The Impacts of Air Pollution on Global Warming

While global warming is a natural process, it is rapidly becoming one the most pressing environmental issues in the world. The heating of the planet is causing more wildfires, as well as driving much Arctic tundra wildlife into endangerment, and also causing the polar ice caps to melt. The consequences of global warming could be disastrous if we as humans continue at the current rate of ozone damage that we are now. Even though some argue that global warming happens naturally, there is evidence that the footprints being left behind by humans have a significant effect on the rising global temperatures. There are several theories about what is causing the change, and also the magnitude of the effects of a warmer planet, along with the health concerns that come with air pollution caused by humans. Without advances in renewable energy, we could very quickly do damage to our environment, and eventually our planet.

Firstly, what as humans are we doing to make Earth warmer, so much that we should be concerned? One of the factors to consider would be releasing greenhouse gases, also known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect happens by the combustion of natural gases, oil and coal in mass quantities and then gets added to the atmosphere. In turn, is adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The increased amount of gas makes it more difficult for heat to leave the planet and causes the global temperature to go up. The chain of reactions that could be set off by a warmer world could substantially alter many ecosystems on a world scale.

With rising global temperatures, the concern of wildfires is also increasing. The National Wildlife Federation believes that 'global warming is causing longer fire seasons drier condition along with more fuel for the fires and an increased frequency of lightning'. There is a major concern for areas that are vulnerable to having forest fires. With summers starting earlier and ending later, it allows for more time for trees and grass to dry out, allowing forest fires to start easier and more rapidly. Since global warming cause’s higher temperatures and causes water to evaporate faster in warmer temperatures, it can be deduced that water is evaporating quicker due to global warming. Water is essential for any forest ecosystem, and less water could make it so some trees that either dies or weaken because of a lack of water. If trees begin dying at a rapid pace, it could spark massive wildfires because of the newly formed fuel of trees and grasses. Also, with dry condition an increased occurrence of lightning storms could spark more fires than we have ever experienced before. The chain of reactions that this could set off would be catastrophic, with 'the bottom line is that the overall area burned is projected to double by late this century across Western States'.

An increased rate of wildfires could also disrupt forest ecosystems. Doug Inkley makes points that more rapid and intense fires could catch wildlife off guard, making it difficult for animals to escape, and also with their habitats burning down more frequently, it could cause more stress for them. If the rate of wildfires goes up, it is possible that there could be irreversible damage done to the species that occupy those areas, and it is especially depressing to think that human's irresponsibility could cause it.

While some wildlife species are having their habitats burned down, global warming is also causing other ecosystems to thaw, particularly the Arctic tundra. The Arctic tundra is a very particular environment, with its defining feature being the permafrost. The permafrost makes it tough for many plant and animal species to survive, due to the extremely low temperatures and poor growing conditions. Dutch states that:
Global warming is consequently likely to have some of its greatest effects in the tundra. Some major impacts associated with rising temperatures in the tundra are thawing of permafrost and advancing tree lines, both of which decrease tundra area and contribute further to global warming
By raising the global temperature, even in the slightest bit, the tundra could disappear in the very near future. Without the permafrost in place, forests would begin creeping up into the areas that would otherwise be frozen and using deduction, the species that inhabit that area will also move into the woods. Arctic tundra wildlife would have to begin to compete for resources with the other new species. Dutch also brings up the point that 'permafrost is also believed to contain large amounts of carbon as thaws, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are released'. If we as humans continue the path of releasing greenhouse gases that we are on now, we will begin down a path of no return.

Of all the reasons for why we should feel concerned about speeding up global warming, the melting of the ice caps should be the most concerning. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, that if the ice in Greenland and Antarctica were to melt, it could potentially raise the sea level by seventy-five meters. Even though it could potentially be decades before this happens, there still needs to be awareness about humans accelerating global warming. The largest problem is, however, that all too often, humans wait too long to take any action. Lisa Mastny says that 'the Arctic is now warming at nearly twice the rate of the rest of the globe'. Just because while people do not immediately see the weather getting warmer every year, global warming does not receive the needed attention to help prevent it from getting any worse. But, however, one thing we can see is air pollution.

With China being a world leader in production, it is obvious that some regulation needs to be put into place, as the correlation between sulfur dioxide concentration and the mortality rate is not one that is sustainable to not only China but the whole planet. With many countries that are unregulated like China still developing, it is troubling to think of what the future could be like unless some regulation is needed to stop the air pollution.
While it should be a goal to cut back on carbon dioxide emissions, it is still necessary for us to keep moving forward into expanding and making technological advances, something that cannot happen without energy. Renewable energy offers a fascinating approach to solving the carbon dioxide emissions crisis. According to Tom Vinson of the American Wind Energy Association, 'recent studies show low-cost wind energy allows states and electric generators to affordably and reliably cut the most carbon'. By pushing for new legislation to make mandates for an increased percentage of power to be wind power, we could eventually make the switch to all clean, green energy.

Global warming is a critical environmental issue, and if action is not taken to help prevent it, it could very quickly go from concern to a serious problem. While some argue that global warming is a natural process of nature, if you consider all the facts of the possible effects of a warming planet, such as the increased risk of wildfires, endangerment of Arctic and forest wildlife. Also the potential of causing ice caps to melt more rapidly, the needed action to help slow it is not enough. Also, with the release of greenhouse gases into the ozone, we are not only causing permanent damage to the only planet we have, we are also causing people in areas of heavy impact to die faster than those who are not.

While there is debate over global warming being a myth or it occurring naturally, it is not worth the risk or the use of valuable resources like coal, oil, and natural gas to continue our current path. With technological advances in clean, efficient renewable energy like wind turbines is a very real possibility. Why should we continue to focus our attention on making more carbon burning energy plants, an unsustainable practice, when we could be focusing on improving an unlimited, clean energy source? Without the needed support and attention of the masses, it is a very real possibility humans will cause too much damage to the ozone layer, igniting a spark of events that could potentially cause future generations to deal with a significant burden. With action taken right now to make strides towards a greener planet, we could help the world out before it is too late.

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Conspiracy Theory: the Existing of Global Warming Crisis and the Debating Causes and Effects of it

As united as we should be on the very concerning topic of Global Warming, we most certainly remain divided on the existing crisis and the debating causes and effects of it. In most recent history this has become a popular and consistent topic of discussion all around the globe. What scientists and experts believe is a global health crisis has been deemed a “hoax” by others, including the President of the United States and many of its citizens. The opposing theory completely disregards the facts set forth by an existential amount of scientists and is debated with conspiracy theories, and shrugs of doubt with no opposing evidence to support other claims.

Within the disbelieving community allots for numerous citizens to be left in the dark about the reality of what is currently happening, at very alarming speeds, due to our everyday lifestyle routines. Most people are unknowingly contributing to the mass destruction of our planet and potentially our human existence. I too, was completely unaware at how my everyday routine such as simply going to work using my gas, or going bagging up groceries, or cooking dinner with the stove or eating meat is contributing to this crisis, however, I feel if we educate ourselves we can do better.
In the wake of a global crisis the silver lining didn’t hesitate to display its beauty only 3 days after a complete shutdown of Italy.

There hasn’t been a time where this theory was able to be proven until now and it just may have opened the eyes of many. Within just 3 days of ultimately little to no pollution, due to lockdown Venice Italy, the Venetian Lagoon is finally clear for the first time in over 60 years and for the first time in many years Dolphins and Swans are also returning to the canals. Global warming may not have been the cause of this pandemic but it most certainly showed what pollution truly does which, just may have been the root cause for the tragedy that struck just months earlier, which New York post quoted “Apocalyptic” flooding in Venice.

Pollution comes in many forms and is one of the leading causes for global warming. Sometimes pollution is the effect of our actions. When we go to work and take transportation, we are indirectly polluting. When we litter or smoke, we are directly polluting, but who would have ever thought that just by going grocery shopping you are contributing to the biggest pollution on the planet and the leading cause of climate change and global warming.
Climate change is just one chilling effect of what happens when Global Warming initiates. It doesn’t just affect us though, it affects the animals, weather, and plants which will change our ecosystem and life as we knew it. The weather changes can cause hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and many more. Our plants produce our oxygen and without them we couldn’t survive, and the animals will face extinction or severe population decrease. All of these things can be prevented with conscious decisions to change our lifestyle but first we need to be educated on how these things impact our society and what the cause and effect of each of our decisions is.

According to National Geographic Greenhouse gasses are higher than they have ever been in over 800,000 years. These gasses trap heat in our atmosphere not allowing it to pass and is constantly building up. One of the main contributing factors to greenhouse gas emissions is the livestock sector. The more people eat, the more they produce. Livestock accounts for 85% of greenhouse emissions and 90% of agriculture land use and is expected to peak in the upcoming years. Scientists claim that if we stop eating meat, it will help aid in fighting this global health crisis and potentially reverse the effects of what has already been done.

What it ultimately boils down to at the end of the day is that every day human activity is ultimately destroying our planet. If we do not change our lifestyle the result will be deadly for us and our future generations. If we continue to pollute, soon, we will not be able to breathe in clean air, we will not be able to drink clean water. If we continue to frack and use gas emissions to farm there will soon be no land left to farm. The consequences of our actions are not just deadly to us but to this planet as well. Some of this damage is already irreversible and we will have to live with that for generations to come but it’s important to give these future generations a fighting chance.

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Climate Change and Impacts to Emergency Response Efforts

For decades, climate change has been occurring in different areas of the globe and at different rates. It increas the average temperature of the oceans and troposphere. This is resulting in several intense weather patterns, such as El Nino to Hurricane Harvey, wildfires spreading in California, and tornadoes in the Midwest. Emergency preparedness and disasters response measures must be up to par to protect the public. When an emergency response is required, many state and federal organizations must coordinate together to achieve successful and efficient execution of processes.

These organizations must be able to prepare and expect needs. They should keep abreast of climate changes, what the causes are, and how it is affecting different areas. This study researches how climate change has a direct effect on natural disasters in the United States. How they have been responded to by response entities. It will also cover how emergency response organizations can better prepare for the next wave. For approximately 6 decades, climatologists have observed climate change as a result of global warming, leading to a rise in the average atmospheric and oceanic temperatures. Existing scientific evidence contributes this to several phenomena in which human interaction is the attribute (Cook, et al, 2016). There is a great concern for wellness for humans, in that the consequence will appear in long-term general health.

There are likely health risks that hospitals may face as these temperatures rise, including an increase in respiratory and cardiac illnesses and the redistribution of zoonotic infections globally. The impact of humans is related to the increase in gas emissions and pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, as a result of the use of fossil fuels.

This in turn handles the enhanced greenhouse effect that has exacerbated the rise in temperature in the troposphere. When it comes to natural disasters, there is no way to prevent them from happening, and emergency response is that: responsive measures and protocols are put into effect to mitigate the effects of a natural disaster. While Mother Nature is not our enemy, when there are cascades of natural disasters that can wipe out continents, it may seem to be Nature vs. Humankind. Humankind can’t wage a war on Nature, but there is the option to understand it to improve the response to upcoming disasters. The two terms “global warming” and “climate change” seem to be interchangeable, but, they are separate. Global warming is the average increase in global temperature due to the emission of greenhouse gases by humans (Dunbar, n.d. ). It directly affects climate change, which is the change of average conditions in a geographical area over a lengthy period, usually 30 years or more (NOAA, n.d.). With this information in hand, it will be easier to understand what causes the differences in climate, how they are being shaped, and what they are affecting. There are five different climate types on Earth: Dry, where moisture evaporates , and any precipitation . Temperate, where there are warm, humid summers with thunderstorms and very mild winters.

Tropical environments have temperatures that exceed 64° Fahrenheit with an average rainfall of 59 inches . Continental climate zones have warm to cool summers, very cold winters, with snowstorms, freezing temperatures, and strong winds. Temperatures in these areas can fall below -22° Fahrenheit. Polar climates are cold on an annual basis, with summer temperatures never reaching above 50° Fahrenheit. All five climate zones exist in the United States, from as far south as Florida to as far north as the northern border of Alaska. Each of these climates is different from one another but they do have one thing in common: there is a population of people in each of them. Climate records have shown evidence of key indicators of climate change, such as rising sea levels, the Earth’s poles losing ice mass and glaciers, and the most experienced in the US: precipitation storms, floods, hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires. Global warming has been associated with many climate changes, with the most prominent one being El Nino.

This affects precipitation levels, sea temperatures, and wind patterns. ENSO, the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, has a global impact that has been increased by global warming in regards to intensity. In recent decades, El Nino has increased the need for emergency response in areas such as Japan and Haiti. Climate change has a direct effect on the health of the population in the area. And may have a severe effect on those that are most vulnerable to disease and infection. Meteorological and environmental changes may impact air, drinking water, and food quality. It can lead to the most prevalent threat to the health system during a crisis.

The resulting consequence will see a rise in health risks associated with the population’s access to food and water. As well as It lead to altered dissemination of pathogens. These risks may heighten increase in the frequency of climatic events, compounded by more migration changes in agricultural production. And it may result in risks of malnutrition and potential civil disruption for a large population in affected areas (Ghazali, et al, 2018). All countries around the globe may at one time or another face a risk to their healthcare system, but, these risks may be narrower in developed countries due to a more prosperous response and the ability to adapt. This will rely on the ability to recognize risks, put into place an organized response system, and enact procedures that will reduce risks as well as their impact on the population. In areas with fewer resources, there is a disparity in hospital response due to the lack of funding, sizes, and status of hospitals (private or public), and the hospital organization itself. Depending on the country, its total health expenditure can range from under 1% to greater than 17% of gross domestic product (GDP). In developed nations, approximately 40% of the GDP goes to hospitals. In times of natural disaster, the differences between developed and underdeveloped nations will be brought to light.

Additionally, the affected population may not be prepared for climactic changes, or new infections requiring vaccines. As before noted, global warming is the warming of the atmosphere of the planet. This is happening in some areas more than others, but the globe is feeling its effects wholly. In modern developed countries, studies have been conducted on the attribution of extreme temperatures to cardiovascular events and strokes (Farajzadeh & Darand, 2009). A study was conducted over 12 separate cities within the United States, revealing that the increase in hospital admissions due to effects of temperatures occurred within a few days of exposure (Schwartz, Samet, & Patz, 2004). When temperatures are low, the blood vessels in the body will become narrow and will increase blood pressure, and may result in illnesses such as a stroke.

When ambient temperatures are higher, the opposite happens in a body, where the blood vessels dilate, increasing cardiac output and the potential risk of heart failure. Extreme temperatures can cause stress on the cardiovascular system and can result in a higher risk of heart disease, particularly in the elderly (Farajzadeh & Darand, 2009). Climate changes are having a considerable effect on air pollutants and pollen, spiking the number of respiratory illnesses of asthma and increasing the severity of pneumonia. This is worrisome, again to the elderly and also to those with upper respiratory illnesses. Taking the turn into climatic changes and larger scale risks, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates further increased intensities of heatwaves, droughts, rain, floods, and tropical cyclones. The sole responsibility would not lie on hospitals alone should there be an emergency response of higher size. this would draw the resources of national or international aid, with military and civilian responders in humanitarian and emergency organizations.

Humanitarian disasters may also need resources such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN) to assist, such as the more recent natural disaster in 2017 when Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico. Emergency preparedness for the most common disasters is imperative, as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was underprepared for Maria (Sullivan and Schwartz, 2018). To be prepared for hurricanes, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) monitors and disseminates real-time observations of water currents, levels, and weather information. This helps local coastal authorities to prepare, mitigate, and respond to any coastal flooding or storm tides. Using these observations and a multitude of extra tools, NOAA can expect a tropical storm forming. Because of this ability, in addition to weather patterns and meteorologists, they can predict the magnitude and Category of the storm (National Ocean Service, n.d.). While hurricanes and tropical storms are prevalent along the east coast of the United States, earthquakes and wildfires are along the west coast. There are few ways to help prevent these fires but with such an arid and high-temperature climate it isn’t able to be achieved wholly.

Every summer there are wildfires in California, with the Santa Ana winds spreading them over hundreds of acres in Los Angeles County and outward. Those same winds also spread ash and airborne particles to the nearby populous. To help with the air quality, most residents of these areas wear masks, stay indoors, and often, they must evacuate their homes as a response measure. In 2003, major wildfires devastated the Ventura, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties. These fires destroyed over 800 homes and killed 13 individuals. FEMA responded, utilizing federal assets and local resources to combat the fires (Smith, 2003). The U.S. Forest Service provided aid as needed from its regional management unit, which is one of the largest firefighting forces nationwide. The Southern California Geographic Coordination Center was sourced, useful in its interagency coordination abilities.

Norton Air Force base was used as a staging area for the transport of required assets and personnel, as well as providing equipment and air support. Most often, the first responders to wildfires are the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, otherwise known as CALFire. It takes much effort, efficiency, and a calm demeanor to respond to unpredictable disasters, as wildfires kill approximately 17 wildland firefighters also to civilian casualties, homes, and businesses lost. In contrast to wildfires in California, in the winter season of 2018-2019, the Midwest of the US was hit by a Polar Vortex. This cold snap stemmed from Illinois to South Dakota, bringing with it more than a cold winter. A polar vortex is a low-pressure area that sources in both the Northern and Southern polar regions. During the winter season, the polar vortex at the Northern Pole expanded, sending cold air southbound. While this is a fairly regular phenomenon there were record-breaking temperatures that impacted a large region of the US (NOAA, n.d.). Ambient temperatures reached as far as -50° Fahrenheit in areas, and as far north as Minnesota temperatures were reaching -60° Fahrenheit.

Because of these temperatures, flights were canceled, state workers were sent home, and classes were called off at many public schools (Sant, 2019). Chicago experienced temperatures as low as -23° and cautioned individuals to stay inside their homes, as the threat of hypothermia loomed. Hypothermia will begin to occur when the body’s thermal temperature decreases from an average of 98.5° to lower than 95° (Mayo Clinic, 2020). Temperatures were so low that the estimated time of hypothermia to set in on the average individual was 3 minutes. A side effect of hypothermia is frostbite, which can take anywhere from an estimated 3 to 15 minutes to set in, dependent on the external temperature (Gajanan, 2019). The wind chill, which is a measure of frostbite comprised of the combination of wind speed and air temperature, can be deadly if temperatures are cold enough (Resnick, 2019). The Illinois Emergency Management Agency (IEMA) began coordinating with other state agencies for response capabilities if needed due to the record-breaking wind chills (Mazzochi, 2019). IEMA maintains a website titled Ready Illinois, sharing information with the public in response to any hazard, whether it is man-made or natural.

The site provided Winter Weather Preparedness Tips, including information on the FEMA application available for mobile devices (Mazzochi, 2019). The homeless rate in Chicago is an estimated 80,000, where 24% live on the streets (Chicago Coalition, 2020). With the Polar Vortex looming, public health officials were concerned. According to a report by the National Coalition for the Homeless, an estimated 700 people experiencing homelessness die each year due to hypothermia (Lutz, 2019). Six warming centers were created in the city, two of which were open 24 hours a day. Public buildings and public transportation buses were also utilized as warming centers. 500 extra beds were added to shelters to accommodate the influx of homeless (Freund, 2019). While entities exist to help with disaster and emergency response, at times they have fallen short. Organizations such as WHO, FEMA, and NOAA are reputable and relied upon whenever there is a need, but, sometimes that experience may not measure up to the reputation. In this case, these organizations create a “Lessons Learned” after every disaster, to see where there were inconsistencies, where there is room for improvement, and how responders can maintain a quick and effective response measure. NOAA has stood up an After Action Reporting/Lessons Learned Unit based on the response measures they have employed for COVID-19 (Office of Response and Restoration, 2020.). One of the largest Lessons Learned in disaster response was that of Hurricane Katrina. It marked the paradigm shift in emergency management, in that local and state officials had primary responsibilities during a disaster and only sought federal help when their resources were depleted or completely expended.

Another note was the federal government itself was expected to be more prepared than it was and to engage in a more proactive role in the initial stages. To do this goal, partnerships between private sectors, state and local governments, and non-government organizations (NGOs) needed to be enhanced to reduce existing weaknesses. A surprising Lesson was that the public itself was not working with FEMA recommendations. A survey was conducted and found that 25% of the population felt they would ignore an evacuation order. This presents an issue when emergency responders must leave an area. FEMA is reportedly made up of 14,000 employees expanded over 10 regions, many of which are only temporary employees, so holding the public accountable for themselves and others if they are able-bodied was another key point in the Lesson Learned (Office of Response and Restoration, 2020). FEMA is not the only entity that responds to disasters but they are the most notable. Because of the devastation brought on by Hurricane Katrina, FEMA took its Lessons Learned to Congress, where the organization was able to gain greater authority in its response efforts. The organization was able to stage resources in specific zones rather than wait for formal resource requests from governors. Using this same tactic for Hurricane Harvey, truckloads of water, food, and tents were positioned outside of the flooding zone, waiting to be transported into the recovery zone.

Supplies from FEMA and the Department of Defense arrived almost immediately after the storm ended, ready to use. FEMA also incorporated a pop-up hospital (Roberts, 2019).

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Discussion about Climate Change and how Humans being are Using Limited Resources of Planet Earth

Climate change is the biggest discussion taking place in all forms of media. The discussion includes the topic with the related questions of resource limitations and the manners by which humans being are using limited resources of planet Earth. Here we discuss some backgrounds of the climate change and we also here discuss some of its future risk, impacts and processes and the world wide efforts .That are made by different organizations and platforms to minimize these risks. Here we will discuss climate change, process, reasons and future impacts. We also discuss some of past observations of impacts and research conducted by different scientists and research about this topic. There are many scientists around the world that are continuously working on the impacts of climate change that may include extreme climate increase losses due to floods and storms, clean water shortage issue, food scarcity, rising sea levels, constraints on energy use and devaluation of assets etc. In this paper the introduction is followed by the impacts of climate change on different sectors of life and then there is literature review in which discussed the past work on the climate change and its impacts by different scientists and researchers and then in the end there is conclusion for the climate change and its impacts The discussion about how weather change over decades or longer.

Climate change may occur due to both natural or human influences, since industrial revolution (1750) human activities influences the climate change through the emission of GHGs and aerosols, through change in the use of land that results in rise of global temperatures .increase in temperature have different impacts such as increase in storms, floods, droughts and sea level rise and decline glaciers and sea ice. Earth gain energy through radiations emitted from sun .GHGs plays vital role in trapping excessive heat released by sun that is necessary for maintaining temperature on earth that is reliable for the sustain life on earth. This phenomenon is known as greenhouse effect and is natural and necessary for sustain life on planet earth. In recent centuries, by the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation human have contributed to increase in atmospheric GHGs and it is primary cause of global warming the main reason for increase in global warming is CO2. The use of CO2 through different activities increasing global warming there are also some other aspects increasing global warming such as energy from the sun, volcanic eruption and concentrations of GHGs and aerosols in the atmosphere. If climate changes keeps occurring as forecasted last few years it has following impact on human life. · Increased death risk and disability due to extreme weather event. · Extreme heat episodes have direct impact on human health. · Current illness in the areas with fragile health care system. · Under nutrition and mental illness cause by low food production due to unfavorable weather conditions. · Increase food insecurity and relocation resulting from climate extreme. Both physical impact of climate change and adaptations measures will have consequences on basically all sectors across the economy some of them are following. · Extreme weather events effects the insurance industry, causing greater damage to property casualty, and health. It makes difficulty for insurance system to provide coverage at reasonable cost due to loss. · Impact on human health causes stress to health care system. · Weather sensitive sectors are also affected such as agriculture, forest, fisheries, tourism, hydroelectricity, transportation, mining etc. · Productivity and economic development may affected or declined. · May effect the proper functioning of electricity grids or transport infrastructure. · This climate changes have impact including agricultural productivity, food , health and it will results a loss of above 5% GDP globally. Extreme heat episodes of weather are mainly reasonable for floods. Floods occurs more than half of the earth surface. Some regions due to less rainfall have less or nor flood condition. On the other hand drought are due to less rainfall and agricultural drought due to dry soil and excessive evaporation in some regions like in British Colombia several droughts put extra pressure on water supply system in dry regions. Renewable water supply is expected to decline in certain areas and expand in others due to fluctuations in stream flow. Clean water resource may also decrease due to warmer environment.

Such declined clean water resources will put competition for water among different sectors such as agriculture, ecosystems, settlement industry and energy production regional water, energy and food security. Rising sea levels will have negative impact on the regions near the coast such as flooding, erosion of coast and submergence of that low lying regions putting population at risk, infrastructure, vegetation and animal destruction. Low level regions like Bangladesh and Maldives are at risk of destruction in short term from these oceans level rising and floods. Around the world 15 of the 20 biggest urban regions in which 14 of Asia with 200 million people are living fewer than 30 miles from the ocean.

Based upon Reuters analysis about 1.4 million worth of real estate is on risk of US only. In past millions of years, climate changes occurs naturally at slow rates so it is easy and adaptable by ecosystem. However in 20th century climate changes occurs at extreme rate species extinction rate increased by 100 times than normal pace. Massive extinction is due to urbanization, increased population etc. the increase in average temperature is the main reason for migration of species from the place of severe condition towards favorable conditions. Obvious climate change directly affect the food production in different regions accordingly such as due to flood and drought destruction of major food crops, wheat, rice etc. forecasted ocean level rise threatened the major food producing areas such as Bangladesh and India. The risk due to climate change have caught attention worldwide. Many organizations and industry bodies are working or analyzing the risks due to these climatic changes. In the following section we will discuss some important work and efforts done by different bodies. In past few years CIA worked with other three organizations (AAA, THE CAS, and SOA) to provide the data about climate change issues.

This research is done by environment consulting firm in VICTORIA, BC. In 2012 this organization published a report that determining the impact of climate change on insurance risk and global community. The organization later releases to indices ACI and ACRI. ACI is the tool that is specially designed to help and inform the general public on changes in extreme weather conditions time to time. It shows the frequency of warm and cold temperature, high winds, extreme precipitation, and dry days. The other component is sea level that is key measure of the climate change. The International Social Security Association (ISSA) is also working and researching on climate change impacts. They worked for how climate change impact on social security programs. In September 2015 Budapest meeting, organization worked on investment returns and effect of environment changes on interest rates. In 1973 the General Association is established and they also worked for seeing the impact of climate change on different sectors. In (1896) Arrhenius is the first person to discuss and raise the issue of green house and anthropogenic carbon emission and its impact on the global community. Pals (1956 a) estimated the carbon dioxide concentration would increase 30% over 20th century and 1.1 C would increase in the global temperature.

Keeling (1973) estimated that emission of CO2 from use of fossil fuel rose from 93 million tone to 3726 million tone from year (1860 to 1869). Houghton (2003) estimated the emission of co2 through the change in land use from (1850 to 2000). Stern (2006) has projected that temperature would rise 2 to 3 C on earth due to continuously changing the climate. Toll (2005) concluded that due to extreme weather there will be increase in the global savings. Parry et al (2007) analyze that decline in water supply such as melting of glaciers and ice sheets due to high temperature would result in water scarcity if temperature exceeds from 1.5 to 2.5 C in coming time then 20 to 30 % plant and animal species would face the danger of extinction. Agrawal (2003) analyzed that by rising sea level and high temperature would result in cyclones intensity.

Cooper (2000) proposed that with climate change there is great effect on crop production system such as by increased rainfalls or by extreme hot conditions have direct effect on growing patterns of crops. AK ram (2012) suggested that extreme climate changes is dangerous for food security. The following paper shows us the climate change and its impact on human life and on planet earth. We can see there are many impacts of the climate change that is seriously effecting our environment, biodiversity, and health. If we still not take any serious action to control the human activities that are increasing climate changes, then the earth is going towards extinction. Furthermore, with the excessive deforestation we are harming our climate excessively. Climate change will also leads to human physiological problems such as mental disorder, stress, anxiety, and violence among different communities. So we have to protect our environment and inhibit those activities that are giving rise to environmental pollution and climate changes such as decrease use of CO2, stop deforestation, save energy, save water, less use of chemical, educate the others with its importance and necessity. Therefore let us love our home planet Earth and keep it safe as long as we can.

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Can Global Warming be Reversed

What is Global Warming? It’s a topic known all around the world but not many know what it really is. Global warming is the gradual increase of Earth’s temperature which is generally caused by the greenhouse effect and increased levels of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants. Before we as a society can start to look for the answer to reverse the effects global warming has brought upon Earth, we have to first notice that there is a problem happening around us. We need to recognize what global warming is, what has caused/causes these changes still, and how it affects us as a whole.

The planet is heating up all around us at a record rate. For years greenhouse gasses, gasses like carbon dioxide that absorb radiation, have been emitted into Earth’s atmosphere. Most greenhouse gasses are from man made activities like burning fossil fuels. When greenhouse gasses go into the atmosphere, they can have many harmful repercussions, one of the most harmful being the depletion of the ozone layer. The ozone layer is the layer above Earth’s atmosphere that absorbs dangerous ultraviolet radiation that comes from the sun. As the ozone layer becomes weaker, more ultraviolet radiation is allowed into the atmosphere which isn’t only harmful to the environment, but to humans too; ultraviolet rays can damage the eyes of humans and give them a higher chance of skin cancer.

When people think of global warming the first thing that usually comes to mind is the rising of temperature. The basic definition of global warming is the rising of the Earth’s atmospheric temperature, but that’s not the only thing changing. Throughout the years the sea levels have also been rising, but what causes these sea levels to rise? Many people may think sea levels rise because it rains a lot, and although that might add to the water a little, it isn’t enough to raise the level from 4 to 8 inches a year. When the world heats up, it causes the really cold and icy places to start to melt. When the glaciers of Antarctica start to melt, they melt straight into the water. Usually the melting of glaciers is normal, each year around the summer season when it usually gets warmer a little bit breaks off and goes into the water, but because of global warming this has now changed. You learn in science class properties of water, the different phases and how they move.

When water freezes it expands, and this also happens when water is heated. As Earth’s atmosphere starts to heat up so does the water within it, and when the water expands with no space to spread to, sea levels begin to rise, and they’ve been doing so much faster than normal, “the Global Mean Sea Level has risen by 4 to 8 inches. However, the annual rate of rise over the past 20 years has been 0.13 inches a year…” What this is tellinng us is that over the years that the sea level has been recorded, it has basically doubled its rising rate across the world. Higher sea levels means it becomes much easier for coastal cities and islands to become dangerously flooded when the weather gets bad.

The most well known causes of global warming are greenhouse gasses, specifically carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide gets emitted into the air by human activities like the release of fossil fuels or the burning of coal/oil, but that’s not the only harmful fuel, others like methane are also produced.There are many other factors that lead to global warming; one factor that not many people think about is farming, “Animals, livestock like sheep and cattle, produce methane, a greenhouse gas. When livestock grazed at a large scale, as in Australia, the amount of methane produced is a big contributor to global warming.” What this means is that farming leaves a huge carbon footprint. There are a countless number of chemicals in the fertilizers and pesticides used that can’t decompose in a natural way, so they end up back in the atmosphere breaking away the ozone layer, letting harmful rays in and heating up the Earth.

Society may be aware that Global Warming is going on, but they may also think it’s just something that doesn’t matter because it doesn’t affect their everyday life, or so they think. People may not be aware of the relationship between global warming and the storms happening all around the world, “Regions previously thought to be safe from floods are increasingly threatened by them”. Parts of the world that previously barely experienced storms or saw them on a much smaller scale are now being hit with severe storms that catch them off guard with little time to prepare. As the world heats up it is causes more rain and snowfall per year, increasing the national flood rate with almost each storm’s rainfall percentage rising.

Global warming is a worldwide problem. Earth’s atmospheric temperature is increasing and sea levels are rising at a record rate with no sign of slowing down anytime soon. When society starts to notice these changes and problems happening to the world around them, then an answer could be in the future, but the first step is acknowledging that there is an issue at hand.

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Climate Change is Affecting our Lives

We all noticed the “hurricane season” in 2018. In 2018, a total of 15 major storms and 8 hurricanes hit the earth. Two of those hurricanes did massive destruction; that’s like having a hurricane every month. Also, the California wildfires are still burning over a million acres of land. Data shows that the average temperature of the earth has been increasing every year. Even though global warming isn’t officially confirmed as an international problem, you can obserb that global warming is a real thing.

Global warming is real. Global warming is harming our planet and people all over the world. We know its a big problem but we’re failing to control it. Climate change is affecting our lives. Many people say that there isn’t climate change does not affect our daily lives. That’s a claim because, In 1996, North Korea was hit by a large number of floods that destroyed their crops. Many North Koreans were forced to eat leaves and grass. This is an example of how far climate can affect human health (Kingsnorth). Many diseases will spread.

We all have seen the massive number of mosquitos when you walk outside on a hot day. This was predicted back in the ’90s. In 1998, Hedley Centre predicted that the range of mosquitos was going to increase due to higher temperatures. In North America and Europe (Kingsnorth). If you say that the range of mosquitos won't matter just wait. In 1990 745,961 people died from malaria (data from chart Roser, Max, and Hannah Ritchie) than increased to 990,927peopple (data from chart Roser, Max, and Hannah Ritchie). Diseases like malaria could comeback in areas where it got extinguished (Rohrer). Malaria, schistosomiasis, dengue fever, river blindness, and yellow fever are all vector-borne diseases that could increase due to climate change. According, to a 1996 report from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Kingsnorth).

Most of our natural resources rely on climate. Global warming will make millions starve and dehydrate. Rohrer stated in an article that many will starve by 2080. If we don't do something, an extreme number of people will not have enough water to drink in a couple decades (Rohrer). Due to global warming, many resources like water and food are going to become limited. This could lead to war and chaos. Resources like food and clean water are going to become limited (GlobalChange.gov). Countries will fight for those resources (Knickerbocker). Also, the countries with weak governments will have the most consequences (Knickerbocker).

In conclusion global warming will make many deseases sread like wildfire, make us fight for many resources, and change our daily lives.

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A Lot of Industrialists and Politicians Oppose the Scientists who Want Help Avert Global Warming Disaster

The interested parties in these claims are industrialists and politicians. They are much interested in industrial development for economic prosperity. Their wish is to oppose the scientists who believe that most human activities cause global warming (Cook et al., 2016). These politicians will at times advocate for environmental conservation mechanisms and promote mushrooming of industries. That leads to the emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere and massive clearing of forest land for urbanization and infrastructural development.

For instance, in a congressional hearing, the US minister of energy one Rick Perry rubbished a statement by scientists on human beings contributing to global warming as indefensible claims. It shows how leaders do not want to acknowledge their hands in this disaster. Human beings’ activities have contributed more than natural factors to global warming. That fact that should not conflict with any sane person’s thoughts. Thus the environment is changing as humans continue to develop. It has led to an increase in many human populations and thus getting into the natural habitats like clearing forests and settling on riparian areas. Which destroy natural water resources thus the onset of dry spells. We must understand that as human beings our development should be a great round and not that one side's improvement destroys another side.

For example, human population increase should not be the cause for the invasion of forest lands. We should look for ways to irrigate arid and semi-arid areas and make them suitable for settlement (Cook et al., 2016). A more significant part of the earth is a sterile area while only a part of it is arable land. If we can, so, take the initiative, the massive destructions and future climates uncertainties would be the least of our worries. The damages are altering the lifespan of our precious planet, and if we fail to check on them before it is too late, lose it altogether even before we know it. In 2013 IPCC did an assessment report that stated that over half of the seen changes and growth in the temperature of the surface.

Human activities have a radiative forcing that alters the standard ecological system. The warming we get from greenhouse gases is a result of the offset by Sulphur dioxide with other fossil fuel combustion products that form the atmospheric aerosols. The aerosols cause the formation of reflective clouds which result in the cooling of the earth (Pachauri et al., 2014). There are changes in how the alteration of land use. For example, cutting down, trees lead to direct rays of the sun hitting on the ground which will increase the amount of sunlight. That gets back into the atmosphere Fallacies. Which have existed in the global warming discussions is that one, global climate has been changing over time since time immemorial. It explains that extreme weather conditions happening is a natural occurrence rather than the results of human activities.

The physical phenomena include volcanic events and the position of the earth on its axis. Where at times it is near or far from the sun (Schlesinger, & Bernhardt, 2013). Another fallacy says that carbon dioxide is too minimal to account for global warming and other factors like water vapor. Which accounts for much percentage of the atmosphere are the real cause of trapping the excess sun’s heat from escaping into outer space. There is also a fallacy that scientists and weather forecasts maintain the presence of climate change to continue getting funds for their good and to conduct research. Scientists have found facts supporting that human activities have contributed to global warming.

They have done so by tracking the presence of global warming players like carbon dioxide and other pollutants and comparing their quantity in today’s environment and that of the pre-industrial era. Scientists have tracked the volume of the ice masses in the Greenland and Arctic areas over the last 20 years. And their an increase in surface temperature has caused this. This period is when most world states began large-scale industrial development. In connection to that, they also agree that the annual mean Arctic sea-ice extent has reduced at the same time this is due to the melting of ice due to warmth. The sea level is also rising at a higher rate in this century compared to other centuries. It is according to their ‘Fifth Assessment Report of 2014’.

To assess the probability of human passivity as the primary lead to global warming, we need to come up with counter activities. And we will see whether we can reduce the rate of climate change. It includes controlled industrial developments and reducing their rate of growth by a certain percentage over a stipulated period (Schlesinger, & Bernhardt, 2013). It will help know the extension of pollutants like carbon dioxide concentration and the rate of sea rise. Controlled agricultural activities should also practice reducing damage caused by deforestation. In conclusion, human activities have caused global warming, and the answer to solve this menace can also come from us. We can solve this by completely altering our lifestyles and changing for the better. Reclamation of destroyed forest covers should be a significant step and also controlled development together with conservation measures on our environment can help avert this disaster.

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Importance of Self-Management in the Treatment of Autism in Children

Abstract this research intends to provide information on Self-Management (SM) since today is a well-known concept in the world of psychology but is not understood by most people in the outside world. The goal is to instruct the person about the SM and thus awaken an interest so that in case it considers entering a program it already has information that helps to determine if is making the right decision. First, a scientific study will be carried out that will approach the most important concepts. After that, there are 3 points related to today's world and issues. The points are related to Communitarian Psychology, Emotional Intelligence, and also the importance of Self-Management in the treatment of autism, in children.

I hope that this humble work will serve as information for those non-experts who need to go a little further into the field to gain information that helps clarify doubts about such an important treatment that offers many types of aid at a psychological level. Introduction Many people today need a lot of Self-Management to be able to lead a quiet and peaceful life. Most do not know that with a simple treatment they can solve a problem at work, family, or emotional, or want to cut a vice that is costing money like alcohol and cigarettes. In psychology, there is an easy but intensive and dedicated way to achieve all these goals to control whatever behavior that is provoking life to be difficult and unpleasant.

Self-Management is your ability to use awareness of your emotions to stay flexible and direct your behavior. According to Raymond G. Miltenberger, Self-Management means when a person uses behavior modification procedures to change his or her behavior. If a human being feels the need to change something in their behavior and prefers to do it on their own, they would be carrying out self-management. For example: if a customer service worker realizes that the work is stressful and that is causing problems when working with clients, definitely the worker needs to enter a treatment in which he manages to change the behavior that is affecting his performance. In this particular case, this person is introduced to a treatment against stress based on self-management where he manages to control stress and so performs as a good customer and does not lose the job because of a discussion. For a problem of suggestion to occur, the affected person has to present a deficit in behavior, this means that the person can not achieve the establishment of the desired behavior that will have a positive effect on their life.

Sometimes the desired behavior is not reinforced at the moment as it may take a little time to achieve it. For this reason, the desired behavior is not achieved because it is not reinforced at the moment. Most of the time the desired effect that is achieved through the behavior change is not achieved since it is part of the future. This causes the person can leave the self-management treatment since it is not immediately stimulated. In this case, what self-management would be responsible for is decreasing the level of behavioral deficit so that the person achieves a positive outcome. Problems such as overeating, smoking, alcohol use are excesses of unwanted behavior because they will have a negative impact.

But, these tendencies are adopted by the human being because they present immediate satisfaction since at the moment of the behavior there is no other positive motivation available in the eyes of the person. One of the goals of self-management is to achieve that the person overcomes the influences of these types of immediate stimulators. This in psychology is called temporary discounting. In the studies of temporary discounting the psychologists have proposed to the patients that instead of controlling behavior with the immediate stimulators they do it with another reinforcer longer and with a better and greater effect. Self-management occurs when the person commits to adopt a behavior to change or change another behavior. Self-Management presents two types of behaviors: the controlling behavior and the controlled behavior.

The controlling behavior is the one that refers to the implementation of the self-management treatment. The controlled behavior is the behavior targeted for change, which antecedents and consequences need to be controlled and eliminated. There are some usual behaviors: exercise, studying a new skill that is wanted to be learned, smoking, overeating, etc. In Self-Management programs after a behavior is targeted, the next step to take is to determine what kind of behavior procedures are possible to try to manipulate the controlled behavior. We can find some examples of Self-Management tips that help to control the targeted behavior: -writing a shopping list -self-monitoring, observing and monitoring own behavior -public posting -increasing response effort for targeted behavior -restricting access to stimuli associated with problematic behavior -goal setting -presentation of aversive behavior -recruit a friend -check, test, and change programs as necessary -change environmental contingencies -specify a goal and define target behavior Goal Setting and Self Monitoring To manipulate the development of a targeted behavior it is necessary to establish a personal goal and such goals must be achievable. When this is achieved, success in controlling the targeted behavior is more possible.

This procedure represents great importance in the field of self-management since it can be used as a criterion in an intensive plan of stimulation that promises the effectiveness of a given treatment. Goal setting and self-monitoring are a combo as they always go together in a self-management treatment that is respected. Thanks to self-monitoring we can record in detail the targeted behavior and that allows us to check the progress of the treatment and the occurrence of the targeted behavior. Self-Monitoring is reactive which makes targeted behavior controlled without problems. Principles of Goal Setting -measurable and specific goals -short-term and long-term -print your goal on a paper -specify the outcome, the process, and the performance goals -establish and practice the goals -develop a plan to achieve the main goal Antecedent Manipulation

This is a strategy used in self-management programs to influence overt behaviors. We first manipulate and change the environment before the occurrence of the targeted behavior so we can influence the occurrence. Behavioral Contracting Behavioral Contracting is writing down the process of the targeted behavior and making a plan to make contingencies that influences the targeted behavior. Social Support This is based on the social intervention of a person in a Self-Management Program. This person can manipulate the targeted behavior. The influence of a person in treatment is of the utmost importance because the success of the treatment depends on that person and in this way the development of the contingencies is guaranteed and stable. Self Instructions and Self-Praise play a very important part in Self-Management.

The person may be able to influence self-directed in their behavior through self-talking exercises. This ensures that the person can discover, control or drop the targeted behavior when necessary. To control the targeted behavior these two behaviors themselves: self-instruction and self-praise need to be learned before the occurrences get worse. According to Raymond G. Miltenberger, most Self-Management treatments consist of a specific number of steps: -Decide to engage in self-management. -Define the targeted behavior. -Set goals. -Self-Monitor. -Conduct a functional assessment. -Choose appropriate Self-Management strategies. -Check change. -Reevaluate Self-Management strategies if necessary. -Put in place maintenance strategies. Self-Management and Community Psychology Currently the word self-management deals with business, education, and especially in the programs and projects related to psychological therapies which consist of social intervention. If we go back to the birth we find that it comes from the libertarian idea developed in Europe after the socio-political process as the commune of Paris and the Spanish Revolution.

When we talk about self-management, the first thing we interpret is that the person himself contributes and organizes himself for its effect. Nowadays the word self-management is very named but little deepened. After several searches for information on this term, you can see that has a lot to do with community psychology. It sounds very promising what self-management at the community level can bring. It is necessary to be thankful that nowadays there are diverse practices that commit people to this, allowing them to know the world that exists within them. The action of making this reality also entails negative repercussions giving way to tensions and problems that are affecting the viability of these interruptions in the treatment, discontinuities in the program, and internal discrepancies.

Due to this, it is necessary to give a more robust treatment to the development, constitution, and projection. Due to the great use that is given to self-management in community psychology, it can also include talking about self-management as a social change. Social self-management is a new alternative concept of community work where the particular method allows the inclusion and participation of social actors generating articulation from the encounter, coordination, goals, and advances, leaving behind the idea that a group must have a director that can work. Then we can say that we are facing a new method around the community that is very differentiated from that institutional and discreet social psychology from its ideological position as well as from its objectiveness at all costs. Of course, this will depend on those same alternative spaces for the establishment of their development, consistency, dissemination as well as their coherence and legitimacy.

Emotional Intelligent and its importance to the Self-Management campus. Emotional Intelligence is a flexible set of skills that can be acquired and improved with practice but some people are more intelligent than others, others can develop high emotional intelligence even if they are not born with it. Self-management is the second most important key that is part of the development of emotional intelligence. It is recognized because it explains how to control your emotions, your impulses, and your abilities. Five elements define self-management: - Adaptability: is defined as flexibility in the response to change. - Trustworthiness and Conscientiousness: These two characteristics do not mean the same thing but both mean behaving well to personal values and ethical codes. - Innovation: It is never wrong to open your mind to new ideas, treatments, plans, etc.

This develops the personal ability to solve problems. Sometimes the risk that is taken when adopting a new idea is the solution to a certain problem. - Self-control is not hiding emotions but recognizing and controlling them. For example: when you have a problem, you are advised to remain relaxed and calm, given that you can react in an unwanted way and make incorrect decisions in a hurry. According to Travis Brabberty, emotional intelligence is something in each of us that is a big intangible. It affects how we manage behavior, navigates social competencies, and make personal decisions that achieve positive results. Emotional intelligence is created by four skills that lend special importance. Such characteristics are summarized in two parts: Personal Competence: related to the skills of Self-Management and Self-Awareness.

Personal competence is the ability to manage your behavior and control your emotions. Social Competence: related to social awareness and the ability to interact with society. It represents the ability to recognize and understand the behavior, humor, motives of other people to improve interpersonal relationships. Self-Management and its importance in Autism Disorder Treatments. There is a very important challenge about Self-Management and its influence on autism treatments, and the point is that we must analyze how SM helps the treatment and regulation of the behavior of autistic people. Karen Pierce and Laura Schreibman researched to see the effectiveness of SM to teach skills to autistic children. The results showed that children with autism could use photos to manage their behavior when their nurse was not present.

They were also able to generalize their behavior throughout their activities. This research showed that compared with the baseline the children showed a decrease in stereotypic behaviors. Children with autism usually do not respond to verbal references when interacting with people, which can lead to severe disruptive behavior. Some results show that Self-Management offers techniques that help children with autism. These children, who have a large deficit in social skills, have demonstrated that they can achieve self-control when they perform social development within a community without the need to have their nurse help. Conclusion Benefits of Self-Management: -Ability to covert behavior. Ability to observe most or all instances of behavior. -Generalization and maintenance are more likely. -Ability to apply Self-Management skills to other behaviors. Positive characteristics of self-management: people are happy when they have control over their own lives. - It is better to give the benefit of the decision to oneself and not depend and or wait for the opinion and decisions of another person. -When responsibility is given to people, most of the time if they are good people there is a huge percentage of security that person will flourish and improve.

Self-Management tips to take into account to lead a better life, and pursue the effectiveness of a given treatment: - Track and apply your values. - Express yourself and reflect your opinion in front of people. That brings security. -Honor your words and keep your promises so that people learn to believe in you, and you also in yourself. -If you demand more responsibility from the people around you, you have to offer the same responsibilities as you do. -If you don’t want to be honest or are not willing, to be honest with people do not wait for them to be with you. Create good habits and drop bad ones. -Pay attention to reading. Study and learn from conversations with people. Most of the time you can get the teaching them. There is nothing more important than the love and the care that you can give to yourself.

Self-Management is only about that but a studied series of treatments in psychology that helps the development of decreasing unpleasant behavior. Today a lot of people suffer from anxiety, depression, and stress. Self-Management plays an important part in this case because it offers a lot of ways to drop any of those disorders and/or drop any behavior that increases the performance of any of these issues. In my point of view, people should be strong enough to overcome issues in their life and Self-Management provides the possibilities to achieve these goals.

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An Infographic that is Based on Autism Spectrum Disorder

For my Capstone Project, I created an infographic that is based on Autism Spectrum Disorder, which is also known as ASD. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a development disorder that affects communication and behavior. Even though it can be diagnosed at any age, it is considered a development disorder because the symptoms appear in the first 2 years after birth. About 1 in 59 children has been identified by Autism Spectrum Disorder and is 4.5 times more common in males than females.

The two major domains of symptoms of this based, developmental condition are impaired social communication and interaction, and restricted repetitive behavior, interest, and/ or activities. The reason it is known as a spectrum disorder is because there is a wide variation in the type and severity of symptoms people experience. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that all children be screened for ASD.

I picked Autism Spectrum Disorder as my topic due to personal reasons. I have family members who have this condition. Not only do I have two little cousins who continue to have stuttering problems, I also have two aunts in Mexico who have autism. They both were diagnosed with autism as infants according to my dad. I did not find out until I was eight years old when I went to Mexico for the first time. As a child, I noticed how people from the village treated her including some of my own family members. As I got older, I came to the realization that people treated them like that because they had autism. People treated my aunts sometimes calling them slow, dumb, or incompetent.

I hated this so much because I would see this on a daily basis when I was in Mexico. I could also tell that my aunts were suffering from this torture. I always said that this condition could happen to anyone and that is why we should treat everybody . Despite their condition, I still gave my respect to my aunts. As of now, my aunt Lupe is 30 and my aunt Carmen is 31 years old. Since then, I wanted to learn more about ASD.

Another reasons I chose this topic is because I did not know anything about autism. It never occurred to me. It blew my mind that I have family members who have autism yet I did not know one thing about it. Regardless of my aunts being in Mexico, my parent never explained to me what autism is and never taught me how to encounter people who have autism. As somebody who is majoring in community health, this topic intrigued me even more.

My target audience for my infographic is American parents parents who have children that are autistic or are new to this since the ASD facts are based in the U.S. I chose them because parents, in general, are going to be the most concerned about their children. They will love to guide their children and show care for them. They are willing to do everything they can for their child to have a better life.

Another reason I chose parents is because the child will live in their home. Nobody knows their child more than their mom and dad. A doctor/ counselor cannot match the love of a parent. Parents are going to be with their child almost 24/7 and will know exactly what to do with their child when any problems occur. In this case, they will have a bond that is greater than others.

My infographic is a parent’s guide for anybody who had a baby or is planning to have children. This infographic gives information to parents who believe their child might have ASD or are taking precautionary measures in case it does occur in the future. I broke it down into 4 parts: risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. these are the steps you need to see to determine if your child has ASD. This infographic will help parents know whether or not they need to take actions immediately regarding their child.

Overall, my goal for this project was to increase awareness of ASD so parents can seek professional guidance early in their child’s life.

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An Infographic That is Based on Autism Spectrum Disorder. (2022, Mar 29). Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
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The Effectiveness of Aba Therapy Within Children with Autism, Helpful or Harmful

Behavior therapy began in the 1960s. Several studies have shown it to be effective. But controversy surrounds ABA, some feel it causes lasting emotional harm because it forces an individual to perform pointless and uncomfortable tasks in order train them to look less autistic (Delisle, 2018). ABA literature says its ultimate goal is to make individuals diagnosed with autism appear like their peers. Trying to appear neurotypical is a term known as masking or camouflaging.

Continued research has shown it can lead to stress, exhaustion, and depression. “The outward appearance of improvement comes with emotional harm and increased anxiety” (Delisle, 2018). ABA uses strategies intended to decrease problem behaviors and increase desired behaviors by close observation, data collection, and analysis. Triggers and reinforcements are also noted. The data is analyzed and the desired behaviors are broken down into smaller, more achievable, tasks using positive reinforcement. Prompts and rewards are faded out until the behavior becomes natural to the individual. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) works towards changing behaviors by using positive reinforcement and discouraging negative behaviors. It is an evidence-based approach incorporating the science of learning and behavior. ABA teaches new skills and applies them to new situations. ABA also incorporates pivotal response training, discrete trial teaching, early start Denver model, and Lovaas model.

Pivotal response training (PRT) is also incorporated into ABA sessions. PRT is a form of practical ABA, increasing a child’s motivation to learn, check their own behavior, start, and sustain communication with others. PRT works to generalize skills across different settings, circumstances, and environments. Discrete trial teaching (DTT) is when the material being taught is broken down into smaller steps using prompts and rewards for each accomplished step.

Over time the prompts and rewards are faded out for the individual to complete the task without any help or prompts. The Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) is a comprehensive program used with younger children diagnosed with ASD. Emphasis is placed on having fun within a developmental framework. Parent involvement is key to the success of the intervention. The Lovaas Model is a structured technique of early intervention used with children under the age of twelve. It utilizes child-specific reinforcers to increase and reward success. The use of language and imitation are crucial in this teaching model, along with parental involvement (Rogers & Vismara, 2008). ABA is an evolving field, it has gone through many changes and many more to come in the future as it continues to evolve.

When it first began, ABA was structured and adult-directed, held in a clinical setting. In the 70s, painful or demeaning punishments (such as slapping, yelling, and electric shock) were used. Which unethical practices. Modern sessions are child-led and take place in more natural environments, such as the home or out in public, using positive reinforcement and tangible rewards. Some caregivers believe that training individuals to appear neurotypical is an illusion. That ABA will turn their child into a ‘robot,’ repeating acceptable phrases on command because they will blend in with peers . “There is a vast amount of clinical evidence that ABA is effective in helping small children learn new skills and can intervene with behaviors or characteristics that may interfere with progress.” Other types of behavioral therapy may be more appropriate for individuals requiring less support (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). There are different levels of severity, interventions should meet each child’s needs . Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and effective intervention will result in the best possible prognosis for a child.

All children with ASD can enjoy early intervention (EI). An effective program that focuses on developing communication, social and cognitive skills is most beneficial. Modern treatments include applied behavioral analysis, occupational therapy, speech therapy, physical therapy, and/or pharmacological therapy. Treatment works to cut the impact of deficits, maximize independence, and improve quality of life. ABA is based on behaviorism theories. Some argue that it ignores the immune, nervous system, detoxification, dysbiosis, and stress/trauma health issues that autism. This can create the challenges of autism behaviors. If edible tangible rewards are used with a child and they have food allergies, sensitivities, or gut issues, a negative reaction may affect that child’s mental, emotional, and physical function as a result of the ‘therapy.” Caregivers are increasing problem behaviors.

Attention seeking behaviors should not be met with attention. When a child is seeking attention there is no difference, negative or positive, to how it is obtained or the consequences that may follow. Allowing children to ‘escape’ from an activity is also giving into what they have sought to achieve. There are hundreds of evidence-based alternative treatments for autism. These treatments can include: osteopathy, craniosacral therapy, yoga, tai chi, occupational therapy, acupuncture, homeopathy, naturopathy, herbalism, oral supplementation, hydrotherapy, lifestyle modification, music therapy, exercise, aquatic therapy, hippotherapy, sunlight, meditation, and the list could continue further. But, “the quality of relationships in our lives is up to four times as restorative of health and up to four times as preventive of further illness. If an ABA therapist leaves a smile on a child’s face and that child looks forward to the interactions, ABA is a lot better than nothing at all” (Quora, n.d.). Social skills consist of training students, alongside their peers, in initiating, responding, interacting, greeting others, conversing, giving or accepting compliments, and sustaining relationships.

Other skills that would be improved are sharing, taking turns, asking for help, helping others, and including others in activities (Kamps, Leonard, Vernon, Dugan, Delquadri, Gershon, Wade, & Folk, 1992). ‘Teachers, and society, in general, are conditioned to view behavior psychodynamic, developmental, and physiological explanations. The lack of acceptance of procedures emerging from the principles of ABA can set up barriers to successful consultation, especially when the consultant is trained (Skinner & Hales, 2010). “Applied behavior analysis is the most used therapy for autism, but some people say the drills and routines are cruel, with misguided aims” (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). It focuses on changing the behaviors of an individual with autism. It attempts to make their behaviors and communication appear less autistic as if there is a ‘normal’ way to behave and act in any given situation. Caregivers believe ABA forces children to hide their true selves to fit into what society deems as appropriate. In 2018, the journal Advances in Autism published a study that found half of children and adults that participated in ABA had post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and were eighty-six percent more likely to experience it than their peers that did not.

There are very few research studies conducted comparing outcomes of behavioral treatment comparing low and high functioning individuals with autism. Few studies compare the efficacy of different types of ABA with any other groups of children (Rudy, 2018). The ultimate goal of any therapy should be to build independence and quality of life for the individual, not force conformity. ABA can be a good thing if it’s used for good and not evil (Delisle, 2018). Regardless of what skills ABA seeks to teach, some believe it is fundamentally flawed and problematic. Some have even called ABA ‘the ultimate segregation,’ because it deprives children of their childhood with all the intensive and consistent sessions of therapy. Whether ABA is helpful or harmful has become a highly controversial topic. The largest misconception with ABA is dated information and assumptions of what the therapy attempts to accomplish.

Many see ABA as trying to normalize a child diagnosed with autism. Is applied behavior analysis the most beneficial and effective intervention for children with autism? The research will compare the effects of ABA therapy to alternative intervention strategies. Theory of mind (ToM) refers to our ability, or rather the inability, to infer what others are feeling or thinking. ‘The ability to form a theory of mind about other people is an important part of what makes humans social creatures, able to function in a shared culture’ (n.d., 2018). Using personal experience, we effectively puzzle together what someone else may be thinking or feeling. We place ourselves in their position and formulated how they may be perceiving the given situation. We attempt to process what we already know and make a hypothesis about their experience. Many disorders prevent individuals from putting themselves in someone else’s shoes. This also affects their ability to feel empathy or communicate effectively when feelings, facial expressions, or body language are involved. ‘Although most of us take for granted the idea that other people have the same general mental equipment and the same ability to perceive, reason, and feel just as we do, philosophers as far back as Descartes realized that the process was not really a simple one’ (n.d., 2018). Some scientists have even theorized that language evolved from the theory of mind. The use of applied behavior analysis (ABA) is becoming a more common form of intervention. ABA is used to train and build skills, including verbal skills, through behavioral reinforcement. This could very well mean, the theory of mind can also be trained in individuals. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is the study of human behavior while striving to achieve a socially valid change in an individual’s quality of life.

Behavior and learning are continuously measured. Consistent measurement of program effectiveness for the student allows programs and goals to be adjusted accordingly. ABA curriculum is scientifically proven effective and yielded successful outcomes related to the area of focus. In order for a child to reach a maximum level of success, modifications and individualizations can be implemented. Classrooms are the perfect environment to elicit motivation to learn from multiple opportunities in their natural environment amongst neuro-typical peers. However, it is also beneficial to conduct sessions in other natural environments such as in the home and out in public. Spiraling is a term used to describe newly introduced material, along with mastering targets, to ensure everything taught is generalizing.

Mastered targets are the concepts children have learned and can complete naturally and independently. ABA places a large emphasis on functional responses, reinforcement, and shaping corrections in the future (Greer, Keohane, & Healy, 2002). According to Keller (2013), “ABA-based strategies are used to either increase skills and prevent or decrease maladaptive responses. There is more to the science of ABA, it can be used as a teaching tool or to maintain and generalize skills already learned” (Keller, 2013). Establishing a positive client-therapist relationship is called pairing. Children will be less resistant to complete work if a strong relationship has been built and the therapist has expressed interest in the individual child. Prompts and differential reinforcement are also beneficial to children diagnosed with autism. The process behind shaping skills using differential reinforcement entails reinforcing one set of behaviors and withholding reinforcement for another.

The implementation of gathering data on behaviors and performance allows graphs to be analyzed for patterns and trends. “Data will ensure that effective strategies remain in place and that ineffective practices are discontinued” (Keller, 2013). ABA is recognized as one of the most effective means of reducing developmental delays and problems. “This is the best way of creating an inclusive, whole-child educational setting, and it has the potential to alleviate the constraints and scarcity of resource availability in providing ABA and learning opportunities to all children’ (Vanover, 2016). Applied behavior analysis aids in the acquisition of academic skills and other socially relevant applications. ABA can be used for environment or sustainability issues, behavior management, and speech delays. “Applied behavior analysis is synonymous with discrete trial training (DTT). DTT is a procedure based on the fundamental principles of ABA” (Dib & Sturmey, 2007). In the world of ABA, the behavior is considered any observable and measurable act which is inclusive of social behaviors. ABA programs are comprised of multiple assessment and intervention methods used individually and dynamically to achieve the best results (Steele, Mace, Perry, & Longenecker, 2006). ABA was first introduced in clinical settings. Home- and clinic-based, one on one, intensive ABA programs became popular for young children with autism in the nineties.

Today many professionals and researchers agree that ABA is best implemented in natural environments to include home, school, and community contexts (Leach, 2017). Skills are taught to children individually or in a group setting. Then it is approached in the natural environment to ensure the skill has generalized. ABA works on molding, forming, and/or decreasing socially acceptable behaviors. All children, neuro-typical and those with disabilities, can benefit from behavioral training. ABA is effective in many different environments. It is effective in the home, school, public, and in other natural environments. ‘ABA has the best-documented outcome data supporting their approach as compared with other methods’ (Jacobson, 2000). Behavioral therapy improves language, reduces anxiety, and aggression. It can also improve cognitive abilities, adaptive behaviors, and social skills. ABA would be beneficial for all children as they develop and navigate childhood. ABA has been repeatedly shown to encourage educational gains and reduce challenging behaviors (Grey, Honan, & McClean, 2005). Children’s behaviors can affect their academic performance and vice versa. Therefore, any positive effect on both areas would be beneficial for all involved. Many childhood deficits can be shaped into more desirable behaviors if children are provided the resources in a positive manner.

Through five decades of research, applied behavior analysis-based intervention has been proven effective (Myers & Johnson, 2007). Applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy is strongly supported by decades of research and application as a well-established treatment method (McHenry, 2010). Focus is placed on what people do rather than what they say. Physical responses, body language, and facial expressions are important aspects of effective communication. They are also important for reciprocating others thoughts and feelings (Cooper, 1982). Social skill groups train children to initiate, respond, and sustain interactions and relationships. Greeting others, conversing on relevant topics, giving compliments, accepting praise, taking turns or sharing, asking for help, helping others in need, inclusions, and understanding empathetic situations are all behaviors we as a society can improve upon (Kamps, Leonard, Vernon, Dugan, Delquadri, Gershon, Wade, & Folk, 1992). There is a vast amount of research that has been done on ABA, but few studies meet the gold standard of a randomized trial. In fact, the first randomized trial of any version of ABA, after Lovaas’ 1987 paper, wasn’t published until 2010. Most of his results were ‘preliminary but promising.’ There was little evidence to assess other behavioral therapies and information was lacking on what factors might influence the effectiveness and whether or not they would generalize (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). “The relevance of behavioral theory and philosophy to the practice of applied behavior analysis is not always immediately apparent, perhaps especially for those with less exposure to the philosophical and theoretical foundation of applied behavior analysis” (Fryling, 2015). Theory of mind (ToM) requires joint attention, to follows another’s eyes and interest in order to experience the same stimuli. Verbal communication confirms and reinforces the correct stimuli is being shared. It requires imitation, a vast repertoire, and practice.

Experiences to promote growth can ultimately lead to deeper connections with the natural environment (Spradlin, & Brady, 2008). Applied behavior analysis (ABA) itself is the experimental analysis of behavior. A baseline condition is established first. A treatment or intervention for change is introduced. After treatment is removed, generalization into the natural environment is tested. Individual interviews would be conducted using audio and visual recording, after receiving consent. Questionnaire forms created specifically for parents, teachers, and other professionals to record the subject’s behaviors would be used.

Other data would be collected via frequency/event and rate recordings. ABC (antecedent, behavior, consequence) data will be the most crucial to this experiment to compare the changes in behavior. Frequency/event and rate recordings track the number of times a behavior or response occurs. When the recording rate, the number of times is recorded for each individual time frame. ABC data takes data, or information, on the antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of the behavior. This allows caregivers to understand the function of behavior (Gilmore, 2017). ABA strives to strengthen desired behaviors and/or decrease undesired maladaptive behaviors based on observations of the individual. Behavioral interventions can significantly facilitate the acquisition of language, social, and other skills (AACAP, 1999). ABA uses behavioral principles to modify behavior, it is a precise and systematic method. Applied behavior analysis is widely used and funded, but some people say it causes lasting trauma.

Most states cover autism intervention and, because of its reputation, this includes ABA therapy. Parents who want to pursue outside resources for their child must fund it themselves (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). The comparison of two independent observations of a single event can convey different circumstances and behaviors. This can lessen the credibility of the observers.

Two observers can report similar observations about the same behavior, but this does not provide any guarantee that either report is truly accurate to what happened before, during, and/or after the behavior. In most child cases, a primary caregiver would be most sufficient to introduce target behaviors. However, when recording data and tracking progress, this may lead to the most bias results. Indirectly descriptive and inferential methods would be used for observations. Descriptive observations are a fancy way of saying, all observations written in a detailed manner.

Inferential observations allow the observer to write inferred observations in reference to the subject’s body language and behavior. As long as this is done in an educated manner, it can be very useful and effective for the research results. Direct observations could also be conducted, collecting data using a scatter plot tool. A scatter plot can help identify patterns in the number of times behaviors occur. If results have corresponding antecedents with their behaviors, the consequence that is reinforcing the behavior may be identified and then modified in future situations. If the longevity of behavior is the concern, a duration measure may be used. ‘The scatter plot may give information about when a behavior occurs and a duration measure will tell how long a behavior tends to last’ (Webster, 2017). Another helpful tool would be focus groups and case studies. The focus group would gather information and opinions from both perspectives. Case studies are an excellent additional tool to tie the observations and questionnaires together. Case studies allow for research to take on a more “real” aspect, by giving actual examples of individuals that the research has affected.

Past and present documents or records would also be collected to contribute to the final results. This is an inexpensive way to gather further information about participants. However, it may include incomplete data sources or bias material. “Assessing accuracy and reliability contributes to the quality of evidence presented through research” (Cooper et al., 2007). The quality of measurements directly relates to the ability of researchers making credible claims regarding the efficacy of treatment (McDermott, 1988). Many researchers already collect data in ways that facilitate both reliability and accuracy by conducting universal procedures, improving the quality of data within the field. Observers’ must also ensure they have operationalized the behaviors, so all observers know the specific behaviors they’re attempting to observe.

This allows for inter-observer reliability. Behavior therapists encounter complex challenges that require both an accurate interpretation of guidelines and a fair amount of independent judgment for the current situation. They have to make quick decisions that are not always black and white. Community standards, laws, prevailing philosophies, and individual freedoms determine ethical procedures in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts frequently deal with behaviors quite severe and complex (Bailey and Burch, 2011). They must abide not only by a universal code of ethics but also by individual family ethics since they usually work within the client’s home. Ethics help the behavior analyst determine what is the morally correct course of action.

Because cultures and rules change over time, they must be self-regulating to stay relevant to changing norms. Behavior analysts must maintain certifications through not only formal training, supervision, and mentored professional practice, but also through continuing education and staying current on new research. Behavior analysts must obtain informed consent prior to providing treatment. To obtain informed consent, the behavior analyst must ensure that the client, or guardian, has the ability to make decisions, provide voluntary consent, and understands the treatment for which consent is being given.

Before providing treatment, they must be confident that the natural environment will support adequate delivery of treatment. Behavior analysts must maintain the confidentiality of every client, protect the dignity of clients by ensuring they make choices, have privacy, a therapeutic environment, and the right to refuse treatment. Throughout treatment, the behavior analyst must be mindful to conflicts of interest. They must be vigilant against developing relationships with clients that extend past professional boundaries (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2013). They must attempt to avoid negative client reactions without affecting the progress of treatment. In order to avoid litigation, every behavior analyst needs to act at the height of ethics codes presented to them. There are a number of checks and balances in place for most therapists to ensure the code of ethics is being followed.

Therapists often work for companies that have a system in place to assess the services being provided by the therapist. They might observe a session with a client, talk to those receiving treatment, or monitor overall results in order to ensure that ethical practices are being followed. Employee training occurs prior to seeing clients and is an ongoing process. Certain parts of ethics will never change, but there are items that shift from time to time. The ongoing training helps keep all therapists current.

Therapists can also take reasonable steps in order to see that they are performing in a responsible, competent, ethical manner with every child. There may be a middle ground between the critics and supporters. More focus on teaching rather than normalizing or suppressing behaviors to help them communicate with others could be further researched. The emphasis should be placed on learning to function without changing themselves. This is where people get the past and present confused. ABA started with one goal in mind, fitting a child into a box, a metaphorical envision of a socially acceptable being, taking any measure to accomplish this goal.

But today, ABA focuses on guiding children to behave and alter certain behaviors to appear neuro-typical, while still accommodating their needs. Sensory issues or stimming may be altered from a socially unacceptable, and possibly unhygienic, behavior to a less noticeable and more viable option. In the end, there is no easy, cut and dry answer to this discussion. Parents do the best they can, they want the best for their child, and they will continue to advocate until that happens. The truth of the matter still remains that, disorders and deficits are exhibited differently in each individual and their treatment should be tailored to their individual needs. ABA is effective for many, perhaps most, individuals diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. However, there are also individuals that participated in the behavioral therapy with only negative results.

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The Effectiveness of Aba Therapy within Children with Autism, Helpful or Harmful. (2022, Mar 29). Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/03/

Relations Autism Spectrum Disorder to Genetic or Prenatal Environmental Causes

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that effects communication and behavior. It is referred to as a spectrum, due to its wide variety of type and severity of symptoms. Prior to the DSM-V, developmental disorders that now fall into the current spectrum diagnosis were: Asperger’s, Autism, and Pervasive Development Disorder. Statistically, it is now calculated that 1 in 59 children fall within the Autistic Spectrum by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control). Research has found that there is a strong genetic link with ASD. Our Classroom text supports this finding, stating that researchers agree that autism stems from abnormal brain functioning, usually due to genetic or prenatal environmental causes. (Berk, L. E. (2018). Exploring lifespan development) There is something that is a combination of genetic and prenatal environment that has been linked to causing birth defects such as Neural Tube Defects, Spina Bifida, and anencephaly (all of which impact the formation of the brain and or spinal column) and that is a folate deficiency caused by MTHFR polymorphism, a gene mutation. MTHFR stands for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. MTHFR plays a key role in processing amino acids, enzymes that are the building blocks of protein. Although, Folate deficiency can occur during pregnancy by lack of appropriate nutrition or vitamin intake, MTHFR Polymorphism is unique in the fact that the gene mutation effects the way your body metabolizes folate from its food.

Folate is known as Vitamin B9, which is essential for human grown and development. B9 is needed for heathy nervous, digestive, and immune systems. MTHFR may lead to high levels of homocysteine, an amino acid attributed as a risk factor for heart disease, low levels of folate and other vitamins. Among those “Other Vitamins” are B6 and B12. B6 (Pyridoxine) is important for brain development, the nervous system, and immune system. B12 (cobalamin) is needed for red blood cell formation, cell metabolism, nerve function, and DNA. All these vitamins also play key roles in the Methylation Cycle. There are plenty of studies about the necessities of folate during pregnancy, but it often isn’t connected directly to MTHFR. Many websites and notable resources note that there are genetic factors that attribute to low folate levels and even in some cases mentions polymorphism, but it doesn’t specifically state exactly which polymorphism. The Study by Anne Molly et al. goes into more detail on the importance of the roles Vitamins B12,B6, and B9 play: The metabolism of folic acid and vitamin B12 is closely intertwined. A deficiency of one of these vitamins alters the metabolism of the other. Low plasma vitamin B12 concentrations and low intakes of the vitamin are additional risk factors for NTD and homocysteinemia. Molloy, A. M., Kirke, P. N., Brody, L. C., Scott, J. M., & Mills, J. L. (2008) Hyperhomocysteinemia is seen commonly in individuals with deficiencies of folate, Vitamin B 12, or Vitamin B6, due to low intake and/or poor absorption of these vitamins from food, infections such as Helicobacter pylori and bacterial overgrowth, and/or genetic tendency towards these deficiencies.

Recently associations have been observed between abnormally high plasma homocysteine concentrations and abnormal pregnancy outcomes. A Retrospective study in the Netherlands reported that women in the highest quartile of plasma homocysteine were at increased risk for many birth defects and stillbirths, compared with those in the lower quartile. Molloy, A. M., Kirke, P. N., Brody, L. C., Scott, J. M., & Mills, J. L. (2008) One of those Genetic tendency towards these deficiencies stated by Molloy, A. M. et al could be very well considered the MTHFR gene mutation. Seeing how folate deficiency can affect the formation of the brain and spinal column, it is not a far jump to link it to the possibility as a contributing factor of a genetic predisposition to Autism. A deficit in B6,B9, and B12 during pregnancy, due to a genetic gene mutation such as MTHFR, could very well impact the formation of the brain and its functioning. There are various forms of MTHFR gene mutations and those mutations can be heterozygous (meaning one gene inherited from one parent) or Homozygous (having two genes, one from each parent). The Specific Mutation that has been linked to correlate with Autism in studies has been C677T (Heterozygous) and 677TT (Homozygous). Recent studies have shown a direct correspondence to ASD and MTHFR Gene mutations.

Below are three statements, taken directly from academic citations that that support the connection between ASD and the MTHFR Gene Mutation. We observed a significantly increased frequency of the homozygous mutation 677CT allele (TT): 23% in the autistic children compared to 11% in the control population (The differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were found to be highly biased towards autism related genes and CpG islands. This may imply a major mechanism for etiology of sporadic cases of autism: autism causing environmental factors serves as modulator to regulate a MTHFR -mediated epigenomics to regulate specific autism related gene. Liu, X. (2013) MTHFR C677T is a risk factor, whereas MTRR A66G and SHMT C1420T polymorphisms reduce risk for autism. MTHFR A1298C acts additively in increasing the risk for autism. Mohammad, N. S., Jain, J. M., Chintakindi, K. P., Singh, R. P., Naik, U., & Akella, R. R. (2009). All these studies, so far, touch base upon the MTHFR Gene mutation in Autistic Spectrum children and the studies regarding folate deficits of the mother, but none of the articles I have read regarding Autism spectrum disorders and MTHFR have touched base upon possible male contribution factors with MTHFR. This may need to be something more looked in upon because there are studies that link MTHFR with Male infertility.

Arguably, if folate is related to DNA formation, it could be possible that a folate deficit can affect the male contribution of DNA within the formation of a fetus. The New York Times published an Article on Jan. 1st, 1991 about research on birth defects shifting to flaws within the sperm. Researchers have found several childhood cancers that primarily arise from new mutations traced to sperm, never to eggs. They believe defects may originate during the division of the cells that generate sperm cells. Cells are most vulnerable to genetic damage when they divide because they are more likely to absorb and metabolize toxic substances than are quiescent cells. Eggs do not divide; all eggs a woman has are present before birth. By contrast, next to the cells in developing fetus the stem cells that produce sperm are among the most rapidly dividing cells in the human body. Moreover, researchers now realize that the barrier between blood vessels and tissue in the testes is very thin, allowing many toxic substances to enter testicular structures and seminal fluid. Animal studies have identified more than 100 chemicals that produce spontaneous abortion or birth defects in offspring fathered by exposed males, said Dr. Mattison.

Among them are alcohol, opiates like heroin and methadone, gases used in hospital operating rooms, lead, solvents, pesticides and a variety of industrial chemicals. In some instances, litter size is greatly reduced, or the offspring are deformed. In other cases, the young animals appear healthy but cannot negotiate mazes as well as control animals. One case pending before the United States Supreme Court involves restrictive work rules intended to protect women of childbearing age from exposure to lead, which can cause neurological defects. But in one recent study, Dr. Ellen Silbergeld, a toxicologist at the University of Maryland in Baltimore, exposed male rats to relatively low levels of lead, equivalent to amounts encountered by many factory workers. The male rats’ offspring showed defects in brain development, even if the female rats were not exposed to lead at all, Dr. Silbergeld said. Blakeslee, S. (1991, January 1). This article, although not talking about the topic of MTHFR, touches base upon human development and how male exposure to chemicals and toxicity can contribute to neurological deficits in children they father.

Sadly, just as this was an issue back in 1991, there is still more of a focus on the mother versus the father when it comes to genetic contribution in regards fetal development. Where there have been links to MTHFR causing infertility in men, and the B vitamins playing an essential role in the formation of DNA, I think there could be a possibility of this deficit playing a role in developmental issues within children as well. Possible corroboration of this is the Genetic 677T MTHFR link to autism, which means it is Homozygous, both parents being a contributor. MTHFR may in fact be the marker for helping to identify who can have autism, if a child has this, but I feel it’s the marker more about the parents and their vitamin deficiencies that can impact fetal development. I became aware of the MTHFR Gene Mutation after a long struggle with medication management with my eldest autistic spectrum son. He did not react well to Antidepressants , Antipsychotics, or Anxiolytics. It was brought to our awareness that there was a new test out there that could detect how your body metabolized certain medications. This test detected the MTHFR, which does affect how you metabolize not only foods, but also medications. I knew my mother, who had extensive mental illness, could not take most of medications that are supposed to control her condition and that there was more than likely something genetically going on. Both my Son and I got the Genetic testing done. My Son was Heterozygous, MTHFR C677T and I tested Homozygous 677TT. I have four children, two on the autistic spectrum, the other two have ADHD. I was diagnosed with PDD-NOS (Which would now just fall under the term of ASD) when I was 33 years old, after a therapist saw what she thought was Adult ADHD. I am 42 now. After the Genetic test and after researching what the MTHFR gene mutation does combined with medical issues I had been having, I asked for bloodwork to be conducted. I specifically wanted my B and D levels investigated because both deficits had the symptomology of what I was currently suffering medically. Turns out I was severely B12 and D deficient, as well as borderline anemic with B12 Deficient Anemia. I had no knowledge of my genetic issues nor that I was deficient in nutrients because of them during all my pregnancies. My family has a lot of learning disabilities on my father’s side and mental health issues on my mother side, both of which also happens to have the MTHFR gene mutation. I also found out my Grandmothers on both sides had to have b12 injections during their lifetime due to severe vitamin deficiency. Because of the prevalence of ASD in my family, combined with the new awareness and knowledge of the MTHFR Gene mutation and vitamin deficiencies that also run in the family, I do feel that there is a great possibility for the connection of the MTHFR Gene mutation and Autism.

However, I do not think the Gene mutation alone is the sole contributor. I think the MTHFR Gene mutation effects how we metabolize our food and depending on the degree and severity of the mutation, effects the severity of our vitamin deficiencies. Those deficiencies can impact the development of a fetus.

Research does support the necessity of Folate in fetal development.

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Relations Autism Spectrum Disorder to Genetic or Prenatal Environmental Causes. (2022, Mar 29). Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/03/

Mindblindness: Autism and Theory of Mind

Theory of mind is an individual’s ability to understand the contents of another individual’s mind, particularly concerning what other individuals know and believe, but also intentions of others. An intact theory of mind will lead to accurate social inferences, while a non-intact theory of mind will lead to inaccurate social inferences. Accurate social inferences will require an individual to be able to separate themselves from others. There has to be an understanding of independence of the self from other people; an understanding that every individual has their own set of beliefs, desires, wishes, motives and intentions. This distinction will allow space in the mind for clear and more importantly accurate social judgements to be made.

Jean Piaget found that children typically develop this theory of mind around the age of nine. I would assume that many factors, including but not limited to, environment (nature), the nurture of family/friends, an innate learning ability and the child’s own desires, all play a role in the development of theory of mind and at what age this occurs.

There are ways to test theory of mind at an early age. One of these tests is called the Sally-Anne test. Sally has a book. Sally leaves the book on a table and exits the room. Anne enters the room. Anne hides the book. Sally returns to find the book gone. The test is to answer the question of where Sally will search for the book initially. A child with an intact theory of mind will provide the answer of on the table, as that is where Sally left the book and Sally is unaware that Anne was in the room and hid the book. On the other hand, a child with a non-intact theory of mind will provide the answer of the location where Anne hid the book. This is so because this child is failing to make the connection that Sally does not know that Anne entered the room and hid the book. The first child described is able to differentiate perspectives, while the second child described is not.

Another important characteristic of theory of mind is an individual's capacity to be empathetic regarding another's emotional state. For example, you may have recently learned of a colleague’s diagnosis of severe illness that will require harsh pharmaceutical treatment over a lengthy period. An individual with an intact theory of mind will provide empathy to their colleague. This may include some form of comforting or positive affirmations that all will be okay. An individual with a non-intact theory of mind will be nonreactive to the news and continue to go about their day as if nothing happened. Said individual could be described as ‘cold’ or heartless. I think that the degree to which theory of mind is non-intact correlates to the level at which the individual reacts. That being said, I think that there is some variance in the amount of theory of mind a person can embody.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communication problems in addition to rigid/repetitive behaviour/interests; these complications must have a severe impact on everyday life. An ASD diagnosis typically occurs around the age of three.

There are a few theories attempting to explain social and communication impairments in ASD, however I will only discuss the ‘theory of mind’ account. This describes an individual with ASD as being ‘mind-blind’, meaning they tend to fail tests of theory of mind, like the Sally-Anne test. This ‘theory of mind’ account can explain many key characteristics of autism including communication issues and over-literal understanding. But there are some aspects that do not coincide.

One of those aspects is empathy. ASD individuals often have a desire and human need to want connection with other people around them; they just find it difficult to understand and connect with the minds around them because they are often unable to track another individual’s mental state and the contents of their mind. They are able to feel what another person is feeling, but unable to make inferences on their beliefs, desires and intentions.

Another criticism of the ‘theory of mind’ account is that it is not the core origin of autism. Theory of mind tests have been developed to test ages three to four and up, while ASD symptoms may appear much earlier. The next criticism is that theory of mind tests are not specific to ASD. The final criticism is that this account is not universal to autism.

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Mindblindness: Autism And Theory of Mind. (2022, Mar 29). Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/03/

Cloning is Making an Identical Copy of Someone

Have you ever thought about cloning? Cloning is making an identical copy of someone, or somethings DNA. Cloning experiments have failed and succeeded. There is a ton of history behind cloning, and there’s also very important benefits and arguments about cloning. Beside of all the good and the advantages that we have that is associated with cloning, there is also a lot of risks and drawbacks that happen that aren’t safe, or healthy for the experimental subjects. Cloning is something that has happening for hundreds and thousands of years, and we are continuing to experiment with it to this day.

Genetic studies could be traced all the way back to the 5000 BC, but actual cloning first began in the early 1900’s. One of the first studies that was experimented was Hans Spemann. Spemann was famously known has a German scientist that experimented on salamanders. According to the National Science Technology Association, “Hans Spemann divides a salamander embryo in two and shows early embryo cell retail all the genetic information necessary to create a new organism” (“Cloning’s Historical Timeline” 1). On February 27, 1997 on the cover of a famously known magazine they report that the first animal to be cloned from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep (Mckinnell and Di Berardino). They have experimented on Frogs, Monkeys, and even more animals that have been a success.

Cloning can help cancer cells, and clot the genome. “…molecular environment of the oocyte and that of the subsequent developing embryo could reverse the malignant phenotype” (Mckinnell and Di Berardino). Scientist was a technique called experimental therapy on a 52-year-old patient that was diagnosed with skin cancer. They cloned his healthy immune cells and injected him with his own cells (Sample). This is a ground-breaking experiment that could help possibly help many people in the future. Cloning helps the people that have been of the transplant list for months and years, that really need it. Cloning could, “…clone your vital organs in order to ensure that you always have a healthy back up just in case” (“10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning”). Cloning could also assist you to have the baby of you dream. According to one of my sources “Cloning could allow future parents to theoretically choose the traits of their baby (“10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning”).

Cloning has benefits that can affect the world is so many different ways, but it also has risks and disadvantages. This includes things like development of new diseases. “By bringing in an entirely new group of people, that we have no experience or research on…” (10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning”). And this also states that, “Among these are new diseases that we have no treatments for, and could possibly even be deadly” (“10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning”). There is already a divide within the people and races in the world and cloning will just further the divide and make it a lot worse than what it is now. This might be to other people that they are not “fully human” (“10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning”). In the late 1900’s and early 2000’s Dr. Tanja Dominko was thinking to clone monkeys. After almost 3 years she didn’t develop anything but just a placenta. She considers this as her “Gallery of Horrors” (Kolata). These could be dangerous and many people may not agree on these techniques.

Cloning could develop new and improved things. The study of cloning has slowed down since Dolly the sheep but it still has years and years of experience. Cloning could include cures to cancer, you could create a baby that you always wanted, and it could help friends, family members, and even people you might not know get organs they have been waiting years, or even months for. There is always risks with great things, risks with cloning could even cause death, or even divide between individuals. In the future, cloning could help you, and your peers with a lot of problems and could provide a solution.

Works Cited

“Cloning’s Historical Timeline.” National Science Teaching Association. https://www.nsta.org/images/news/legacy/scope/0603/cloningtimeline.pdf. 02 March 2020.
Kolata, Gina. “In Cloning, Failure Far Exceeds Success.” The New York Times. 11 December 2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/11/science/in-cloning-failure-far-exceeds-success.html. 03 March 2020.
McKinnell, Robert G., and Marie A. Di Berardino. “The Biology of Cloning: History and Rationale.” BioScience, Volume 49, Issue 11, November 1999, Pages 875–885, https://doi.org/10.2307/1313647, 02 March 2020.
Sample, Ian. “Cloned Immune Cells Cleared Patients Cancer” The Guardian. 18 June 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jun/19/cancer.science. 03 March 2020.
“10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning.” FLOW Phycology. https://flowpsychology.com/10-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloning/. 03 March 2020.

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Advantages and Disadvantages Nissan or Toyota

Sustainability is associated with corporate social responsibility. When referencing sustainability, you have to look at meeting the needs of the present without hurting the needs of people in the future. A company must take into account their environmental impact, as well as, their employees, consumers, communities, and their own brand. The following case study analysis will look at theories, techniques, and sustainability approaches that Nissan can incorporate to achieve true sustainability.

The first theory we will look at is the Just-in Time theory (JIT). JIT systems are designed to produce and deliver goods only when needed. JIT is related to quality in three ways: cuts the cost of quality; improves quality; better quality means less inventory and a better, easier-to-employ JIT system. This theory allows for raw materials to arrive when and where they are required. As an example, this would allow for less inventory problems for Nissan because they would have the correct inventory of hand to complete a job.

Since JIT is a more cost efficient method of holding stock, there are advantages and disadvantages to this system. The advantages are less space needed, waste reduction, and smaller investments. With a faster turnaround of stock, Nissan can limit the number of products stored at facilities. Due to this cut in inventory cost, Nissan can apply those funds to other lines of business. Finally, only ordering stock when it is needed will help improve Nissan’s profit margin.

The disadvantages could severally hurt Nissan if they were to occur. These disadvantages are risk of running out of stock, lack of control over time frame, and more planning required. With less stock on hand, Nissan has to build strong relationships with suppliers. If one or more suppliers fail to fulfill orders or go out of business, the production of all products would be impacted. Delays in products from issues with suppliers could lead to a loss in customer retention and have buyers shop elsewhere. Due to the disadvantages with this theory, Nissan fully understand their sales trends and make accurate future sales projections to ensure they have the correct amount of materials on hand during different times of the year.

The second theory is the Toyota Production System. TPS emphasizes three components: continuous improvement, respect for people, and standard work practices. The first component involves the organization and employees continuously working on improving processes. The second component asks for employees to think about ways to make operations better. The last component focuses and expects work to be completed by completing all aspects of each and every single process.

Toyota themselves list out that advantages and disadvantages of their TPS system. The advantages are “reducing waste as much as possible, less movement of the producing labor, leads to less time in producing, every step of the production can be checked, go smoothly and without any mistakes due to, and goo. The disadvantages of TPS according to Toyota are “TPS is difficult, high cost to implement”. In order to implement this system Nissan would need to eliminate their current system, and train employees on how to use the new TPS system.

The last theory to discuss is the Lean operations theory. A lean operation eliminates waste through continuous improvement and focus on exactly what the customer wants. Lean operations utilize some of the same qualities as JIT and TPS. Just like the other two theories, Lean has pros and cons. The pros include less infrastructure, limited waste, and strong customer relationships. The cons of lean operations center around equipment or labor failure and missed deliveries.

The theories and methods discussed should be used to create sustainability within the company. Long-term sustainability for a company like Nissan can only be achieved if they utilize what is known as the triple bottom line. The triple bottom line consists of the three P’s: people, planet, and profit. The first P: people, looks at both Nissan’s employees and their customers, as well as people who live in the communities around their facilities. The second P: planet looks at ways Nissan can reduce the environmental impact of their operations. The third and final P: profit, refers to how Nissan remains in business. Nissan’s current profits and future earnings can be gauged to figure out their economic sustainability.

Another way that Nissan can maintain sustainability is to incorporate ISO 1400 standards. ISO 1400 certification is an international standard of the automotive industry. Back in December 2006, Nissan set objectives to bolster its environmental management through Nissan Green Program 2010. Nissan has already obtained the certification for five production plants. The company has “achieved a consistent environmental management, as additional certification was obtained at its new Global Headquarters”. Their Global Headquarters, has already obtained the Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE)'s highest ranking in October 2009, in addition to proactively promoting the efficient utilization of natural energy.

Today, Nissan continues to move forward with a sustainability strategy known as the “Nissan Sustainability 2022”. The strategy is centered around 3 pillars known as ESG. The governance pillar integrates corporate responsibility principles into operations. The corporate governance policies and philosophy will lead to a system of complete business transparency. The system allows Nissan to implement monitoring systems, and manage risks. In addition to carrying out cooperation among sites in the regions in which it operates, “Nissan has set up global management systems and provides relevant training programs to its employees and business partners”.

To respond to changes in its business environment, Nissan has set up a department in charge of risk management that carries out annual interviews of corporate officers, carefully investigating various potential risks and revising the 'corporate risk map' in line with impact, frequency and control level.

The Executive-Level Committees make decisions on risk issues that must be handled at the corporate level and designate 'risk owners' to manage the risks. Under the leadership of these owners, the company designs appropriate countermeasures. At the end of each fiscal year, the Chief Internal Audit Officer assesses the control level of each risk and determines the effectiveness of each risk management activity. Finally, the board member in charge of internal control regularly reports to the Board of Directors on progress.

Lastly, Nissan expects all employees to do their jobs with high ethical standards. To raise compliance awareness within the company, Nissan has set up a Global Risk & Compliance Office and has appointed officers to promote compliance across the board of all operations.

In conclusion, Nissan has done an outstanding job applying the theories discussed in this analysis. In doing so, Nissan has set them-selves up for future success. Nissan continues to advance its Nissan Intelligent Mobility strategy to lead these technological evolutions and build sustainable society. By continuing on the path already started, Nissan will continue to continue to meet the challenges faced in an always-evolving industry.

References

Advantages & disadvantages of Toyota information systems. (n.d.). Retrieved September 6, 2018, from http://toyotaprojectteam.blogspot.com/p/advantages-disadvantages-of-toyota.html
Barlow, P. (2017, November 03). Just in Time (JIT) Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved September 6, 2018, from https://babington.co.uk/blog/accounting/just-in-time-advantages-and-disadvantages/
Heizer, J. H., Render, B., & Munson, C. (2017). Operations management: Sustainability and supply chain management.
Kokemuller, N. (2018, June 28). Advantages & Disadvantages of Lean Production. Retrieved September 6, 2018, from https://bizfluent.com/about-5418429-advantages-disadvantages-lean-production.html
NISSAN MOTOR Co., Ltd. (n.d.). SUSTAINABILITY AT NISSAN. Retrieved September 6, 2018, from https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/SUSTAINABILITY/
Nissan obtains integrated ISO14001 certification for all main facilities in Japan. (2011, January 20). Retrieved October 7, 2018, from http://nissannews.com/en-US/nissan/usa/channels/us-united-states-nissan/releases/46c829d3-f938-4b8d-a441-e67d5b7a9ff3

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Advantages and Disadvantages Passengers and Drivers

Throughout my experience of being a passenger and a driver, it has been quite a journey. It was my first driving lesson with my mom and we went to an empty parking lot for me to get a feel of driving before I hit the road. But it was so hard for me to focus and concentrate on the road because she kept yelling at me when I would make a mistake, for example, she would say “STOP do not hit the crib” or “HIT THE BREAK”. Therefore, this is an example of my first time being the driver. My experience of being a passenger is pretty laid back because I get the chance to relax. And I often help the driver with directions if they need them. Being a passenger and a driver, both come with similar situations and different situations.

They’re similar because they both need to get to a destination, and the passenger can be a co-pilot. The differences would be that a driver has to stay awake, keep eyes on the road, and making sure everyone gets to his or her destination safely. While the passenger can relax, give directions, and be a second eye. There are many advantages and disadvantages that come into play when being a driver. Some advantages would be, they have the say so on the destination and the time they leave, drivers also have a lot of freedom, but freedom can come at a massive cost. For example, the disadvantage of that could be buying gas to fill up the tank every two weeks. Being the driver can also be fun, however, it takes a big responsibility for one to handle the car. Being a driver can also be good because we will never know if public transportation is available depending on where we live. A few disadvantages would be traffic and safety issues. An irritating disadvantage of driving in traffic would be because traffic can make people late for anything such as school, important events, and business meetings.

Being stuck in traffic can also cause people to burn fuel faster. When driving, safety issues can be a huge disadvantage because people do not always wear their seatbelts, and airbags are not always on. Which can remain more dangerous than any other models of transportation? I feel that driving is important because I will have the ability to go anywhere I want, do things on my own whenever I want, therefore I will not have to depend on my parents or friends to get me to my destination and be safe at the same time. Passengers do not have to focus on anything important since they’re not controlling the car. There are various pros and cons that I can relate to from being a passenger. In other words, during some short trips I took in my home county with my mom, I tend to relax and scroll through my phone, enjoy the landscape. I will often have a good conversation with her mostly to try and keep us entertained.

Most of the time I play with the radio to find a station I want to listen to. Cons of me being a passenger would be, when the driver gets annoying it makes me uncomfortable. For example, when I am in the car with my siblings, they tend to be aggravating and annoying because I would be sitting in the passenger seat. I feel like if I was in the driver’s seat they would not act as if I horrible for sitting in the passenger’s seat. In addition, being a passenger is most important to me because I feel like I should be the one who entrains everyone in the car and put a smile on their faces until we reach our destination. Also, being a good co-pilot, having a good sense of direction, and staying calm, so I will not distract the driver are all an important role. In reality it is always good to be very respectful to the driver, this is because the driver is the leader of the car. When I look at Passengers and drivers my perception shifts between two roles, and this is because passengers have less pressure on them due to them not being in control of the car. Drivers, on the other hand, have a sense of responsibility because they are in control of getting to the destination. While also, maintaining their slight awareness surroundings.

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Healthcare Unions Organization

What is a union? A union is an organization of individuals who work together who use collective bargaining to prevent the employer from doing what workers do not want, and influencing the employer to do what workers do want. This includes issues that the organization can negotiate with including wages, benefits, and working conditions. Healthcare unions have been around for quite a while and have had a major impact on employees, and patient outcomes. We believe individuals should have the option to choose whether to participate in a union, and that there may be more disadvantages than advantages involved. In this paper we will be discussing the major disadvantages of joining a healthcare union, and how they impact the healthcare professional and the patients involved.

Workers unions have been a part of this country since the early eighteenth century, and the industrial revolution era in Europe. The workforce in this time was growing tremendously in numbers, and these people needed fair representation to maintain their basic rights. One of the most famous unions was founded in 1886; the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and is credited for successfully negotiating worker’s wage increases as well as increasing workplace safety. It is no surprise that workers in other professions other than.

One reason we believe unions to be unfavorable to nurses are the ethical issues surrounding them. If the union decides or is called on to strike, and the nurse is part of that union, they must strike, whether they want to do so or not. This creates an ethical issue of walking out on patients, and having replacement nurses care for them, who may not be familiar with the hospital or the care needed to maintain favorable patient outcomes. Hiring replacement nurses during a strike also significantly increases costs to the hospital, as they pay these workers more than they pay their regular employees. According to a study on strike activity and patient-care outcomes, strike activity increases patient mortality rates by greater than 18 percent. Knowing there is a possibility of having to walk out on patient care creates an ethical dilemma for the nurse. One way this could be mitigated is byallowing nurses the choice to participate in union strike activity, instead of making it a mandatory action.

In any work environment, joining a union promotes greater job security for all employees. This job security in healthcare settings however, especially with employees who work directly with patient care, can become very dangerous when there are incompetent employees. It is a nurse’s duty to protect their patients and keep them safe. Unfortunately, not every nurse practices this duty on a day to day basis, and according to Staff, “Union procedures can make it difficult to fire nurses for bad behavior or incompetence.” Before an employer can fire a union employee, they have to make sure they have “just cause.” The Bureau of National Affairs has distinguished seven tests in order to determine if any employer has correctly handed out discipline before firing a union employee.

There are goals in a union, and for some nurses, those goals may not apply to them. In a union, wages are fixed in a contract. This may not drive nurses to work harder because their high performance will go unrecognized. One nurse could be busting their butt, while the other is not necessarily going above and beyond; however, they are getting paid the same wage. This can cause friction among the work environment. Every aspect of their work conditions will be run by the union.

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Month: March 2022

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Conspiracy Theory: the Existing of Global Warming Crisis and the Debating Causes and Effects of it

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Climate Change and Impacts to Emergency Response Efforts

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Discussion about Climate Change and how Humans being are Using Limited Resources of Planet Earth

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Can Global Warming be Reversed

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Climate Change is Affecting our Lives

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A Lot of Industrialists and Politicians Oppose the Scientists who Want Help Avert Global Warming Disaster

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Importance of Self-Management in the Treatment of Autism in Children

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An Infographic that is Based on Autism Spectrum Disorder

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The Effectiveness of Aba Therapy Within Children with Autism, Helpful or Harmful

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Relations Autism Spectrum Disorder to Genetic or Prenatal Environmental Causes

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Mindblindness: Autism and Theory of Mind

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Cloning is Making an Identical Copy of Someone

Works Cited

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Advantages and Disadvantages Nissan or Toyota

References

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Advantages and Disadvantages Passengers and Drivers

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Healthcare Unions Organization

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