Chhau Dance-drama as a Folk Art in Eastern India.

What are the elements and origins of the masked dance-drama of Seraikela Chhau and Purulia Chhau of Eastern Indian and to what extent are they significant to the Indian culture as a folk art?

Abstract:

India is a country with a rich range of various cultures and traditions. Each part of India has different ways to preserve those cultures traditions such as folk and classical dances. Folk and classical dances play a big role in the Indian culture as a way of communication.

One of the dance-drama folk art that is performed in India is the Chhau dance-drama of Eastern India. There are three types of Chhau dance-dramas but this essay will focus on only two types:A  the Seraikela of Bihar and the Purulia of West Bengal. Both Chhau styles are masked dance-drama forms that are unique. To understand the significance of this folk art for the Indian community, it is important to first understand the elements and the origins of the Chhau. The Chhau is very significant to the Indian culture because it is both a religious and mythological practise that has been passed on thought many generations. Not only is the Chhau dance-drama used for festive celebrations but is also used as a way to communicate moral message by the portrayal of stories from the Indian mythology.

The portrayal of stories is where the theatrical aspect comes in the picture. The Chhau characters are mute so therefore, movements and masks are used instead of dialogues to show certain emotions and feelings to bring the story forwards.

The study of the origins, history, costumes, music, staging, music and performers brings to the conclusion that indeed, the Chhau dance-drama is a folk art that is very significant to the Indian culture and the Indian people.

Acknowledgment:

I would like to thank my supervisor Tamojit Ray for his extraordinary help in guiding and advising me through the writing process of my extended essay. As Tamojit Ray is from the Eastern part of India, his advice and knowledge on the Chhau dance-drama were very useful to guide me in my essay.

I would also want to thank Tamojit Ray for putting me in contact with the Chhau dance-drama Master Chandi Mahato, and his role as a translator from the local language of the area resided by Mahato to English during the telephonic interview.

Table of Contents:

1 )Introduction- Folk dances in IndiaA A A A  A A A A A A A A A A A A A  5-7

2) The history and origins of ChhauA A A A  A A A A A A A A A A A A A  7-9

3) Masks and CostumesA A A A A A A A A A A A A  10-16

A A A A A A A A A A A  a. MasksA A A A A A A A A A A A A  10-14

A A A A A A A A A A A  b. CostumesA A A A A A A A A A A A A  14-16

4) Music and stagingA A A A A A A A A A A A A  16-18

A A A A A A A A A A A A  a. MusicA A A A A A A A A A A A A  16-17

A A A A A A A A A A A  b. StagingA A A A A A A A A A A A A  17-18

5) Performers and performing techniques A A A A A A A A A A A A A  19-20

6) Interview with Chhau master Chandi MahatoA A A A A A A A A A A A A  20-22

7) ConclusionA A A A A A A A A A A A A  22-23

8) BibliographyA A A A A A A A A A A A A  23-24

9) Appendix 1A A A A A A A A A A A A A  p.25-30

1) Introduction- Folk dances in India

India is one of the very few countries in the world to possess a rich range of different cultures and traditions. Each and every region of India has a unique culture that has passed through many generations for centuries.A  What I find really interesting about India is that they have well preserved their cultures and that even today, they are still practising certain traditions compared to other countries that have lost their cultures by evolving into a more modernized civilisation.A  Cultures and tradition can be passed on through generations by many ways like paintings, written scripts, music, theatre and dance. Folk dances and folk theatre play a big role in the Indian culture as they are art forms that are a very efficient way of expression to the community.

Folk dance is an art used to convey the local culture, legends, myths and religious beliefs of a specific region and as India has many different cultures, the folk dances vary from one region to another. Indian folk dances are the products of a variation of socio-economic classes in India. They are usually performed by ordinary people rather than professional dancers in small towns or villages where people gather together to celebrate special occasions such as harvesting, marriages, religious holidays, festivals, birth of a child etc… Since in India all those festivities are celebrated quite often if it’s not every day, folk dances have become an essential part for the Indian culture.A 

Some folk dances which are performed in India also incorporate theatre in their dances.A  Those dance-drama forms are a rural extension of the ancient theatrical tradition found in the Nathya Shastra [3].A  Among other dance-drama traditions in India like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali and a few more, Chhau is a rare and unique colourful masked dance-drama form. There are three types of Chhau named after their geographical locations; the Seraikela of Bihar, the Purulia of West Bengal and the Mayurbhanj of Orissa (Figure 1). This Essay will focus on the elements and the origins of the dance-drama form of Seraikela Chhau and Purulia Chhau and to what extent they are significant to the Indian Culture as a folk art. Why did I choose this rare form of dance-drama among others? Simply because I thought that my temporary stay in India would be the perfect occasion to discover a totally new and unknown form of art for me that is directly related to the Indian culture.

Since I am a theatre student, I think that exploring a rare form of art is an excellent way to broaden my knowledge of theatre through different cultures. I chose to write an in-depth essay about the Chhau dance-drama of Eastern India among many others also because I find the Chhau very interesting in the way it combines dance and theatre together to tell a specific story or mythology by using rhythms, movements and masks instead of dialogues like most of the theatrical forms use.A 

[4] Figure 1: The orange shaded area of this political map of India represents the Eastern part of India where the three types of Chhau dance-drama originated from.

2) The history and origins of Chhau:

The origins of the Chhau dance-drama are still not certain as is the origin of the word “Chhau”?. The dance is known as Seraikela Chhau in Jharkhand, Mayurbhanj Chhau in Orissa and Purulia Chhau in West Bengal. If we look at the basic differences between the three different styles of Chhau, the Chhau dancers of Purulia wear highly stylized masks, in Seraikela the masks are smaller, while in Mayurbhanj the dancers do not always use masks. The word “Chhau”? is interpreted in different ways by different quarters and persons. Most of the people say that the word ‘Chhau’ arises from the Sanskrit root “Chhaya”? which means shadow and that the art originated in West Bengal. On the other hand, some people disagree and think that it had arisen from the word “Chauni”? which means camp for soldiers and that it originated from the state of Orissa.

The reason being the hypothesis that the word “chhau”? derived from the word “Chauni”? is that the Chhau originated in the mock fights of the Oriya paikas (warriors) who fought rhythmically to the accompaniment of indigenous music instrument [10]. Basically, there is a confrontation between the good and the bad and this confrontation is portrayed by characters in the Chhau dance-drama. However, with passing of time the dance-drama started being used for many other occasions and celebrations through the year in the different states.

3) Masks and Costumes:

a. Masks:

Characters from the Indian mythology such as Lord Shiva or Ganesh are mythological and therefore, superior to the human being. It was not easy playing such characters using only the human facial expressions and features and that is the reason why in the early periods,A  different shapes and symbols were used as facial painting or body painting by the dancers to emphasize the characteristics of the different mythological characters .The practise of covering the face and the body with painting gradually gave birth to masks and bright coloured costumes in the dance performances to personify the God and Goddesses of the Hindu mythology.A 

“The mask is made not to hide or to conceal, but to expose. As an instrument of metamorphoses, the mask permits man to lose his identity, and allows the gods to manifest themselves with an uncovered face. To mask oneself is to give life to a superior being”? [11]

Masks have been used for many centuries throughout the world for both ritual purposes and traditional theatres especially for the expressivity they add in a character’s performance. Masks are often used in folk arts because they are a part of a costume that adorns the whole body and embodies a tradition important to the religious and/or social life of the community[12].A  Unfortunately, I was not able to watch an actual Chhau dance-drama performance but I got to experience I quite similar style of dance during my trip in the island of Bali in Indonesia. As the community from Bali follow the Hindu religion, they have mythological stories resembling the Indian ones. The performance I’ve seen in Bali was a dance-drama style of performance as the characters were telling a story using dance, movements and gestures to act a story.

The dance-drama constituted five acts telling a story using the good ones and the evil ones which is till now very similar to the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics. In the Balinese dance-drama, the characters were wearing masks as well but not all of them compared to the Chhau dancers of Purulia and Seraikela where it is compulsory for all the characters to wear masks. In the Balinese dance-drama, only the superior characters wore masks to express their power and their high status while the other characters were only covered with colourful full-face makeup. As a member of the audience, I can say that the masks helped a lot in creating an epic style of atmosphere on the stage and also in creating a connexion between the characters and the audience which is the reason why I think that masks are used by all the characters in the Chhau dance-drama. The performance that I have seen in Bali helped me a lot in understanding the purposes of the use of masks in the Chhau dance-drama as the Balinese dance is performed for religious and mythical purposes as well. Figure 2 shows an image of the characters in the Balinese dance taken during a performance while Figure 3 shows the characters of the Chhau dance-drama.A  The similarities in the masks used to portray superior beings can be noticed between both dance-drama forms. Even though both forms use masks, the masks are different in the way they are made and the way they look.

[14]Figure 3: Masks in Chhau dance-drama of Eastern India

The Chhau dance-drama enters in the category of poor theatre as all the materials, costumes, masks and accessories are made out of small expenses. . The Chhau masks are made with low priced ingredients such as river soil, newspapers, thin pieces of clothe, little bit of lime and paint. The facial masks are mostly manufactured by the artisans of the villages of the regions of West Bengal or Jharkhand as the Seraikella and the Purulia are the only styles of Chhau that uses masks as a compulsory part of their costumes in their performances. In Seraikela for example, the craft of mask making is an art that is handed down from father to son through many generations. The techniques and the fundamental nature of the Seraikela and Purulia Chhau dance-drama are based on the use of masks.

Not only does it add beauty, color and life to the dance but it also evokes bhava (mood) and rasa (aesthetic sentiments) in the audience. Masks have a big role to play in the relationship between the performer and the audience.A  In Chhau, every performer has specific masks according to their characters. The Gods and Goddesses usually wear small pieces of decorative glittering materials in the facial masks accompanied with feathers and jewels while the evils or demons like the characters Ravana or Mahishasura wear grotesque masks.A  The masks used in the Chhau dance-drama are also used to interpret expressions. As the Chhau dance-drama is a speechless form of performance, the expressions given by the masks becomes essential. As the use of masks eliminate any form of facial expressions, the Chhau dancers use head gestures and neck movements to express any sort of feelings or emotions. I think it is really interesting how the portrayal of a story can be done using only body language and masks instead of spoken language and facial expressions. From a theatrical point of view, it is not common and that is what forms the uniqueness of the Chhau dance-drama in the world.A  The figures 4, 5 and 6 bellow illustrates example of Chhau masks used for different characters.

[17]Figure 6

b. Costumes:

Like the masks, the costumes are made out of inexpensive local materials. The costumes that the Chhau performers used at the time the dance-drama started being performed are not known so therefore, we cannot tell if the costumes they are using today have evolved or stayed the same since the early years of the performances. Today, the costumes that are used in the Chhau performances are from various bright colors and designs as it is a performance that is supposed to evoke joy during festive periods.

The costumes for the lower part of the body differ for the performers playing the Gods and the ones playing the demons. The artists that play the Gods (Devas) characters usually wear pajamas of light colors like green, yellow or red or a mixture of colors to make the characters look more attractive and alive; whereas those playing the role of the demons (Asuras) wear loose trousers of darker and deeper colors such as black. The costumes for the upper part of the body are made out of various designs and are as attractive and colourful as the costumes of the lower part of the body. For the performers that play characters such as animals or birds, suitable types of masks and costumes are used to portray the specific types of animals or birds.A  For example the character of Lord Shiva will be displayed by a tiger skin costume and his son Ganesh with a dhoti (Figure 7). The costumes also consist of many jewelleries and anything that look extravagant as those costumes are supposed to portray inexistent mythological characters.

[18]Figure 7: Dhoti

[19]Figure 8: Colourful costumes used in Chhau.

4 ) Music and staging:

a. Staging:

As the Chhau dance-drama is performed on festive occasions with a gathering together of a whole village community, there is no raised platform or dais being settled down for the performance. With the aim of keeping the traditionalism of the event, the Chhau dance-drama usually takes place in an open air ground where the spectators are divided into sections of women and men and sit in a circle surrounding the area where the Chhau is performed. The stage used for the Chhau performances is decorated in a colourful and joyful style to create a festive atmosphere among the villagers and is usually lit by torches or oil lamps that serve as lighting which once again are made to adhere to the traditionalism of the event.

The staging of the Chhau is organized in a style that encourages people from any social or economical class to gather together and celebrate. The fact that the Chhau dance-drama remains a local and traditional event after so many years is fascinating to me as many other dance or theatrical forms evolved to become more of an entertainment or money based purpose practise than a traditional one. It is very interesting how the Chhau is staged in a way to form a joyful atmosphere in a folk environment.

b. Music:

Like other ritual dances, the music accompaniment is a really important part for Chhau. The music style and the rhythm produced by the accompanying instruments are one of the key factors that characterize the uniqueness of the Chhau dance-drama. As the Chhau dancer is mute, the music and the lines sung by the orchestra are really important to introduce the performance. They create the right kind of mood and atmosphere for the scene to be enacted.

The most important instrument accompanying the Chhau performances is the use of drum. The two main kinds of drums that are used in the Chhau performances are the Dhol ( Figure 9) and Dhamsa (Figure 10) which are played by local drummers of the area who also dance as they play. As for the tradition, the drummers themselves make the instruments and the tones used for the Chhau dance-drama based on the Hindustani Ragas wish is a Hindustani classical music concept. Ragas have a particular scale and specific melodic movements; their sound should bring delight and be pleasing to the ear[20]. Reed pipes such as Shehnai (Figure 11) are also used by the orchestra along with the drums. The drum beats are important in the Chhau performances because they are used in the beginning of the dance-drama as an invocation to Lord Ganesha sung by a singer from the orchestra. As soon as the invocation to lord Ganesha is over, the drummers and musicians walk in to create an environment prior to the dance before the Lord Ganesha makes his entry followed by the other characters.

[22]Dhamsa

[23]Figure 11: Shehnai

5) Performers and techniques:

Even though the Chhau dance-drama is a folk form of dance, it also includes some elements from the classical form of dance of India like the navarasas. The navaras are basically nine emotions that are used in the Indian classical dances and dramas to make both the dancers/actors and the audience appreciate the meaning of the lyrics and the movements that are being portrayed by. The nine rasas goes as follows:

1) hasya (happiness),

2) krodha (anger),

3) bhibasta (disgust),

4) bhayanaka (fear),

5) shoka (sorrow),

6) veera (courage),

7) karuna (compassion),

8) adbhuta (wonder) and

9) shanta (serenity).[24]

These nine emotions have been mentioned in Nathya Shastra and all dance and theatrical forms in India use these emotions extensively.

As there are no spoken dialogues in most of the Indian dances including the Chhau, the navarasas are usually portrayed by using the eyes, the face, the muscles and the body shifts as a whole. In the case of Purulia and Sereikela Chhau, the movements of the eyes and the face are not possible as it is compulsory for all the characters to wear masks so the focus is on the body movements more than anything else to portray the nine different rasas. Since the Chhau dance-drama evolved from martial arts, the movements are very specific and important. The mask movements usually show anger while the shoulder and chest movements show joy, depression or courage depending on the way the dancer portrays it. The movements of the lower part of the body of the Chhau dancers are very quick and strong while the upper part of the body barely moves and the head rests in a slanted position.

Jumping in the air is a movement that is often used in the Chhau performances because they serve as a gesture of attack in war scenes between the good ones and the evil ones. The kind of jump seen in the Chhau performances is known as ‘ulfa’ which is an indicator of the physical power and acrobatic skills of the performers. As we can see, the body language plays an essential role in the folk dance-drama Chhau.A  In relation to the theory of knowledge, Chhau is very interesting in the way that it uses body language as a way to communicate with people.

6) Interview with Chhau master Chandi Mahato:

Chhau dance-drama is a very rare and not commonly known form of folk art. Published books and web sources are not enough to properly study this art form in depth and therefore, I thought that an interview with an actual Chhau dance master would be ideal and effective to pursuit my exploration on the topic. As I live in Bangalore, a city in the state of Karnataka in the south part of India, a face to face interview was not possible so I sort this problem out by having a telephonic interview with the Chhau master Chandi Mahato. Chandi Mahato is a middle aged Chhau master residing in the remote village named Baghmundi in the Purulia district of West Bengal. He comes from a long lineage of Chhau dancers and teachers and has trained a lot of modern Chhau dancers including his son Lalit Mahato. An otherwise almost illiterate person, Chandi Mahato has learned a lot from his experience with Chhau dancing and at 67 years old, Mahato has performed in all major cities in India several times.

Mahato is a farmer for most part of the year but he also engages himself in training theatre troupes in India working with the methods propounded by Jerzy Grotowsky. After asking Mahato nine questions about his experience with Chhau and the Chhau art in general, I felt more enlightened about the Chhau dance-drama form. The answers I got from Mahato are very interesting (See Appendix 1). Like most of the Chhau practitioners, Mahato learned Chaau from his father Gurupada Mahato who also learned it from his father and Mahato also taught it to his son Lalit Mahato which confirms that the Chhau is a tradition transmitted from father to son through many generations. Chhau is usually learned form a young age because when one grows older, the flexibility of the body becomes weaker. Mahato’s training techniques are very specific and challenging because dancing and acting using acrobatics is certainly not easy.

Chandi Mahato persisted on the fact that the specific training is essential for Chhau practitioners and that consequences such as injuries of the performer or misinterpretation of the character could follow after a bad training. Drama is incorporated in the Chhau by the acting of a story without the use of any spoken language but instead body language.

Mahato says that he uses a lot of typical exaggerated actions, movements, and gaits accompanied by music and rhythms which are easily recognised by the audience to carry the story forward. The Chhau master Mahato agrees on the fact that Chhau dance-drama as a folk art is very important to their community and cultural identity. Most of the people from those villages are farmers living in poor conditions. Therefore, they stick to this art form to bring joy and colors to their daily routines and they also use it as a way to express their emotions either the positive or the negative ones in a creative way.

Chhau is also very important to their community because it is used to convey eternal moral messages. They use mythological stories to convey these moral messages for goal to educate people from those villages. Mahato is therefore stating that Chhau as a folk art is important to the Indian culture and is very significant as well.

7) Conclusion:

After an in-depth study of the elements and origins of the Chhau dance-drama, it is therefore evident that this folk art is based on traditional and cultural elements. Chhau is an integral part of the culture heritage of India and it’s an indigenous dance form created with a typical Indian psyche which is deeply rooted in the scriptures that are followed by all major Indian dance and dramatic forms. The Chhau is an art that is not only used for festive purposes but also as a way of communication with the community to convey certain messages using mythological stories.

The Chhau is mostly performed for an audience that is typically Indian including sons and daughters of Indian soil, brought up with typical Indian values. As explained in the film by Vikrant Kishore “Dancing for themselves”?, the states where the Chhau originated from are states in where poverty is a big problem and that is one of the reasons the residents of those states are very attached to the Chhau and work hard on preserving it. Lalit Mahato who is the son of the Chhau master Chandi Mahato features in the film “Dancing for themselves”? and explains through the movie how important Chhau is for him and his culture. Lalit Mahato said “Whatever it takes I’ll teach my son Chhau Dance, no matter if I’ve to just eat boiled rice”; this quote shows the importance of Chhau as a cultural aspect for the lives of those villagers. The Chhau dancers do not practise this art only to entertain an audience but they also use it as a creative way to express their feelings and emotions. It is incredible how the different states of India Including the ones practising the Chhau dance-drama preserved their cultures intact. What we also have to take into consideration is the fact that those areas have not yet been touched by the fast movement of modernization. What would happen once modernization touch those areas? Will it affects their culture? Will they still perform the Chhau dance-drama as it is performed today and would it still be as significant for their culture? Those are questions that one should have in mind. I personally hope that those states don’t lose their culture because I think that the Chhau dance-drama is a unique and fantastic form of folk art that should be preserved the way it is.

8) Bibliography:

Interview:

1) Mahato, ChandiA  “Chhau dance-drama.” Telephone interview translated by Tamojit Ray. 24 Feb. 2010.

Published work:

2) Devi., Ragini. Dance dialects of India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1990. Print.

3) Gajrani, S. History, Religion and Culture of India. Vol. 4. Dehli: Isha, 2004. Print.

4) Schechner, Richard. Between Theater and Anthropology. New York: University of Pennsylvania, 1985. Print.

Video:

5) Chhau Dance Performances : The Ramayana:Love and Valour in India’s Great Epic. Google Video. Web. 09 Dec 2009. <https://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=1062051219352271391&ei=1D-JS5uoDY38wQPV28nwBQ&q=chhau+dance&hl=en#>

6) Chhau dance promo. o>.. Web. 05 Dec. 2009. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MFrcqODoVo>.

7) DANCING FOR THEMSELVES… A film by Vikrant Kishore. Dir. Vikrant Kishore. Youtube. 16 May 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXPHQ0Hdnf4>.

Web Sources:

8) “Chhau dance.” Orissa Government Portal. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. <https://orissa.gov.in/culture/chhau.htm>.

9) “Chhau , Indian Folk Dance.” Indianetzone. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. <https://www.indianetzone.com/1/chhau_dance.htm>.

10) Chhau.” India.gov. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. <https://india.gov.in/knowindia/chhau.php

11) Courtney, David. “FOLK DANCES.” Chandrakantha. Web. 09 Dec. 2009. <https://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/nritya/folk_dance.html>.

12) Courtney, David. “Natya Shastra.” Chandrakantha. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. <https://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/natyashastra.html>.

13) “Folk Dances of India.” Iloveindia. Web. 09 Dec. 2009. <https://dances.iloveindia.com/folk-dances/index.html>.

14) “Folk Dances of India.” Web. 11 Dec. 2009. <https://folk-dances.tripod.com/id10.html>.

15) Kamat, K.L. “The Chhau dance.” Kamat. 08 Sept. 2001. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. <https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/chhau_dance.htm>.

16) “Masks in Serikella Chhau Dance.” Acharyaseraikellachhau. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. <https://www.acharyaseraikellachhau.com/mask.htm>.

17) “Origin of Indian Folk Dances.” Indianetzone. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. <https://www.indianetzone.com/18/origin_indian_folk_dances.htm>.

18) “Seraikella Chhau: An Introduction.” Acharyaseraikellachhau. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. <https://www.acharyaseraikellachhau.com/serai.htm>.

19) Ponmelil, V.A. “India – Introduction to folk dances.” Web. 09 Dec.2009. <https://www.newkerala.com/india/Dance-Forms-of-India/Introduction-to-Folk-Dance-of-India.html>.

20) “West Bengal Chhau.” Indialine. Web. 12 Dec. 2009. <https://www.indialine.com/travel/westbengal/chhau.html>.

9) Appendix 1:

Telephonic Interview with Chhau Master Chandi Mahato Transcript:

1. How did you learn Chhau dance? Is the practice passed through generations?

Ans: Yes. I learnt dancing from my father. His name was Gurupada Mahato. He was a well known Chhau master in his time. He learnt it from his father. It is a tradition with us. I have taught my son Lalit from a very early age. He is now performing all over India and sometimes abroad too.

2. Is there specific training necessary to perform the Chhau?

Ans: Definitely. First of all, we need to know how to balance ourselves properly on our backbone. There are a lot of movements involved in Chhau dancing. We need to train ourselves on that.

Chhau is a vigorous, manly dance form, which depends heavily on acrobatics. If we do not train on that, we will not be able to perform properly and end up injuring ourselves permanently. Chhau has typical style of movements and gaits – those need to be learnt as well. For instance, in Kirat Arjun, a traditional play where Lord Shiva confronts Arjun, the third Pandava, while hunting, there is a character of a wild boar which both want to hunt down. The wild boar has a very typical, traditional way of moving on the stage, If one does not receive training on that, the character will not be portrayed properly. Then, again, depending on the play, there is a distinct difference between portraying a male or a female character.

One definitely needs to learn that. In addition, we have to perform our dance according to typical rhythm patterns. So, a lot of vigorous training is necessary to become a Chhau performer and the training starts quite early in life because as one grows older, the flexibility of the limbs becomes weaker.

3. How do you act stories without using any spoken language?

Ans: You have asked a very interesting question (laughs). As with most other dance forms in India, we use a lot of gestures and postures which typically convey a meaning. We also use a lot of typical movement and gaits while performing which carries the story forward. We also use animated and exaggerated actions which are easily recognised. Using all these, Chhau, over the ages has developed a language of its own and we try to use it as effectively as possible. You should also keep in mind that we use music and rhythms to accompany us.

4. To what extent is the Chhau dance-drama important to your community as a folk art?

Ans: It is extremely important as Chhau dance represents the cultural identity of our community. The geographical area that we live in is very rough. We have to live a very

vigorous lifestyle here. We go to the jungles and cut trees in order to get fuel. The rivers in our area are very shallow and are mostly rain fed. So all the year round we face acute shortage of water. It becomes extremely hot and dry in summers and the winter is also very tough. Most of the people in our community have very little or no land to cultivate of their own. We most often have to earn our food by ploughing other people’s land.

Moreover, living in close proximity to the forests, we have to save ourselves from wild animals like elephants. So you can well understand that we live in extreme poverty and have to live a tough life. All of that is reflected in our dance. We try to express all our miseries, happiness, sorrows and agonies through our dance. We may adopt the mythical stories to do so. But nevertheless, those mythical characters become one of us while portraying them during our performances. We are normally farmers when we are not dancing. The harvest season in our area is usually around the springtime. That is when we have our festivals and the landed gentry, after making profits from the fresh harvest, are in a better position to indulge in cultural activities. So they organise night-long Chhau competitions all around the region. It gives us opportunity to showcase our talents to people and earn some extra money. The spring, in our region comes with a lot of colours – that is represented in our art through the colourful masks and costumes.

5. To what extent is it important to you?

Ans: I just told you – it is very important. I can express myself in a creative way through the medium of dance. I am able to showcase my talents as a dancer. This gives me recognition within our region. After I have performed well in a competition, people immediately recognise me wherever I go in the area and treat me with an amount of respect. I have gained more respectability from the time I have become a master. I train up the younger generation who are interested in becoming performers.

They perform my compositions on stage. Beside the creative satisfaction, I also earn respect from people as the leader of the team. In the more recent times, Chhau has given me the opportunity to travel to different parts of the country to perform. I feel lucky to have been able to represent our art to the people of this vast country. I have also performed in Europe and USA. I feel proud to be a part of the diverse culture that my country has. I am glad that I could present Chhau, which is a folk art form in the remote corners of India, in front of the audience abroad – most of whom were non Indians and had never experienced what Chhau is.

6. How do the Chhau performances affect your community with their mythological stories?

Ans: We try to convey some eternal moral messages through our performances, like the triumph of good over evil. We use the mythological stories as allegories to convey these messages. The reason for doing that is – most of the rural people who watch our performances relate immediately to the mythological stories taken from Ramayana, Mahabharata and Puranas as they are familiar with these stories from their childhood.

And as I have told you earlier, during a performance, the characters we depict through our stories do not remain mere gods and goddesses – they become mortals just like us who suffer pains and agonies just like we do. So conveying the message becomes easier for us. But I must also tell you that all these thoughts are the results of talking to educated people from the cities. Otherwise, when we perform, most of us are not conscious of these effects.

7. Do you think Chhau as a form has been able to retain its traditional values through all these years that it has existed?

Ans: That is not totally possible.With time certain ways of presentation have changed owing to various factors. During the time of our ancestors, the length of a single play was much longer. You must understand that Chhau was the only form of entertainment in those days in this remote area.

Nowadays, we have to compete with cinema and television. People do not want to sit through the lengthy performances. They get bored. So we have had to shorten the performance time. Also, with the advent of the electronic media, the tastes of our audience have become more commercialised. They want more lilt in the presentations and want to see us dance with the popular music they hear on radio and television. We have been forced to incorporate some of those elements in our performances for sheer survival.

However, in essence we do retain the traditional format and have not changed much in terms of look and feel.

8. What is the significance of Chhau as an art form in your point of view?

Ans: India is vast country with a lot of cultural diversities. Each region has its own unique form to contribute to this diversity. When we bring these diversities together, only then do we realise how beautiful our country is and how culturally rich we are. We, as Indians, represent an age old heritage to the entire world.

And Chhau is an integral part of this rich heritage. We – the Chhau performers – feel that it is of utmost importance to keep this tradition moving. Nowhere in our country would you find a dance form like Chhau which is folk-like in appearance but has an intrinsic classical nature. I call it folk-like because of the masks and costumes we use. And I also call it classical because, with time, we have been able to develop a language for the form using very specific gestures, postures and movement. It is a unique form practised by a handful of people in a remote corner of our country. But if you look around, you will not find too many dance-theatre forms like Chhau all over the world.

9. What makes the Chhau unique among other similar forms of dance in India?

Ans: As I told you a little while ago that Chhau is a dance form which has over the ages developed a language of its own. When you compare it with other similar types of dance, you will find that no other Indian dance forms use the mask to completely cover the face of the performer. So the performer, in those forms, has the advantage of using their facial expressions along with the other attributes to convey an emotion. However, when it comes to Chhau, we are standing at a disadvantage.

Our facial expression, due to the masks, is fixed and cannot be changed throughout all the emotions depicted in the characters we present. So we have to use different types of gestures, postures and gaits to express them. That is the most unique thing about Chhau.

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[1] Courtney, David. “Folk Dances of India.” David and Chandrakantha Courtney’s Homepage-Indian Musicians. Web. 05 Dec. 2009.

[2] Courtney, David. “Natya Shastra (Natyashatra or Natyasastra) Ancient Indian Text on Stagecraft.” chandrakantha.com – Music of India. Web. 05 Dec. 2009.

[3] Folk Dances of Eastern India.” Iloveindi.com. Web. 05 Dec. 2009.

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[6] Chaitra is the last month of the year in the Hindu calendar and is also associated with the spring season which is an auspicious time.

[7] The Mahabharata is a book written by the poet Vyasa. It is the epic tale of a quarrel between the Pandavas and the Kauravas that culminated in a fight. INDIAN EPICS.” THE RAMAYANA , THE MAHABHARATA – EPICS OF INDIA. Web. 17 Dec. 2009. <https://www.indianchild.com/great___indian_epics.htm>.

[8] Ramayana Sanskrit epic by Valmiki, based on the story of Rama, son of King Dasharatha of Ayodhya. The epic is divided into seven episodes or parts. INDIAN EPICS.” THE RAMAYANA , THE MAHABHARATA – EPICS OF INDIA. Web. 17 Dec. 2009. <https://www.indianchild.com/great___indian_epics.htm>.

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[11] Jacques Brunet. The excerpt is taken from an article originally edited by Cherif Khaznadar and published by Maison de la Culture de Rennes, France. It was reprinted in “The Drama Review” (Winter 1982), p.68.

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[13]A  Masks in the Balinese style of dance-drama., Bali, Indonesia. Personal photograph by author. Dec. 2009.

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[20] Sahani, Girish. “Concept of Raga in Hindustani Classical Music.” 09 Dec. 2006. Web. <https://www.hss.iitb.ac.in/courses/HS463/RagaMusic.pdf>.

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[23] Courtney, David. “Shehnai.” Chandrakantha. Web. 15 Dec. 2009. <https://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/shehnai.html>.

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