Justifying War

We live in the constant threat of war, that the media substantiates daily. Considering the political unrest, we currently reside, it has become increasingly important to understand how our government comes to making the decisions they make on our behalves that we ultimately need to abide by. The purpose of this paper is to explore the approach and interpretations used by past and current governments and religious leaders to substantiate or disavow the justification for engaging in battle. Based on the consequences we know of; the tremendous loss of life, property damage, financial strain on the winning government, and the fact that the leaders or organizations who ordered the attack rarely pay for any wrongdoing, can any war truly be justified? Just War Religious leaders throughout time often reference Romans. They use this as proof in their belief that God ordains the act of war. However, since the bible was inspired by the holy spirit and written by men, passed down through time, and different dialects, how can one know for sure if the act of waging war is truly a justifiable cause? What is unknown to many is the fact that Paul, the writer of the book of Romans was quoting scriptures from earlier books of the bible.

These books talked about how in the first century, God decided and permitted wars to end oppression, wickedness and to avenge his servants. So, if God made the decision in the first century, has the choice now been bestowed upon man? Jus ad Bellum Jus ad Bellum is a Latin term, that means right to war or justice of war. It is a list of conditions that need to take place to sanction the physical act of war. Only when this specific criterion is in place will a government power allow the engagement in war. So, what is this criterion? First and foremost, you must have exhausted all other options before making the decision to wage war. Next, it can only be initiated by an authority of power such as a King, President, or Prime Minister. For example, the United States Congress is the part of our legislative branch as a check and balance system to assist in the governing of our country. Governing the country is a huge responsibility and yet, Congress does not have the power to initiate a war. Another rule is that there must be a good reason for the war.

Is it in defense of a country or people who need assistance? Do we as a country need to defend ourselves to deter future attacks? Take, for example, the United States invasion of Afghanistan after the September 11th attacks took place on American soil. The fight was then engaged on their land rather than risk harm to any more American civilians. Chance of success, can the battle be won? Is there evidence to support a successful outcome. Another point that is heavily considered due to the important fact that war can cause the extinction of whole empires, this makes what one stand to gain extremely important. Some wars are fought to gain land or money. Take, for example, The Great War of 1914 also known as World War I. The United States participated in that war and gained no materials or land. What it did gain was the ability to trade with Great Britain. From a financial standpoint, it was a good gain, but those who disagree would ask, was it worth human lives? Lastly, weapons equality, the weapons that will be used must be fair. For example, it would be unfair for one group of soldiers to have rifles and their enemy, pocket knives. This would give the group with guns an unfair advantage. Another example is guns vs. bombs. They opponent with the bombs would have the advantage.

POWER TO THE PEOPLE: REVISITING CIVIL RESISTANCE IN ROMANS IN LIGHT OF THE NOAHIC COVENANT

The Journal of Law and Religion. So where did these principles come from? History points to Saint Augustine of Hippo, a Christian bishop, and theologian as the founder of Just War doctrine. St. Augustine used bible principles to create his criteria. As a Christian one would think that St. Augustine would teach against war since Christians carry that name because they are followers of Christ, right? Christ directed his followers to “Continue to love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you”. And although Augustine was aware of Christ’s teachings, he believed that war was a reality. He also believed that governments were put in place by God, therefore we must obey the laws of the government in power and to do the opposite, is in effect being disobedient to God. He supported this belief with bible scripture found at. Augustine views on war by all accounts were conflicted. Which approach? late twentieth-century interpretations of agustine’s views on war. Journal of Church and State, soon others decided to expound on Augustine’s criteria one such person was Thomas Aquinas his belief was for a war to be just, “the authority of the prince by whose command war is to be waged is required.

For it does not pertain to a private person to declare war, because he can prosecute his rights at the tribunal of his superior.” So, we now know the criteria a government should consult when making the decision to go to war, what happens if war is waged? The international humanitarian law also called jus in bello is the set of principles used when warfare is conducted. It states that the UN does not sanction the use of chemical or biological weapons, civilians are innocent and should not be intentionally harmed. In other words, it spells out the methods that can and cannot be used. For example, The US sent military air strikes to Syria back in April 2018 to stop their use of chemical weapons on their civilians. It also states that excessive force cannot be used. This is called proportionality. Prisoners of war cannot be treated cruelly or tortured, the human rights violations inflicted on the prisoners in the Abu Ghraib prison back in 2003 is an example of this type of violation. One cannot use means that are evil such as attempting to wipe out a whole race of people, the way Hitler tried to kill all Jewish and other people during the Holocaust and lastly, you cannot break the rules because the enemy did, no reprisals. So, if we have all these rules in place, we shouldn’t have any problems, right? As the times changed, so has Just War Doctrine. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century the reasons presented in that time has begun to be questioned by political thinkers. As the years progressed more people began to wonder who truly held the authority to decide the rules of war. The doctrine once rooted in religion has now become political. Proportionality regarding jus in bello once centered around the means and the ethical consideration of attempting to do as little harm as possible. Today, it is centered around eradicating the threat of the enemy, to eliminate the need to deal with a losing government.

Does who matter? legal authority and the use of military violence. Just war in the 21st century: Reconceptualizing just war theory after september. International Politics. Justice after war criteria states that all resolutions need to be public and not about revenge, the reasons that began the just war should be corrected, civilians should not be discriminated against once the war has ended, war crimes should be punished on both sides, it also states that the winning government must help to rebuild the damaged country and rehabilitate if necessary. The American government has spent into the trillions helping to rebuild Afghanistan and Iraq after their wars. American soldiers have the task of training the Afghan army. They also rebuilding and stocking schools as well as teaching its students English, and it is all done publicly. It is something that did not take place until the Obama administration. But why? Opponents of these wars maintain that the Bush administration had not planned to honor the criteria because the true reason for mounting the attacks in both countries was false. Alleging that Saddam Hussein was linked to Al Qaeda and that he held weapons of mass destruction he had planned to use on the United States. The fact that these weapons were never found did make the Bush administration look guilty, however not honoring the jus post bellum made what transpired look much worse.

THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION'S STRATEGY IN AFGHANISTAN

International Journal on World Peace. In conclusion, the illogicalities of the just war issue are many. So many that one can’t discuss it in a manner that would be agreeable to all. There will always be opposing views. Can any war ever be justified? Personally, I believe that governments while fully understanding the rules of war decide to pick and choose which aspects of the doctrine they would feel most comfortable following. While I would like for the decisions being made by our world leaders to be in the best interest of the people they are governing, history has shown that time and time again, personal preferences and vendettas usually determine the true reasons for war. Since the start of the Iraq war in 2003. American soldiers have died. To learn that no weapons of mass destruction were ever found is saddening due to the loss of American soldiers who were blindly following orders. On the opposition part of the Muslim just war, criteria the Holy Qur’an instructs to “not miss an opportunity for peace even if they doubt their enemy’s sincerity”. To end the war before it has a chance to begin. However, to date, this criterion is rarely seen. We trust our government officials to make the hard choices for us and many Americans feel that our trust has been misplaced. The just war standards are complex and every situation is not going to fit, however, if followed there would less loss of unnecessary civilian and soldiers lives. Is killing to defend your country justified?

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Environmental Pollution

Types of pollution caused by urban transportation

1. Air pollution – Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the ecosystem.

POLLUTANTS CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION

1. Include particulate matter.

2. Carbon monoxide.

3. Ozone.

4. Nitrogen dioxide.

5. Sulphur dioxide.

Sources of air pollution.

1. Household combustion devices.

2. Motor vehicles.

3. Industrial facilities.

4. Forest fires.

Causes of air pollution.

Carbon dioxide this happens because of deforestation and fossil fuel burning.

Sulphur dioxide – due to the burning of sulphur containing compounds of fossil fuels.

Sulphur oxides- very dangerous to humans at a high concentration sulphur inside the ecosystem is liable for acid rain.

How to control air pollution ?

1. Maintaining a healthy distance between the industrial and residential areas.

2. The gasoline must have anti knocking agents.

3. The automobiles must be designed with emission control system.

4. The wastes must be removed and recycled in the industrial plants and refineries.

5. Timely servicing of the vehicles helps to keep it good condition.

6. Minimizes fuel emission.

7. Using public transportation helps to prevent air pollution.

AIR POLLUTIONS DO HAVE

1. Health effects.

2. Effects on cardiovascular health.

3. Effects on breathing ( bronchial asthma).

4. Links to most cancer.

5. Effects on youngsters.

2. Noise pollution.

Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal or machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal existence.

Sound turns undesirable when it disturbs the regular activities such as working, sleeping and during conversations.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Stated that noise have to be identified as a primary risk to human properly-being.

Sources of noise pollution.

Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas.

Poor urban planning.

Motor vehicles.

Trains, Aircrafts ,Machines and so on. cause noise pollution.

Effects of noise pollution.

• Noise pollutants adversely influences the lives of millions of people.

• It can damage physiological and psychological fitness.

• High blood pressure, stress related illness sleep disruption, bearing loss and productivity loss are the troubles.

• It can also cause memory loss, panic attacks.

• Aggressions.

Solution of noise pollution

1. Planting trees and timber in and round sound producing assets is an powerful solution for noise pollution.

2. Regular servicing and turning of automobiles can correctly reduce the noise pollution.

3. Social focus applications have to be taken up as much as teach the general public approximately the motive and outcomes of noise pollution.

4. Workers must be supplied with gadget’s which include ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.

5. Soundproof doors and windows can be set up to block unwanted noise.

6. Factories and industries must be placed far from the residential areas.

WAYS TO REDUCE TRANSPORTATION POLLUTION

BURN FUEL CLEANER

1. Keep your vehicles nicely - tuned and tires inflated nicely to lessen exhaust emissions.

2. Combine errands into one journey —vehicles pollute less while they may be warmed up.

3. Avoid idling — idling exhaust contains extra pollution than running exhaust.

BURN LESS FUEL

1. Minimize driving by working and gambling toward domestic.

2. Plan errands to avoid needless using.

3. Accelerate gradually — a easy start uses less gasoline.

BURN CLEANER FUEL

1. Low-sulphur gasoline (to be had within the Twin Cities) reduces pollutants via 10-15%.

2. 85% ethanol fuel (E85) can be used in flexible fuel vehicles.

3. Other alternative transportation fuels such as natural gas a bio-diesel are maximum realistic for fleets of vehicles.

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Critical Analysis of Fahrenheit 451

In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury tells a story about the utopian future where the government controls human identity. In that society there is no place for free thoughts.Those who read are outlawed and sometimes killed. On the first pages of the novel, Juan Jimenez wrote a striking quote:” If they give you ruled paper write the other way”, and that quote pretty much shows the author’s attitude toward public pressure, censorship and oppression. It unquestionably can be stated that without knowledge there is no freedom, books- are the only answer to the demise of the oppressor. The author Bradbury uses a lot of literary devices in his novel.

The most obvious literary technique is a dialogue. Throughout the book, Bradbury builds up the setting of a story by putting words in character’s dialogue, which in fact may foreshadow an upcoming event, as well as heighten tension and simply reveal the plot. For example, Bradbury creates conflict by introducing Clarisse, a young, antisocial teenager who in fact greatly influenced Montag. On page 27, Clarisse says: “ An hour of TV class, an hour of basketball or baseball or running, another hour of transcription history or painting pictures, more sports, but do you know, we never ask question, or at least most don't; they just run the answers at you, bing, bing, bing, and us sitting there for four more hours of film-teacher. That's not social to me at all. “

Clarisse basically tells Montag that she is dissatisfied with the society she lives in. For the first time, the author introduces a person who is unlike everyone else. Not by chance, a girl with opposing ideas and thoughts interacted with herd-mental Montag. Clarisse was the first one who sowed sprouts of doubts and contradictions within Montag, and as a result of that Montag will begin to question himself about the world around him. One the next day, Montag was reported about a house full of books, and a women, who refused to leave her house. In this setting, Bradbury used little bit different strategies called imagery and anthropomorphism. For example, at the culmination moment, Montag said to himself: “The sight of it rushed the men out and down away from the house. Captain Beatty, keeping his dignity, backed slowly through the front door, his pink face burnt and shiny from a thousand fires and night excitements. God, thought Montag, how true! Always at night the alarm comes. Never by day! Is it because the fire is prettier by night? More spectacle, a better show? “ Here Bradbury used plentiful adjectives and literary techniques, therefore he packed this quote with handful of meanings.

First and foremost, the author provides the visual description of objects to help the readers envision the scene and understand the plot. Bradbury used words like: ‘beautiful’, and ‘pretty’ to describe non-living objects as well as stimuli the image in one’s head. This excerpt creates a shocked mood and lefts Montag with even bigger questions. He did not believe his eyes that a person would rather die than leave the books. Not only does Bradbury uses imagery and dialogues to develop the theme, but he also uses metaphor. For instance, when Montag received a call and realized that his house is going to be turned into ashes he said: “You could feel the war getting ready in the sky that night. The way the clouds moved aside and came back, and the way the stars looked, a million of them swimming between the clouds, like the enemy disks and the moon go up in red fire; that was how the night felt. The author used figurative language such as metaphor, as well as simile and personification to create an allusion to the upcoming war and the revival of knowledge and books. This is an important quotation, because Bradbury alludes to the rising tensions that will lead to anarchy. The clouds stand for society, while ‘enemy disks’ represent the oppressive government. Bradbury described moon as red because he referenced to books that are going to be burned in Montag’s house.

This is a very important exception because it creates a theme of despair and it reveals what Montag thinks and believes. Not to mention an extraordinary example of drama, in other words the outcome of accumulated anger that prevailed over Montag. On page 115, Montag revealed that he did not regret himself about killing Captain Beatty: “A shotgun blast went off in his leg every time he put it down and he thought, you're a fool, a damn fool, an awful fool, an idiot, an awful idiot, a damn idiot, and a fool, a damn fool; look at the mess and where's the mop, look at the mess, and what do you do? Pride, damn it, and temper, and you've junked it all, at the very start you vomit on everyone and on yourself. But everything at once, but everything one on top of another; Beatty, the women, Mildred, Clarisse, everything. No excuse, though, no excuse. A fool, a damn fool, go give yourself up!”

Here Bradbury used a lot of repetition to emphasize the ambiance as well as to make this moment more memorable. Montag creates a contemptuous mood by repeatedly calling himself ‘fool’, and ‘idiot’. He is literally overloaded with everything, with Mildred, Clarisse, and Beatty. This is an important piece because it creates a tragic tone. Montag is portrayed as a sufferer and sinner, however, that was his fate to break the chains that held him as a captive for so long. By killing Captain Beatty, the author made possible the continuation of a story as well as the further thematic enhancement. Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 novel is well known for its symbolic interpretation. For example on page 156, Granger said: “There was a silly damn bird called a phoenix back before Christ, every few hundred years he built a pyre and burnt himself up. He must have been the first cousin to Man. But every time he burnt himself up he sprang out of the ashes, he got himself born all over again.” In this quote the author compared human civilization to a legendary bird. This symbolizes the society in which the story takes place. Granger basically said that humans keep destroying themselves again and again.

Moreover, Montag realized that without knowledge of people's craving for self-destruction, it would be an impossible task to build a stable society, and that is one of the reasons, why Montag is actively pursuing to advocate the importance of books. The author's creates a theme of resurgence and the infinite universe of rise and fall. Finally, it would be ignorant not to mention the final quote that was borrowed from the bible: “ And on either side of the river was there a tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month; And the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.”Bradbury hit the bull’s eye when he referred to the Bible to finalize his novel. This quote is stuffed with numerous literary techniques such as imagery, symbolism and pathos. It was taken from Revelation 22:2 that symbolises the tree of life and the immortality of Garden of Eden.

This quotation may be understood from different perspective based on the audience, however, the tree of life may represent the new society, while the fruits- may represent the knowledge and spirituality. The quote as a whole creates a theme of hopefulness and can be interpreted as the renaissance of the human race. Fahrenheit 451 - is not a random title, but is stands for the temperature at which the paper burns. This novel can be described as stressful, dramatic and sometimes depressed. However this book has a rod. The purpose, Bradbury wrote this book is to say that without knowledge there is no freedom. The human ego can only be fueled by inquisitiveness, passion , and one’s willingness to obtain the necessary knowledge. Author made a wise point about human nature. No other creature than humans has the ability to possess knowledge. And only those who truly want to have knowledge will have it, no matter through what obstacles they will go through.

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Effective Listening and the Leader

In this essay I will be discussing how leaders can identify, implement and further develop their effective listing skills. First question a leader must ask themselves, what does it takes to be an effective listener. Secondly, how can they implement effective listening to their everyday lifestyle. And finally, is there a way for one to improve effective listing at the individual level. Effective listing is and outstanding characteristic that sticks out within a great leader. Hearing has more to do with the act of hearing sounds rather than making sense and connecting with the person. While listening is the act of interpreting the information given to you from the person who is speaking. Instead of showing no emotions, leaders need to be more proactive and engaging when listing. Remember, for there to be effective listing, there must be a response from the listener.

How can someone truly know if they have good or even great listing skills? Looking back through the times of some great leaders, we can distinguish some common traits among them. They all knew that in order to be a great listener you must be approachable and willing to listen! In a quote told by Norman Schwarzkopf “To be an effective leader, you have to have a manipulative streak - you have to figure out the people working for you and give each tasks that will take advantage of his strength..” For you to recognize people’s full potential you must listen and observe. Even though you have the rank and the position, consider asking your peers for suggestions. A great article by Nate Player stated that to “Keep an open mind and seek advice. Every team has experienced members that are an extremely valuable resource.”

It is important for leaders to be able to implement effective listing to ever day encounters. Effective listening is not something that comes naturally to many people. There are many barriers one must overcome in order to improve their effective listing. One of those is multitasking and technology. Technology is a great tool today; however, it is also the number one of the conversation killers. According to MIT sociologist Sherry Turkle “new technologies, cell phones in particular, are eroding the social fabric of our communities.” A good habit to have during a conversation is to provide the speaker with the all your attention. By multitasking you are in fact showing disrespect towards whoever is speaking. By following this tip leaders can better understand and communicate with subordinates and peers alike.

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US Leader Democracy

I believe the United States should reform its political rules and practices to become more democratic by using proportional representation to determine who gets seats in the legislature, extending voting rights and implementing a parliamentary system. I don't think the U.S is as democratic as it has always claimed to be. Our current voting laws restrict many minorities from participating in elections. Besides from this, our majority rule system only allows for one or two parties to form all the laws and place restrictions. In my opinion, making these changes would give everyone who is living in this country equal rights and an equal opportunity to implement changes that will benefit the society as a whole. Proportional representation will give everyone a chance to speak up and that might provoke conflict among the parties so a parliamentary system should be introduced in order to keep things under control. A democracy will not be successful if people do not participate, which is why we need to extend voting rights. Most people who go out and vote are white elders who might not be familiar with the issues that lower classes and younger generations are facing. These are the people claiming that global warming is fake and that gun laws aren't necessary. For these reasons, I believe we need a larger democracy where everyone participates and everyone is heard.

Proportional representation is the best way, in my opinion, to decide who gets seats in the legislature because every major party gets to have representatives stand up for what they believe in. Madison's argument against a democracy was that people have too many differing opinions. For this reason, I feel that Proportional Representation would be a great system to implement considering that it balances out conflict by allowing factions to have seats proportionate to their percentage of popularity. There are critics who might ask: To what extent can we trust people? Will we have an unpopular leader in the legislative because he had 5% of the votes? I am positive that we will make the right decisions because we have the technology to inform and be informed. Nowadays, everyone has access to the internet and social media makes it easy to spread the word about important current issues, debates and any changes that we believe need to be made in order to help our community thrive. We also have the ability to research everything about the candidates and see which ones we think will make the best contributions. As opposed to plurality and majority rule, which usually have disproportionate outcomes, proportional representation is fair and allows voters to decide which representatives will take up seats in the legislative. This is extremely important if we are trying to become more democratic. There is a huge part of our population who doesn’t feel represented because our elections leave it up to a slight majority to decide which party gets seats in our legislature. Several democratic countries use proportional representation because more parties are represented and more people get to be heard when laws are being implemented.

When it comes to a democracy, it is very important for people to have a say in what goes on but we do not have enough participation in U.S elections. This is because our voting rights are fairly limited to U.S citizens who live in states represented in the legislature and who own an identification card. These restrictions make it nearly impossible for minorities to participate. Voting should be extended to anyone who's lived in the United States for the past 10 years. U.S. Residents who have been living in the U.S for over a decade should be allowed to vote because we have lot of immigrants in the U.S who are educated and have lived long enough in this country to understand what decisions would be beneficial. Professor King brought to my attention that people in Puerto Rico are not allowed to vote because it is not a state, yet its been part of the United states since 1898. Furthermore, I don't think an identification card should be required to vote because it prevents immigrants and certain age groups from voting. Elders, poor, and young people might not own an identification card because they can't afford it or because they don't drive. These are huge groups of people who are having the right to vote taken away. Personally, I think these restrictions are placed to prevent these minorities from voting in our elections. This needs to change and if people rule in a democracy, anyone who could possibly be affected by the outcomes should be allowed to participate in elections.

As a way to bring order into a democracy, I think we should reform our presidential system into a parliamentary system. This would calm conflict among the differing executive views and would make our government more flexible to changes. As different representatives form a part of our legislature, it is important to consider that these might not agree with a president chosen by a majority. For this reason, a parliamentary system would allow the legislature to form an agreement and choose a head of state based on the needs of the country. I believe our current presidential system gives the president too much power and if he/she disagrees with a decision, there is conflict with the congress. This conflicting process may lead to inaction and frozen politics, delaying the issue. Implementing a parliamentary system will speed up the process of law enforcement. The chief executive determines if laws are constitutional or not and can implement them directly. I think its a way to make quick effective changes possible. Not only does our current system give the president too much control over making decisions but also too many responsibilities. When executive power is distributed among two positions, the prime minister can focus more on enforcing or making policies while the head of state focuses on attending ceremonies and continuing tradition. A president holds both of these positions, which can take focus off of all the important duties.

I think we should strive for a more democratic Parliamentary system because we need quicker action to solve inequality issues and we need everyone to participate and have a say in decisions that may harm them. Not only should we use proportional representation to determine our legislature but also extend voting rights to everyone living under U.S territory because we live in one of the most diverse countries in the world. We have people with different cultures, values, social status, etc. Every single person living under the United States' boundaries must be allowed to participate in elections in order to have a fair democracy. We were all born with a voice and freedom of speech so we should all have the equal right to use it. Although, people might oppose saying that a republic is more organized and that a country run by people will only get messy, I think these reforms will form a nice balanced constitution. By extending voting right, everyone will get to vote and according to this, representatives will get a fair amount of seats in the legislature. To avoid conflict among the branches, the Parliamentary system will allow legislators to come to an agreement and chose a chief executive who will determine if laws are constitutional or not.

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How did the Cold War Affect America?

The two sources that I will be analyzing is “From Civil War to ‘Civil Society’: Has the End of the Cold War Brought Peace to Central America” and “Latin America and the End of the Cold War” The source that will be evaluated first will be Jenny Pearce’s journal, “From Civil War to 'Civil Society': Has the End of the Cold War Brought Peace to Central America?”, which was written in 1998. Jenny Pearce has been an Honorary Visiting Professor at Edgehill Institute for Public Policy and Professional Practice and is political scientist that specializes in Latin America that works on social change, violence, security which shows she is knowledgeable on the topic to be able to write about it.

In her journal, she goes on to talk about the civil wars that erupted all over Central America because of the Soviet influence that was having an impact on those countries, as well as the U.S influence separating the citizens of those countries. It also goes on to explain in detail what happened after the Cold War. The author looks at a long period of time looking at what happened during and after the events and connected them. The weaknesses that it had was that it didn’t explain the details of how those countries were before the Cold War and as I have stated earlier she only talks about how it was during and after.

The second source that was evaluated was Jorge G Castaneda’s journal, “Latin America and the End of the Cold War”, which was written in the 1990. He is very knowledgeable as he is a known public intellectual and a political scientist. He is also interested in Latin American politics and U.S and Latin American relations. He was also a foreign minister of Mexico from 2000 to 2003. I find that this makes him certified to write about this topic. He also wrote another book about how Latin America was after the Cold War. The journal explains the invasion of the U.S on Central America to reduce the Soviet influence, as well as writing about how Central American countries went through changes to improve themselves. They explain what happened during the Cold War and after such as the first one. This seems to provide more information than the first source, though it is a secondary source.

Section 2: Investigation

Throughout history, Central America has always been overlooked and it is no different when looking at the history of the Cold War. Since 1945 to the early 1990’s, Central America has been littered with violence. There were people who sided with the leftist ideals as well as there were people who wanted to defeat communism and dictatorship and wanted to establish democracy, Central America consists of the following countries: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Belize would become independent in the early 1980’s).

Violence had always been somewhat of a major issue in the Central American nations, even before the Cold War, with foreign domination being challenged by popular resistance movements (Jonas). When the Cold War started it made life harder for the people that lived there. This was also one of the first time that Central America became a main focal point of the East-West conflict and also that they defied the U.S . The United States has over and over again put its ideals before the lives and well-being of the various peoples living throughout Central America, and because of that, much of the history of Central America has been that of violence, civil wars, and revolts. The U.S. oppressed the Soviet ideals and did everything in their power to make sure the Soviet ideals did not spread. In Panama, around the time of the Cold War and when the leftist ideals of the Soviets was starting to gain momentum in Central America, the U.S created a military base in Panama, as the use of military bases by the U.S. in Panama has also helped in their counterinsurgency efforts in other Central American countries. They were correct with that decision of putting their base of operation there as it has been vital to the U.S. in terms of expanding control throughout Central America as well as the rest of the world . The U.S did not only do that, they also did not offer aid to Honduras, as Honduras had supported the Soviet Union.

The U.S offered aid to all countries of Central America when they needed it, and once it was found out that Honduras was on the side of the Soviets, the U.S no longer aided them. Throughout Central America during the Cold War, the U.S went on to do other things in that helped Central America, such as the U.S. support helped ease some of the Costa Rican economic troubles. As I have mentioned earlier that Honduras was not getting anymore aid from the American government, there were other countries that the U.S wanted to make sure the Soviets didn’t get their hands on them, and the Costa Ricans played a role in them. The Costa Ricans had to do something for the U.S,for the financial aid they were getting. The U.S. was lending their support financially in return for Costa Rican cooperation in harassing Nicaraguan contras, which was a top American priority in combating their fear of the spread of communism. Nicaragua was also being influenced by the Soviets,as Costa Rica was the closest country to Nicaragua they were supposed to hassle them, as I have said. The U.S played a vital role in the countries in Central America, but the U.S was not the only thing that impact Central America.

Throughout Central America, people were suffering in almost every single country After the 1980’s, when Belize, that before belong to Great Britain, was having a strong movement for independence that the U.S started seeing this as a threat, that they could be harboring guerillas. Along with the United States fear of leftist control by Guatemalan guerillas, there was also the fear of an independent Belize that was controlled by its own Prime Minister, who happened to on the left and therefore was perceived by the U.S. government to be capable of harboring guerillas of his own.In Guatemala we also see that Indian peasants were being killed. The U.S had feared for Guatemala, having guerillas that looked towards the leftist ideals and as Belize was beside Guatemala, there seemed a possibility of them having guerillas there as well, and the U.S saw this as a threat for which a new country would come up under a leftist government. Because of their fear of these threats, In the 1980s, the U.S. established its own military operation in Belize This strategic anti-communist move gave the U.S. government the idea that they had the upper hand in the containment of communism in Belize and the entire Central American region around it, which included Guatemala as well. With them taking control these territories, they made sure that there were no guerillas that could come up in Belize and to maintain the control of the guerillas that already existed in Guatemala. Over the course of the 1960s and 1970s, El Salvador was plagued by political turbulence and instability.

This would be because of the lands of the poor were being taken by the rich plantation owners. Because of this the peasants would start migrating to to other countries, mainly to the United States and also Honduras and Mexico. Also in El Salvador, people were not an agreement with what was happening and they were were countered by right-wing military juntas and death squads. One of these death squads was the ORDEN, also known as the Organización Democrática Nacionalista . This squad would go on to be responsible for assassinating many trade union and other political leaders as well as murdering thousands of workers who went on strike and students that were protesting. The government was also very violent in which the government was in charge of 85% of all the murders in 1993. In Honduras, we see that the governments of those countries were starting to get help from the the U.S government. Thus, in turn, the government and military in Honduras began to be more repressive as the U.S. wanted it to use Honduras as a base of operations for anti-communist operations in Central America. They were paid hundreds of million of dollars to side with the U.S in times of need.

In Nicaragua, there was the Sandinista Revolution and because of the United States fearing that this could spread to other countries such as El Salvador, Ronald Reagan gave a speech and said “to halt the infiltration into the Americas, by terrorists and by outside interference, and those who aren't just aiming at El Salvador but, I think, are aiming at the whole of Central and possibly later South America and, I'm sure, eventually North America.' Leftist were see as enemies and the ones that sided with democracy were friendlies. The Panamanian government decided to side with the United States, the president Noriega also had made deals with drug dealers to accept financial support from them and what they had to do for them was that the country was to launder money for them.

Violence became even bigger that even the wealthy were targets for ransom by kidnapping the children of the wealthy. Deaths by violence was increasing, even though a World Bank survey suggested that security expenditure had risen but there was nothing to show for it. People were being kidnapped, murdered, or went missing during this time and people were starting to lose faith on their criminal justice system . No one was safe in these countries and that the world tried to keep it hidden away by saying that violence was not a problem when in reality people were being treated horribly. NGO’s such as CIR EFCA helped to create a sustainable livelihoods on some of the poorest parts of Central America, seeming that they helped the thousand of people that were displaced due to the all the violence that occurred. There were countries that accepted the NGOs for the help that they were providing, countries such as El Salvador and Nicaragua did not accept the help for their reconstruction. And in the end of it, no matter what other governments and organizations do to help out Central America, there would never be a way in which these are a substitute to the horrible history. The only way that these countries can be fixed is if they were to only help themselves.

Section 3: Reflection

This investigation has allowed for me to get a better understanding of the challenges historians face. Throughout the investigation, it seems that there was bias involved. historians seem to have a hate for the American government and that they are the ones that need to be truly blamed for everything that happened in Central America. As a historian you need to analyze data and information very carefully because there is so much data that through this I find that some information have changed in different sources. In some of my sources it is said that even though there was some violence, they ultimately sided with the U.S while other sources say that never allied with the U.S and did not accept from NGOs as they felt that the leftist ideals were far more ideal . This could be because the information I have gathered come to us as secondary sources and in secondary sources, information is manipulated to serve the benefit of the author. I feel that someone's such as Castaneda is far more reliable than anyone else as he served as a politician.

When analyzing these sources, I seem to get a better grasp at what it is like to be a historian. There are some things that contradict themselves and a historian has to use their better judgement to get the information that they need. Information could be gathered that could be deemed true for one historian which could not true for another historian who would see the data as false and has data to back it otherwise. History is ever changing, events are changed by the memories of people who recall events differently or when new information is to appear. They can be changed for the benefits of people who write about it as I have said. Let's take my topic an account. For the Central American countries, they blame the United States while others believe that the countries are facing these problems because of their own fault. That is what I have gather.

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Materialism in the Great Gatsby

In The Great Gatsby, author F. Scott Fitzgerald captures and transmits with multiple uses of stylistic choices by demonstrating materialism and non-materialism by which American culture was swept away during the golden twenties, a time of sudden economic status. In doing so, he provides readers with the hollowness of materialistic culture. Throughout the essay, the author emphasizes the American way by illustrating the use of descriptive imagery by analyzing the book The Great Gatsby.

'Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in New York--every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour, if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butler's thumb.' As it's delivered from a fruiterer in New York, we can assume Fitzgerald is talking about an outstanding quality of fruit. Yet, it takes only a machine and two hundred presses of a butler's thumb to turn even excellent fruit into a pile of worthless waste. This quote helps to illustrate the materialism of multiple characters in The Great Gatsby. In addition, the author uses descriptive imagery to fulfill the purpose in which he strives to indicate that without money, a man is not a real man and that he endorses his wealth through society. An example would be Myrtle Wilson who is caught in a hefty pile of things, which illustrates that she is hollow and useless like the orange and lemon peels which are put in the trash each Monday morning.

Myrtle Wilson, Tom Buchanan's mistress, buys magazines, cold cream, and perfume. A magazine she chooses is the 'Town Tattle,' a gossip rag. The cold cream and perfume, having been purchased at the station drug store, are most likely not of the highest quality of products. It seems Myrtle is interested in buying things just to have them. In addition, the way she buys a dog through her taxi window, 'I want to get one of those dogs,' Myrtle says from her seat in the taxi. She speaks of the animal as an object, saying she wants 'to get one for the apartment' and 'they're nice to have--a dog.' Myrtle's materialistic interest in the dog is further illustrated by her neglect of the dog once she and Tom reach their apartment. She makes some effort to get it food, but no effort to go out of her way for the dog. Instead, she presents it with a large dog biscuit’ which decomposed apathetically in the saucer of milk all afternoon,' thus indicating that the dog was not checked on as the day progressed and that there existed no real worrying for its hunger or safety.

This helps the audience with the imagery of carelessness and the fact that people want to be seen as a pretty image other than deeply characterized. Descriptive imagery is used throughout this quote and also helps capture the sense and the feeling of Tom’s voice as he pays for the dog with no sense of urgency. While Myrtle is busily trying to be the person she wants, she is trapping herself in a alternate existence. It's clear she has no real effect on others. Myrtle herself is nothing really special. She is really quite the opposite. Myrtle is made to look illogical as, in the midst of her choices, 'her laughter, her gestures, her assertions became more violently affected moment by moment.' She's not able to act the part of a high society hostess no matter what she buys, wears, or possesses.

In the The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is synonymous with money and status. But even Gatsby, who makes an incredible amount of money in a short time, is not allowed access into the upper echelon of society, and loses everything in trying to climb that final straw by making everyone around him happy. Throughout the book, F. Scott Fitzgerald develops each character and shows money does has an effect on your social status and also displays the shallowness of materialistic culture.

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The Renaissance

The “Renaissance” was a cultural movement along Europe which is consider the gate to the “Modern world.” The Renaissance produced a splendor in the arts and sciences never equaled, what is today known as the Golden Age. Renaissance comes from a French word which translates to “Rebirth.” It was a period of many discoveries, and it’s even known as the gate to the new world. The fact that a few of the most famous masterpieces of the time have a religious meaning, lead us to believe that it is doing justice to its name. People are being born again, with a new believe, making Christianity more popular. Many of the changes experienced on this time period, were inspired by the rebirth of the classical art and intellect of ancient Greece and Rome.

The work of art that I chose to be the centerpiece of this essay is “The last supper” by Leonardo da vinci (April 15, 1452- May 2, 1519). He was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman. He is known as a leading light of the “Renaissance” since he inspired many younger artists with his unique style of art. He did not receive a formal education besides basic reading, writing and math. The last supper is one of Vinci’s most famous art work. According to the bible, the last supper is when Jesus Christ announced that one of his own will betray him, “I Tell you the truth, one of you will betray me.” Leonardo decided to paint this moment because it reflected a moment of his own, when he was betrayed by some of his people. Leonardo decided to paint with oil, therefore his painting deteriorated quickly as we can see on the image below.

Near 1495 Ludovico Sforza asked da Vinci to paint “The last supper.” Which was later located in the back wall inside the dining hall of the monastery in Milan’s “Santa Maria delle Grazie.” It took him around 6 years to finish this art work. On the image, we see Jesus sitting with his twelve apostles in the moment when Jesus taught them to offer the bread and wine as a sacrifice of the sacrament of the Eucharist which during the Mass, becomes the body and blood of Christ. During supper, he asked his apostle to continue doing this supper on his honor, and ever since then it has been performed in Christian Churches. What made this painting even more interesting and eye catching, is the fact that when he painted it back then there was no image at all of how everything looked. He got this idea, all of it out of his brain, just the way he pictured it he put in on paper and became this beautiful and successful masterpiece, which is today one of the most well-known art works in history.

For purpose of comparison I chose “The last judgement” by Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni better known as “Michelangelo.” He was born March 6, 1475 and passed away February 18, 1564. He was an Italian sculpture, architect, painter and poet. During the renaissance time period, we made some of the world’s greatest work of art, that is why he is so well known today. On “The last judgement” he put together a vision of what it will when Jesus returns. This painting represents the moment where the prophecy is fulfilled. In Christianity, the bible talks about how Jesus will return and separate the good from the evil. “All the nations will be gathered before him, and he will separate the people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. He will put the sheep on his right and the goats on his left”. This is the moment that all Christian await, the moment to be saved and judge. The most interesting thing about this painting is, that most the artworks are about moments that already happened or something they are looking at the moment. Michelangelo put together beautifully the way he sees the last judgement to be. Michelangelo was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and still today he is known as of the greatest artists of all time.

There is over three hundred characters in this painting, which in centralized by Jesus Christ. The bible talks about how the angels will play the trumpets and only those that are safe will hear it, on this painting a little bit above the ground we see a group of angels playing the melodies of salvation, these trumpets will also arise the death so they can be judge as well as the people standing on earth. We can see the angels punishing evil people and pushing them to the ground. We can also see well known saints such as Saint Michael whom is known as the angel that fights evil. Right next to Jesus Christ is Virgen Mary, “Hail Mary full of Grace, the Lord is with thee. Blessed are thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus.” She was the woman that God chose to carry his son, and in the painting, she is standing right next to him, like a mother always does, stand by their son.

“The Baptism of Chris” was also made in collaboration with da Vinci. I decided to add this art work to my paper because I feel that this is where everything began. Here is where Jesus was Baptized and was “reborn”. Although da Vinci worked on this painting, it was mainly done by Andrea del Verrochio. The painting was made of tempera on woods at Verrocio’s studio. On this artwork we can see a total of four people, in addition to the doves above and God’s hands spread open. We see Jesus Christ, and John the Baptist putting holly water on Jesus’s head. It is very interesting because on the bible says, that Jesus was baptized in the Jordan River and his head was submerged in the water instead on pouring water on his head as it is showed on the picture. There is no doubt that Verrochio is a talented artist, but it is also very noticeable that da Vinci skills were more delicate. “Verrocchio had already done the main work. Leonardo painted an angel who was holding some garments; and despite his youth, he executed it in such a manner that his angel was far better that the figures painted by Verrocchio. This was the reason why Andrea would never touch colors again, he was so ashamed that a boy understood their use better than he did.”

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Novel “Hamlet”

With his brother recently deceased, but with his widowed bride at his side, Claudius makes his presence known in Hamlet. Claudius is extremely manipulative and attempts to exert his power on everyone at the expense of others. In act 1 scene 2 opens with Claudius, Gertrude, Hamlet, and various other people; Claudius is about to address a speech he has constructed for the royal court that is eagerly disgusted by his actions.

The scene begins at the court of Claudius and Gertrude, the queen and king of Denmark. Claudius tries to form a way of peace to prevent conflict, from following the death of his brother. There is an adequate amount of emotions coming from Claudius to obtain everyone on his side. However he is extremely cruel and his intentions are purely selfish and immoral. Claudius justifies in that although his brother is dead, he still carries memorable moments; however ‘’life still goes on.’’ He appears to have no empathy towards his brother’s death due to moving on so fast. The impression made by him is ‘’powerful and undefeated’’ man who is admired by most. His mannerism of speech are elegant and less than the words of the king, ‘’ To bear our heart in grief, and our whole kingdom.’’

Although Claudius is now married to his dead brother’s widow's wife Gertrude, which now makes him Hamlet’s uncle and stepdad. ‘’With an auspicious and dropping eyes, With mirth in funeral and with a dirge in marriage.’’ He clarifies that even though Hamlet has recently died, the memory is fresh and it would be appropriate for them to be in mourning. All sad, their judgments have been at war with natural suffer. He describes that although its terrify to remember Hamlet's death, they should think about themselves; therefore, he has married Gertrude. To put a spin on this, he attempts to explain how they got married so fast by saying, this is how it happened; with a depressed happiness.

Throughout the speech, he makes a kind reminder that they went along with this. He has recently become King once marrying his single relative-in-law, Gertrude. Claudius encompasses a scheming, political temperament and is extremely involved with eliminating threats inside the dominion. Because of Claudius’ ambitious and corruption, he desires to rule Denmark as totalitarian king. It is clear that he will not shy away from war, and will take advantage from others, and do anything to retain the crown. He is also attempting to expand his power against Denmark. Hamlet does not know what evil is to come.

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Analysis of August Wilson’s Play “Fences”

The “Fences” is a play written by August Wilson, which was centered on the life of Troy Maxson and his family in 1950s. Troy Maxson is an African American whose life was filled with tragic events. He is full of bitterness and hatred towards the world because of what life put him through. Troy’s mom left them when he was only eight years old, so he grew up with abusive and neglecting father. He left house when he was fourteen years old, and even served fifteen years in jail for killing a man during a robbery. His dream of becoming a Major League Baseball player was ripped away from him because of his race. His life was full of obstacles which made deep impact on him, which is why Troy deserves sympathy. Troy is a victim of racism, as well as a victim of being a son of neglecting and abusive father, which left him being unable to effectively display his emotions.

During early 1900s racism was a big issue and it wasn’t sugarcoated. Discrimination was putting a lot of obstacles in front of African Americans, which made them to look at the world with hatred, as it limited many of their opportunities in their life. Troy’s dream of becoming a baseball player was ripped away from him because of his skin color. Back in Troy’s time, 1950s, black players didn’t have a lot of opportunity to play in Major League. In article “Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilson’s Fences”, Susan Koprince talks about racism and discrimination in baseball back then, when she says, “The black ballplayers also had to contend with the racism in the Untied States and were unable to stay at hotels that catered to whites or to eat in whites-only restaurants. George Giles, a first baseman for the St. Louis Stars, recalled.

”The racism we faced while I was in Negro Leagues was one of the things that eventually pushed me out of baseball… I was treated like a second-class citizen in my own country by people who knew they hated me before I could even say ‘Hello’”. Racism was blooming, as black people were completely separated from white people. They weren’t allowed to use same public bathrooms as white people, they weren’t allowed to go to the same restaurants and churches as well. Treatment like that files a person with a lot of resentment, anger, bitterness towards the world. It scars you for the rest of your life, and in order to survive you need to harden, lose your emotions. Furthermore, black ballplayers weren’t allowed to play in Major League because of their race. Koprince, also, quotes Giles observation when he says.

“People say to me ‘George, you were born too soon to be one of the ones to make it to the big leagues’… I was born in in the United States of America. I’m American, not a foreigner. For years, foreigners came here and had more opportunity than I had”. When your own country doesn’t give you an opportunity, it is heartbreaking, inhuman. Troy has been through that all, and it left him without faith and hope that things will ever change. Even though everybody were telling him that things are changing, he didn’t believe it, because he experienced cruelness of the world on his own skin. For the same reason Troy didn’t want his son Corry to pursue football career, as he says, “I told that boy about that football stuff. The white man ain’t gonna let him get nowhere with that football. I told him when he first come to me with it. Now you come to telling me he done went and got more tied up in it”.

As Troy doesn’t believe that world is changing, he is trying to protect his son. He doesn’t want his son to go through the same experience and get heartbroken like he did. He doesn’t want white people to rip his dream away from him and make him bitter and full of hate, like it happened to Troy. Koprince mentions it in her article as she says, “Troy’s effort to prevent his son from playing football can be viewed as a form of what Harry J. Elam, Jr., calls “racial madness”- a term that suggests that social and political forces can impact the black psyche and that decades of oppression can induce a collective psychosis. In “Fences” this racial madness is illustrated most vividly in the character of Troy’s mentally handicapped brother, Gabriel, but it is also revealed in Troy himself, who is so overwhelmed by bitterness that he destroys his son’s dream of a college education- a dream that most fathers would happily support”. This shows how much racism impacted Troy, the struggle it created in his youth, how much influence it had on decisions he made, later on, in his life. Now he is trying to stop his son from going through the same, no matter what it takes. Racism made a victim out of him, a bitter man who lives in shadow of what could and what should, have been.

Mother strives to nurture and teach a child, mother’s love is priceless and very important in child’s development. Role of the father can have a large impact on a child and help shape a child into the person they become. Troy’s mom left them when he was eight years old, he didn’t grow up with mother’s love and affection. Instead, he was raised by his abusive and neglecting father. Troy describes his father, “Sometimes I wish I hadn’t known my daddy. He ain’t cared nothing about no kids. A kid to him wasn’t nothing. All he wanted was for you to learn how to walk so he could start you to working. When it come time for eating… he ate first. If there was anything left over, that’s what you got. Man would sit down and eat two chickens and give you the wing”. From this description we get an image of mean and selfish father, who never showed love to his children, who saw his children just as a responsibility. Every son needs a father to who he can look up to, a role model. Troy didn’t have a proper father figure in his life, his harshness and coldness weren’t intentional because he didn’t know better. We see that when Cory asks Troy why he doesn’t like him. Troy’s response was, “It’s my job. It’s my responsibility! You understand that?

A man got to take care for his family. You live in my house… sleep you behind on my bedclothes.. fill you belly up with my food… cause you my son. You my flesh and blood. Not ‘cause I like you! Cause it’s my duty to take care of you. I owe a responsibility to you!”. Sense of responsibility, from his father, was molded in his character. He goes to work every day to provide for his family, but he can’t express the love to them that they crave, for him that is the only way to show his love. However, deep beneath his tough exterior is a man who truly cares. When in the article “Recuing the Tragic Bully in August Wilson’s Fences”, written by Myles Weber, James Earl Jones was asked about the cruelest aspect of Troy’s personality he said, “Those are just abrasions and scars from being a common man”, the actor claimed. He assured Janice Arkatov of the Los Angeles Times, “Troy is more than good. He’s standing up on his hind legs for Heaven”- exactly where he arrives by play’s end”. Troy was a good man, indeed. All his decisions were influenced by past. He never wanted, intentionally, to harm his family. The world taught him to be the man he was. World can be a cruel place sometimes, for some people. Some people experience a lot of injustice in their life, which changes who they are. Sometimes some people don’t know how to properly express their love, but just because someone doesn’t say I Love You, doesn’t mean that feeling doesn’t exist. Actions can be louder than words.

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Comparing and Analyzing Shakespeare’s and Bozeman’s Views on Love

Typically a poem which is written in a certain structure about love is called a sonnet. Poems like these can be used to create love songs. According to the Oxford Dictionary, a song is directly defined as “a short poem or other set of words set to music or meant to be sung.' Poems and songs are quite similar due to their similar formatting and techniques. Such as William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116 and V. Bozeman song “What is Love” both are written in lines verses that are perfectly divided into stanzas. Usually, poems and songs have some form of repetition and/or rhythm, but not always. Shakespeare’s sonnet and Bozeman’s song define love by describing what love is not, comparing love to objects using symbolism, and comparing love to time.

There are many definitions of what love is, but what love is not is wavering. In Sonnet 116, Shakespeare says, “Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds. Or bends with the remover to remove”. The one thingthing that love will not do is change or fade away, and certainly not when their significant other is not there to be with them all time. Love remains the same whether the significant other is right in front of them or at work. In “What is Love” Bozeman sings “Where you goin' Why you leavin' so soon Is there somewhere else that is better for you”. She begins the song questioning her significant other’s whereabouts; however, this does not change how she feels. Even though the answers to her questions may not be what she wants them to be, she will still love him regardless. Love is not something that is seen, so even when the significant other is in eyesight love does not change when they are not there anymore.

Even though love can not be seen, it can be compared to things that can be seen like an open door. As Shakespeare is talking about love is not changeable he says, “O no! it is an ever-fixed mark That looks on tempests and is never shaken; It is the star to every wandering bark. Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken”. Shakespeare compares love to a lighthouse, a lighthouse’s jobs it to guide boats and ships. He even says that love is the North Star helping the lost ships because love is measurable. This is similar to Bozeman saying, “We were supposed to be an empire” in her song. Bozeman is emphasizing how her and her significant other love is supposed to great, and powerful like an empire. Love looks like an empire or even an empire building does, strong. By using symbols, things that can not be seen like love can be compared to objects or things to gain a better understanding.

Understanding takes time to do, and time is something that’s constantly running out. However Shakespeare believes that, “Love’s not Time’s fool”. Love is not subject to the hand of time like someone’s beauty because love does not change. It does not fade away in a matter of weeks, months, or years like someone’s physical appearance. Bozeman sings, “I would tell you that I love you tonight But I know that I got time on my side”. She thinks love is endless just like time. Bozeman has all the time in the world to express her love because it defies the rules of time. Time can affect various things, it can not affect love.

Love can affect various things, but nothing can affect love itself. For example, love will affect how others are treated even when they are not treated right. Love is an action word, and it is not dependent on outside forces. Shakespeare and Bozeman emphasized that love does not fade, love is more than what is seen, and love is more than anything imagined. This work of literature and work of art express their thoughts about love through a poem.

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Standardized Tests

No matter what path we choose, we can never escape the reality of taking tests; there are different versions of them everywhere we go. Ranging from driving tests, standardized tests, even tests for the careers we want to pursue. Students believe once they leave school they would be free from this imprisonment, however it never goes away. Should we just remove standardized tests from schools all together? Some believe standardized tests are an accurate measure of intelligence such as Diane Ravitch, Research Professor of Education at New York University, who says “Testing… is not the problem… information derived from tests can be extremely valuable, if the tests are valid and reliable”. As for others who oppose to Ravitch’s argument like Daniel Koretz, psychometrician, who says standardized tests “... usually do not provide a direct and complete measure of educational achievement”.

Considering all research found, standardized tests are not an accurate measure of intelligence. For reasons such as teachers “teach to test”, testing produces stress, and they fail to measure important qualities like creativity. There are other ways you can measure a student’s academic performance and achievements instead of a sixty question standardized test. Colleges do not only look into each and every student’s academic grades and test scores, but also in things such as extracurricular activities. It is known that colleges would most likely accept those who are involved with their school’s activities and have good grades than someone who solely based their life on just academics. Some colleges like George Washington University have already taken the action of not requiring standardized tests like the SAT.

One main reason standardized tests don’t correctly measure intelligence is because teachers tend to “teach to the test”. Teachers mostly emphasize their teaching towards the topics that will be expected on the upcoming test. The goal of tests are to find out how well you problem solve or express opinions, not to find out what you’re able to memorize. Students temporarily memorize the answers to a test; however when the tests are taken students forget the information they have just learned. Brookings Institution conducted a study in 2001 and found 50%-80% of year-to-year test score improvements were temporary . Standardized tests are basically encouraging students to become superficial thinkers- to seek the quick and easy answer. By teaching to the test students are only able to hold information for a short term. For example if a student were to be given a question about the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, they’d probably know the answer, however, they don’t know why the answer is correct. They just know the surface level of the topic and aren’t actually comprehending the information they are learning. If you were to ask students the why of a topic, most likely they wouldn’t be able to answer since they have been taught to just know the right answer instead of actually knowing why the answer is correct. Teachers’ jobs are to help guide the future to the right path, but ironically it seems like they are actually leading us to the easy path which is causing students to become artificial thinkers.

During the stressful time of exams, students tend to binge, study, and stress. Many students stress constantly about their upcoming exams that they believe will make or break them, causing them to blank out and have test jitters the day of the test. If students were to take standardized tests for one week after binge studying for one night, their scores would be significantly lower than if they were to have studied. Binge studying is when a student tries to cram everything they have learned all in two days or a couple of hours before a huge test. Standardized tests reduce the richness of human experience and human learning to a number or a set of numbers. Gregory J. Cizek, education researcher, says “illustrating how testing… produces gripping anxiety in even the brightest students, and makes young children vomit or cry, or both”. Tests produces so much stress and anxiety in students that even in March 14,2002, the Sacramento Bee reported that test jitters were so common that the Stanford-9 exam had instructions on how to deal with a student vomiting on a test booklet.

Moreover, they fail to measure important qualities like creativity and critical thinking skills. Creative people such as artists aren’t tested to measure to their artistic ability and creativity. Maybe you’re not getting the top grades at school, but are constantly juggling important duties at home. Your reliability when it comes to fulfilling your responsibilities is an important characteristic trait that standardized tests cannot measure. Standardized tests like the ACT and SAT are also timed which are unfair to those who don’t think as fast compared to others. Being a slow reader doesn’t mean the student doesn’t understand the information, moreover it just takes them longer to read and fully comprehend what they are reading. A person may not right away have the correct answers, but their determination to find them will get them very far in life. Having a good work ethic isn’t obvious from a sixty question test that is taken in four hours, but employers will notice right away by your dedication whether or not you are a hard worker. Furthermore, having athletic ability or artistic ability won’t be factored into your test score. There are multiple careers in the world that don’t require standardized tests such as being an artist, an athlete, and a famous singer, etc. Standardized tests only measure a small portion of what makes education meaningful and reduces the richness of the information being learned. Studies have shown that standardized test reward superficial thinking and may discourage more analytical thinking.

Taking all into consideration, standardized tests do not accurately measure intelligence. By having standardized tests, teachers tend to “teach to the test” changing students into becoming artificial thinkers. Tests fail to measure important qualities such as creativity, and provide students a huge load of stress by binge studying. Due to the fact that standardized tests have affected the health of students, some universities have decided not to require ACT/SAT scores for admission.

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The Reality of Technology: a Revolution or a Danger?

Social media today is such a relevant component to our daily lives. Every year, new technology is introduced, causing people to be fulfilled with more excitement than awareness. The advancements in technology today have transformed the way we communicate and function in life. Even the advertisements for the new technology and social media apps appear to result in people being less cautious of what they are post or tweet on the internet. With the usage of modern technology, privacy is not always a given because we are always being tracked, viewed, and listened to. Much like the world nowadays, characters in the novel 1984 have always been watched over through various forms of technology. In 1984, George Orwell is trying to warn individuals about the hidden dangers of technology.

In today’s society, people are constantly being brainwashed into newer technology, making them more unaware of the possible effects. George Orwell warns readers about the hidden dangers of technology through the use of telescreens. The main purpose of this electronic device is for propaganda, to spy on the characters, and fully represent the government’s large abundance of power. In 1984, telescreens are used as a secretive form of technology because they are hidden in various places and are not visible to the naked eye. People slowly let technology consume them without even noticing, and this is why Orwell uses telescreens as a warning, solely because they are hidden from society. Everyday, characters like Winston, take the life changing risk of being seen having illegal interactions with Julia through a telescreen. Orwell warns readers of the telescreens when Winston says, “It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen.

The smallest thing could give you away”. Here, Winston explains how the slightest movement or thought can create danger for a person through the telescreen technology, similar to how the smallest action on social media can cause destruction to a person’s life. Winston’s context makes it obvious to readers that there is little-to-no privacy in the dystopian society. Orwell’s purpose in the hidden telescreens is to advocate to readers the dangers that humans can face when they are not careful of their actions in terms of technology. Slowly but surely, Winston unexpectedly allows the technology in 1984 to take over the life of his own. George Orwell also uses microphones to warn individuals about hidden dangers of technology. Similar to the telescreens, microphones are concealed throughout the cities in order to listen in on people’s conversations without their approval. In the novel, microphones are able to pick up a person’s voice, and the voice can be traced back to a specific person.

These are used to ensure that the members of the Party are not having different beliefs or thoughts. Orwell mentions the microphones specifically when talking about the safety of the countryside vs. the safety of London. In Book Two, Chapter II, Winston says, “There were no telescreens of course, but there was always a danger of concealed microphones by which your voice might be picked up and recognized”. Here, Winston describes the purpose and use of microphones in the novel. People are aware of the microphones, but do not necessarily know how dangerous they can be if they pick up a wrong idea or voice. In this case, microphones are being used as a surveillance tool. In the novel, people are naive to the point where they think they can get away with certain actions or conversations with the thought that nobody is ever listening. Winston describes the microphones being used as “...a danger” rather than a tool for protection of the society. Orwell proves to us the consequences of telescreens and microphones when the Thought Police captures Winston, and drags him into the dangerous world of the Party.

Both pieces of technology, microphones and telescreens, reveal to readers that technology has dangers that you can’t always see. The warnings that Orwell provides to readers are not limited to 1984’s time period because they still occur in our modern-day society today. Newer technology and its features generate excitement from buyers all over the world. With the newer forms of technology, comes hidden dangers. A lot of times these dangers are not visibly present or alarming, and people overlook every risk that is involved. A prime example of this are the new social networking apps. Many of these applications such as Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram can cause harm to you or your children and you may not know it. As children grow and learn the newer ways of the Internet, they are being exposed to a whole other world of humans from social media.

Brian Berglund from Media Planet says, “Today, the internet opens the door for trusting young people to interact with virtual strangers”(Parents, Wake Up: The Hidden Dangers of the Internet). Here, the author shares how allowing younger children and young adults to interact with these “safe” social technology apps, carries a dangerous risk of involvement with strangers. The article emphasizes elements such as cyber-bullying and sexual predators, factors that put children at a risk. The internet allows for children to come in contact with strangers, increasing the chance of cyberbullying. This can be particularly dangerous because if a child is being cyberbullied by a stranger they will become confused and scared, making it harder to share with their parents. Sexual predators also target younger people as their goal and children on social networking sites have a higher risk at being used for these predators. Unfortunately, parents today are being brainwashed into newer applications they use daily, and are becoming less conscious of the major risks they carry onto the younger generations that use them as well. Another major hidden danger that can be harmful if not monitored enough is exposure to radiation. Radiation is commonly known as the movement of energy from one body or device in waves or particles. Improvements in technology in the 20th century today consist of social media, GPS technology, and computer networks. Many of these technologies are ran by the government and are daily components of everyday life. Like the telescreen and microphone in 1984, modern technology also has its dangers and risks.

Every second of everyday, we are exposed to various forms of technology. We may not appear to feel the effects or health hazards from these devices, but they are existent. Erica Etelson from the truthout organization says,”We’re all the subjects to the biggest radiation exposure in history”(Is Modern Technology Killing Us?). Here, the author refers to how human beings are the “subjects” involved in the largest radiation hazard ever. The more we use newer forms of media today, the higher we are at risk for radiation exposure, and that is what makes it dangerous. Sadly, as soon as the new iPhone is released, people will drop everything to purchase one and use it even more than their previous device. Being an avid cell phone and wireless network user, I was shocked after reading this, and realized this truly is a hidden danger for myself and others.

Prior to reading, I had an idea of what radiation was in my head, but I never knew how harmful it can be to your health. In recent years, studies have shown how frequent cell phone use can increase the percentage chance of children developing brain cancer every year. Radiation is considered a hidden danger of technology because we cannot visibly see it, but it is being transmitted into our system every minute. Telescreens and microphones have dangers, like newer technology today does. Orwell warns readers about the dangers of technology through the use of hidden telescreens and microphones. The hidden dangers of these electronics used in 1984 correlate to the unknown dangers of technology in the modern world. When brand new technology is established, people become influenced by the glamour, and less conscious of the possible dangerous consequences. This is important for society to know and learn because as we grow and newer technology is developed, we lose awareness. It is crucial to educate ourselves on healthy technology uses. Providing evidence from the novel itself and comparing it to present day technology helps individuals understand that there is always a risk when using technology in our daily lives.

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Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?

In the article “Is Facebook Making Us Lonely”, Stephen Marche analyzes the impact of technology, especially social media on current society. One of his main arguments is that social media sites, namely Facebook, makes people become disconnected with other people while consistently being connected on Facebook, or the social media. Marche develops his argument by using many different statistic facts. In addition, new research reports that we have never been lonelier before and this loneness is making us physically and mentally sick.

He starts his article with a story about Yvette Vickers – an actress who died from being lonely. Yvette wasn’t found nearly a year after her death even though she was in contact with many people via social media. Marche makes this story his first point that the advent of newer and faster ways of communication makes us distancing from each other, ultimately creating that isolation and making us lonelier. According to the author “… the more we become connected, the lonelier we are. We promised a global village instead we inhabited the drab cul -de- sacs and endless freeways of vast suburb of information.”

March begins to answer his title question by pointing out how Facebook has become more popular and more addictive aspect in our lives. The Facebook has replaced people face to face socializing through instant communication. March accepts the fact that loneness a hard thing to measure but he carries on to use the statistic report of an AARP survey. This survey found that “ 35 percent of adult older than 45 were chronically lonely, as opposed to 20 percent of similar group decade ago”. Based on study 20 percent of Americans nearly 60 million people are unhappy due to loneness. He uses this survey to help prove his point that social media gives us the ability to replace real human interaction with the instant communication and leads to the loneness. There for real human interaction is important tool of combating loneliness.

Due to the decline in human interaction and increase of loneness the author proposes that this reason for increase of the health issues both mental and physical. Marche supports this with some more statistics regarding a significant increase in medical personnel and social workers. Marche discards any other factors contributing to this increase other than fact that human interaction is declining. Another point he makes is that maybe we, as American prefer to be lonely. Ever since journeyed to this land, cow boys to explore the great west, and astronauts traveled infinite depth of space, seems that American have always been willing to “pay the price “ of loneliness in exchange for pride, self respect, exploration or whatever it may be. Perhaps, being alone is part of American culture.

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Why did the U.S. Military Intervened in the Korean War and is it Justified?

The Korean war only lasted for three years, starting in 1950 and ending 1953. There were a full amount of countries being involved in The Korean War, such as the Soviet Union, the United States, the Democratic Peoples of Korea (North Korea), the Republic of Korea (South Korea), the United Nations Canada, Columbia, and so forth! The Korean war is known as, “The Forgotten War,” in America because nothing was accomplished by the Americans. They didn’t win, nor did they lose. America’s goal was never reached. Despite the Americans, the Koreans are nowhere close to forgetting about the Korean War. It is far from being forgotten to them because the war did not end, nor was it close to ending; However, it can also be looked upon as, “The Forgotten War,” because it happened right after World War II and before The Vietnam War.

Those two big events have marginalized this war. Nevertheless, The Korean Armistice was signed. It is an agreement of the conflicting groups to stop fighting, or in this case is to take a fifty-year pause. So, this armistice did not put an end on the war. Even so, South Korea never signed the agreement on July 27, 1953 and North Korea decided to abandon the agreement in 2013. The war could have ended if a peace treaty was signed by the combatants. To this day, North Korea and South Korea are still divided by the Thirty-eighth parallel, which happened right after World War II. On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered with defeat within their control over Korea. Japan has been officially been in control over Korea, since 1910, however, after their defeat in the World War II, they were forced to surrender. The United States and The Soviet Union took over, but decided to separate Korea into the North and South. The United States were in charge of the South, while The Soviet Union was in control of the North. They mutually agreed to divide Korea, which is where the 38th parallel is introduced. There are reasons why the term, “The Forgotten War,” was first introduced was because this was how the Americans views upon it on the time being and because in this paper, it will be discussed on the reasons why The United States decided to intervene in the Korean war. Was it even their war to begin with? If so, is it justified enough to be? The United States have made sacrifices, such as over 35,000 of their men have been killed and over 100,000 of their men have been wounded. After all, was it worth it?

This is how the Korean War started: On June 25, 1950, it was a commence of a new war, after World War II has ended 5 years prior. About 100, 000 North Korean soldiers were advised and supplied with Soviet battle tanks, and artillery; and fighter planes went over the Thirty-eighth parallel and invaded South Korea. This action announces a new phase and the first action of the Cold War, such as one that would be repeated in Vietnam, Afghanistan, and a dozen other locations. However, North Koreans intent was to reunite with South Korea as one, but under communist ideologies by Kim Il-Sung, whom was the first supreme leader of North Korea. This war was planned as two month war. When July hits, the United States has sent their troops to the war. Before the official intervention of the United States, The United Nations stated that the invasion of North Korea to be Illegal. From there, they endorsed the United States to intervene because of the goal to restore the borders. They were in favor of South Korea. Not only did the United States commit, there were also fifteen United Nations that committed their forces to take action. On the other side, the Soviet Union was on behalf of North Korea. Leading on from there, the United States did have their own reasons on why they intervened. President Truman aspired to stop communism from spreading. Not only was it their fear, but it was also feared by other nations. The United States also wanted the Soviet Union to be silenced. So, for entering the war, they could personally shut them down. As mentioned before, the Soviet Union played a huge part in North Korea’s invasion on South Korea. The Soviet Union have encouraged the North to take action.

Furthermore, the United States had their own definition of communism. According to Gateway, communism is an ideology developed by Karl Marx, calling for violent revolution by workers (proletariat) to overthrow the “bourgeoisie” and establish a classless society. There were multiple reasons why the United States were so against communism because it went against their ideologies. For example, personal freedom is lost (this is sided with America), workers are treated as machines, materialistics approaches to life problems, and central state authority holds all means of production. Overall, it discards ethics. Communism could only work if people would try to work together and equally put as much effort in their work, then communism could be looked as an advantage; however, this is seemed as impossible in the world, and those who rule under a communist government may just overlooked it.

It could be say that the United States and other nations that believe communism is the enemy (not exactly sure what to say). In further detail, there is a group of men and women working the same job, however, it is found that there is only a small portion of them working hard, while the rest are lazy and are recalcitrant altogether. It wouldn’t be fair for the hard workers to be tied with them. In historical context, in Cuba, Fidel Castro took power and was titled as a dictator. There were citizens that were hard workers and lived a meaningful life, but it was taken away from Castro’s government. People started to immigrate to America, or anywhere where they wouldn’t live under dictatorship and communism

Before and during the war, the United States was under Harry S. Truman’s presidency; therefore, he was the one who declared to go intervened in the Korean War. On June 27, 1950, literally two days after the Korean War has started, President truman announces that the U.S. forces will be sent. They will be on behalf of South Korea to help those in need of aid, owing to the fact that South koreans are hold as hostiles. Also, to halt the spread of communism. According to their action, the United States were called, “the world’s police officers,” because they fulfilled their role of being so.

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Scrooge and the Love of Money

The books main moral theme has to do with the importance of helping others when no one is able to do so, the feeling of empathy. Ever since he was a young man, Scrooge has placed more importance on his own self- interest. In fact, his love of money chased away the on1e love of his life and his greed is ultimately what made him be the person he was. I compare the Scrooge to the Enron leaders merely for the fact that the love of money is ultimately what brings the downfall of Scrooge as a person and Enron as a company. When he was visited by the ghost of Marley, his former business associate, Marley tries to impress upon how important it is to help others while he can. Helping others is the only way to decrease the length and weight of the chains he is under by his inflicted self interest. Marley's ghosts: “I wear the chain I forged in life, replied the ghost. I made it link by link, and yard by yard, I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it. Is its pattern strange to you?” I interpreted this quotation as the foreshadow of what will happen to Scrooge if he doesn't change his attitude and the way he is. His own self-interest will ultimately be what keeps his chains growing until he is in his own little circle away from anyone. I associate this place as a dark and evil place where egoism has taken over the world and all you are left with is yourself, your family members, and close friends have gotten tired of your egoistic thoughts and therefore have disappeared. The three spirit-guides, along with each of their tales, carry out a thematic function.

The Ghost of Christmas Past, with his glowing head represents memory. The Ghost of Christmas Present represents charity, empathy, and the Christmas spirit; and the reaper-like Ghost of Christmas yet to come, represents the fear of death. Scrooge with his “Bah Humbug” attitude, embodies all that dampens Christmas spirit greed, selfishness, indifference, and a lack of consideration for one's fellow man. Memory serves to remind Scrooge of a time when he still felt emotionally connected to other people, before he closed himself off in an austere state of alienation. Empathy enables Scrooge to sympathize with and understand those less fortunate than himself such as; Tiny Tim and Bob Cratchit. The fear of death hints at imminent moral reckoning, the promise of punishment and reward. These are the steps we see Scrooge take in his transformation, we see the term egoism begin to diminish more and more as each ghost tries to convince Scrooge to fight against his egoistic thoughts. I pictured each stave as an illusion for the chains getting less heavy and dull and Scrooge’s background begin to lighten up as we progress through the story. In my opinion, by the end of the story we see more people involved in his life than there were in the beginning. In this sense, I feel that all the ghosts stories that have been told have disappeared because of Scrooge's transformation and that all the stories would have only happened if Scrooge countunited with his own self-interest the same way we saw in the beginning of the story. Based on the texts we've read this semester, what would you say are the shortcomings of the idea of homo economicus? Do these shortcomings indicate that we should reject the idea, and if so, with what should we replace it?

Most social scientists believe that human behavior is often unpredictable and convoluted. Economist, however, use a model of human behavior called homo economicus, which is embedded with perfect rationality, self-interest, and knowledge. This is the conclusion of a statement that I was able to put together and reading homo economicus from an economics majors stand point like myself. Beside the obvious fact that humans are not perfect, the model suffers from other basic problems in my personal opinion. Humans are ultimately driven by self-interest, but at the same time there are certain things that people do that aren't for the mere interest of themselves, but actually in order to help someone else. A good way to look at this is the ghost in a Christmas carol, they ultimately were focusing on helping other people like the Scrooge in order for him not to end up like the ghost and solely only do everything for the interest of himself. In the model, the criticism that comes into my mind is charity, volunteerism, and joining the military.

All of these examples represent there are people who do not try to solely empower their decisions because it benefits them the most. The reason I believe why economist use a flawed system as homo economicus is because it makes their economic analysis manageable and allows them to generate results that confirm their ideas. This system is manageable because economists study human behavior in a given market. So, while this model does have its criticism, there is also plenty to support why economist use this model in order to explain human behavior in markets and certain business. This is supported by Friedman, “the social responsibility of business is to increase its profit”. Friedman’s thesis as discussed in our class can be concluded as, “the social responsibility of business is to maximize profit for the shareholders”. This is supported by homo economics because it assumes that everything people do is for their own material gain, therefore, businesses having the responsibility of gaining profits no matter what the costs are exactly why economist agree with their model. Another way to picture this model is by the society's survival strategy. Scientists have agreed that humans compete for limited resources like jobs and money. Those with more resources are able to compete better and survive longer than someone who lacks this.

This is the same model that can be viewed with business as a whole. Enron would not be the company they are now without the leaders of Enron purposely acting on their own self-interest of profit. One of Friedman's argument that we must take into account with our economic view of egoism is that he says, “A corporate executive has no expertise in carrying out social responsibilities” “he is presumably an expert in running his company- in producing a product or selling it or financing it. But nothing about his selections makes him an expert on “how to fulfill social responsibilities”. Therefore, his only goal is to make sure he makes enough profit to fulfill his self-interested goals and then maybe consider what the rest of the world thinks. The five economic goals: full employment, stability, economic growth, efficiency, and equity are widely considered to be beneficial and worth pursuing. Each goal achieved by itself improves the overall well-being of society. Therefore, by people acting only upon self-interest they are actually achieving the social responsibilities to by helping other people in the society. The more a company makes in profit the more expansion will be put forth, so there will be equal employment for everyone. Therefore, from an economic standpoint we view that anything is rational as long as the benefits outweigh the costs.

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The Themes of Greed and Envy in the Crucible

During the 1690’s the town of Salem, Massachusetts was stricken by the the idea of having witches living in that area, which caused many people to be prosecuted and tried for being involved in witchcraft. Arthur Miller wrote the real life accounts that happened during this time calling the play the The Crucible. The Crucible shows many aspects of the Puritan society during this time which involves greed, envy, and the avoidance of responsibility. The people of Salem would lie in order to avoid responsibility of their actions and other people’s actions. One of the many people that did this was Abigail, since the beginning of the play she was lying about what happened in the forest but ‘forgets’ to tell Putnam major events that happened during that time.

This shows that Abigail would rather lie then get into trouble; to avoid responsibility of her actions. If Abigail were to tell the truth of what happened in the forest that night then she risked the chance of getting killed. She also only confirms what Putnam saw, never letting on more than she intends to reveal. Abigail is not the only person in Salem that tries to avoid responsibility; the girls that were in the forest with her during that time also do this. They blame others for witchcraft, to distract the people from the fact that they were practicing witchcraft: The girls do this because they know that once they start to blame others for witchcraft, the people of Salem will start to focus on those people. They are elaborate with their plans and catch on quickly to what the other one is doing. This is a great mechanism to avoid responsibility of their actions.

Not only do the people of Salem try to avoid responsibility but they are also envious of others. A person that shows envy is Elizabeth because she is envious of Abigail because she was younger than her. Abigail was also able to attract proctor to have an affair with her, instead of staying loyal to Elizabeth: It is recognizable by the tone, that Elizabeth knows of the affair that happened between them and that she dislikes the idea of Proctor and Abigail together. With this knowledge she still continues to stir the pot and mention the affair whenever. She does this when Hale asks Proctor if he knows all the sins, “Adultery, John.” Which Proctor ironically forgets the sin about adultery.

Abigail also showed envy and throughout the play she tries to blame Elizabeth for witchcraft. She even tried killing her so that she would be able to gain back relations with Proctor. She tries to lure him in but is unsuccessful with it: This shows how Abigail despises the idea of Proctor and Elizabeth together and doesn’t think that Elizabeth is deserving of Proctor. She tries to gain control of the situation by trying to make Elizabeth seem like a bad person but Proctor doesn’t like that, which goes to show that Abigail is envious of the relationship that Proctor and Elizabeth have. Abigail’s jealousy of Elizabeth Proctor has led her to attempted murder, first by the charm in the woods and later in the play by accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft.

Greed was also an important themes in The Crucible. There were many greedy people during this time that tried to gain something out of Salem Witch Trials. One of the citizens that tried to get something out of the trials was Putnam: Parris kept asking for more and more things which shows that he was greedy and tried to gain more for himself. This also shows that Parris priorities weren’t in check and that he was more interested in the perks than preaching. All of things depict

Parris wasn’t the only one who tried to gain something but so did Putnam. He used the excuse of the trials to gain more for himself: This is evidence that shows that people tried to gain more for themselves, even if it mean that it hurt other people in the process. Putnam is a strong example of greed because even though he already had land, he tried to get more. The witch trials was the perfect distraction for him being able to do this because the townspeople were more focused on witches of the town. Although The Crucible shows themes/ideas like witchcraft and paranoia throughout the town of Salem, there are also other themes. These themes include greed, envy, and the avoidance of responsibility which are major characteristics that are depicted through the characters. Based on the real life accounts of the Salem witch trials, the play is a great example of these themes.

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Market Segmentation

The chapter discusses the procedure of market segmentation. We characterize market segmentation as the way toward separating a market into gatherings of comparable consumers and choosing the most fitting group for the firm to serve. The gathering or market section that an organization chooses to concentrate on is known as a target market. We separate the procedure of market segmentation into six stages. The six steps are: Delineate firm’s current situation, Determine consumer needs and wants, Divide markets on relevant dimensions, Develop product positioning, Decide segmentation strategy, Design marketing mix strategy. We characterize market segmentation as the way toward isolating a market into gatherings of comparative consumers and choosing the most suitable group for the firm to serve. The gathering or market fragment that an organization chooses to concentrate on is known as a target market. We separate the procedure of market segmentation into six stages.

Dividing markets on relevant dimensions is regularly viewed as the entire of market segmentation (i.e., consumers are gathered based on at least one likeness and treated as a homogeneous fragment of a heterogeneous complete market). Three significant inquiries ought to be considered here: Should the segmentation be from the earlier or post hoc? How can one decide the pertinent dimensions or bases to use for segmentation? What are a few bases for fragmenting consumer and authoritative buyer markets? The priori segmentation approach is one in which the marketing supervisor has settled on a suitable reason for segmentation ahead of time of doing any exploration on a market. Post hoc segmentation is a methodology wherein individuals are assembled into portions based on examine discoveries. Both methodologies are important, and the subject of which to utilize depends to some degree on how well the firm knows the market for a specific item class. Be that as it may, in any event, when utilizing a post hoc approach, some thought must be given to the factors to be remembered for the examination plan. Hence, some thought must be given to the important segmentation dimensions paying little heed to which approach is utilized.

Grievously, there is no essential response for choosing the appropriate dimensions for dividing markets. Irrefutably, regulatory capacity and experience are required for picking the fitting dimensions or bases on which to piece explicit markets. Benefit segmentation approach is that the advantages individuals are looking for in expending a given item are the essential explanations behind the presence of genuine market portions. Along these lines, this methodology endeavors to gauge consumer esteem frameworks and consumer impression of different brands in an item class. Although, Benefit segmentation centers around the advantages looked for by the consumer, psychographic segmentation centers around consumer ways of life. Consumers are first asked an assortment of inquiries concerning their ways of life and afterward gathered based on the similitude of their reactions. The best-known psychographic segmentation is called VALS™, which stands for “values and lifestyles. VALS has eight psychographic groups are divided in two dimensions. The vertical dimensions people are divided or classified in view of how much they are creative and have assets, for example, salary, training, self-assurance, insight, administration abilities, and vitality. The even measurement speaks to the essential inspirations for purchasing and incorporates three unique sorts.

Geodemographic segmentation distinguishes explicit family units in a market by centering on nearby neighborhood topography, (for example, zip codes) to make arrangements of genuine, addressable, mappable neighborhoods where consumers live and shop. One geodemographic framework made by Claritas, Inc., is called PRIZM NE, which represents consumers 'Potential Ranking Index of ZIP Markets—New Evolution. The target market chose might be value delicate, so some thought has just been given to value levels, and unmistakably item situating has numerous ramifications for advancement and channel choices. Subsequently, while we place the marketing mix structure toward the finish of the model, huge numbers of these choices are made related to target market choice.

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Running Head: how Technology has Changed Music

Over the past century, the advancement of technology has changed our world in many ways. It has changed our communication, transportation, medication, filtration, sanitation, and many other big things, but there are small things that technology has changed in tremendous ways that a lot of people never think about. One of them is music. Technology has profoundly changed music. It has changed the way music is fabricated, the character of music, the way we listen to music, and how artists become known.

First and foremost, technology has changed the way music is fabricated. In the early 1900’s, music was simple—just a beautiful voice and some instruments. “Over the Rainbow,” sung by Judy Garland with Victor Young and his orchestra, was recorded in 1938. This song is simply her voice and the orchestra lightly playing in the background. Today, music can be produced by pushing a few buttons. A single person can create the sound of an entire band with current technology. To add more texture in the mid-1900s, the band would add more instruments, or the singers would add more harmonies to their song. Now, artists like Charlie Puth create completely new sounds with a sound board or harmonize themselves by layering multiple recordings to texture their songs. Two examples that can be compared are The Chords’s song “Sh-Boom” and Charlie Puth’s song “Done for Me.” Also, many artists today use autotune to fix pitch and vocal issues. Before autotune, artists just had to sing in tune. Second, technology has changed the character of music. Artists’ focus used to be solely on the message of the song. While there are still artists who focus on this, many artists are more focused on the sound of the song. A lot of current music is based on how good the beats sound and not centered on the words and the meaning of the song. As a result of this, DJs are now considered artists. DJs like The Chainsmokers, Marshmello, Calvin Harris, Diplo, and more are featured with many singer-artists in their songs.

Third, technology has changed the way we listen to music. In the late 1880’s people listened to music live, used a phonograph, or (later) used a gramophone. Throughout the 1900s, records, cassette tapes, CDs, and mp3 players were used. During the first ten years of the 2000s, CDs and mp3 players were still common, but iPods and streaming apps were becoming more popular. Currently, the most common way to listen to music is by streaming it. Many people use Apple Music or Spotify, but YouTube, Pandora, are Google Play are other common ways to stream music. We have billions of songs at our fingertips. 275.66 million Americans have smart phones, and 60 million Americans have at least one smart speaker in their home. With these devices, music can be played in a matter of seconds.

Finally, technology has changed how artists become known. During the 1900s, the only effective way to get your name into the world as an artist was to be signed to a record label. It is no longer that way today. For the past twenty years, big social media platforms have been created such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and twitter. These platforms have given artists the opportunity to become known with no help from a huge record label. Justin Bieber, for example, was discovered and became popular by uploading videos of him singing song covers on YouTube. More recently, up and coming artists have been using a newer app called TikTok to be discovered. On this app, people all over the world post short videos—no longer than one minute—for entertainment. This app has been working perfectly for self-made artists. One reason is because this generation has short attention spans. TikTok allows artists to showcase their music in short clips, and it leaves listeners on a cliff hanger craving more of their music. Also, Apple Music and Spotify have recently been letting anyone upload their music for people to download. This has also helped fresh artists get their music out into the world.

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If i would have Known what i Know

If I Would Have Known What I Know Now Harold Allen Christine Soliz English Composition I January 23, 2019 My initial goal for writing this essay is to give an example of how life was living in the South with a family that knew a lot about hard work, but nothing about the importance of education. My mother and father did not have much education, due to their parents not knowing the importance of, also having an education. Most families that lived in the same era as my parents and grandparents mostly knew about working in the fields, as most families were sharecroppers back then. My parents did not seem to understand that education was a necessary requirement to become financially successful in life.

Therefore when I decided to quit school at the age of seventeen my parents never scolded me for making this decision. I was expected to get a job to help with the household finances, unlike my first cousin I was not allowed to just lounge around the house playing music. At that particular time, I actually thought going to school was a waste of time since the teachers often talked about the same thing every day, which brings me to my favorite saying “if I knew then what I know now.” I definitely would have made better decisions concerning my education. When thinking over my earlier life, I truly regret my educational decisions, especially not being an example for my younger sisters and brothers to follow. I am the oldest of thirteen siblings, my parents have fourteen children’s, which includes nine boys, and five girls. Even though we lived in the country in a run-down house, I can truly say that I did not have an unhappy childhood, because my parents worked hard to provide for their children’s. Although, we grew up working picking and chopping cotton on the local farms in the summertime, which was a task that I and my siblings hated with a passion. Yet, there was an important lesson to be learned, which was things in life is not going to always be easy, therefore an individual should never be afraid of working hard for the things that they want in Another important lesson that I learned about working in the fields is the responsibility of working hard, without being made to do it. I lived my early childhood in a small country town called Tarry Arkansas, which is located south of Pine Bluff Arkansas. My mother could not read, or write, because she was not allowed to attend school on a regular basis, because she, also had to work in the field. At the age of sixteen, I went to work at a local sawmill called Oakfloorance to help out at home.

During that time it was easy for me to get a job there, because my mother, father, aunt, and several other family members, also worked at the sawmill. I thought that if I could hold down a job at the sawmill for the summer, it would be easy for me to just quit going to school, and just work at the mill year-round. I got permission from my parents to work full time at the sawmill, therefore at the age of seventeen I quit school, which leads me to my essay topic, “If I only knew then what I know now.” After seven months on the job, I learned to operate different machinery, which increased my pay to match my dad wages. At that time I saw guys as young as me come on the job site and get hired right away as general labors, but I noticed only the white guys were hired as foreman, supervisors, lead person, but never general labor.

At the time I could not understand this particular situation, because my dad worked on this job five days a week, and a half of day on Saturday, yet never made it the position of leading personalities, or foreman. Therefore, one day I asked my dad why he never asked to be a foreman or lead person since he could successfully work all the machine in every department, and I personally knew that he was an excellent worker. At that particular time, my dad answer did not sit well with me, even though I was just a youngster, and never experience how the South really divided cultures or peoples of color. Thinking back on the situation I believe that my dad did not want me to know how hurt he was about being alienated and denied a position that he was qualified to do, because of his nationality. It was then that I made up my mind to not make working at the sawmill a lifelong career. A year later I joined the United States Army at the age of eighteen. I successfully spent four years in the military, my job training was to be a skilled combat fighter. Yet there is no job in the civilian world for that particular skill, as a result, I have had several jobs. I am often reminded what my dad said about working having to work somewhere even if it’s not your long-term employment goal. Looking back over my past jobs none of them were any better than working at the local sawmill. A few years back I was talking with my mother, and she told me that she deeply regretted allowing me to drop out of school, and she made herself a promise that all her children would finish high school, as well as go to the college of their choice. My mother lived up to her original promise of not letting anyone of her children quite high school again. Through her encouragement, I decided to get my GED before enlisting in the United States Army.

Therefore, after having this particular talk with my mother, I went to the testing center the same day, and took my GED test, and passed the test the first time. Now here I am in my late 50,’s attending college seeking a bachelor’s degree in Applied Science. Making the decision to go back to school was one of the hardest decisions that I ever had to make in my life, mainly due to lack of knowledge of today’s modern technology. When I attended high school, we did not have computers in the classroom or any other form of digital devices for students to work on. In today’s society, modern technology is definitely one of the driving forces in opening doors in the educational field. I am happy to say two of my sisters are registered nurses, two are school teachers, one brother is a teacher one brother served over thirty years in the army. All my sibling graduated high school and college, and I am most proud to say all the boys served in the United States Army.

Today my brothers are managers, and supervisors on their present jobs. I currently work for a florist shop, actually, I am the one that does all the deliveries. I do enjoy taking beautifully arranged flowers to those that enjoy receiving them. The smiles and thanks that I receive are wonderful, and I get to meet peoples from different cultures or backgrounds from all over the local community that I live in. I have had the opportunity to visit neighborhoods that I never knew existed in Little Rock Arkansas. I have visited places such as, gated communities, schools, the Children Hospital, funerals, weddings, promotions events, retirement parties, graduations, Mother’s Day and valentine ’s day celebrations, which is the busiest time of the year for the shop. I consider it a great blessing to serve the public, no matter what kind of day I am having, it makes me happy just to see a smile on, or hear a thank you from

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Attachment Theory in Adult Mental Health: a Case Analysis of Laura’s Life and Relationships

Attachment Theory Diamond D. Grundy University of Texas at Arlington Introduction This paper explores the case study of Laura, a 47-year-old woman, who has a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and generalized social phobia. Laura reported chronic feelings of dissatisfaction with her life which has caused her to experience intervals of major depression. She stated that during her childhood her parents fought often. Laura’s father was emotionally unavailable. She also recalled experiencing physical punishment by her parents including being hit with a board that would leave her “black and blue for weeks.” Laura also recalled her mother making her feel as if she was “bad” or “sneaky.” In an attempt to gain her mother’s approval, she would overcompensate in her actions by being “extra good.”

This caregiving relationship between Laura and her parents is identified as the parent-child relationship. Laura was referred for treatment of depression by her family doctor. During intake, she recalled experiencing anxiety in social settings, which she believes has affected her work. Laura’s history includes periods of depression, parental physical abuse, and emotional negligence. Additionally, she had decided that she never wanted to get married or have children. However, Laura has recently experienced sadness due to finding out that she is currently in menopause. She is unable to express personal and emotional feelings in her relationships. Laura indicated increased job stress over the past 4-5 years since the passing of her father. During this time, she has “let many friendships slip away.” She also became the caretaker for her mother but reported resentful feelings due to the responsibility.

Laura also indicated that several of her family members may have had mental health conditions. In this paper, I will utilize information from attachment theory to create a treatment plan for Laura. Attachment Theory Attachment theory implies that many mental health conditions may stem from inadequacies in parent-child relationships. When a child’s need for emotional security, comfort, and protection is not met, the child may develop unhealthy attachment styles. Parent-child relationships in which the parent is abusive, unreliable, insensitive, or unpredictable could prevent the child from developing a secure and positive self-esteem. This also means that the child may develop insecure attachment of their self and others, displaying reduced resilience, difficulty coping with stressful experiences, and have an inclination to psychological disruptions. In order for children to develop appropriate secure attachment, they must have closeness in their relationship with their parents. Secure attachment between a parent and child is characterized by the parent being consistent and available to the child. In a healthy parent-child relationship, the child learns to trust their parent and turns to them for safety and consolation. With age, children require less closeness in their parental relationships. However, they will continue to find security and comfort in the relationship when facing hardships or difficulties. As the child grows, they will display confidence in their exploration of the world.

The child will also perceive him or herself as lovable and will develop positive expectations of others. In an avoidant attachment parent-child relationship, the parent displays unavailability or indifference towards the child. The parent may also display independence in relation to the child by becoming hostile or denying the child’s needs or feelings. In turn, the child may mimic these behaviors, taking an independent stance in their relationships, believing that he or she needs to care for themselves. Additionally, the child will likely be compliant and display a positive affect in an attempt to appease the caregiver and maintain the relationship. According to attachment theory, children who have avoidant attachment parent-child relationships tend to develop dismissive behaviors. Dismissive behaviors include suppressing feelings and emotions, needing to be independent and self-sufficient, focusing on activities while avoiding feelings of closeness with others, and distancing themselves from people who they feel may reject them.

The child may also develop attachment anxiety, leading them to expect separation, desertion, or inadequate love in relationships. In adulthood, this person may devalue close relationships. Both Laura’s mother and father displayed avoidant attachment. In relation to her parents Laura depicts her parents as cold, difficult, physically abusive, and emotionally unavailable. Because Laura’s parents exhibited avoidant attachment in their parenting, Laura displays dismissive behaviors with her peers. She distances herself from coworkers and friends, has difficulty with assertion, and has anxiety in social settings. Laura assumes that others will reject her, view her as boring, or become upset. Although Laura reports having friends and being in a long-term relationship, she noticeably keeps her distance.

She expressed discomfort concerning sharing her private thoughts and feelings with her partner or friends. She also made the decision to never get married or have children. It is likely that these behaviors are an attempt to dismiss and/or avoid emotional dependence on others. Laura has learned not to depend on others for emotional support due to emotional negligence during her childhood. Insecure attachment leaves children and adults vulnerable to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and social phobia. When combined with genetic, cultural, and environmental factors, insecure attachment can have challenging effects on the child. If unresolved, these effects could pose a threat to the child’s mental health, even into adult. Laura appears distant and detached in her relationships, similar to the actions of her father. Studies show that people tend to give and receive support in a manner that coincides with their models of self and others (Morse, Shaffer, Williamson. It is likely that Laura is also experiencing depression stemming from being the sole caregiver for her mother as well as unresolved feelings from her father’s death. Providing caregiving services for family members has been shown to increase the risk for depression in caregivers.

A negative valuation of self is synonymous to attachment anxiety . A negative valuation of others is synonymous to attachment avoidance. In order to create a more meaningful relationship with herself and others, Laura will require therapeutic services that allow her to assess her relationships with herself and others. In doing so, Laura is likely to improve her mental state. Attachment style has a direct correlation to an individual’s ability to regulate emotions, coping skills, and reflective functioning. Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) has been identified as the most valid and dependable method of intervention for attachment insecurity. AAI uses self-report questionnaires to assess client relational functioning. The questionnaire allows the client to consciously and unconsciously assess their relationships. More specifically, AAI requires clients to reflect on past childhood relationships with parents, peers, parents, or romantic partners as well as current relationships. AAI in combination with psychotherapy will create an avenue for Laura to explore and improve her attachment style. Psychotherapy has been widely utilized as a treatment intervention in attachment theory. Psychotherapy combines storytelling, listening, listening, and understanding.

This method would allow Laura the opportunity to express her feelings and emotions in a therapeutic environment. Psychotherapy would also allow her to create a secure attachment with the therapist, which would promote her reflective functioning and understand of self. Therapists working with clients who display attachment insecurity should strive to establish themselves as a secure base in which clients can explore their trauma and cultivate an improved sense of themselves and others. Clients who display avoidant/dismissive attachment styles are likely to minimize their feelings and emotions. Clinicians will need develop a treatment plan that will motivate the client to accept and express their feelings towards painful experiences. If the therapist is not careful in maintaining reliability and consistency or termination of services, the client would be at risk for increased mental health conditions or psychological breakdowns. Additionally, psychotherapy is limited due professional boundaries.

Conclusion Attachment theory is advantageous in assessing Laura’s case due to its proven contributions to clients with unhealthy attachment styles. However, attachment theory fails to explore the effects of environmental factors such as racism, social class, and poverty. Overall, the benefits of an attachment-informed treatment plan would be extremely beneficial in assisting Laura with developing secured attachment. This would improve her mental state allowing her to accept and express issues as they arise. If Laura is able to obtain a better valuation of herself and others, her feelings of attachment anxiety and avoidant/dismissive behaviors will subside. She will likely experience decreased periods of depression. Laura’s treatment plan should include continual AAI assessment combined with psychotherapy. By providing a safe place for Laura to accept and express her emotions, she will learn to explore these feelings in her relationships. Creating a better sense of self and others will promote secured attachment in Laura’s relationships with her romantic partner and friends.

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Research on Tesco

Tesco plc is a British international groceries and general merchandise retailer, which headquarter is located in England. It’s the third-largest retailer in the world and operating across Europe and Asia. It has expanded its business to other fields such as retailing of books, electronics, furniture, toys, software, petrol, clothing, financial services, internet services and telecoms. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen in London, and the first own-brand was Tesco Tea. Afterward, the company was named as Tesco, which was the combination of tea leaf suppliers’ surnames, TE Stockwell and CO from Jack (the founder). By years, during 1990s, Tesco started to open shops globally and it now operating in 12 countries all over the world, with employs over 470 thousands people and serves tens millions of customers every week. Tesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 index which means it is well capitalized. Tesco positions itself as “down-market high-volume low-cost retailer” whose core value is “low-pricing”. However, after the scandal of overstating the profit in 2014, the brand hit a real low point on its financial performance. After that, Tesco works hard to regain its own prospective in old days. Now it has risen above where it was before the scandal and is closing the gap between the “big four” (Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda and Morrisons) supermarkets.

There is a growing number of attentions has been raised as the evolution of retail industry shifted towards Asia region as a part of firms’ international expansion strategy. Firms internal strategies, as well as in-depth analysis of external environment factors should be taken into considerations. Hence, preparing on stepping into a foreign market, especially those regions who have completely different culture and market condition, is time and money consuming as it required a lot of preparation, i.e. market analysis, local customer taste, preferences, law and regulations, and etc., before the final decision being made. According to investigation released by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2012), foreign trade is considered as one of Korea’s economy pillars, therefore, makes it become one of the world’s most dynamic economies. This, therefore, has provoked two big multinational retail companies to turned their attention into the Ginseng country.

This paper introduces the cases of two companies both operating in the retail industry that are originated from American and British country and expanded their operations into Asia-Pacific region. The first company, Tesco, gained their success entering Korean market by joint-venture with local company. On the other hand, Walmart, not as lucky as when they were entered Thailand market, had to back off from Korean market after 10 years of operations. The aim of this paper is to identify the internal and external reasons for their success and failure when entering Asia-Pacific country, particularly in Korean market.

The paper is structured as follows: The second chapter will introduce the success case of Tesco by first introducing the company’s short background, and followed by the discussions of its success background when entering Korean market. The third chapter will deal with the failure case of Walmart and examines the reasons for its failure in Korea. The fourth chapter summarizes the main findings and offers concluding remarks.

To obtain this achievement, they are not only building up their “low-price” brand image as their advantage but also add another thing— “exclusive”, which means the products and services can be cheaper than other competitors, but “only” in Tesco that the customers can get such a price. Nowadays, the competition among the supermarkets all over the world will be much fiercer than ever before due to cost-down situation as they are all trying to maintain their market share, but it still fluctuates frequently. That can explain why Tesco has to diversify and expand its business to other industry and countries to offer a one-stop purchase as well as increasing the customer loyalty.

Not long after its new operation, the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis signaled a serious difficulty which then led them to start seeking foreign investment. At the same time, Tesco was actively implementing their strategies to expand internationally after its successful acquisition Thailand’s Lotus in May 1998. Korea is long known for its culture of “Guanxi” proven by only big enterprises can sustain in the industry for a long time because it has the government backing (also Korean have strong connection with big enterprise due to history background). From that situation, it was a challenge for Tesco to enter Korea “alone” due to good relationship requirement with government is necessary. That’s why, Tesco then entered South Korean market by forming a joint venture with Samsung C&T Corporation called “Samsung Tesco”, which cooperated the brand “Homeplus” under Samsung Co. Due to this, Korea was the only country where the stores did not operate under the TESCO brand, instead, they were simply called “Homeplus”. Samsung provided two existing Homeplus stores, most of its small retail operation, and the key distribution business, while Tesco invested EUR 142m in the joint venture.

It expanded rapidly afterwards by opened five stores in the next year and seven more by 2001 and 2003. As a result, it set record on hitting KRW 1 trillion mark (US$664 million) in two years’ sales after opening its first stores in 2000 and then, soon it reached new highs for shortest time sales in the discount industry for around USD 1.4 billion and USD 2 billion, respectively. As of 2008, it had 66 large off-price chain stores and 73 express supermarkets, with estimated USD 4.05 billion total sales. However, in 2015, private equity fund, MBK Partners, acquired the company and is running the business now. In September 2015, Tesco sold Homeplus for €4.2 bn to pay down debt and help revitalize its IK business. According to Dave Lewis, Chief executive of Tesco: “This sale realizes material value for shareholders and allows us to make significant progress on our strategic priority of protecting and strengthening our balance sheet”.

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Art of Shadow

The art of photography grew substantially from 1919 - 1945. The medium was no longer primarily documenting the aftermath of the horrors of war, civilian casualties or composed portraits but was now being explored as a way to document life. Scientist were beginning to take a great interest in the medium as well. Eventually, the Dadaist get their hands on a couple of cameras and the boundaries of what is considered art were pushed. In West Africa scientist Sir Frank Dyson was the first individual to photograph a solar eclipse in conjunction with the work of Arthur Eddington who was working in Brazil at the time. This crazy man in the name of science haphazardly planned this expedition during one of the worst conflicts the world has ever seen, all in the name of science to prove Einstein was right about the laws of physics all being the same for observers in uniform motion relative to one another, the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion or of the motion of the light source. After many months of further analysis and study the scientist came to the conclusion that “a ray of light grazing the surface of the sun was deflected be twice the angle that Newtonian physics predicted, thus supporting the general theory of relativity that Albert Einstein had published in 1916.”.

In simpler terms Dyson proved Einstein's Theory of General Relativity by observing the behavior of stars seen near the sun during the eclipse. In doing this Dyson provided solid evidence for how light bent in gravitational fields, as stated before Einstein had theorized three years prior. The Theory of General Relativity states, again in simple terms, that what we think of as the force of gravity arises from the curvature of time and space; it explains the motion of planets around stars, the whys and wherefores of black holes, and theories on the origins of the universe. Dyson thought that the best way to test the theory would be by observing light from stars during a total eclipse and it worked. Around the same time that science was using photography to prove theories and document the world around us the art world was beginning to experiment with photography in new and exciting ways.

Dadaism was on the rise during this time as well. The Art of Fixing a Shadow states that the leaders of the Dada movement thought little of making photographs but were not opposed to using them. Many Dadaists would disassemble photographs only taking part and making collages with what they wanted to keep. “Using and appropriating finished photographs made them more conscious of the role of the medium in perceiving the world, but not of the role of the photographer in making the picture to begin with.” They knew how to use a photograph but not how to properly make one. The direction and place of photography was wavering in the art world. Photographer Alfred Stieglitz rose up and pushed the medium into a more metaphysical direction. Alfred spent many years working at 291, a gallery that in the book The Art of Fixing a Shadow referred to as a crucible for artists as visitors alike who were looking to be stimulated by modern art. While working at 291 Alfred used the avant-guard and dadaist movement to inspire him in his photography, but later found his muse in well-known artist Georgia O’Keeffe. Alfred began to study photography in a way that became more spiritual to him and others who viewed his photography. He preceded to take out all traces of landscape in his images and began to photograph clouds. Alfred's cloud photographs after 1935 were called Equivalents according to the book The Art of Fixing a Shadow.

It was also stated that “not only were the images meant to be abstract, but spiritual, a combination that had not been easy to nurture in the nihilistic atmosphere of the dada occupation during the war.” His photographs tried to evoke a feeling of enlightenment from the view which was a new concept for the photographic medium at the time. Another dadaist who later turned to photography later in his artistic career was Man Ray. Man Ray is well known for creating the photogram technique which he dubbed the Rayogram. The Rayogram process is done by taking an object and placing them on to an unexposed piece of paper. One would then turn on the lights exposing the paper for a short amount of time. The object on the paper was then removed and the imaged developed in the darkroom process like any other image.

The Rayogram process allowed viewers to study the dimension and perception of objects. Depending on what is put down on the photo paper the images can become very abstract in nature only producing a silhouette with shadow where the light was able to seep around the edge of certain objects. They were “translucent forms set adrift as if in a timeless void”. Man Ray then began to explore other branches of photography, playing with multiple exposures and the “sabattier effect” also known as solarization. Even though solarization has been referred to as a medium born of surrealism with a perfect pedigree the process was stumbled upon accidentally. Man Ray was working in his darkroom when his assistant, Lee Miller, inadvertently turned on the lights, some would call this a happy accident. Solarization was kept a secret though until about 1932. Because of this discovery and many other contributing photographers, the medium began to lend itself to a more surrealistic direction of study. As time went on photography started to become more about documentation again. World War Two began and photographers were documenting the life of individuals both on and off the battlefield.

Lee Miller, Man Ray’s former assistant, became interested in photojournalism during the years WWII took place. Throughout the war, Miller photographed many incredibly sad moments of destruction, including dead soldiers, destroyed landmarks, and devastating scenes of the Holocaust. Miller also photographed a series of women throughout the war, those who served in the armed forces and others who were accused of being spies. Another noteworthy photographer who was working during this time was Lewis Hine. Hine set his focus on the issues that were not being dealt with amongst the civilians such as labor laws and living conditions of lower class society.

Through his photography, Hine brought forth change in child labor laws exposing the dangerous conditions that made unsafe work environments for children. Hine brought to life the harsh living conditions immigrants were being forced into by society. Many times they were unable to afford an apartment for their own family so often three or four families were crammed into one small room. It became a mission for Hine to bring these social issues to light. In doing so he brought much-needed change to the lives of many. As photography continues to make many leaps in the course of a short time, in the few decades discussed above prove that big changes are taking place in the medium. Cameras are becoming more easily accessible to the masses, people are documenting their loved ones and the memories they share together. Major World Wars are documented, social change to those who needed it the most because of images produced with photography, and medium has continued to prove itself in the art world.

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Bob Dylan and the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize for Writing is viewed as one the most incomparable honors in the realm of writing. Litterateurs of exceptional legitimacy are granted this Prize. In any case, it has been seen that the choice of the Nobel Prize victor regularly starts a great deal of discontent and discussion. Be it Rabindranath Tagore or George Bernard Shaw one would never fulfill the critics. As of late the best discussion rose when in 2016, American vocalist lyricist Weave Dylan was granted the Nobel Prize in Writing, making him the primary artist to ever get the honor. Pundits felt that Dylan didn't merit the honor as he was in no way, shape or form a man of writing. He was only a capable pastiche craftsman. Be that as it may, as I would like to think he more than merited it.

From my viewpoint, the Nobel Prize Committee really perceived Dylan's ability. It was through his virtuoso that American Literature got its first unique American songbook. He was the messenger of convention. The verses of his melodies are no not as much as verse put to music. Dylan can be appraised as a blend of a Beat artist, a Nashville musician, a Born Again sacred roller, and a delta bluesman. The substance of his tunes introduces a Biblical storm.

The class of his verses can be connected to numbers, talking blues, jeremiads, lessons, funeral poems, sensational monologs, and surrealist language tests. His verses likewise bear inferences and references to the extraordinary works of writing, for example, Henry Timrod, Muddy Waters, John Keats, and T.S. Eliot. Dylan's tunes bear a hitting similarity with Ezra Pound's masterpiece, The Cantos. Both the works reverberation a polyphonic voice of culture, convention and ethnicity. Dylan's tunes are of shifted dispositions and subjects yet all have a binding together intelligence. Weave Dylan can be drawn as a replacement of William Shakespeare as with the impact he has had on English as a communicated in language. Dylan's melodies keep to the incomparable Bardic custom of Western culture, from Homer to Sappho to the meandering minstrels of the medieval times. Like the Beat artists, and Ginsberg, Kerouac, and Corso, who attempted to liberate verse from the iron edge of the scholarly community, Dylan's verse also has impregnated the mainstream vocabulary. For me he is perhaps the best artist of this century and has gotten a merited honor through the Nobel Prize.

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