	X	X	X	X	0
40.	Mesiniaga Berhad	213,502,000	√	√	√	√	4
41.	Bina Darulaman Berhad	188,492,198	X	√	X	X	1
42.	Meda Inc. Berhad	186,210,000	X	√	√	X	2
43.	Pan Malaysia Holdings Berhad	158,697,000	X	√	X	X	1
44.	TSR Capital Berhad	157,749,000	X	√	X	X	1
45.	Globetronics Technology Berhad	154,576,814	√	√	√	√	4
46.	Prinsiptek Corporation Berhad	152,377,431	√	√	√	√	4
47.	Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad	116,783,629	√	√	√	√	4
48.	Golden Pharos Berhad	107,352,000	√	√	√	√	4
49.	Y.S.P. Southeast Asia Holdings Berhad	106,990,000	X	√	X	X	1
50.	Panglobal Berhad	105,160,000	X	X	X	X	0
51.	CCM Duopharma Biotech Berhad	103,949,000	X	√	X	X	1
	Total		15	28	19	11	73

(iii) Small size firm (≤ RM100, 000,000 of total assets).

No.

Company

Total Assets (RM)

E

C

W

M

Total

52.

GHL Systems Berhad

98,347,798

X

√

√

X

2

53.

Putrajaya Perdana Berhad

98,147,000

√

√

√

√

4

54.

Yee Lee Corporation Berhad

95,390,000

√

√

X

X

2

55.

Macro Holdings Berhad

93,067,723

X

X

√

√

2

56.

Emivest Berhad

88,558,967

√

√

√

X

3

57.

TMC Life Sciences Berhad

84,225,735

√

√

X

√

3

58.

Guan Chong Berhad

81,833,107

√

√

√

√

4

59.

Sin Heng Chan (Malaya) Berhad

78,087,003

√

X

√

X

2

60.

Maxbiz Corporation Berhad

74,749,000

X

√

X

X

1

61.

Tek Seng Holdings Berhad

74,711,416

√

√

√

X

3

62.

Classic Scenic Berhad

71,491,339

X

X

X

X

0

63.

Lii Hen Industries Bhd

64,857,735

√

X

X

X

1

64.

Cocoaland Holdings Berhad

60,929,467

√

√

√

X

3

65.

VOIR Holdings Berhad

60,541,322

X

X

X

X

0

66.

Sern Kou Resources Berhad

60,013,521

√

√

√

√

4

67.

Lityan Holdings Berhad

8,967,000

X

√

√

X

2

Total

10

11

10

5

36

Table 2 Public Listed Companies’ Total Assets and Involvement of Social Responsibility Activities.

Large-size Public Listed Companies (PLCs): Total Points for Large-size PLCs: 20 PLCs X 4 point = 80 point Percentage involvement of large-size PLCs in social responsibility activities = 74/80 X 100 = 92.50 %.

Medium-size Public Listed Companies (PLCs): Total Points for Medium-size PLCs: 31 PLCs X 4 point = 124 point Percentage involvement of medium-size PLCs in social responsibility activities = 73/124 X 100 = 58.87 %.

Small size Public Listed Companies (PLCs): Total Points for Small-size PLCs: 16 PLCs X 4 point = 64 point Percentage involvement of small-size PLCs in social responsibility activities = 36/64 X 100 = 56.25 %.

Table 3 Percentage of Involvement in Corporate Social Responsibility from Different Size of Public Listed Companies (PLCs).

From the percentage involvement in Corporate Social Responsibility, the percentage involvement of Large-size PLCs is higher than medium-size PLCs and small-size PLCs. This can say that the larger a Public Listed Companies is, the greater the PLCs are involve in corporate social responsibility activities and disclosure. From Table 2, large-size PLCs are more concern about environmental issues and almost all the large-size PLCs involve in all four social responsibility activities and disclose it in their annual report. For example, Public Bank Berhad are the PLCs that have the highest total assets among all the sample and the company also greatly involve in all the four social responsibility activities and the company even have the song of corporate social responsibility which publish in the company’s website.

Where else, the medium and small-size PLCs are more concern in community issues, such as donation to orphan and old folk house, blood donation, build recreation place for the public and etc. and much less concern in marketplace issue. There are few small and medium-size PLCs even did not involve in any social responsibility activities and these companies will penalized by Bursa Malaysia because of did not follow the listing requirement. As conclusion, the extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is positively associated with company size.

2. Profitability

The Public Listed Companies’ (PLCs) profitability can be are categorized into three types, which are: -

- Profit for the year ≥ RM 10,000,000 is considered very profitable.

- RM1 ≤ profit ≤ RM 9,999,999 = profit.

- Loss for the year ≤ RM 0 is unprofitable.

E = Environment C= Community

W= Workplace M= Marketplace

The companies which fulfill one of the social responsibility activities and disclosure will get one tick and one tick is equal to one point. If a company fulfills all the social responsibility activities and disclosure, then the company will get four ticks and is equal to four points.

(i) Very profitable firm ( ≥ RM 10,000,000 of profit for the year).

No.

Company

Profitability (RM)

E

C

W

M

Total

1.

Public Bank Berhad

2,272,736,000

√

√

√

√

4

2.

PBB Group Berhad

703,964,000

√

√

√

√

4

3.

LPI Capital Bhd

111,088,000

√

√

√

√

4

4.

OSK Holdings Berhad

107,260,418

√

√

√

√

4

5.

Sarawak Energy Berhad

69,748,000

√

√

√

X

3

6.

Bandar Raya Development Berhad

67,994,000

√

√

√

√

4

7.

WCT Berhad

60,815,000

√

√

√

√

4

8.

Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad

50,781,000

√

√

√

√

4

9.

Hock Seng Lee Berhad

35,613,847

√

√

√

X

3

10.

Shangri-La Hotels (Malaysia) Berhad

34,614,000

√

√

√

√

4

11.

Tradewinds (M) Berhad

31,367,000

√

√

√

X

3

12.

Ahmad Zaki Resources Berhad

14,499,241

√

X

√

√

3

13.

United Malayan Land Berhad

12,459,000

√

√

√

√

4

14.

Petra Perdana Berhad

12,176,000

√

√

√

√

4

15.

CCM Duopharma Biotech Berhad

11,676,000

X

√

X

X

1

16.

Bina Darulaman Berhad

11,480,471

X

√

X

X

1

Total

14

15

14

11

54

(ii) Profitable firm (RM1 ≤ profit for the year ≤ RM 9,999,999).

No.

Company

Profitability (RM)

E

C

W

M

Total

17.

VOIR Holdings Berhad

8,785,678

X

X

X

X

0

18.

Crest Builder Holdings Berhad

7,747,149

X

√

√

√

3

19.

Putrajaya Perdana Berhad

7,266,000

√

√

√

√

4

20.

Manulife Holdings Berhad

6,827,000

X

√

X

X

1

21.

Grand Central Enterprises Bhd.

6,571,077

√

√

√

√

4

22.

Furqan Business Organisation Berhad

6,461,844

√

√

√

X

3

23.

Dijaya Corporation Berhad

6,414,000

√

√

√

√

4

24.

Ekowood International Berhad

5,585,297

X

√

√

X

2

25.

Macro Holdings Berhad

5,438,230

X

X

√

√

2

26.

Jerneh Asia Berhad

5,325,000

√

√

X

X

2

27.

Yee Lee Corporation Berhad

3,827,000

√

√

X

X

2

28.

Y.S.P. Southeast Asia Holdings Berhad

3,746,000

X

√

X

X

1

29.

Mah Sing Group Berhad

3,684,000

√

√

√

√

4

30.

Cocoaland Holdings Berhad

3,449,110

√

√

√

X

3

31.

Classic Scenic Berhad

3,166,544

X

X

X

X

0

32.

TRC Synergy Berhad

3,128,318

X

√

X

X

1

33.

Lii Hen Industries Bhd

2,990,875

√

X

X

X

1

34.

Guan Chong Berhad

2,704,326

√

√

√

√

4

35.

Globetronics Technology Berhad

1,837,847

√

√

√

√

4

36.

Golden Pharos Berhad

1,531,955

√

√

√

√

4

37.

SPK-Sentosa Corporation Berhad

1,185,386

X

X

X

X

0

38.

TMC Life Sciences Berhad

801,352

√

√

X

√

3

39.

GHL Systems Berhad

381,661

X

√

√

X

2

40.

Mamee-Double Decker (M) Berhad

177,178

√

√

√

√

4

41.

Mesiniaga Berhad

46,000

√

√

√

√

4

42.

Meda Inc. Berhad

42,000

X

√

√

X

2

Total

15

21

16

12

64

(iii) Unprofitable firm (Loss for the year ≤ RM 0).

No.

Company

Profitability (RM)

E

C

W

M

Total

43.

Sern Kou Resources Berhad

(64,889)

√

√

√

√

4

44.

Emivest Berhad

(130,529)

√

√

√

X

3

45.

Tek Seng Holdings Berhad

(195,820)

√

√

√

X

3

46.

Prinsiptek Corporation Berhad

(200,939)

√

√

√

√

4

47.

Landmarks Berhad

(249,000)

√

√

√

X

3

48.

TSR Capital Berhad

(318,000)

X

√

X

X

1

49.

Patimas Computers Berhad

(481,000)

X

√

√

X

2

50.

Apex Equity Holdings Berhad

(731,284)

X

√

X

X

1

51.

Fountain View Development Berhad

(778,000)

√

X

X

√

2

52.

Pan Malaysia Holdings Berhad

(891,000)

X

√

X

X

1

53.

Encorp Berhad

(1,889,015)

√

√

√

√

4

54.

Sin Heng Chan (Malaya) Berhad

(2,128,795)

√

X

√

X

2

55.

Kamdar Group (M) Berhad

(3,307,680)

X

√

√

X

2

56.

Allianz Malaysia Berhad

(4,340,000)

√

√

√

√

4

57.

Lityan Holdings Berhad

(6,180,000)

X

√

√

X

2

58.

South Malaysia Industri Berhad

(7,044,000)

√

√

√

X

3

59.

MUI Properties Berhad

(7,223,000)

√

√

X

X

2

60.

Malayan United Industries Berhad

(8,285,000)

√

√

√

√

4

61.

Green Packet Berhad

(11,818,000)

√

√

√

X

3

62.

Integrax Berhad

(26,517,078)

√

√

√

√

4

63.

Unisem (M) Berhad

(32,304,980)

√

√

√

√

4

64.

Tanco Holdings Berhad

(38,255,000)

X

√

√

X

2

65.

MAA Holdings Berhad

(57,604,000)

√

√

√

√

4

66.

Maxbiz Corporation Berhad

(65,533,000)

X

√

X

X

1

67.

Panglobal Berhad

(108,660,000)

X

X

X

X

0

Total

16

22

18

9

65

Table 4 Public Listed Companies’ Profitability and Involvement of Social Responsibility Activities.

Very Profitable Public Listed Companies (PLCs): Total Points for very profitable PLCs: 16 PLCs X 4 point = 64 point Percentage involvement of very profitability PLCs in social responsibility activities = 54/64 X 100 = 84.38 %.

Profitable Public Listed Companies (PLCs): Total Points for profitable PLCs: 26 PLCs X 4 point = 104 point Percentage involvement of profitability PLCs in social responsibility activities = 64/104 X 100 = 61.54 %.

Unprofitable Public Listed Companies (PLCs): Total Points for unprofitable PLCs: 25 PLCs X 4 point = 100 point Percentage involvement of unprofitable PLCs in social responsibility activities = 65/100 X 100 = 65 %.

Table 5 Percentage of Involvement in Corporate Social Responsibility from Different Profitability of Public Listed Companies (PLCs).

From the percentage involvement in Corporate Social Responsibility, the percentage involvement of very profitable PLCs is higher than profitable PLCs and unprofitable PLCs. But the percentage involvement of unprofitable PLCs is slightly higher than profitable PLCs in social responsibility activities. From Table 4, very profitable, profitable and unprofitable PLCs are more concern about community issues and almost all the very profitable PLCs involve in all four social responsibility activities and disclose it in their annual report. Public Bank Berhad still in the 1st place and it is the most profitable companies.

There are few profitable and unprofitable PLCs even did not involve in any social responsibility activities. The percentage involvement of unprofitable PLCs in social responsibility is slightly higher than profitable; maybe it is because of the companies needed to involve in social responsibility activities to attract more investors and consumers. But still the higher the profit of a company, the greater the involvement in social responsibility activities. As conclusion, the extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is positively associated with company’s profitability.

3. Size of Audit Firm

The size of the audit firm can be categorized into small & medium audit firm (non big four) and large audit firm (big four). Table 6 is about when companies are audit by large audit firm or small & medium audit firm, the degree of the involvement is how much. From the table, it can say that Public Listed Companies (PLCs) audited by large audit firm (big four) are greatly involve in all the social responsibility activities, approximately 58% (21 companies). But still got less than 10% (3 companies) did not involve in any social responsibility activities.

The Public listed companies that audited by small & medium audit firm are less involve in all the social responsibility activities, approximately 20% (6 companies) and only 1 company is not involve in any social responsibility activities. Although most of the large-size firm are audited by large audit firm, so that the percentage in involvement of social responsibility activities become higher, but there is still a small portion of relationship that connect the size of the audit firm and degree of involvement in social responsibility activities. As conclusion, the extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports is positively associated with size of audit firm.

	Large audit firm (Big Four)	Small and medium audit firm
Involve in all 4 social responsibility activities.	21	6
Involve in any 3 social responsibility activities.	4	9
Involve in any 2 social responsibility activities.	6	7
Involve in any 1 social responsibility activities	2	8
Did not involve in any social responsibility activities	3	1
Total	36	31

Table 6 The Relationship between Numbers of Public Listed Companies Involve in Social Responsibility Activities with Size of Audit Firm.

4. Industry

Different industry has different key disclosure areas or type of social responsibility activities that the industry involves in. This section start with analyze the seven sectors and discuses the main areas an industry greatly involve.

Chart 1 Number of Companies from Each Sector Involve in Four Type of Social Responsibility Activities.

From the chart above, social responsibility activities in community are more concern by the seven sectors, which is construction, consumer product, finance, hotels, properties, technology and trading & services. For construction sector, it is more involve in community social responsibility activities and 40% (4 companies) of the construction companies sample are involve in all the four type of social responsibility. Only 10% (1 company) of the construction companies sample did not involve in social responsibility activities. For consumer product sector, it is also more involve in community social responsibility activities and nearly 30% (5 companies) of the consumer product companies sample are involve in all the social responsibility activities. Only 1 company from the consumer product companies sample did not involve in social responsibility activities.

For finance sector, 50% (5 companies) of the finance companies sample are involve in all the social responsibility activities and only 1 company that did not involve in the social responsibility activities. Same as construction and consumer product sectors, the finance sector also more concern in community social responsibility activities. In hotels sector, it is concern in environment, community, and workplace social responsibility activities. ⅔ (2 companies) of the companies in the hotel companies sample are greatly involve in all the social responsibility activities.

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