Abolition of Death Penalty in Minnesota

Contents

Thesis
Background
Immediate before
Heart of the story
Immediate after
Longterm effects

Thesis

Prior to the 20th century, capital punishment was a norm in American society for certain crimes. The passing of the Smith law outlawed public executions and limited the information given to the public regarding executions, which began legal changes on capital punishment in Minnesota. The 1906 botched execution of William Williams was the last execution in Minnesota. The abolition bill of 1911 ended capital punishment in Minnesota, breaking the barrier of cruel punishment. Minnesota was the fourth state to outlaw the death penalty, inspiring 19 other states to follow.

Background

Capital punishment is defined as, “legally executing one as punishment for committing a crime”. Crimes that lead to the death penalty include, but are not limited to treason, murder, drug-trafficking, and human trafficking. In Minnesota, between 1860 and 1906, there was a total of 76 legal executions. Many Minnesotans opposed the death penalty at the turn of the twentieth century, but the botched execution of Willam Williams in 1906 shifted the public’s opinion on capital punishment in Minnesota. In 1906, Willam Willams was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. The miscalculations of the length of the rope lead to a botched execution that lasted 14.5 minutes. The public outrage over the inhumane manner in which Willams was executed began a six-year movement that led to the abolishment of the death penalty in Minnesota in 1911.

The first major shift in Minnesota capital punishment laws was the signing of the Smith Law. Prior to 1889, executions in Minnesota were a public, daytime spectacle. Crowds gathered for mere entertainment during executions. Heavy alcohol consumption, rowdy crowds, and violent acts were commonplace during executions. “Public executions were a “?xture of American society,” according to law professor John D. Bessler. They were supposed to serve two purposes: civil and religious. As a civil “ceremony,” public execution was supposed to deter crime by demonstrating the authority of the state to punish those who violated the law. As a religious ceremony, it was supposed to demonstrate the danger of sin and provide religious leaders with the opportunity to urge attendees to repent.” In 1889, Minnesota passed the Smith Law. This outlawed public executions and restricted the information the public received regarding executions; all executions had to happen before sunrise, within the walls of the jail and forbade newspapers to print an account of the execution. Smith said the law was “intended to promote morality” and witnessing public executions was degrading to humanity. Despite the Smith Law, a reporter from the St. Paul Daily snuck into the execution of William Williams and witnessed the inhumane manner in which William’s died. The newspapers published gruesome details of the event which caused a public outcry to abolish capital murder in Minnesota.

Immediate before

William Williams was a British miner who immigrated to St. Paul. In 1904, Williams was hospitalized for Diphtheria, a highly contagious disease that infects your throat, causing you to have trouble breathing. While he was hospitalized, Williams met a teenage boy named John Keller, or “Johnny” who was fighting the same disease. The two instantly become friends and later developed a longterm, romantic relationship. Williams wanted to travel to Winnipeg with Johnny, but Mr. and Mrs. Keller opposed, resulting in a fight at the Keller household. This led to the murder of John Keller and his mother. Johnny was shot in the back of the head and died later that day, meanwhile, Mrs. Keller suffered a long, painful death until she died about eight days later. Williams immediately turned himself in to the police saying that alcohol-fueled “emotional insanity” is what led to him killing Johnny and Mrs. Keller. He claims that murdering Johnny was an accident, but the court ruled that he is guilty after reading the countless love letters that Williams wrote to Keller. These letters included profound statements of his love, but also threats to Johnny, who was only 14 years old at the time. The jury found Williams guilty of first-degree murder and Williams is to be put to death by the State of Minnesota.

Heart of the story

On February 13, 1906, William Williams was put to death by the execution form of hanging. The executioners failed to measure the rope, causing Williams to suffer for 14.5 minutes. Following this execution, there was a major barrier that was broken: the barrier of cruel punishment in Minnesota. Cruel punishment like this goes against our basic rights as human beings. The right to life is being taken away, no matter what perspective you look at it from. There are circumstances where the court system wrongfully accuses someone and sentences them to death row. An execution cannot be reversed, so when an innocent person is put to death, it is unjust. Martin Luther King views the death penalty as, “Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars”.

Immediate after

Immediately following the abolishment of the death penalty in Minnesota, the court system changes. Criminals are put in prison, not death row. The wrongly accused are given a chance at defending themselves in trial instead of being put to death.

Longterm effects

The longterm effects of abolishing the death penalty include 19 states following to outlaw the death penalty, capital punishment being used less and less, and the number of attempts to reinstate the death penalty in Minnesota. Following the abolishment, 19 states outlawed the death penalty. These states include Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. According to 'New report shows decreased use of death penalty in U.S.', capital punishment is being used less because there are states still working on outlawing it. Minnesota has attempted to reinstate the death penalty 23 times, in the years 1913, 1915, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1974, 1975, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2005.

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Should Death Penalty be Banned?

The previously settled death punishment laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which classified the death punishment for 25 unique wrongdoings. The death punishment was additionally important for the Fourteenth Century B.C's. Hittite Code; in the Seventh Century B.C's. Draconian Code of Athens, which made death the main discipline for all violations; and in the Fifth Century B.C's. Roman law of the Twelve Tablets.

Death sentences were done by such means as execution, suffocating, pounding into the ground, consuming alive, and impalement. In the Tenth Century A.D., hanging turned into the typical strategy for execution in Britain. This report will give contention against death punishment while supporting the abolishment developments of death punishment, David (2010)

Death punishment is a serious and irreversible discipline that raises contention all throughout the planet. To examine the important presence of the death punishment, it is may bode well to bring two inquiries must; regardless of whether there is solid motivation to carry out the death punishment; and whether the death punishment is a reasonable strategy to take care of the issue. There are numerous contentions for and against the death punishment, Sanger and Unah (2012).

Most importantly, death sentence doesn't bode well it is a greater amount of primitive to manage murder ethically nothing improve us when we kill the people who kill. It deceptive. Additionally it is a path of least resistance for the hoodlums. It would prefer to have then languish in prison over the remainder of their existence without any chance to appeal. All the more along these lines, murders don't fear death so this sort of punishment is certifiably not a prohibitive. Indeed it is less expensive to save a detainee in jail for existence without any chance to appeal than it is to kill. It doesn't make sense to burn through large number of cash on an ethically sketchy demonstration that has given no indications of determent, Martin and Michael (2013)

Furthermore, death punishment ought to be nullified. Consistently, a large number of individuals are put on death line for a wrongdoing they didn't perpetrate. There's no chance of knowing whether they really did or not. Is it worth the danger? It very well may be viewed as an unfeeling and strange discipline, which conflicts with one of our alterations in the Constitution. Wrongdoing will consistently be a piece of the world and there will be better approaches to deal with it. In the United States just it is assessed that all out indictment and protection expenses for the state and provinces equivalent $9 million every year. (Gross, Samuel, 2006)

Death punishment is a common freedoms infringement. With the death punishment, you are purposely choosing discipline by death for a crook. This is a similar idea as tit for tat and tooth for a tooth. It abuses common liberties by the public authority driving the death of a human. Death by the death penalty isn't equity meaning not giving them what is legitimately theirs. I completely support detainment all things being equal. God says that we will not choose the length of one more human's existence as per the 10 Commandments. All in all, the death punishment is killing. (Stephen and Bright, 2010)

Besides, it is boorish, over costly and blameless people regularly pass on If you exchange tit for tat the entire world will be visually impaired - in a real sense, what gives the equity situation the option to take the invaluable human existence? A large number of individuals on the planet history have been vindicated in the afterlife. The death sentence is inconceivably costly and a misuse of data on executioners and how they work too. Backers of the death sentence appear to will in general enticement for the feelings yet toward the day's end this scriptural kind of retribution that appears to be so famous is rarely fulfilling, it is simply one more death among thousands. Low quality safeguard passes on numerous to death sentence, an investigation at Columbia University tracked down that 68% of all death punishment cases were turned around on bid, with lacking protection as one of the fundamental reasons requiring inversion.

Additionally, it is pitiless and surprising discipline. We can't legitimize killing somebody in case we are accentuating it by saying killing isn't right. Since early on we show our kids that two wrongs don't make a right, yet the death punishment is attempting to do precisely that. Expenses are additionally restrictive. It costs more to have somebody go through the death punishment measure than to save him in prison for the remainder of his life. For there is a superior method to help the groups of homicide casualties, groups of homicide casualties go through serious injury and misfortune which nobody ought to limit. In any case, executions don't assist these individuals with mending nor do they end their aggravation; the drawn out measure before executions drags out the distress of the family. Groups of homicide casualties would benefit undeniably more if the assets presently being utilized for the exorbitant course of executions were redirected to advising and other help. (Baldus, David. 2008)

Deranged individuals are executed, one out of each ten who has been executed in the United States since 1977 is insane, as per Amnesty International and the National Association on Mental Illness. Numerous deranged litigants can't take an interest in their preliminaries in any significant way and seem unengaged, cold, and hardhearted before the jury. Some have been coercively cured to make them skillful to be executed. Albeit the U.S. High Court has declared that individuals with 'mental impediment' may not be executed, numerous nations has not yet passed a law restricting the execution of the insane.

Assume death sentence ought to just truly be utilized for wrongdoings like 9/11 and individuals like Bin Laden or the Yorkshire Ripper. However, else it ought not be brought back and it ought to be prohibited on the planet for an endless time frame. Police should utilize weapons if necessary, in case they were managing a firearm wrongdoing. Or then again all in all, assume that we ought to dispose of them inside and out. (Martin and Michael, 2009)

Ultimately basing with scriptural realities, the Bible doesn't permit individuals to be killed when we read through the Bible, killing individuals is a wrongdoing. In Old Testament times, it is referenced that any individual who submits infidelity ought to be battered to the point of death, as strict social orders we can't help contradicting death sentence. We have seen such countless individuals have been killed wrongly. The genuinely criminal isn't killed however.

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Women in the Industrial Revolution

Industrialization was necessary for the progression of the global economy, but to claim it’s immediate impact was positive on those involved is simply not true. The Industrial Revolution is a poorly planned facade, a Crystal Palace that cracks under the slightest scrutiny. If one takes the time to look past the gilded promise of mechanization, the refuse of society lay in plain sight. While the Industrial Revolution helped economic progress, it did so at the expense of the laborer. More than anything, the Industrial Revolution widened the gap between the people who have and the people who don’t. While upper-class men indulged in the exploits of the Industrial Revolution, the working class, specifically women, bore the weight in areas of productivity, nature of work, and life experience. It may have gotten countries to a place of relative economic prosperity, but when progress is put in front of people, the process is never a clean one.

Organizational and technological changes that occurred during the Industrial Revolution increased productivity, but at what cost? As machines began to replace domestic labor, many people found themselves out of work. Statistics in some industries reflected that one in three people would lose their profession to mechanized labor. The cloth merchants of Leeds sent a letter (1791) in response to the Leeds Woolen Worker’s Petition (1786), which was an attack on the use of machines in the workplace. They defended the use of machines by stating their necessity in order to compete in the global market and reassured the working class that over time, machines would contribute to an increase in wages and trade.

A promise was made. Those members of the parish of the industry would have job security if machines continued to decrease the need for human labor. Yet as one can see, around three years later a reformer comments on The Loss of Woolen Spinning (1794). The female-centric domestic profession of woolen spinning was effectively eradicated, despite the promise to maintain job security for parish members. While the loss of this profession had a drastic impact on family dynamics, it’s indicative of a larger problem. Heads of business used their position to spread misinformation or projected promises of the future that they have no right to claim as fact.

This trend is not exclusive to the Leeds Cloth merchants, it’s seen through Andrew Ure’s The Philosophy of Manufacturing (1835). Ure makes his money through owning factories which thus calls his credibility into question as he speaks on the benefits of mechanization in the workplace. He lobbies this philosophy to his colleagues, persuading them to advocate for mechanical advancement. But, the supports he uses for his argument are either completely erroneous or largely speculative. He makes claims regarding the “dangerous” working conditions of the household yet neglects to mention the rates of factory accidents or spread of disease in factories. Ure wants to paint himself as a philanthropist, but a man who advocates for the continuation of child labor and encourages peers to ignore the concerns of the poor is not promoting the welfare of others.

Rapid urbanization helped to fuel changes in societal structure that pushed laborers to the bottom of the hierarchy. In a capitalistic system, those with capital are king. This attitude manifested itself in many ways, but one of the most drastic was living conditions. Living conditions of the working class were ignored by those of a higher social standing. As Engles articulates in his Condition of the Working-Class in England (1844), working-class areas were distinctly separated from the rest of the city and were characterized by filth and poor urban planning. He speaks of streets ravaged by disease and pollution. Of houses crawling over one another for a breath of air and a chance at sunlight.

And while this may seem like an exaggeration, Engles is a credible source. His father was a leader in the manufacturing industry, so Engles has nothing to gain from shining a light onto the issues of the poor and everything to lose. He also has first-hand experience of the classist attitudes present in economically prosperous households. In Bentley’s Traditions and Encounters, we see proof of Engles’ observations. He confirms that urbanization brought about many changes that left the poor at a disservice, such as environmental pollution and lack of sanitation that led to the spread of diseases like cholera and typhus. And while wealthy people had the option to conduct their work in the city yet live in the suburbs away from urban discomforts, the poor were forced to live in poorly constructed tenement housing near their places of work.

Another social structure that was reformed was the family structure. As described in the Observations on The Loss of Woolen Spinning (1794), women were no longer able to contribute to the household economy from the household. This put increased pressure onto the patriarch as he now had to bear a greater percentage of the economic burden. Women now had even less agency. If their husband died, there was no longer a market for domestic products that women would formerly use to sustain themselves. Now, the solution to these economic problems seems simple. Women should work in the factories where their jobs are being moved to. And many women did this. But, there are certain expectations of a woman during the time period of the industrial revolution.

From Observations on The Loss of Woolen Spinning (1794), there is a clearly presented expectation of women which is that they both possess and pass on knowledge of domestic tasks. These expectations are further confirmed by Mrs. John Sandford’s Women and Their Social and Domestic Character (1833) where the argument is made that having a job (or any freedom at all) is unfeminine. A woman’s place is at this time still very much cemented in performing domestic roles. In this lies the contradiction of the Industrial Revolution for women: they are given an expectation of womanhood yet stripped of their ability to perform that expectation and berated when they try to make a living. Femininity and class are intertwined at this time. A working-class woman is defeminized since she can not afford the expectations projected onto her.

The nature of work during the Industrial Revolution also created an experience for working-class women that dehumanized and defeminized them. Although, as Chadwick stated in his Sanitation Reports (1842), some factories improved in areas of safety and sanitation, this was not an overarching trend. There were many factories and mines that continued to have egregious working conditions, the likes of which are described in Disraeli's Sybil, or the Two Nations (1845). Women, men, and children emerge from the mouths of mines, blackened from coal dust and weary from work. Disraeli comments that one could not tell the difference between a man and a woman since the women were using such a degree of profane language. Now while the purpose of Disraeli's comments was to attack his political opponents' hypocrisy and gain political support from the working class, he still caught women in the crossfire. He is outraged by the language used by the mothers of England, yet does nothing to combat their dehumanization. Men in his position use the working class to advance themselves and their countries, but turn a blind eye to their suffering.

The Industrial Revolution shaped the society we live in today, in more ways than one. While it advanced production and productivity, it did so at the expense of the laborers and fueled many classist and misogynistic attitudes still held today. If human impact is an afterthought in progress, then society does not really progress. In order to keep moving forward in a productive manner, all people need to be accounted for and heard.

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Capital Punishment should be Banned or Allowed

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. These are our three unalienable rights, the rights that no one could ever take away from us. Or can they? The death penalty has been apart of capital punishment ever since the start of man. Now comes the question, should it still be enforced?

The death penalty has been around since the beginning of human existence. Until 1608 humans were brutally tortured or even murdered for petty crimes. There’s a list of infamous torture methods ranging from stoning someone, to hanging, to even stretching an individual's limbs till they ripped off. In 1608 William the Conqueror found that these types of punishments were considered inhumane for such petty crimes. He stared to make rules based around the death penalty and came up with, no person should be murdered for a crime that didn’t include murder. Unfortunately the insane torture methods still persisted until the U.S. Constitution was made in 1787. The U.S. Constitution established rules based on capital punishment and what was considered inhumane. Summoning an individual to the guillotine was the most widely accepted way of executing someone based on capital punishment after the Constitution. Lastly came the death penalty rights of 1943. The rights established that the only humane way to execute someone was to euthanize them. This is the current method that we use today. Even with the death being painless and fairly quick, the punishment is still up for controversy. Does the government have the right to take away an individual's life? Doesn’t that go against our constitutional unalienable rights?

One reason why the death penalty should be more widely accepted is to increase safety. Safety is needed everywhere from jails, to the community, to the individual themself. Starting off with jails. Jails are extremely overcrowded in America. We have the highest incarceration rate of any other country. Let alone we have the highest amount of death row inmates compared to any other country. We currently have 2,705 inmates on death row. This is 2,705 dangerous inmates that guards have to be accountable for. How can we ensure that both the guards and inmates will stay safe. The simple solution to this is to enforce the death penalty more so than it already is. Inmates should have a maximum of 10 years to be held on death row till they are executed. This ensures that the case is fully solved and that the inmate is truly guilty of the crime they are accused of. Not only would this solve jail overpopulation but taxpayers money. There would be less inmates that would need to be accounted for which means less money taxpayers have to pay towards keeping the county and state jails running. Now does sacrificing our unalienable right of life sound like a better idea?

The second reason backing the death penalty is to save money. If the death penalty was more widely used it would save taxpayers more than $4 billion dollars. To put this into perspective each death row inmate cost roughly $90,000 a year. Now there are more than 2,705 inmates to take into account for. This equates to more than $244 million dollars! Every year we pay this huge tax towards death row inmates alone. This could easily be fixed if death row inmates were given a maximum prison sentence of about ten years. This gives the court systems more than enough time to determine if the case is true. This also gives taxpayers more money to spend on bettering the community and helping it out. In conclusion enforcing the death penalty more so than it already is would not only reap benefits for the community but for jails as well. For jails, it would mean less overpopulation which in return would offer better safety for the inmates and guards both. The community could benefit off of the extra money by solving issues around the community and possibly contributing some of the money back to the people.

The death penalty also carries out retribution justly. “Deserved punishment protects society morally by restoring this just order, making the wrongdoer pay a price equivalent to the harm he has done.” (Budziszewski). When someone commits a crime it disturbs the order of society; these crimes take away lives, peace, and liberties from society. Giving the death penalty as a punishment simply restores order to society and adequately punishes the criminal for his wrongdoing. Retribution also serves justice for murder victims and their families. Some may see this as revenge, but this retribution is not motivated by malice, rather it is motivated by the need for justice and the principle of lex talionis (“an eye for an eye”) (Green). This lack of malice is proven in the simple definition of retribution: “retribution is a state sponsored, rational response to criminality that is justified given that the state is the victim when a crime occurs” (“Justifications for Capital Punishment). The death penalty puts the scales of justice back in balance after they were unfairly tipped towards the criminal.

Van den Haag brings forth the argument that capital punishment is the strongest deterrent society has against murder, which has been proven in many studies. “Since society has the highest interest in preventing murder, it should use the strongest punishment available to deter murder…” (Death Penalty Curricula for High School). In a study conducted by Isaac Ehrlich in 1973, it was found that for each execution of a criminal seven potential victim’s lives were saved (Death Penalty Curricula for High School). This was due to other possible murderers being deterred from committing murder after realizing thatother criminals are executed for their crimes. Ehrlich’s argument was also backed up by studies following his that had similar results. Capital punishment also acts as a deterrent for recidivism (the rate at which previously convicted criminals return to committing crimes after being released); if the criminal is executed he has no opportunity to commit crimes again. Some may argue that there is not enough concrete evidence to use deterrence as an argument for the death penalty. The reason some evidence may be inconclusive is that the death penalty often takes a while to be carried out; some prisoners sit on death row for years before being executed. This can influence the effectiveness of deterrence because punishments that are carried out swiftly are better examples to others. Although the death penalty is already effective at deterring possible criminals, it would be even more effective if the legal process were carried out more quickly instead of having inmates on death row for years.

The eighth amendment to the United States Constitution prevents cruel and unusual punishment. Many opponents of capital punishment say that execution is cruel and unusual punishment and therefore violates the Constitution. As was stated earlier, the recipient of the death penalty is treated humanely and is not tortured in any way, shape, or form. After the anesthetic is administered the person feels no pain; the only part of the process that could be considered painful is when the IV is inserted, but that is done in hospitals on a daily basis and no one is calling it unconstitutional. The Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld the death penalty as constitutional in cases they have presided over. In the case of Furman v. Georgia the court stated, “The punishment of death is not cruel, within the meaning of that word as used in the Constitution. It implies there is something more inhuman and barbarous, than the mere extinguishment of life” (Lowe). The Supreme Court has not found capital punishment to be unconstitutional, and therefore this argument for abolition is invalid.

It is true that there is disproportionality when it comes to the races and classes that most frequently receive the death penalty. It has been proven that minorities and those with lower income levels are overrepresented on death row. This is not due to discrimination; this is due to the higher rate at which these groups commit crime (ProCon.org). It has been argued that poverty breeds criminality; if this is true then it makes sense that those at a lower income level would more frequently be sentenced to execution than those at higher income levels (ProCon.org). It has also been proven that minorities are disproportionately poor, and therefore they would also be more likely to receive the death penalty. Ernest van den Haag said it best “Punishments are imposed on persons, not on…economic groups. Guilt is personal. The only relevant question is: does the person to be executed deserve the punishment? Whether or not others deserved the same punishment, whatever the economic or racial group, have avoided execution is irrelevant.” (ProCon.org) “It does not matter what race or economic status a person is, if he is guilty he must receive the appropriate punishment, which in some cases may be the death penalty.”

Capital punishment can be a difficult topic to approach because people tend to have extreme views on it. The death penalty is an asset to society; it deters potential criminals as well as serves retribution to criminals, and is in no way immoral. The arguments against the death penalty often do not hold up when examined more closely. It is important that the nation is united on this issue, rather than having some states use capital punishment while others do not. The death penalty can be an extremely useful tool in sentencing criminals that have committed some of the worst crimes known to society. It is imperative that we begin to pass legislation making capital punishment legal throughout the United States so that justice can be served properly.

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Why Capital Punishment is Good

In Christian life, we are given the moral example of Jesus Christ. Jesus was not only our savior of sin, but also our template for living an ethical life. Jesus teaches us that the dilemmas we face in our everyday lives are solved through his several teachings explained in the New Testament. Jesus built his teachings off of love and wisdom gained from his time in both heaven and Earth. Jesus gives us his moral standards during the Sermon on the Mount; his sermon explains how we are to live our life and also takes ups arms against specific problems he sees in the world. The Sermon on the Mount, along with examples in the Gospel of John show us how to live a life of morality. The ideas of murder, adultery, and capital punishment connect with the broader theme of Jesus’ teachings on morality, what is ethical, and how we can better learn from it.

The Sermon on the Mount gives us various examples of moral guidelines. In Matthew 5: 21-26, Jesus says, “You have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not murder; and whoever murders will be liable to judgment.’ But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother will be liable to judgment; whoever insults his brother will be liable to the council; and whoever says, ‘You fool!’ will be liable to the hell of fire. So if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar and go. First be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.” In this passage, Jesus teaches us about anger and how to regard others with anger. He tells us to let go of anger that leads to murder and self righteousness. This is one of the first times Jesus mentions murder within the New Testament. We are taught to let go of the anger shown throughout our world and take on a charisma of love and patience with those who spite us. This connects with Jesus’ golden rule. Jesus encourages us to treat others as we would like to be treated by others. This connects with morality because Jesus is telling us to regard others as we want to be regarded, Jesus explains this in unison with all of his other moral teachings. As said in the commandments, we are not to kill; as it goes against the golden rule and also Jesus’ teachings on forgiveness rather than anger. On the mount, Jesus also gives us a moral code on adultery. In Matthew 5: 27-30, Jesus explains, “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall not commit adultery.’ But I say to you that everyone who looks at a woman with lustful intent has already committed adultery with her in his heart. If your right eye causes you to sin, tear it out and throw it away. For it is better that you lose one of your members than that your whole body be thrown into hell. And if your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away. For it is better that you lose one of your members than that your whole body go into hell.” Jesus is telling us that adultery is lustful and leads us to hell, his strong diction about cutting out the part that leads you to sin leads us to the conclusion that we have to fully eliminate the people or things that cause us to sin in our life.

To follow Jesus’ rule we must first take on his example, we must show that we are a part of Jesus’ plan and imitate his love for the world. God gives us moral guidelines through Jesus to show us how to live in his image. Following Jesus’ moral teachings is a crucial component in our Christian experiences. However, we must learn not to judge those who may not follow Jesus’ teachings. John 8: 7-8, tells the story of an adulterer brought to the Pharisees to condemn her. Jesus bends down and begins to write in the mud, when questioned about his actions, Jesus prompts the spectators to throw stones only if they are sinless. Through this narrative, we are shown that God does forgive sins of morality. This also exemplifies that we are in no place to judge others for their sinful nature. Alan Watson explains that we are far from being perfect. Although Jesus forbade divorce within scripture, he was still forgiving of the adulterer. Human nature tempts us to sin, John’s Gospel explains that we are not to condemn others for sin unless we are sinless ourselves. Watson’s explanation of this narrative explains the concept of divorce and how it was regarded in Jesus’ era. Despite the woman’s sinfulness, Jesus forgave and let her continue on to a new life without sin. Going even further to explain that it is not in our place to judge those around us for their ethical or unethical choices.

Jesus does not only teach about the morality of murder and adultery, his scripture can also be connected to what we focus on today in the modern world. Capital punishment is the supreme sentence for crimes committed. We are taught through God’s word to never kill. Yet in the present, we see criminals being ruthlessly killed for their crimes. Are we not any different when we allow them to be killed? Capital punishment only encourages Americans to be criminals in their own individualistic ways. As we advocate for capital punishment, we advocate for another murder of one of God’s children. The bible does not directly address this problem, however Romans explains the impropriety of capital punishment. Romans 13: 1-4 states, “Let every person be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those which exist are established by God. Therefore he who resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. For rulers are not a cause of fear for good behavior, but for evil. Do you want to have no fear of authority? Do what is good, and you will have praise from the same; for it is a minister of God to you for good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a minister of God, an avenger who brings wrath upon the one who practices evil.” This passage explains that we are to follow those who govern us, but they should not instill fear into us. When the government instills fear into its people, it takes on the position of the devil’s advocate and condemns its citizens for crimes only punishable by God.

Joseph Weiler explains the idea of capital punishment in connection with the bible. Weiler discusses the idea of Jesus being on death row for his believed sins of preaching blasphemy. In the course of history, shown through the crucifixion of Jesus, people often believed that they could control who should be punished. This belief is similar to modernized beliefs about capital punishment. However, it is not in our place to judge sin. To put it simply, we are all sinners and have no right to condemn those who have sinned. Ethically, murder and other crimes are immoral, however capital punishment is only feeding into the idea of murder, making it unethical and wrong. Jesus does not directly state many of his moral teachings but offers some insight into them through his several lessons taught in scripture.

Throughout our lives, we often find ourselves questioning what is right versus what is wrong. Jesus offers a scriptural insight into how we should behave and how it affects our moral codes. As outlined above, moral issues such as murder, adultery, and capital punishment are performed daily. As humans, we often have no answers or proper punishment to discipline wrongdoings. It is all too frequent that we find ourselves playing gods. Jesus gives us moral codes to follow to teach us to look past the violence and ignorance of the world and look towards how to move past the sin of the world. Jesus’ teachings on morality give us an example to stay away from all while teaching us to have acceptance for those who sin because we are sinners as well.

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Capital Punishment Ethics

One circumstance to try to morally justify capital punishment could be if someone committed mass murder. For example, the shooting in Parkland FL, where Nicholas Cruz walked into a school and murdered seventeen people. People all around who were affected by this would morally justify capital punishment for Cruz considering he took the lives of seventeen other humans. This could go for anyone that has committed mass murder. He took 17 innocent lives, lives that had just begun and lives that had not been fully fulfilled in the killed and in the family's eyes.

Another circumstance in which capital punishment could be justified is in the case of rape or any sort of sexual abuse. As a woman, it is important to know that in the case of rape that justice would be served. I am not saying a man rapes one woman he should get the death sentence but there are cases where a man kills and rapes multiple women. In that situation, a man is taking things away from a woman such as security and in that case, they should pay. They are taking something away from the women, so we should take something away from them.

Another reason could be in the case of treason or espionage. In a reason situation it is putting our nation in danger and ultimately it is deemed as one live over millions of lives.

Overall the justifications that come into play for capital punishment would be in the case of mass shootings, mass sexual abuse, as well as treason and espionage of any sort. All of these would involve mass numbers of people and the invasion of safety or security which could be justifications that are found within the bigger justifications.

Within the viewpoints of virtue ethics, it uses the motivations and the consequences to decide morality. Virtue ethics would ultimately find capital punishment to be immoral and wrong. The main virtues we discussed were courage, ambition, tolerance, compassion, honesty, loyalty, and justice. While using capital punishment as punishment towards a crime can be seen as an option because it serves justice to the victim and the victim's family it adds more to the situation that needs to be thought about such as the executioner's position and feelings as well as the criminal’s family and their thoughts and feelings.

Just because it is getting justice for one side it creates a new issue for the other side. Within virtue ethics, it states that we must achieve a Golden Mean which is a state of balance that keeps from having too much and too little of virtues but in this situation, there would not be a balance meaning it lacks the Golden Mean. There is not a balance between the vices of deficiency and excess and that is what the Golden Mean is. Another thing to think about within virtue ethics is it must protect something worthwhile and you would have to weigh is it worthwhile to save the criminals live or is it worthwhile for the criminal to die. While it may be deemed as worthwhile for them to die with capital punishment there would be things that need to be weighed.

Justice:

Justice needs to be served to the family or whomever they have affected.
If they are subjected to capital punishment to create justice, it may not create closure for those affected.

Tolerance:

The criminal may create tolerance to living in a prison or jail cell not allowing them to full think about what they have done. If they are subjected to live in a cell after a while they become accustomed to cell life.
The victims would have to create tolerance of the criminal still being around but then if the criminal is killed under capital punishment everyone involved has become tolerant of the situation they are a part of.

Compassion:

Those in charge of the cases must keep in mind the compassion for victims but on the other hand have to have compassion for those loved ones of the criminal. If the criminal is killed with the death penalty or capital punishment comes into play for their case their loved ones will be affected mentally by the death of their loved one.

Loyalty:

There are many times cases that are of multiple occurrence, so the law has to have loyalty to the law. They need to make sure if similar cases come in they get dealt with in the same way to ensure loyalty to the law they are subjected to obey.

According to Kant and his beliefs that began deontology beliefs and studies the idea of duty and obligation. Due to his views, we feel as if Deontology would not allow capital punishment and would ultimately think of it as being immoral. Deontology focuses on the intent rather than to the consequences. Consequences are not bound by the right or wrong but rather that ethics is bound by duty. It can be seen that the law or government have a duty to a victim or the victim family as they have been affected. We could see Kant viewing capital punishment as by killing the prisoner, it causes the prisoner's or criminals family and even friends to become victims themselves if they go ahead with capital punishment but then, on the other hand, he could argue that capital punishment is moral by saying that it is for the families of the victims to seek the criminal’s life for the loss of their loved one's life.

That could be seen as an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth which is not one of Kant's philosophies. Another reason why it can be seen why Kant would not agree with capital punishment is that he believes in the universal principle. With universal principle it would make with capital punishment always right or always wrong and it is virtually impossible for something to be completely wrong or right it depends ultimately on the situation and what type of criminal activity and who was involved. We can not properly analyze and look at every case the same because murder and piracy are on different sides of spectrum and would not be dealt with the same which is against Kant's theory he believes all crime should be dealt the same and each crime and case would have different aspects and nuances making it hard to deal with them all the same.

My view on capital punishment is that it is okay in certain circumstances, but there are instances where it would be worse to the person getting punished if they just spent the rest of their lives rotting in a cell and waiting to die in that cell. Killing them could be something that is viewed as a good thing to them. They could believe that they are going to 'the afterlife' and being 'forgiven' for everything they did to get them the death penalty, which could ultimately give that personal satisfaction. I wouldn't necessarily say that capital punishment is moral, but in certain cases, it could be necessary.

The views of both the philosophers are different in many ways to mine. If anything, we talked about Sarte in class and he believes action is everything. In my opinion depending on the crime committed is how I would determine if capital punishment is an appropriate punishment making the action speak louder than any words it would ultimately come down to the action . There are different ways of how thoughts were gathered and about how it would affect different people. I think that in the case of it being mostly immoral is where there are most similarities as well as using the virtue ethics of justice but that is about all and a very fatal and small similarity. While this is my own view on capital punishment it is not a way to determine if it is ethically right or wrong because ethics is not law/legality, culture/religion, popular opinion, or personal opinion.

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Is Capital Punishment Justified

Contents

Immanuel Kant
Thomas Hobbes
Karl Marx
My Stand
Conclusion

Capital punishment is an issue that has witnessed both intensive and extensive debate in relation to ethics (Heyd, p. 119). Capital punishment entails the execution of a person for a specific crime after a legal process. The act often involves the state executing the person, not individuals as it would entail mean murder when another person executes another person. Capital punishment is often used for serious crimes, such as murder. In some states, it is always used for serious crimes including rape, fraud, and treason, which are capital crimes. However, in the field of ethics, which is concerned with the rightness or wrongness of an act, capital punishment has been widely discussed with different philosophers and scholars taking different positions on the issue (Heyd, p. 119). The purpose of this essay is to describe how Kant, Locke, and Aristotle would have argued with regards to capital punishment. The paper concludes by taking a stand on capital punishment based on one of the philosophers.

Immanuel Kant

From Kant’s perspective, he was categorically in favor of the death penalty for the crime of murder. This is based on his belief that the death penalty is deserved for people who take someone else’s life (Potter, p. 267). This is evident in his statement that when a civil society decides to dissolve the society by consent of all its members such as a society in an island, they would have to kill the last remaining murderer in the prison because it matches his/her deeds. According to Kant, the failure to do so would mean that every person would have violated justice. The basis of this argument is Kant’s believe in retributive justice, which is based on logic and reason. Retributive justice is based on the argument that punishment is necessary and justified because every commission of crime needs to have a punishment (Potter, p. 267). The theory promotes the need for responding in kind to wrongdoers. This is the equivalent of the Biblical “an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth”.

An important basis for Kant’s support for punishment such as the death penalty is the need to promote equality in justice (Anderson). As such, any evil that one inflicts on a person should have the same inflicted on them. At the same time, Kant noted that the state needs to carry out justice for the sake of the law. In this case, carrying out the death penalty entails promoting justice not for the sake of the victim or the criminal, but for the sake of the law. This is necessary for ensuring that the law is not undermined. An interesting point to note is that Kant only supported the death penalty in the case of murder (Anderson). This is despite the fact that he lived in an era when the death penalty was used for a range of crimes across Europe and the New World. The reason for this is that Kant argued that punishment should be proportionate to one’s crime. As such, in the case of murder, the only proportionate punishment for murder is death (Anderson). This is because there is no substitute for death. Death penalty satisfies justice in the case of murder.

Thomas Hobbes

Hobbes justifies the death penalty through the social contract theory. Hobbes’ moral and/or political obligations are based on the agreement among them to form the society in which they live in (Friend). Based on Hobbes’s social contract, people agree to limit their right to nature only retaining their right to defend themselves in case of an immediate threat. However, the sovereign retains his right of nature including the right to do all things such as judging disputes and deciding rules. In order for a person to escape the dangers of the state, his/her only way entails acting rationally to seek peace and to enter into an agreement with others not to harm one another (Friend). At the same time, the person should clearly understand that it would be irrational to break the agreement as long as others have kept it. On the part of the state, it is crucial that it enforces the contract or risk no one keeping it. According to the social contract agreement, Hobbes justifies the use of the death penalty by the state. This is because of an individual’s ability to threaten his/her fellow individual or the government.

An important point to note is that the killer, according to Hobbes should have the power over the person that is being killed. This is described as having influence over another. It is also explained as the ability to impose a cost or the capacity to modify the conduct of an individual (Heyd, p. 123). From Hobbes’ argument, the social contract and the balance of power between the parties would require that the state has the power to kill. Among the public, the best approach to avoiding the ultimate price that comes with threatening the state or the people is to remain within the wills of the people and executive: refraining from actions that can result to the ultimate price.

Hobbes’ justification for the death penalty is greatly influenced by the death being a major source of bargaining power in relation to the social contract, Hobbes noted that people’s passion for peace is greatly promoted by the fear of death (Heyd, p. 120). To avoid further conflict between humans, the state takes the full responsibility of killing people based on their commission of a capital crime or another. This is implemented through the court, which has the power and duty to discern whom and how the death penalty is implemented.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx was emphatically against the death penalty. Even though Karl Marx wrote so little about crime and punishment, the analysis of his voluminous literature brought about an important understanding of his thoughts on crime and punishment. Karl Marx’s first thoughts about capital punishment were noted from his article on the New York Daily Tribune, which argued that death penalty had a counter-deterrent or brutalizing effect: instead of deterring murder, executions resulted to more murder (Marx). He supported this argument with statistics that murder was greatly linked with executions (Marx). He even quoted the Bible noting that since the time of Cain, the world has never been intimidated by punishment.

Karl Marx disagreement with the death penalty is also evident in his criticism of both Kant and Hegel who had argued for free will and self-determination of people (Bohm, p. 286). Kant believed that people make each other and do not make themselves. This explains his emphasis on the fact that violent crime was greatly influenced by “relative poverty”. He noted that crime greatly came from people’s jealousy where there were greater inequalities between poverty and wealth. As such, Karl Marx was evidently against the death penalty. He emphasized the need to address the system that brings about the crimes (Bohm, p. 286). This explains his criticism of capitalism, arguing that it works to deprive the poor. Based on this, it could be said that Karl Marx thought of the death penalty as a tool used by the wealthy in capitalist countries to protect themselves from the poor and weak.

My Stand

My position on the death penalty is based on Kant’s argument. A key strength of Kant’s argument is that he bases it on objective moral law. He argues that people have the capacity to reason, to think critically. This ability should be the basis for doing the right thing. As every person has the capacity to reason, morals should, therefore, be universal (Anderson). This should apply to murder. A key argument here is that murder cannot be universalized. This is based on the understanding that if every other person killed for not liking someone then there would be no people left. Due to the possession of critical thinking, a person should also understand that he/she is also committing a crime based on existing laws, which criminalize murder. At the same time, Kant emphasizes the importance of human dignity. It is every person’s duty to treat others with dignity. Murder violates this. However, violation of this should not end at that as there should be justice (Anderson). Kant strongly argues that one should not do to someone that he/she would not want to be done to him/her. Based on this, I believe a serious crime such as murder should only warrant for the criminal to be treated in the same way. Kant’s ethics is also objective, which provides it with a strong basis.

Even though Hobbes is in support of the death penalty just like Kant, his argument contains some weaknesses. I find the main weaknesses being the fact that Hobbes does not describe what happens where the state the sovereign fails to protect the people. Unlike Kant who notes that a dissolving society will first kill the last remaining murderer in the prison, Hobbes only focuses on what happens under a well-functioning society. Under an effective sovereign, the death penalty is okay based on the social contract. However, under a crisis such as civil war, it is not evident what could happen under Hobbes argument. I also find Marx’s argument also flawed. This has even been noted in philosophical literature. For instance, his arguments are noted to be only theoretical. His arguments would work in a world where there are no oppressors and the oppressed, the wealth and the rich (Bohm, 267). However, history shows that at any point in life there have always been these categories of people. As such, it would be wrong to blame the rich for the crimes of the poor, considering every person has the potential to work and get rich from their efforts.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the death penalty has been a major issue of discussion in relation to morals and ethics. From the above analysis, it is evident that different philosophers take different approaches to explaining the rightness or wrongness of the issue. Kant bases his argument on retributive justice, where equality and justice are promoted. In the case of murder, Kant argues that proportionate punishment should be used, which explains his support for the death penalty. According to Hobbes, the death penalty is justified by the fact that people fear death. However, a key issue with the argument is that it does not show a stand in case of a crisis whereby there is not government or state to protect the people. In relation to Marx, his argument criticizes the death penalty as a tool used by the wealthy in capitalistic states to protect themselves. A key issue with the argument is that it is more theoretical as it ignores the fact that people have the capacity to work and get rich from their own efforts.

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Against Capital Punishment

There are many issues that fall under the category of pro-life. What they all have in common is that some people in our society are considered “inconvenient”. The theme of “take up your cross” highlights that to be a faithful Christian, sometimes we have to do what is truly inconvenient, including welcoming the presence in our society of people that are “inconvenient.” When thinking of these types of people, the most obvious are unborn babies targeted for abortion. Most abortions in the U.S. happen when a mother does not want to carry a child because she thinks she can’t support the child or having a child would put a dent in her career.

Almost never is it a choice between the mother’s life and the child’s life. A little known fact: when this does happen, the Catholic Church supports the right to save the mother’s life over the child’s life. This is because the Catholic Church views this not as abortion, but a procedure to save the mother’s life that results in the death of the child. This is not a sin. This all ties in to the theme of taking up your cross every day because all of the reasons for aborting a child listed are matters of convenience: saving your career, wanting to avoid the hard work of caring for a child, etc.

Even though the alternative of adoption is available, it is rarely used as a solution to these issues because of the inconvenience of having to give birth to the child and contact an adoption agency. If everybody was willing to take up their cross every day, and valued human life, no one would abort children because of inconveniences, and they would raise their child or put them up for adoption if their economic situation was dire. Another group of “inconvenient” people are the frail elderly and terminally ill. The pro-life movement may soon have to confront the challenge of defending the lives of these people.

Many states are starting to consider euthanasia of people instead of providing expensive health care. This is especially a problem for the poor, who are often dependent on government health care. Currently this issue is presented as an option for the patient to get assistance to commit suicide, but soon the government might be deciding to euthanize people or simply deny treatment in order to save money. One issue that used to be justified in the past is now against the laws of the Church. This issue is capital punishment.

Until the 1600’s, the prison systems and the police force were not strong enough to find criminals and keep them in jails, constantly supplying food to them for years on end. Because of this, the only option for society if you committed a grave crime was to execute the criminal. In modern times, however, our police and jail systems are quite adequate for catching criminals, giving them a trial, and locking them up for decades while also providing them food and shelter. However, in some states in America, capital punishment is still legal. The Church opposes capital punishment because it believes that everyone can change and turn to God. Even if you are not Catholic, you can recognize the much better alternatives to this.

Going back to the theme of taking up our crosses, capital punishment is just another easy way out or shortcut to deal with an inconvenient situation, as opposed to working for a better outcome. If everyone was willing to work to improve people and try to turn them to God, then capital punishment would be rejected. These are the three main issues of our society and its corrupt way of thinking about life as equal to time, work, or money, instead of recognizing the inherent value of life. Abortion happens when a mother decides that her child’s life isn’t valuable enough to take up her cross and work hard to preserve. Euthanasia happens when the government decides that people are too expensive to provide health care to them and would rather take the convenient, easy way out than to help them.

Capital punishment is extremely outdated in its use now that we have proper prisons, police and non-corrupt judicial systems. Instead of paying for food and shelter over the course of decades, so that if an inmate wanted to they could change their life for the better, and turn to God. Another reason to abolish capital punishment is that, however good our judicial system is, there are always flaws. Innocent people are sometimes convicted. To put an innocent person to death would be one of the most horrendous things that could happen in our society. Truly, sometimes people must take up their cross and do hard things in order to do God’s will. Sometimes society as a whole needs to take up the cross and use its resources to preserve the human right to life.

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The Importance of Taking Risks

Risk-taking is the act of doing something that involves uncertainty and taking chances in order to achieve a goal. “He who is not courageous enough to take risks will accomplish nothing in life” -Muhammad Ali. Sometimes we view risks in a negative way, but it is necessary to take risks in life to be successful. Risk-taking is essential because it builds knowledge, helps overcome fears, and brings opportunity.

Taking risks helps us grow and teaches valuable life lessons. Failure and mistakes could potentially be followed by risk taking, but that is what builds character and knowledge. After failing to make the 1968 U.S. Olympic figure skating team, Vera Wang made a risky career change and took a leap of faith that landed her a position as an editor at Vogue magazine. Even though she failed at the Olympics, she picked herself back up and took a risk that paid off. The outcome of a risk may not be what we expected but it may lead down an even better path.

Risk-taking can be scary especially if it takes you out of your comfort zone. There are many fears associated with taking risks, such as, being wrong, judgement, and rejection. Some people become tend to stay in their comfort zone instead of just going for what they want because they are afraid of the outcome. For instance, I play the flute, but I am a very shy person. Even though I get nervous, I don’t let my shyness stop me from auditioning for bands or orchestras, because I constantly remind myself of how amazing the outcome could be. We shouldn’t let fear stop us from taking risks because there are so many opportunities that we could be missing.

Lastly, taking risks brings opportunity. If we never take the chance and go for what we want, nothing will happen at all. How can you accomplish anything if you don’t try? Seeing risk as opportunity instead of a road to failure is key. For example, Matthew Morrison, broadway star, took the risk of moving to New York City at only eighteen years old. This risk definitely brought great opportunity for Morrison because he has acquired many successful roles on and off broadway. Although the outcomes of risk-taking can be unexpected, believing in oneself and taking the leap of faith will always lead one to success.

In conclusion, taking risks brings opportunities to learn, helps us overcome fears, and brings wonderful opportunities. Many people have reached success from risk-taking, and we can look to them and their stories for inspiration. Being unsure of taking a risk is normal, but remember that the opportunities are endless. The greatest risk is not taking one at all.

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Macbeth’s Downfall Essay

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, most people don’t blame the main character. They blame the one they feel corrupted the character. In this play, they blame Lady Macbeth for his downfall. However, Macbeth is to blame for his downfall.

Macbeth was a tragic play about a man who was easily corrupted. It starts as almost all tragic hero stories begin. Macbeth was a warrior fighting for his kingdom, and the ruler until three witches gave him information and once he told his wife she had a plane to execute the king to gain power. Then, he went from being a warrior to a suspicious and feared king which killed would kill anyone even his citizens to stay in power. After all, Macbeth is the one that made all the killing and chose to continue doing it. His ambition and unsettle power at the throne are what started and ended his life if he didn't betray the former king maybe it would have happened another way. In act 3 scene 2, Macbeth says, “In the affliction of these terrible dreams that shake us nightly. Better be with the dead, Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace, Than on the torture of the mind to lie…”. Meaning the job isn’t done and he can’t rest until he knows is permanently king and Banquo is dead. Lady Macbeth isn’t innocent, but she also isn't at fault for Macbeth's downfall though she came up with the plane he didn't have to do it he made the choice of his own. In act 2 scenes 1, Macbeth says, ' Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still... A dagger of the mind, a false creation.” This whole scene was ominous, and the reason is that he wanted to lie to himself as if he was dreaming about killing the king, but in fact, he actually was, so in doing that shows he still cared about being good. Macbeth was still fighting the evil inside him, but he killed the king of his hands and had more blood on his hands than anyone else.

Overall Macbeth is at fault for his downfall due to him being the one that could direct his fate. He also was the only one killing not one of his closest supporters took a life. This is why Macbeth is the tragic hero that was corrupted himself and made it worse by adding more blood on his hands.

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Causes and Effects of Childhood Obesity: a Comprehensive Approach

Over the previous decades, youth fatness has been at a constant increase. Youth chubbiness is an emerging issue in the United States. Everywhere you look, there are millions of advertisements for fast, and deep fried foods. This appeals to young minds because it tastes scrumptious. As young children, they do not generally think about how these foods will affect their bodies in the long run. This exploration will present that youth obesity roots from the monetary remaining of the family, depends on the race/ethnic foundation, and relies upon how persuasive the parents are towards their children eating habits. With the end goal to avert childhood obesity, there should be a program that educates kids and their parents on the results of unfortunate eating patterns.

Different sources have diverse perspectives regarding the matter of childhood obesity including, race and ethnics, the role of parents, as well of the measure of a child’s body mass index (BMI). Davis- Kean’s whole approach in “Race/ethnic disparities in early childhood BMI, obesity and overweight in the United Kingdom and United States” roots from race and ethnics. He argues that dependent on somebody's race and ethnicity it can be determined whether or not they will be influenced by childhood obesity. He backs up his contention by saying, “Some studies suggest that racial/ ethnic minority children from households with low income and whose parents have low educational attainment may be less likely to be overweight than their socioeconomically advantaged minority counterparts” (Davis-Kean, 2015, p. 520). Next, Barry states in his article, “The Role of Parents in Public Views of Strategies to Address Childhood Obesity in the United States”that parents are the sole fault of youth obesity. In his policy points, toward the start of his discoveries, he states, “The American public- both with and without children in the household- holds parents highly responsible and largely to blame for childhood obesity” (Barry, 2015, p.73).He isn't attempting to sound condescending in any case, he wants to recognize that parents need to make the initial step to changing their kid’s way of life to avoid any future medical problems. Kimm chooses not to depend on fault and rather utilizes the research in “Childhood Obesity: A New Pandemic of the New Millennium”. She first relates race and gender to the percentile of body mass index (BMI). She says, “Based on National Health Examination Survey’s BMI information, childhood obesity was about one third higher in black girls than in white girls- 31% versus 22%” (Kimm, 2002, p. 1003). Kimm goes on to use race, but takes a different approach than Davis-Kean. She says, “…more of the thin black girls than white girls reported trying to gain weight, suggesting a low tolerance by black girls for being too thin (Kimm, 2002, p. 1004). This immediate statement demonstrates the understanding of psychological factors behind youth obesity. Studies demonstrated that regardless of how much weight a Caucasian young lady lost, she was as yet troubled with her body weight and body shape. African American girls in the study demonstrated that they lean more towards being somewhat more 'curvy' and embrace a portion of the weight in the right spots. She goes on to say, “Nine- and 10- year old black girls were more than twice as likely as white girls to engage in less favorable eating practices, such as eating big helpings (Kimm, 2002, p. 1004).These four sources likewise have a variety of ideas. Although a few points are similar, they also contrast. Some of the sources corroborate with one another to demonstrate the arguments. Kimm and Davis-Kean agree on BMI research. Kimm (2002) says, “BMI… was about one third higher in black girls than in white girls- 31% versus 22%” (p. 1003). Davis-Kean (2015) agrees with statistics in a chart titled “Children’s BMI and obesity… by race/ ethnicity” (p. 524).In this chart, he arranges kid’s fatness by race/ethnicities. Caucasian children have a BMI of about 16.40 and an obesity rate of about 11.3 %, whereas African American children have a BMI of approximately 16.66 and an obesity rate roughly at 13.5% (Davis-Kean, 2015, p.524).Davis-Kean’s graph additionally substantiates with Barry’s second table. Davis-Kean (2015) has a graph that says that Hispanics with less than a high school diploma are in the least in heftiness contrasted with different Hispanics with various diplomas and/or degrees (p. 524). Barry (2015) says that Hispanic parents and their kids with less than a high school diploma have an obesity rate of about 11.8%- which is lower than others that have achieved more (p. 82). Lastly, Davis-Kean and Kimm concur that a family's financial position is a factor in obesity. Davis-Kean (2015) depicts this in a circle graph that rundowns financial position, socio-statistic characteristics, parenting strategies, family eating times, and social area all factors that can lead or avoid obesity (p. 521). Kimm firmly agrees with this. She states, “Poverty has often been considered a major contributor to the high prevalence of obesity seen in children in the U.S.” (Kimm, 2002, p. 1004). Dr. Al Gilpin states in his article, “Childhood Obesity: Why Worry?” that children who are obese often suffer from depression and bullying. This article focuses on the medical effects on children. “Extra weight can have a devastating impact on children, causing them to suffer joint, leg, and back pain when instead they should be playing torment free” (Gilpin, 2017).

All together for children and their parents to completely get a handle on the concept of youth obesity, there should be programs that legitimately teach them on the impacts of unfortunate eating habits. The program would incorporate classes for the parents and intuitive recreations for the kids.The reasoning behind that would be because adults have enough control to sit through presentations and bring down valuable tips and really utilize the information. Youthful children generally like to be energetic and more involved. Their capacity to focus isn't sufficiently long to sit through educational meetings. I hypothesize if these programs were held for little to zero cost or even free, youth stoutness rates would drop hugely. By removing the price factor, anybody will have access to this asset and eventually have the capacity to prolong their life expectancy.

The seminars for the parents would incorporate a day of speakers, a lunch, and an open floor for discussions between parents. The speakers at the seminar would incorporate health care specialists, individuals with past encounters, and the individuals who do inquire about regarding the matter. The speakers will give the parents information to help enhance the family diets and diminishing the level of youth obesity. The lunch accommodated them would incorporate solid alternatives. Things that are simple and quick to cook at home. For example, grilled or baked chicken breast, broccoli, brown rice, squash, and whatever else that can be boiled.

For kids, their interactive exercises would incorporate craft, fun, healthy recipes to make with parents, and exercise. The crafts could be motivational self-portraits or posters. The healthy recipes that the children find would be for kids to have a ton of fun in the kitchen with their parents making nourishment they love! The activity would incorporate running, bicycle riding, playing tag, and additionally extraordinary group activities, for example, b-ball and football. This would enable the children to figure out how to cherish physical movement.

The whole program would be each end of the week for an entire three weeks. It would just be on weekends to oblige the accessibility of the parents and children. Parents have a wild work day and need to loosen up when they return home. Children have school and homework when they return home. The mission of this program is to the parents and their kids 'homework' for the week. The homework is actualizing every one of the tips given to them at the meetings. They would then report back and state what was effective and what was most certainly not. And in addition what will work in their family and what won't.

In conclusion, youth obesity has a simple solution. Research has discovered that parents and children need to work together in order to fight the annoying weight problem. Kids can't fit this issue independently from anyone else. They need the parents to take the first step. The seminar and interactive exercises are the initial step to accomplishing this. By taking the first step, children will be more willing to follow in their parent’s footsteps.

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Should we Celebrate Columbus Day

After reading many documents about Christopher Columbus and his different voyages to the New World it has come to my conclusion that Christopher Columbus robbed many natives of their land, material, and large vessels of gold that was in high quantities. Christopher Columbus kept a journal and wrote on October 13, 1492 about being very attentive to the natives and strived to find out if they had any gold . He learned that there was a king who possessed much of this gold. At night he would become a thief and start thinking where the gold was and how much.

One Morning Christopher Columbus witnessed many ships coming to shores. This ships where made tree trunks so big they held up to 40-45 men at one time. Many other ships contained material things such as cotton, parrots, javelins ( spear used in a competitive sport also used as a weapon) and many other items were held on these ship. The men came with these possessions hoping to use them as trade. Christopher Columbus decided he would choose Cwhat they would get. Mister Columbus was not intregued by these items, but more interested about the gold they had on them. The text states he sees some of them with little bits of metal hanging from their noses. He learns that if goes southward toward the island he would come across a king who had much gold .

I believe as many Americans do that Columbus Day should not be celebrated. The reason for this is Columbus was not the first to discover American continent and very well known today. The concept is Euro-centric and very insulting to many American Indians and native born Americans of different cultures. Many had lived on the land way before Christopher Columbus had came. Scientist have now proven that many explorers came from all over way before Columbus did. It is a known fact that the vikings where actually the first to discover America but it was never recorded.

In 1502 a merchant and explorer by the name Amerigo Vespucci had came to realise that Christopher Columbus was wrong about the new world he had found. Later on America was named after Amerigo. It was found years later that neither man had been the first to discover America that there had been civilization had been present way before Columbus or Amerigo Vespucci had made landfall.

So In conclusion It is wrong that we celebrate Christopher Columbus as the man to discover America, Christopher Columbus came to a land and when he made landfall there was already men there and he went in focused on the jewels they had and what other possesions they had. He was also focus on converting there religon. Christopher Columbus could have learned and helped these people but instead took there land which to makes him a theif

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Why People Act Bravery

I believe that the reason that people act heroically is due to empathy and compassion people feel for others. People who rush to help others during dangerous situations do so, because they care about the safety and well-being of other people.

For the past few weeks, we have been reading stories about heroic people real and fictional. Both, real and fictional, have acted this way to either protect themselves or others. For example, in The Story of Ida B. Wells, it tells us how she became known for writing about unfair treatment, hostility colored people faced, and injustice. These articles and her speeches influenced people to the point of where they took action.” Her speeches raised the consciousness of the nation. Condemnation from the North as well as England forced Southerners first to justify lynching, then publicly to deplore it. Between 1893 and 1898, several Southern states passed anti-lynching laws.”

Another example of heroic people took place in the story of Theseus and the Minotaur. This is a fictional story, but it features two types of heroic people. Theseus was one of these heroic people, he was a son of a king, but he wanted to help his people.” We cannot sacrifice any more of our young citizens to this tyrant. When it is time to send the next tribute, I will go as one of them and I vow that it is the last time the Minotaur will be fed with the flesh of any of our people.” He killed the minotaur, but he had help. The tyrant's daughter gave him a way to find his way out of the labyrinth. He did not repay her well.” The moment she was gone, he set sail and left her on the island.” He left her, but the gods didn’t like this.” The Gods clearly thought the same thing, for they had a further horror in store for him, as a punishment for his ungrateful treatment of the young girl.” Later his father killed himself, because Theseus forgot to put up his sails.

All of the stories we read featured these heroic figures. They had a lot of the same qualities like bravery, strength, and nobility. Woman who Helped Anne Frank Dies at 100, taught us that modesty is also important.” Gies explained another motivation for emphasizing her modesty. She said if people can think it takes remarkable qualities to act boldly on behalf of others, few will attempt it.” This means anyone can be a hero.

In conclusion, we all can act heroically you just have to be able to feel compassion and empathy for the people around you.

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Parents have no Right in their Children Life

Before I begin, let me ask you how many of you agree that parents have no right to control the lives of their children now? The answer one gives to this question will likely include, either implicitly or explicitly, particular assumptions about the grounds of parental rights. Parenthood and biological parenthood are often seen as synonymous. But of course, adoptive parents are also parents by virtue of assuming the parental role. This common sense fact opens the door for a consideration not only of the possible connections between biology and parenthood but other issues as well, such as the role of consent in acquiring parental rights, which then leads to a host of other questions that are not only theoretically important but existentially significant as well.

What does it mean for a parent to possess rights, as a parent? Why think that such rights exist? What obligations do parents have to their children? What is the role of the state, if any, concerning the parent-child relationship? These questions are central for our understanding of the moral, social, personal, and political dimensions of the parent-child relationship. In my speech, I disagree partially to the topic that I will talk about that parents have no right to control the lives of their children above 16? This is because the children themselves are not mature enough. They are very immature in all ways that parents have to guide them. My second point is, most of the parents find that this age, they are vulnerable that makes parents always worry most of the time. In addition, with no control and attention from parents can affect the negative influence for the children. The point that I agree is because the children should be given the freedom of their own life. And another point is the preparation to adult phase for their future. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your attention.

Back to my talk, of course, parents have a strong grip on the safety, responsibility, and productivity of their children. Children are immature. Children made a decision based on what they like, not necessarily good for them. I give you an analogy, if there are ice cream and vegetables, children would most probably pick ice cream, because it is tasty, sweet, interesting but they don't know the harm it inflicts and they don't know that vegetables are better. All children need education and guidance from parents. We see children in today's era have been too free with their outside world. Including criminal cases, they always do. The beginning is the need to educate parents at home to monitor them and their activities. Parents need to give early education to their children so that they can learn good things like respecting others, fears of older people, not wanting to do bad things.

Otherwise, if we see teenage crime now very high and the range of crimes they make in our unexpected adulthood. If we as parents do not care about this problem then the children will be neglected and continue to make mistakes such as we see teens who sniff the glue, give birth to children out of wedlock, steal, and so on at a young age. From that example, we as adults are saddened by the fate they have experienced at their young age as they have been trapped and the dark future. Teenagers are not the bright minds that they often like to believe they are. And if somebody doesn't stop them, they will do something unbearably dangerous. As a parent, it's hard to get past our biological demands to protect our own kids from the world's bullshit, but there is absolutely a time when we have to. The problem is knowing the line. Yeah, it's probably a good idea to flat-out prevent them from tattooing racial slurs on their face but it may be to their benefit to just let them find out on their own that speaking like a gang member when they're trying to be taken seriously isn't going to work out in most social non-gang settings. The second point is parents find that this age, they are vulnerable which is making parents worried about their children. Parents are still responsible for teens even when they are 16-17 years old. By law, If you are in Malaysia they are still considered minors and if parents aren't doing their job protecting the 16-17 years old then they can still be charged and filed for possible child abuse/neglect. My belief is if you are under 18 you do have to follow the rules of your parents. If you are told to be home a certain time, Then you get home at that time, If you are told not to drink at a party and do then they have every right to be disappointed in you. If your parents don't want you dressing in a way where you are showing cleavage, Etc then you should get dressed in something less revealing (however most teens ignore this and dress in the revealing way anyway) If you self-harm/are depressed and are under the age of 18 they are able to put you in a mental health facility, Among much more because you are under 18. They don't 'have' to buy you a car just because you turned 16.

In today's world, a select few people have jobs by 16-17 and the parents are still supporting everything financially. From the clothes, they want the games and electronics they want, the foods they want and etc. If you are 18 or older and living at home such as still living in your parents home then you do follow their rules. Since you are 18 they do have the choice to decide if you still can live in the house. If they want you to have a job to keep living at home then you find one. If they want you to support yourself financially (in terms of food, clothes, etc) then you find a way to do so by getting a job. I know of several people 18+ still living at home and being handed literally anything they want from food, clothes, games and etc as if they were still kids. Dear fellow friends, as the two points above that I disagree, I also have two points of agree to elaborate in this talk. The point is children themselves should be given the freedom for their own life. I believe in escalating freedom of the children as they show more maturity. But at the end of the day, a parent is responsible for the actions of their children and can be held accountable for those things until a child reaches the age of majority. If a parent has no control over the teenager, how can they be held accountable for anything the children does, realistically? This control can only be limited if the law disjoints this responsibility from parents. Just because you spawned a child doesn't mean you know what's right for it. I believe that parents should not have as much power over their teenagers as some parents believe they deserve. Many parents like to believe that they always know what's best for their offspring. Becoming a parent doesn't mean that you have all the answers. Becoming a parent doesn't make you infinitely wise either. Many parents also like to justify their controlling attitude towards their offspring's life by claiming they have had more life experience. After all, 'they were a teenager too once.' Yes, they have had more life experience and yes, they were a teenager. But they were a teenager in a different time and they only have an experience of their life which isn't likely to resemble the life of their offspring at all! Does that make their experience largely irrelevant when applying it to a different person living a different life in a different time with different ideas? I just struggle to understand why parents insist on having control of their teenager offspring by claiming that they know what's best... How could you possibly know that? The best person to ask is your offspring... But they are obviously far less intelligent and mindful and responsible than you and obviously are not capable of making good decisions, right? My dear fellow classmates, Let your child live their own life. My final point is children should be able to make their own choices, even if they may sometimes be wrong or foolish so that they can see for themselves the consequences.

It's important for a teenager to become more independent and responsible for their actions so that they are prepared for the adult world. Teens have different mindsets to adults, however, I think adults and children should be treating each other with equal respect and trust. Parents are always telling their kids that: 'this is wrong', 'you shouldn't do this' because they don't want to see their child turn bad or suffer which in turn hurts the parents themselves. But if you look at it in another way, children never restrict their parents from doing something. When parents are signing divorce papers, their children are in hurt but does that change some parent's decision? When parents are drinking all night and then vomiting in the toilet, this makes their child feel sadness, but do some adults stop being alcoholic? When parents are smoking and then dying of lung cancer, their children are also dying inside from the grief, but do some parents stop smoking? Children are not restricting you from doing what you want, so why are should you restrict them? Making mistakes are hurting both the parent and the child. So, in my opinion, I believe that both child and parent should both guide each other but not 'control' or else you wouldn't be living your life. Your children are not stupid, they can make the right choices if you trust them, in return adults should also start thinking about their own choices and mistakes.

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Macbeth and her Role

Racist and sexist acts were always around and ongoing during Queen Elizabeth I time. Even knowing this, Shakespeare made Macbeth and granted the women involved power. All of the women in Macbeth which were the Witches and Lady Macbeth made a big change in the outcome of the play. This is shown when they all together made Macbeth into a new person and made him turn to the dark side throughout the story.

Through the play, Shakespeare introduces Lady Macbeth Who begins to play a key role in the play. Even though people may begin to think that McBeth controls his own life and does what he wants the mastermind behind the plans is lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth manifests the witches’ evilness. When Macbeth hears the witches’ prophecy he lets events go on. He says that he wants to let the “chance” happen rather than him to take action on the situation. Lady Macbeth demands that Macbeth fight the Witches. Lady Macbeth gives an idea to Macbeth to tell him to play the innocent card “look like the innocent flower”. Moving on in the play, Macbeth has a problem and didn’t want to go further by saying “proceed no further in this business” to what Lady Macbeth slapped back with that he was a coward for trying to back out and not face the problems ahead of himself. By Lady Macbeth saying this, I guess this aggravated Macbeth and got him going to the point where he committed treason. He would never ever, have done this if it wasn’t for Lady Macbeth. This shows the impact that she has on him and the play as a whole. Lady Macbeth’s role in the play is to not only be beside Macbeth but it is to change the way Macbeth acts and what he does so she can succeed on her own for personal growth.

In conclusion, the females in the play all make an impact on the outcome. Lady Macbeths transforms Macbeth. This transformation makes Macbeth do stupid things and make mistakes for Lady Macbeth to succeed in her goal. I would say that she was necessary because she gives an interesting side to the play and you can never really know what’s going to be coming next or around the corner. Lady Macbeth even makes Macbeth commit treason because she talks to him about how his actions are coward ones and need to be more powerful.

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Is Ralph a Good Leader in “Lord of the Flies”?

A leader to me is someone who can guide and think about a group just as much as they do to themselves. In the book Lord Of The Flies there is a conflict going on between two boys named Jack and Ralph. More like Jack is jealous because Ralph is the leader of the boys they’re stuck on the island with. The question is, Who is a better leader between them? Therefore if I had to say who I would want as leader it would be Ralph over Jack because of multiple reasons. In the text Ralph cared about the group not just himself.

While Jack on the other hand was the complete opposite , and Ralph may have not been physically the strongest but he had the brains in the group.First they are stuck on a island so he had to come up with a idea to get off the island. The he finally came up with something “ So we must make smoke on top of the mountain.We must make a fire “ pg.38. While the rest had no idea what to do and he came up with something that nun of the rest couldn’t think of.

In addition there is a “ beast “ so they were going to travel up the island anyways. While going up “ One more, from a distance, he heard Jack’s whispers. Scared?” While jack spreads negativity around the boys, Ralph is about nothing but positivity. He even made a rule “ I’ll give the conch to the next person to speak.He can hold when speaking “ pg.33. Therefore it's not like he the leader and they only follow what he just says. They actually get to speak and share their thoughts with the group to make the best decision with ralph.While Jack just wants to take over and everyone just goes by what he says.

Now if you read this book and disagreeing with me so far and say Jack is the better leader then let me change your mind. Now I know what the Jack supporters go say he is stronger and he can hunt and feed the group. Yeah he is good for that but overall no, don’t forget that he is the reason why they were even still stuck on the island. On page 70 “ You and you blood, Jack Merridew! You and your hunting! We might have gone home”. Do you really wanna be stuck on a island ? Just because his decision to go hunt instead keep the fire going for them to go home they had lost hope at that point. There do you really think Jack is leader material ?

Do you know what a true leader yet is ? At least based off the Lord of the flies between Jack and Ralph. Ralph overall is just the better leader to me he has the brains and he has the heart of leader. He can think outside the box between the boys and focus on the main objective which is getting off the island. I'm just saying if I was stuck on a island I would want Ralph as my leader. Who would you want as yours ?

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Harrison Bergeron and 2081

In general, the dystopian genre has its particular characteristics. The dystopia is a futuristic, unreal society. The authors explain their arguments by making an exaggerated situation. The media controls by the government, and it uses to brainwash the people. The freedom in this kind of societies is restricted. The “V for Vendetta” is a dystopian movie. All elements like media, dictatorial government, and restricted society exist in this movie. “V for Vendetta” is a 2006 dystopian movie directed by James McTeigue, and written by The Wachowskis, based on a novel by Alan Moore. “V for Vendetta” as a dystopian movie depicts a restricted society by the dictatorial government in Britain. The context of the movie is the U.S. in 2006. Based on the plot that V says “Good evening London”, the movie takes place in Britain (V for Vendetta 2006.) The protests, the media, the society, and the government are four groups of people in this movie. V, Evey, Adam Sutler, Gordon Dietrich, Eric Finch, Lewis Prothero, Peter Creedy, Valerie Page, and Delia Surridge are all the main characters in this movie. The V is the leader of protests who fight for freedom. Although he acts like a terrorist, he is the positive character of the movie. Adam Sutler is the leader of the dictatorial government. Evey represents people who live with fear, and they are not brave enough to fight for their freedom. Gordon Dietrich who has Quran in his house kills by the government, and it shows the government restricted the people's religion. Valerie page that kills in prison represents lesbians, so it shows the government restricted the sexual tendency. The primary themes are brainwashing, fear, hopes, violence, and dictatorship (V for Vendetta 2006.)

The director argues that people’s fear may end up to a fascist and corrupt government that it takes all the power to restrict the people's rights. The propaganda depicted in this movie to show how government uses media to brainwash people. He indicates how technology is important for corrupt governments to brainwash people. On the other side, the V who is the represent of protest in this movie said, “People shouldn't be afraid of their government. Governments should be afraid of their people” (V for Vendetta 2006.), it implies that feeling of fear leads them to not have any hope to change the future and shout their demands. In this kind of governments, leaders ignore and repress Muslims, immigrants, and homosexuals. The scene in the movie shows Grodon has a Quran in his house, He says “It's a copy of the Quran, 14th century”, and Evey says “But is it worth it? I mean if they found that here” shows that they kill Gordon because of having Quran in his house. Valerie is a lesbian who killed in the prison (V for Vendetta 2006.) Valerie’s letters shows her life and her imprisonment as a result of her sexuality. The director depicts an imagined country that people allow their government to control everything. V is a freedom fighter who is trying to bring them down. There are a lot of scenes all over this movie that implies this message. If people do not fight and do not stand up to the government, one day the U.S will control by a dictatorship government like in V. In this movie symbol, allusion, and motifs have been used. Different symbols like V which is the symbol of victory and Fawkes mask which is the symbol of revolution used in this movie. The 5th of November and parliament fireworks are the allusions of Gunpowder Plot in 1605. Brainwashing, fear, and hope are the psychologic elements of this movie. It shows in corrupt governments, the dominant gender is men. The philosophy of this movie is morality, ethics, and freedom. He inspires people to fight against their government and do not be afraid.

By comparing this movie with four other dystopian stories and movies some similarities and differences found. The “Gattaca”, the “'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman”, the “Orientation”, and the “Harrison Bergeron” all are dystopian stories and movies. The all have different arguments and fear about the future. The Gattaca's author implies that how bad the genetic engineering is. The plot Vincent says “there is no gene for the human spirit” indicates that environment and brain power is more important than the gene (Gattaca 1997.) V represents the victory of rebellion against a repressive regime. Likewise, the reflections are the example of the motif in the Gattaca. There are many symbolic names in this movie, the name “Gattaca” is like DNA pair which makes by G, C, A, and T letters. Vincent name derived from “Vincere” that means victory. There are numerous close-ups on skin, nails and hair throughout the movie. The other dystopian story is the “'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman”. The author argues that in the future world everything control by a tight schedule and ticking of a clock. People in this society like the society in “V for Vendetta” do not have enough power to change the rules. The author indicates that people don’t dare to change because they know what will happen to people who stand against the Ticktockman,“ they said to themselves well, you see, he was just a nut after all, and if that's the way the system is run, then let's do it that way”(Ellison 1997.) In this society being late is a crime, and it leads by Ticktockman who has all the power. The other dystopian story is the “Orientation”. The context of this story is the U.S in 1976 with a carpe diem theme. Unlike the V for Vendetta the gender in this story is all gender particularly adults. Ethic and morality are its philosophy. The author at the beginning of the story says “Those are the offices and these are cubicles, that’s my cubicle and this is your cubicle” so the point of view in this story is the reader (Orozco 2011.) The “Harrison Bergeron” as a dystopian story argues that peoples’ equality is impossible. Based on “THE YEAR WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal.” the setting of story is the U.S in 2081.In this story people force by law to be equal. The beautiful people are forced to wear mask, and the strong people are forced to carry weights, “They were burdened with sash weights and bags of birdshot, and their faces were masked, so that no one, seeing a free and graceful gesture or a pretty face”.

In my opinion, changing corrupt government in the third world and the second world countries are very complicated. Here is my opinion about people in modern countries. People all over the modern countries are responsible for their freedom. They have to know how to chase their demands for making a better world. They should work hard to persuade the government to modify all wrong previous laws or ratify new laws, but they have to fight for their demands moderately. It means acting like a terrorist is not a good way for protesting. They should be brave to shout their demand. People should be responsible for everything in their countries, especially when they want to vote in the election. If they don’t care what is going on it may end up to controlling the government by corrupt people. All governments have power and money to brainwash people by their own media. Propaganda may affect the people’s opinion to do what government wants them to do. People should be learn how analyze. Critical thinking helps people to not manipulate by corrupt leaders and their media.

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Time Travel, is it Possible?

Time is defined as “the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole”.() This definition is wrong. Time was created by Egyptians in ancient times. After that, the general public just goes by this concept created long ago. The novel Slaughterhouse Five abolishes that stereotype of time going from one moment to the next, and you can never access your past after it has occured. Kurt vonnegut, the author, completely changes this in his novel. In the novel Slaughterhouse Five, Vonnegut uses imagery, diction, and symbolism to prove that time has no past, present or future.

Even in the beginning of the book, the concept of time is presented. Vonnegut begins to tell tales of Billy Pilgrim, time traveling, and being abducted by aliens. He says on page 23, “Billy Pilgrim has become unstuck in time.” The word unstuck is very striking. It shows when Billy is not traveling, he feels stuck, stuck in “normal” time. This shows he has a deep understanding that our moments don’t simply pass us, but are always with us. Another example of this is Billy’s emotions of time traveling. “Billy is spastic in time, has no control over where he is going next, and the trips aren’t necessarily fun...he never knows what part of his life he is going to have to act in next”(27). The word spastic, by a definition is something relative or affective to a muscle spasm(). This diction choice by Vonnegut, shows how Billy is not going to from a moment in chronological order, but from one moment to the next. He is not living in the past, present or future.

The novel Slaughterhouse Five, does by no means go in chronological order, and neither does Billy’s time travel. Billy goes from being in World War Two, to a plane accident laying in the hospital, to marrying his wife Valencia. The book begins with Vonnegut's life, then jumps to Billy’s wedding day, even saying, “He has seen his death and birth many times, he says, and pays random visits to all the events in between.” This provides an impression of imagery, The author put this imagery to help distinguish time doesn't exactly go in chronological order. Vonnegut likes to focus on death in the novel, in the war, and in Billy’s life. “The most important thing I learned on Tralfamadore was that when a person is to die he only appears to die. He is still very much alive..” Vonnegut uses uses diction specifically with the words appears, meaning only to others, who believe time is linear only see the negative effects of death, and do not see that death is only a moment in time, not the future everyone is destined too. The author emphasizes this on page 142, “If you think that death is a terrible thing, you have not understood a thing I have said… It is time for me to be dead for a little while- and then live again. So it goes.” Vonnegut included this symbolism to show that time doesn't end or start specifically, but the moments of time all coexist with one another, leaving no past, present or future. Another example of this is demonstrated on page 27, “When a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, all he thinks is that the dead person is in bad condition in that particular moment, but that same person is just fine in many other moments.” This implies that the symbolism in this quote proves time is not past, present or future, but a series of moments. When Billy’s wife Valencia dies, Vonnegut simply says, “So it goes”(183). Vonnegut included these simple words multiple times throughout the novel, creating an emphasis on Vonnegut’s ideals of death. Readers can see that Billy doesn’t have these sad, mourning views of death, but he believes that death is not the end but simply only a moment in life.

Tralfamadorians also play a large role in the development of time having no past, present or future in the novel. As Billy is captured by these aliens, they teach him many valuable things about time. Tralfamadorians teach Billy, “All moments, past, present, and future, always have existed and always will exist”(27). This diction by Vonnegut makes it very clear he is trying to express time is not just beginning, middle and end, but rather a series of moments. He does this through symbolism. The aliens symbolize The tralfamadorians also state that “All time is all time. It does change. It does not lend itself to warnings or explanations. It simply is. Take it moment by moment , and you will find that we are all bugs in amber.” With this quote, Vonnegut used all three elements of language in, diction, symbolism and imagery. The imagery in this sentence may be surprising, but take a close look at the statement. Readers can almost visualize being ‘stuck in time’, and see moments of time flying by, like time does to people. Vonnegut's goal was to display this, and it goes hand in hand with the concept of no past, present or future, just simply moments one by one in time. Diction also plays a huge role in this quote. For example, this sentence is flowy, long and complex, much like time. But also, the distinct words Vonnegut included, like bugs stuck in amber, show that if someone where to dwell on the past, present or future, they will be stuck, not moving through the moments of time. Another component is the words “simply is” and again, “bugs stuck in amber”.

Vonnegut repeats these words and phrases multiple time throughout the story, and each time has been about time. Vonnegut's repeats these phrases to get the message across that time has no beginning, middle or end. The Tralfamadorians also tell Billy a long message about time, “The Tralfamadorians can look at all the different moments just the way we can look at the stretch of the rocky mountains, for instance. They can see how permanent all the moments are, and they can look at any moment that interests them. It is just an illusion we have here on earth that one moment follows another one, like beads on string, and that once a moment is gone, it is gone forever.”(27) This diction used provides a sense of relation to many readers. Readers understand what mountains look like, and how the peaks and valleys represent the many moments of time. The mountains have really no start or end, like time. Vonnegut also used these examples of symbolism. Readers can also use imagery, and visualize this example. Vonnegut also carefully chose the words ‘beads on a string’. Readers can visualize moments stacking up, but then Vonnegut further explains that time is unlike beads on a string, but moments all at once.

After time traveling for countless years, Billy finally understands what time truly is. He is no longer going from a moment in his life, time traveling and the continuing, but continuously traveling to moments, even moments which would be considered present day. Vonnegut never makes this “day” clear for a reason. This one, keeps readers wondering about the present day time, but as they reach the end of the novel, the audience realizes Billy is passing through moments of time, no beginning, middle or, end of his life. Through Vonnegut's diction, his placing of imagery, and use of symbolism develops the theme that time has no past, present or future.

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Am i Blue Essay

Walker proposes the effect humans have on animals , he expresses themes of loss and separation, thoughts on racism and slavery is developed throughout the story. And equate social justice and equality. The tone Walker presents throughout the story is erratic then despairing. Provokes thought about isolation and human morals in the story and how us humans play a role of taking natural world for granted. The author has provided description and examples throughout the story help the reader target the impacts that humans have on our society and author describes how even animals can feel. Walker demonstrates the impact of our society through blue eyes and how similar emotions are expressed that are similar to us. The author express the importance of nature and how surrounding ourselves with animals can be life changing. As the reader you learn to treat someone the way you want to be treated this includes animals. Walker does a great job at sending that message to her reader. Leads back to how we need to treat animals and to protect our nature. Walker also brings a sense of reflection to his reader thinking of how we change our actions to improve our society and how we can do to improve for next generation. And compares to slavery as an African American.

Walker sends strong emotion for these issues by assigning Blue as human characteristics. This was shown in the passage when the author states “....I had forgotten the depth of feeling one could see in horse’s eyes.” When the brown mare has been with Blue for a few weeks “...there was a different look in his eyes.... of independence, of self-possession, of inalienable hoarseness.” This passage creates a link between his emotions and walkers vision. Through this passage Walker describes animals have the same feelings as humans through his passage and his use of words. Shows empathy and sadness that animals can feel this way because this is the way we treat them. This passage also indicates The way, Walker is comparing her emotions, as a human, to the emotions of Blue. In the text the author states “ Blue was lonely. Blue was horribly lonely and bored”. This quote shows emotions that one would expect only a human to have, but message is really animals do want attention sense of love and safety from their owners. The author comparison of animals and understanding pain and suffering from unfamiliar viewpoint . Teaches us to be grateful rather then unappreciative. She wants us to feel that instead of viewing animals as heartless creatures, we should makes more attempts to show empathy by viewing same suffering and pain as human being. Walker used her own experience to relate to her reader and as author her writing was strong and deep it covered a lot of what she trying to convey to her reader and made us reflect on yourself and what we can better.

This empathizes that Walker presents these concerns as human attributes identified Blue as human character whether then an animal . As readers we feel empathy for Blue and we feel strongly for him because the details and style in which she describing blue is sense of guilt and reflection . The author includes this in the passage to reflect on our actions and how it impacted our society . Learning the importance of animal world and how they deserve respect and decency as humans . The author provides more examples but the her point is that people always talk about equality, freedom and justice for everyone.

This passage indicates that we have forgotten the importance of freedom and justice. We tend to neglect the fact that this implies to every living thing. As reader the author leads toward understanding that we are visitors and we are tampering with nature and we don't even realize it. Through the use of words Walker message is to show gratitude and respect to what is around us. Walker remebles Blues suffrage to slavery within African American. She makes these links to get a deeper connection toward blue emotions and how slavery has impacted by people color . Walker is trying to make a change similar to slavery. Walker also uses repetition the term “ Like animals “ few times in the text to show our feelings limit those who are not of color. LIke how she made the link to India how there set to hold there emotion which its expressed to white male only. By expressing her feelings and how we may be repeating history again .

Walker uses a comparison with slavery with African Americans. The was shown in the passage when she states “ My old mammy was sold to another family , many more years later a white women would say I can’t understand these negros , these blacks what do they want , There so different from us ? .Walker claims that white children of slave owners who once experienced a natural relations to their black mammy, became pleased about manipulating blacks, emotionally detached from the connection that binds humanity lack assent invisible. white settlers who considered Native Americans to be animals,blacks are being used and viewed as a resource which is there to be used, as if there is nothing more. She comes to conclusion how she failed to see how Blue was like humans people fail to connect . As a author she connects to Blue and believes that she is protect him and that is shown through how she describes him and the details she reveals throughout her writing . Makes reader understand where she's coming from and the important points she shares . She put her own experience to as American American and how slavery has helped impact on our society shape her and the way she sees Blue . As a reader she wants us to connect to Blue and make us show more gratitude and respect of nature and that's shown throughout the text . Alice also states that “

Later on in the story Walker express animals have become “...merely ‘images’ of what they once so beautifully expressed”. In the passage Walker states “ Merely “ to show how we are no longer pure shows how we view animals has changed drastically. And how we once viewed animals as beautiful creature and part of natures well being and how we neglect and torture them. Our actions has caused a great deal of damage and harm. Brings sense of guilt that we have destroyed something so pure and turned it into something can probably can't be taken. We need to understand where we went wrong before making changing . This quote brings frustration to Walker because it captures how irresponsible we and are and we don't even realize how much of the earth we damaged . The author also states '... and I rented a small house in the country that stood on the edge of a large meadow that appeared to run from the end of our deck straight into the mountains.' Walker's concluding statement reveals how Blue has changed her perspective of the world. Walker is determine to surround herself with natural world to better understand animals life and way for her to reconnect with nature and gain knowledge of what can be done and how she can hopeful influence others.

Overall, Walker connects with her reader to show how Blue helped a key role in our society. Throughout the story we get deeper connection of how Walker feels connected to Blue . Her tone in story emphasizes how cruel we can be, she express that through her use of words and details in the passage. Toward the middle of the story transitions to take actions to protect our nature and to change bad habits that can harm that . Walker also makes a comparison to slavery within African Americans and how history may be repeating itself. She also makes connection with Indians and the way we treat non human animals . Walker has touched base on things we need to keep in eye out for. Things that need to change within our society. This passage has brought a great deal of messages we as the reader can take away as well. The author proposes ideas that need to come to our recignization to better our society. The author shines many perspective to her reader and her style and how she presents her point grabs the reader's attention because important perspective are brought to light and makes the reader reflect those actions. Walker goal was attaining empathy as author as she gain sympathetic ear toward her main power that animals and humanity are show respect animals and what there about to teach to the world and letting everything providing simplicity.

Work cited

Walker, Alice . “ Am I Blue ? “ The Norton Book of Nature Writing , Author Robert Finch and John Elder , college ed , W.W. Norton company , 2002 . pp.864- 866.

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Roads and Pedestrians: why a Crosswalk is Needed

The world is rapidly urbanizing as more people are moving into cities in search of jobs to gain a better standard of living. In order to accomodate for the growing population, more houses and stores have to be built. Since America has a huge amount of land that it can expand upon over vast distances compared to the densely populated European countries, depending on where you live, the nearest store to you could either be half a mile or ten miles away from you.

Everyday, many pedestrians are involved in road accidents that injure or even kill victims. With the invention of the car, public spaces have been pushed to the side to make room for more roadways to increase the speed and efficiency at which commercial cars can move. While sidewalks are an essential to city living, more often than not, when anyone needs to walk around, they are forced to walk on the street itself, posing a great risk to their safety. The cost to customize the street with safer features is usually a costly investment because of all the compromises involved, but some of them are what makes a street “complete” for all types of transportation.

Before the car was introduced to the masses, all types of transportation could freely move around on the road such as horse drawn carriages, which were much slower compared to today’s automobiles, allowing even people on foot to roam with little to no risk. During the early 20th century, cars grew in popularity as they were being mass produced in high volumes and marketed at affordable prices. The general public now had the ability to go further distances, which aligned with the American Dream that is characterized by freedom and independence. The landscape of America can be attributed to the favoring of cars over other modes of transportation. Streets have created an environment where cars are prioritized over people, which poses a great threat to pedestrians. Most road accidents occur due to the negligence of drivers who can be easily distracted from using their electronic devices, eating while driving, applying makeup, etc. At higher speed limits, drivers have a slower reaction time and need a longer distance to brake before coming to a complete stop. Unless the speed of cars can be decreased with speed bumps, the fatality of pedestrians will only increase as more collisions occur.

As roads expand to manage more car traffic, sidewalks are forced to become narrower and can’t deal with as much pedestrian congestion. If a sidewalk was not originally implemented alongside the construction of the road, it would be an expensive investment to go back and try to add it in because of all the compromises that have to be taken into account to make it work. City planners have to make sure that the sidewalk is at least wide enough for people to walk on. However, creating it with a gentle and even slope which offers a clear line of sight allows everyone, including the handicapped, to use it. In order to ensure the safety of pedestrians, crosswalks and signs have to be made visible to drivers to keep them on alert and countdown clocks must be distanced properly to allow people to safely get across in time. The presence of crosswalks does not necessarily mean that a street is safe, they merely act as a guide for the intended route. Some people may take advantage of the fact that pedestrians have the right of way, choosing to go a route where there is no crosswalk available to save time and taking a leap of faith that all passing cars will stop for them, increasing the risk of them getting hit by a car.

As roads are getting busier, it is extremely crucial for people who decide to do this to make the decision only after carefully examining to their left and right whether it is clear of any cars before crossing the road. As previously mentioned, as roads expand, it becomes Sidewalks are meant to be used by everyone, including car owners. They allow kids to walk to school safely, the elderly to exercise in their free time, and stimulate social interactions to form new relationships.

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Macbeth to Blame for his Downfall

Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, is a play portraying a misfortune of a tragic hero. Macbeth is a noble warrior and a hero who fights bravely for his beloved King Duncan. On his journey back to the King, he comes across three weird sisters who tell him his destiny of becoming King. The once loyal hero who only thought of serving the crown becomes a traitor planning the murder of his King. A seed is planted which could either sprout a beautiful flower or a wild plant. For Macbeth, the seed sprouts a wild plant. His wife, Lady Macbeth, comes up with the plan that helps Macbeth become a King. After acquiring the crown, his murderous self starts killing anyone standing in his way. He becomes hated and starts procuring a tremendous amount of enemies within his own kingdom. When war arises, most of his army sides with the opposing country and Macbeth is defeated mercilessly. Even though the weird sisters, Lady Macbeth, and Macbeth contribute to his downfall, overall, Macbeth is mostly responsible for his own downfall.

The weird sisters start an avalanche by kicking a small pebble down the hill. They do not play a big part in Macbeth’s downfall, however, they undeniably influence Macbeth’s ambition. They intrigue Macbeth’s fantasies by prophesying that “[he] shalt be King hereafter” (I.III, 53). The weird sisters' power to see the future becomes validated when one of the prophecies comes true. Consequently, Macbeth feels an intense yearning for the jeweled crown. Nevertheless, this yearning cannot be placed on the weird sisters’ accountability. Never do they tell Macbeth what to do or what must be done. Macbeth assumes that he must kill the king in order to become the king. He is not a child that would be threatened by divinations and commit such a sinister sin that would eventually lead him to his downfall. The weird sisters do not have any reason to make Macbeth suffer, Macbeth makes himself suffer. They come as messengers, not as compellers. The weird sisters are partially inculpable in Macbeth’s downfall, similar to Lady Macbeth.

Lady Macbeth’s ambition to see Macbeth as a King is aroused the moment she finds out about the prophecies. She “fill[s] [herself] from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty” (I.V, 49-50), making herself purposeful. She prepares herself to be resistant to any challenges that she might face during the transgression. When Macbeth’s courage fails, she steps up and demands that he either go through with the plan or “live a coward in [his] own esteem’st, letting ‘[he] dare not’ wait upon ‘[he] would’” (I.VII, 45-49). She questions his manhood which easily convinces Macbeth to kill Duncan and show how courageous he can be. Lady Macbeth is not completely innocent of the deed itself for her “hands are of [Macbeth’s] color” (II.II, 82). She partakes in Duncan’s murder when she adds a sleeping doze in the servants’ drinks. After the immoral exploit is done, she smears blood on the guards’ faces, making a fake display of their guilt. Lady Macbeth is associated with Duncan’s murder though she is not responsible for Macbeth’s downfall.

Lady Macbeth believes that she can withstand the remorse and emotional guilt of committing a murder, yet she is mistaken. Even though she deems she can harness enough courage to complete a dark deed such as murder, in the end, she does not do it. She would have killed Duncan herself “had he not resembled [her] father” (II.II, 16-17). She appears to be firm and evil, although, in reality, she is soft and filled with a woman’s sentiment. After the slaying of Duncan, Macbeth still remains unsatisfied. When his constant dread of Banquo fathering the line of Kings compels him to plan an assassination of Banquo and Fleance, Lady Macbeth attempts to stop him. She tries to make him understand that “[he] must leave this” (III.II, 40) for she does not want to see anyone else die. Once Macbeth realizes that she might not side with him anymore and might try to hold him back, he avoids getting her involved in his plans. Thereafter, when Lady Macbeth inquires about his plans for Macduff, he keeps her blind and “innocent of the knowledge” (III.II, 51). Therefore, Lady Macbeth is solely involved in Duncan’s murder and none of the other sins committed by Macbeth. She strives to prevent Macbeth from killing anyone else but she could not do much since she is kept ignorant of Macbeth’s schemes. Hence, Lady Macbeth is not responsible for Macbeth’s downfall as much as Macbeth himself is.

Macbeth is bound to his own fate and downfall more than anyone else. The choices and decisions that Macbeth makes ultimately causes his downfall. The moment he learns about being a King, he becomes liminal. He imagines Duncan’s death without anyone’s influence which makes it unlikely for anyone to compel him into killing Duncan. After the profane endeavor was accomplished, Macbeth remains discontented for “upon [his] head [is] placed a fruitless crown” (III.I, 66). A thorn still remains and he intends to pluck it, hence he orders the assassination of Banquo and Fleance. He then learns about Macduff’s treachery and orders the death of his family and anyone who is loyal to him. He plans Banquo’s and Macduff’s assassination with a clear and unswayed head. His hesitation to kill all but disappears as he becomes more and more adept at killing. His order to kill Macduff’s family is “the very firstlings of [his] heart [therefore, becoming] the firstlings of [his] hand” (IV.I, 167-168). His callousness makes him indifferent to a woman’s scream which shows how greatly he changes. This change in personality, which is not influenced by anyone but himself, makes him vulnerable to disloyalty and treachery.

While Macbeth’s choices cause his downfall, he tries to stop himself from going down the dark path. When he tries to avoid killing Duncan, Lady Macbeth promotes him to prove that he is not a coward. Macbeth proves his courage to Lady Macbeth by murdering Duncan in his sleep. Although Macbeth kills Duncan because he is prompted by Lady Macbeth, it is ultimately his choice to either follow Lady Macbeth’s advice and go down a sinful path or live a noble and sincere life. He chooses to do the immoral act and the events start to fall in place like dominoes until the very last domino falls, symbolizing his death. Even when he believes that fate can take its course and make him king without interference on his part, he nevertheless takes the matter in his own hands. It does matter that he hesitates to kill Duncan or that he is incited to make the prophecy come true for, in the end, he is the one who makes the decision that shapes his fate.

Macbeth’s downfall is caused by himself, however, Lady Macbeth and the weird sisters also play a role. The weird sisters play a very trivial part in his downfall when they tell Macbeth the future, nevertheless, they never tell him what to do to make the prophecy come true. Lady Macbeth plays an influential role in pushing Macbeth to commit the sins, however, in the end, she does not want Macbeth to do any more transgressions. She helps him only with killing Duncan to get the crown. Once that is accomplished, she never supports Macbeth in anyone else’s murder, rather, she tries to stop him but to no avail. After killing Duncan, Macbeth goes on a killing spree and eliminates anyone who stands in his way of keeping the crown. Lady Macduff, her son, and Banquo are some of the victims that fall at the hands of Macbeth. Macbeth hesitates in the beginning to kill Duncan but after the first sins were committed, he becomes formidable. He does not regret anything he does for he becomes cold-hearted. Everyone has a role in Macbeth’s downfall, but in the end, it all comes down to his decisions. His decision to believe the prophecy, his decision to kill Duncan, his decision to kill anyone who is a threat to him pushes him to the very edge of the cliff where he cannot go anywhere but fall in the dark abyss.

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Vaping: why it’s Harmful

Contents

Negative effects of vaping
Conclusion
References

Vaping has become common in the contemporary world. It happens when one decides to use electronic means to do their smoking. It is aimed at stimulating the body to be in a position that enables it to have a feeling of smoking. This is made possible by handholding an electric device that has a heated liquid to generate some vapor inform of an aerosol that is consumed through inhaling. It is a modern way of using e-cigarettes to generate a feeling that one has when they smoke cigarettes (Whitten,Aulakh,Verma,Cross Hsu, Stoner,& Barrows,2018). It's one of the ways of ensuring that one gains the feelings that they get when they use other stimulants without necessarily having to take the tobacco products.

Negative effects of vaping

Vaping involves the use of e-cigarettes which are electronically induced. This happens through heating of a coil and a liquid containing nicotine products which are found in some form of battery. One of the implications of this is that the nicotine products and contents go directly to the lungs. This is also done to the bloodstream which concentrates the blood to all the parts of the body. The blood containing the nicotine, therefore, floors to all the body parts making a distribution to be even to all the organs. This nicotine also contains tar which discolors the lungs (Etter,2018). The discolored lungs are subject to other lung-related diseases that make it possible for the lungs to malfunction. This is so dangerous to the human lungs owing to the fact that lungs play a very crucial role in the human body.

The nicotine products can cause irritations in the lungs airways. This has a long term effect of affecting the breathing mechanisms in the lungs. Interference with the breathing makes the life of the person to be endangered because there can be no free air circulation. Lungs play a very important part in making the body to have air circulation. It is well the exchange of gases takes place as well as other respiratory functions that makes the air refreshed.The presence of irritation in the airways is, therefore, a big brother to the exchange of gases in the lungs, something that can make the flow of air in the body to be interfered with. People who vape therefore have a likelihood of inviting some breathing difficulties in their life as well as lung related diseases including the invasion of cancer in the long run.

Vaping involves the use of energy that is needed when taking the chemicals through the lungs. Because the body needs a lot of water in moisture form during inhalation, vaping takes in a lot of it.The energy consumed in taking the nicotine inside the body is the cause of dehydration to most of the people who do the vaping. The nicotine absorbed takes most of the water in the body causing dehydration.The little moisture that the body has is taken by the tar which discolors the lungs in the body. When there is no moisture in the body, the body suffers a lot because the metabolic processes in the body are mainly hydraulic (Miler& Hajek,2018). The absence of water in the body makes it not able to do some of the basic metabolisms that are very crucial for the survival of the body. This puts in into great risk because the absence of the water implies the malfunction of the metabolic processes.

Vaping has a likelihood of making the taker have a dry mouth in the process. This is because the person who does the act must use the lips to take in a lot of moisture which is found in the lips. It is clear that the rate at which the moisture from the lips is less used is higher than the rate at which it is released. This causes an imbalance in the flow of moisture in the mouth hence leading to a dry mouth. The dry mouth is resulted vulnerable to many diseases because of the cracks that may develop with time. The addiction to vaping can end up making one have many sores in the mouth which may end up bringing health-related diseases to the person affected (Goniewicz,2018). Some of the sores are so open, which can lead to opportunistic diseases to the person vaping.

Vaping is a habit that can lead to many headaches. When the nicotine products get into the stomach, they make the flow of air to be interfered with (Dawkins, Goniewicz, McRobbie, Kimber,Doig, & Ko?mider, 2018).The impact of this is the irregular flow of oxygen in the rest of the body parts, including the head. The lack of supply of fresh blood into the head makes a headache to persist because of the lack of oxygenated blood. The deoxygenated blood makes the supply of nutrients in the head impossible, something that interferes with the normal functioning of the body in general. A headache makes the person so uncomfortable since they can't perform the normal activities due to the risks associated with a severe headache.

Coughing is another effect that happens when one vapes too much. The irritation of the lungs and the throat that occurs as a result of the tar present makes coughing very continuous. The makers of the vape can develop this habit of coughing if they continually take the drugs. This means that coughing will be part of the smokers because their throat and lungs, which are instrumental organs for breathing are irritated. The smoke particles that are present in the drugs stick to the walls of the throat and also the lungs (Dawkins,Kimber, Doig, Feyerabend,& Corcoran,2018). This makes breathing difficult which interferes with the health of the smoker in the long run. Continuous coughing makes the person to be subjected to other diseases that may result from the interference of the chest cavity.

Sore throat is another consequence of the excessive vaping to the user. The user is likely to have some blockage of the hair holes that make breathing possible. This means that the particles stick to the walls of the throat making it difficult to even ingest anything. The overall impact will be a failure of the throat walls to perform their main functions of cleansing the air that one inhales. A sore throat is very dangerous since it makes swallowing of food very difficult. When one cannot swallow food with ease, it poses a great risk to the eating habits of the person. The health of the person having the sore threat is therefore risked because food cannot be taken in. The person has a likelihood of being malnourished because food can't be possibly be ingested (Cummings,2018). The person, therefore, ends up being so weak due to lack of taking food despite them having the appetite or feeling hungry.

Conclusion

The vaping habit is very dangerous to the health of the users. It is an addictive habit that makes the users be slaves of the process. The health-related diseases associated with it risks the decrease in the lifespan of the takers. The implication of this is to mean that they are at a risk of reducing their lifespan. The habit is also expensive since much cost is needed to cater for the vaping. There is a need to have public awareness of the health-related dangers of vaping as a way of saving lives.

References

Cummings, K. M. (2018). MS15. 02 PRO-Electronic Cigarettes: A Cessation Tool. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 13(10), S270-S271.
Dawkins, L. E., Kimber, C. F., Doig, M., Feyerabend, C., & Corcoran, O. (2018). Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects (Study Data).
Dawkins, L., Cox, S., Goniewicz, M., McRobbie, H., Kimber, C., Doig, M., & Ko?mider, L. (2018). ‘Real?world’compensatory behaviour with low nicotine concentration e?liquid: subjective effects and nicotine, acrolein and formaldehyde exposure. Addiction.
Etter, J. F. (2018). Gateway effects and electronic cigarettes. Addiction, 113(10), 1776-1783.
Goniewicz, M. (2018). MS15. 01 Just Water Vapor? Toxicology Perspectives on Electronic Cigarettes. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 13(10), S269-S270.
Miler, J. A., & Hajek, P. (2018). Resolution of chronic rhinitis to staphylococcus aureus in a non- smoker who started to use glycerine based e-cigarettes: Antibacterial effects of vaping?. Medical Hypotheses.
Whitten, P., Aulakh, B., Verma, K., Cross, B., Hsu, I. H., Stoner, J., ... & Barrows, S. (2018). Gamifying Tobacco-Free Kids: Employing Medical Visualization and Games in Youth Anti-Tobacco Outreach. In D22. CUTTING EDGE RESEARCH IN SMOKING CESSATION AND E-CIGARETTES (pp. A6260-A6260). American Thoracic Society.

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Essay on Columbus Day

When we read history books of the United States, it all starts with heroic adventure – there is no bloodshed and Columbus Day is a celebration. History is the investigation of the event that surfaced in the past periods (Zinn, 1995, p.19) as Edmund Morgan writes in his account of early Virginia, American Slavery, and American Freedom. History is significant, and it is dominant in the manner in which it approaches past events and communicates them in a language that people at present can relate with and visualize. As a carefully crafted narration of events, facts, figures and details, history amasses together information aimed at promoting a specific ideology or worldview.

Apart from understanding the past and heritage, the reason why we study history is that it gives a voice to the people whose voice has initially been suppressed or oppressed. The journal, however, undoes the brainwashing that schoolchildren are taught in schools. So that in telling history, there is a need to accuse, judge, condemn Columbus in absentia (p.15). Studying history helps in the understanding of the birth of the country and the founding figures including Christopher Columbus who discovered America and proved that the earth was not flat. History helps in the understanding of early explorers such as the English settlers of Virginia and Massachusetts who five hundred years ago invaded the Indian settlement in the Americas (p.39).

History unveils exciting events such as the controversies that exist such as slavery, pilgrims, and racism. History helps to learn mysteries that would have otherwise never have been known. Getting to learn about people without written language but who had laws of their own and passing on such knowledge to future generations ensures continuity of heritage and knowledge of society. Zinn submits that the though natives were people without a written language their policies, poetry and 'their history kept in memory and passed on, in an oral vocabulary more complex than Europe’s, accompanied by song, dance, and ceremonial drama' ((p.27).

From history, we get to learn that Columbus made inventions and discoveries. He was excited about the gold earrings some of which the Arawaks wore. Slavery of the blacks was real. As John Burgess referred to Black Reconstruction, he pointed out that “In place of government by the most intelligent and virtuous part of the people for the benefit of the governed here was a government by the most ignorant and vicious part of the population. . . A black skin means membership in a race of men which has never of itself succeeded in subjecting passion to reason; has never, therefore, created civilization of any kind' (p.188)

The discipline of History complicates matters even more by presenting facts in a manner by which it presents its persuasion to the general acceptance. History has been confined to a few individuals who are seen as heroes of the nation and without whom the nation would not have made any kind of progress. The author says that, the treatment of heroes (Columbus) and their victims (the Arawaks)—the quiet consent of conquest and murder in the name of progress, is the one of the aspects ' of a certain approach to history, in which the past' is narrated from the point of view of regimes, diplomats, conquerors, and leaders (p.15). It is as if they, like Columbus, had a right to universal acceptance as if they were “Founding Fathers just like Jackson, Lincoln, Wilson, Kennedy, Roosevelt, the leading members of Congress, or the famous Justices of the Supreme Court—represent the nation as a whole. The pretense is that there is such a thing as ‘the United States,’ subject to occasional conflicts and quarrels, but fundamentally a community of people with common interests' opines Zinn (p.15).

The readings and studies in this class have opened my eyes to a new reality that history is at times biased. Through the readings and studies, I have come to embrace a holistic view when studying history and instead of being biased and looking at one side of the story, I ought to look at the whole story holistically. By suggesting that when studying history, people tend to skim over the bad parts and as such, our histories begin to lose their value as “incentive and example.” WEB Dubois means that history is biased towards celebrating the successes of figureheads of the past while skipping and eliminating their faults. In so doing, it casts forth a picture of people who did exploits but were without setbacks and faultless which is indeed false.

W.E.B. DuBois downplays the prevalent falsehood of historians in their approach towards history especially now that at some point, they keep editorializing. Children in the United States are made to believe that certain figureheads were forces to reckon with. In the study of history, it appears that evil is forgotten, distorted or skimmed over. While studying history, people are required to remember that characters such as Daniel Webster were a great constitutional lawyer, but on the other hand, they should not see him as a drunkard. Personalities such as George Washington are only remembered for the incredible things they did and not how he was a slave owner. History just portrays perfection and excellence in people and nations and not the faults and in doing so, it lacks integrity.

References

Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of America. New York, New York, USA. HarperCollins Publishers.

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Inside Job Essay

A factor that caused the real estate bubble was when mortgages companies were given mortgages to finically unstable families. Inflation went up and there was more demand than supply. Also interest rates were very low as well. The bubble was creating profits for these CEOs, but it wasn’t real therefor flooding the financial system.

Deregulation allowed banks to combine and set any inters rate they want. Compensation motivated CEOs to continue handing out mortgages simple because they would even more money. I think government regulations would control the oncomes of CEOs and put a hold on them from receiving large amounts of money. The government should raise interest rates and regulate how much one person can borrow.

I think compensation is a factor in the crisis and I think I would support government regulation at certain levels as it may reduce the problem. Business schools should not encourage externally funded researches for the simple fact that they are biased. These researchers are paid to write.

Ethical behavior is what you believe is morally right in society while legal behavior is what is socially acceptable based on the government. In this care ethical values are not same as legal values, Sachs was being legal but very unethical. Goldman Sachs knew their clients were not knowledgeable but they still advantage of their customers. All the players really didn’t do anything illegally, but it was still unethical. There would probably be nothing in court due to legal defenses. There still must be more regulations and amendments that need to be set in place, so this won’t happen again. The investigators should do an investigation. Our economic problems are not limited to the finical industry, of course fixing the system will help but we still won’t be out the woods.

Our economic problems are very attributable, as the government controls the flow of money and their also part of wall street. I’m pessimistic about our economy over the next few years, especially for my generation. Some important steps would be regulations on lending money and focus on the need of jobs. The suggestion of the film’s title is basically how these big banks were doing an inside job of fraud. Nobody on the outside had Knowledge of it. I think this is fair characterization as it makes sense why it’s called a “Inside Job”. I think there needs to be more regulation, the purpose of the stakeholder is to keep the interest of customers, suppliers, and employees. If a business wants to grow they should be loyal their customers and help them make the right choices based off of the customers’ needs.

Everyone is responsible for their own choices, but I think when a company is pursuing you in the wrong direction and the customer is not aware if, they should be held accountable. I don’t the customer should be held accountable for that. I think that maybe the government should mitigate consulting fees and seats on boards of directors for prominent academic economist so situations like the Inside jobs doesn’t happen.

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Manipulation in 1984

The totalitarian regime of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler have left a mark of daunt and intimidation worldwide. George Orwell’s novel, 1984, depicts the futuristic world based on the events that arose in the past. Citizens are portrayed as thoughtless corpses detached from the past, their memories, and themselves. In the superstate, Oceania, Winston works as an Outer Party member, where the Inner Party oppresses the Outer Party officials by engrossing complete domination. Citizens are isolated upto a point where they have no social skills and no right to be skeptical against the government. In this fictional dystopia, the Inner Party uses many tactics such as mind control, surveillance, and physical violence to tie the Outer Party members where they have to obey unquestionably.

Maintaining complete authority on the Outer Party members, the Inner Party expects submission towards their power. The government develops a new language, Newspeak, and demands the citizens to learn it. Any rebellious words from the old language, Oldspeak, are eradicated every year, “...to narrow the range of thought… [and to make] thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words to express it.” (46). Through controlling the language, the government successfully chastens the Outer Party. The citizens of Oceania are propagandized to a range that they can’t identify the false contradictions of Big Brother. As a matter of fact, the government doesn’t tolerate any resistance from the citizens and demands for them to accept any lie or truth they are told; “In the end the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it.” (80). The Party’s power is situated in reducing the citizen’s intelligence, gradually taking control over their mind.

Through constant observation, the Inner Party records the citizens activity with telescreens—a device where you can see visually—confirming that no person views the government as an iniquity. Winston explains, “There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment. How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork.” (6). The telescreens are able to perceive the lowest sounds, leaving no place for the citizens to hide and scheme secret conspiracies against the government. Mr. Charrington is a hoaxed storekeeper who assures Winston that he won’t be reported to the Thought Police to rent the room above his store, which is an utter lie. Winston discovers that he was watched when he was planning to revolt against the government, because “The picture [of St. Clement’s church in the room] had fallen to the floor uncovering the telescreen behind it.” (182). The Inner Party officials impersonate themselves as people who support the act of revolution towards the government to catch what citizens feel for the government. With constant surveillance and monitoring, the Inner Party gains a clutch that they exploit and use like a puppet.

To preserve the name of “Big Brother”, the party uses physical exploitation, generating a consistent fear. The Inner Party uses the worst thing in the world, Room 101, to incorporate fear in the mind of citizens so they hold them in their hands. The officials use the prisoner’s worst nightmare or phobia to shock them to break down their resistance. A victim yelled, ‘“I've got a wife and three children… You can take the whole lot of them and cut their throats in front of my eyes, and I'll stand by and watch it. But not Room 101!’” (195). The government builds so much tremedation in the eyes of the citizens, that they ultimately surrender their love for the government. In a state of panic, Winston exclaims, ‘“Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I don't care what you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! Not me!’” (236). Unintentionally, Winston is forced to betray his attachment for Julia and gives up because his worst fear, rats, are right in front of him. With a perpetual power of creating horror, the government succeeds in maintaining control.

George Orwell’s novel, 1984, The Inner Party pokes the core of a human’s feelings making them slam their face on the ground.

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How did the Nile Shape Ancient Egypt: Geographical and Cultural Impacts

Geographically, the valley of the Nile is the great protagonist of the Egyptian civilization. This valley has an arid and hostile desert that, according to Soravilla Españó, the Egyptians knew as the Red Land. The fertile land, or Black Land, Egypt, was divided into 2 clearly differentiated zones, one zone is the Nile Valley and the other zone is the Nile Delta.

The Black Land was periodically bathed by the waters of the Nile River. This land was fertile thanks to the floods of the river and the minerals in suspension that it contained. The Nile valley ends near Cairo, a little to the north. This is where the Nile Delta begins. In this place the river divides into several arms forming meanders and swampy areas, until it ends at the Mediterranean Sea. (Soravilla Españó, page 16)

These two geographical areas divided Egypt into two parts. The part of the valley was the Upper Egypt, and the part of the Delta was the Lower Egypt. Kings of the Upper Egypt during the Predynastic period proceeded to conquer the delta unifying the two territories. The last of those conquerors was King Narmer. His successor named Aha or Menes founded the capital of the kingdom in Memphis, which was strategically in the place of encounter between the Valley of the Nile and the Delta. (What life was like, page 12)

The geographical location of Egypt marked the culture and beliefs of its people. Life there was very difficult: on the one hand there was the proximity of the desert, a place where life was practically impossible and on the other hand there was the dependence on the flows of the Nile river for survival. This made the Egyptians exposed and highly dependent on the effects of nature. Due to these circumstances the Egyptians relied on the help of the gods to prosper.

Religion touched all aspects of life in ancient Egypt, and it affected the development of science and technology. Another important tool for the development of sciences was the apparition of writing. With the help of the writing system they were able to record thoughts or ideas, and to share them with others.

Within the beliefs of ancient Egypt was the idea of a life beyond death. For the Egyptians it was very important to keep the body healthy in this life as well as in the next. Due to this idea, mummification systems were developed to preserve the bodies for the next life. This practice also helped them to learn concepts of human anatomy. For example, they knew that the heart was a fundamental part of being able to live. In order to protect the body in life the Egyptians developed medicine, although it was strongly linked with magic or superstition. According to Veiga, medicine was practiced using the written word to heal the sick person as well as to prevent illness in the healthy, and to protect the dead in their passage to the afterlife. The Egyptians had a concept called “Hekka” that mixed medicine and magic into one whole. Doctors or healers used prayers or spells to heal in addition to ointments and medicines that they made with elements that nature provided them. (Veiga, page 28) Just as spells were used to heal, they were also used to cause illness to others. These prayers used the power of the written word to conjure spirits of the underworld to make alterations in the living through a figure or statue that represented the target person. These statuettes were buried in tombs belonging to a young woman or someone who had died of a violent death. (Veiga, page 29)

To protect themselves from diseases caused by bad spirits, many Egyptians used amulets to protect themselves. For example, the parents sought the protection of the gods, attaching amulets and pendants around the babies' necks. Some of the pendant cases contained papyrus scrolls with prayers and spells to drive away maladies. (“What life was like…” page 57) As mentioned earlier, medicine had a magical component centered on the written word. The people who could exercise it were those who could read and write such as scribes, priests, kings or people of high social rank. There were also doctors who had assistants, nurses, midwives, and therapists. According to Herodotus, on his writings about his trip to Egypt, he could see that the doctors were specialized in some medical areas, for example there were doctors dedicated to ophthalmology; since eye diseases and blindness were very common in the ancient Egypt. There were also doctors dedicated to internal medicine, gynecology, or dentists who extracted teeth or joined false ones.

As with medicine, religious beliefs also led the Egyptians to develop a system for measuring time. Religion and the need to know when the floods of the Nile river occurred, a factor of vital importance for the survival of the Egyptians, led the ancient inhabitants to observe the sky, and invent the calendar to indicate religious festivals and to know how close there the annual flood of the river was. According to Juan Antonio Belmonte, in his article on 'Astronomy in Egypt, the origin of the calendar', the first astronomical observations are located right at the beginning of Egyptian civilization, during the Predynastic period (3500-3050 BCE), as well as during the reign of the first pharaohs of the Dynasty II (2857-2705 BCE). The Egyptians used two types of calendars to measure the passage of time. One of them was the lunar calendar. This calendar was based on the cycle of the moon, where 29 or 30 days were counted from the first new moon to the next. According to the lunar calendar, the year consisted of 3 seasons of 4 months. The beginning of the year was announced by the star they called “Sopdet” (Sirius) that appeared just on the horizon at nightfall around the time of the flooding of the Nile River (What live was like ... page 22) The lunar calendar was not a perfect measurement of time since it was not possible to predict which was the first day of each month.

During the unification of Egypt, the civil bureaucracy needed a more efficient system that could unify the life of the country. A civil calendar was made, and duration was determined through solar observations. This calendar had a duration of 12 months, each of them had 30 days, so they made a total of 360 days. To these 360 days, according to JA Belmonte, were added the 'Five on the Year', five additional days that at least during the New Kingdom, were dedicated to the 5 most important gods for the Egyptians: Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus. The Egyptians thought that these days, which were considered part of the 360 days, were the respective days of the birth of each god Like the lunar calendar, the civil calendar based on the sun also presents problems. This 365-day calendar did not have a leap year, so each year the departure of 'Sopdet' was delayed for a few more hours. The civil calendar remained official until the Roman Period (30 BCE-395 CE), at which time it was replaced by the Alexandrian calendar which was practically the same but adding one more day every four years.

The Egyptians measured the time during the day with the help of the Sun and the shadows projected according to the Sun position, like the sundial. They also had a method to know the hours during the night. They had a list of stars they called 'decans' that were identified with different hours of the night in various parts of the year. During the reign of Amenhotep, I, during the period of the New Kingdom (1560-1070 BCE) appeared clocks that did not need the help of the sun and the stars to show the time of day. This object used to measure time was called Clepsydra and it was formed by a container full of water with a small perforation in the bottom part through which the drops of water passed to reach another container where it was collected. The inside of the first vessel was inscribed at different levels to mark the hours, which was the shortest unit of time that the ancient Egyptians could measure.

Religious beliefs also helped to develop Egyptian architecture. Due to the concept of life after death, the ancient Egyptians had the belief that the objects that they possessed during their life were going to be necessary in the next. At first, they only believed that the pharaohs were the only ones who could carry out this process, so they built tombs in which to house the mummified body of Pharaoh and the great treasures he would need in the afterlife.

The Egyptians prepared their passes to the afterlife with their graves. During the Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom, the tombs of the pharaohs took great importance. They started to build a building call mastaba

The mastabas were truncated pyramids of rectangular base with an underground funerary building. With time, the mastabas would give place to the pharaonic pyramids. The mastabas were, at first, built with adobe bricks; However, for these tombs to better withstand the passage of time, Egyptians began to use the stone as constructive material. In the mastabas, the body of the deceased was deposited in a funeral chamber that was located a few meters underground. Access to this chamber was through a well that, sometimes, it was covered with stones to protect the body from possible thieves. In addition, the cameras of the mastaba were decorated with paintings in which they often presented scenes of daily life.

The idea of building a pyramid was due to the desire to build more spectacular mastabas, superimposing different mastabas each time smaller. During the Third Dynasty, the pyramid was staggered, with six levels corresponding to the superposition of six mastabas. The body of the deceased was in a chamber excavated underground and under the pyramid. In addition, around the pyramid were different buildings with different functions. The construction of the pyramids was a monumental work involving thousands of workers, tons and thousands of stone blocks, precise calculations and time.

During the New Kingdom, and since the pyramids were frequently looted, the pharaohs decided to hide their tombs, that were made inside the rock of the mountains. They wanted to hinder the arrival of thieves to the chamber where the Pharaoh's body rested and to the chambers where his rich funeral trousseau was located (furniture, valuable objects and precious metals ...). For this reason, the tombs were made at the end of long corridors. In addition, there were dead-end corridors, wells and guards at the entrance. The walls of these tombs were richly decorated, with numerous paintings.

The civil buildings were built with adobe bricks, which is not preserved as well as the stone of religious buildings. Like the rest of the Egyptian houses, the palace was also built of adobe and, therefore, almost no remains remain; only the foundations. The palace was profusely decorated with paintings and reliefs. In addition, many people lived there (royal family, servants, guards ...). For this reason, it was large and had different adjoining constructions. It was also surrounded by rich gardens. The temples were always built on the eastern bank of the Nile, where the sun rose. Generally, in accesses of the temples were statues of sphinxes that had the symbolic function of protecting the temple.

Works Cited

Belmonte, Juan A. “La Astronomía en Egipto, el origen del calendario.” (The Astronomy in Egypt, the Origin of the calendar) National Geographic. 25 Apr. 2013. http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-astronomia-en-egipto_7198/2
Manchip White, Jon. Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt. Dover Publications, INC. 2015ed.
Soravilla Españó, Luis E. Tecnología y Cultura en el Antiguo Egipto (Technology and Culture in Ancient Egypt). TFC: Josep Cervelló Autuori
Veiga, Paula Alexandra da Silva. Health and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Magic and Science. Archaeopress, 2009.
What Life Was like on the Banks of the Nile: Egypt 3050-30 BC. Time-Life Books, 2004.

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Plastic Pollution: Reuse

Is plastic affecting our world to the point where we might need to take action? Plastics have taken over our oceans, lakes, and every product we use. Marine animals such as fish, turtles, seals, seabirds, whales, etc. are being affected by the plastic being flushed, littered or even windblown into the ocean. Our air is being polluted by tiny plastics called microplastics. It is possible that all fish go extinct by the year 2050. The percentage of the trash in the Great Lakes is 80%. Microplastics found in water and rushed into the waterways end up in the water we drink and the fish we eat.

Some of these facts from the film support my claim:

Trash is mostly coming from what’s called The South Pacific Marine Patch;
Plastic has found it’s way more than 6 and a half miles down into the ocean;
One of the world's biggest plastic producers is Coca-Cola;
Every single fish sampled from the ocean by a group of students have found plastic in their bodies;
120 million water bottles are used every day;
Most of America’s trash is disposed in landfills;
Malaysia is the world's leading importer of plastic;
Trash is being sent to rich countries, they are willing to send it back;
The air is being polluted with the gas from plastic;
Dominica has banned all single-use plastic containers, including styrofoam.

However, plastic has found its way more than 6 and a half miles down into the ocean. Small pieces of plastics are known as microplastics. To begin with, microplastics are smaller than 5 (mm). There are 5 types of microplastics: Fibres, Microbeads, Fragments, Nurdles, Foam. Plastic Fibres come from items such as clothes like fleece, diapers and cigarette butts. Baby wipes, flushable wipes, and cleaning wipes are often found at combined sewer overflows. Other common items flushed down the toilet are used condoms and tampons as well.

Facts From 5 Sources

Avoid personal care products that have ‘poly’ on the label. I didn’t know that over “5,000 items of marine plastic are being found per mile of beach in the UK”. Every minute of our lives, one garbage truck of plastic is thrown away into the oceans. More than a million bags are used every minute. Do people even know that in recent years we have produced more plastic than in the last 100 years?

Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic found in facial cleansers, laundry and dishwasher pods, cigarette butts, etc. Also, on average 300,000 microbeads are found in one common personal care product. When the fleece is washed, washing machines release microfibers into the wastewater. Fleece jacket can release up to 250,000 microfibres! These microbeads eventually bypass sewage treatment plants and enter the Great Lakes. Canada and the USA have labeled microbeads as ‘toxic substances.’ For your information, they will be banned in both countries by 2019.

If plastics were completely banned in the United States we wouldn’t have our oceans and lakes filled up with trash from around the world. Not only would our oceans and lakes be clean, but also our land! Animals from the oceans wouldn’t be dying either due to all the plastic entering their bodies. Many wildlife animals also mistake plastic bags for food and sometimes also get entangled in them. Banning plastics would do us such a big favor but it would also bring us problems. We use plastic items in our everyday life right? A lot of things we use are made out of plastic. For example, plastic food containers, glasses, body wash plastic bottles, work supplies that contain plastic, containers for pills & vitamins. There is a lot more to add on to the list. Our automobiles contain plastic parts too. But remember that I am writing this essay on a computer made of out of plastic. Without plastic bottles, our liquids would come in glass bottles. All groceries would be packed in paper bags or cardboard boxes. Fleece items would also be eliminated. Your jackets, blankets, mittens, socks, hats, all of those warm items would be eliminated. Also, water-resistant safety wear would be gone. Computers, television, and cell phones would be gone as well unless they are made of something else. Our world would be so different without plastic.

Personal life changes I would do myself would be to recycle plastics instead of just throwing them away. When grocery shopping I would bring my own reusable bags from home. Instead of buying plastic water bottles, I can buy myself a glass bottle or a hydro flask to reuse. Lastly, my family and I can stop using plastic straws and start using metal straws.

A plan of action we as humans can do to help reduce plastic pollution is to form a group in every country to pick up trash around our cities. And those who do join will get paid a good amount of money. Another plan can be to make rules. For example, ban all plastic in the U.S. and whoever violates this rule will be charged $200. The last plan of action we can do is to create companies around the world that sell non-plastic items that can be reused over and over so that way there is no plastic being used or purchased and at the same time we can reduce the amount of plastic being thrown on to our lands and oceans.

Washington DC established its Skip the Straw Campaign six years ago. Years later, restaurants across the country cut-off plastic straws. One of those restaurants was Starbucks. The city is planning to reduce plastic at least 80% by 2032. For grocery shopping, if wanted grocery bags, customers will be charged 5 cents. Muriel Bowser, Mayor of D.C. created a campaign to reduce the amount of waste entering the rivers. As a country, they educated and encouraged others to help as well by installing trash traps and lowering illegal dumping.

San Francisco Department of the Environment banned all plastic straws, beverage accessories and other items that have to do with plastic in restaurants. This all started back in July, 1st 2019. Only fiber straws, reusable straws, either glass, silicon, and metal are acceptable. Plastic straws are only available for people with disabilities or medical needs.

Since July, 1st 2017, Seattle began its journey to reduce plastic. Seattle stores are being prohibited from letting customers come in and out with plastic bags. Only recyclable paper bags and reusable bags are available in stores. Stores in Seattle are to charge 5 cents per bag. If any rules are violated you are to be charged $250.

Our world is precious, beautiful, and wonderful. Think about all the beautiful places being trashed down with plastic. It hurts to see people throwing trash on the streets because trust me, I’ve seen people do it. Sometimes I even think to myself, what world are we living in? I want you to think twice about throwing another piece of plastic into the ocean. Please, recycle as well. We hope plastic will be banned soon in America. Don’t buy or use plastic. Our world can be so much healthier, think about it.

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Adapting to Change Essay

The Struggle of Adapting to a New Environment

Imagine moving from water to land, from earth to space. Imagine How difficult of a shift in environment that would be. While these are extreme examples, they help to better understand how a transition in climate can affect someone. Through the Mrs.Sen, Mr.Pirzada, and Bibi Haldar are examples as an example of adapting well thanks to the kindness of others. Through the experiences that Bibi Haldar, Mrs. Sen, and Mr.Pirzada go through, Jhumpa Lahiri shows the challenges involved when trying to adapt to a new environment, and how difficult it really is to adapt to a new situation.

In The Treatment of Bibi Haldar, Bibi is an outcast, ostracized by her own society, her illness barring her from climbing up the social ladder. Bibi is plagued with a horrible condition, which causes her to go into violent fits and seizures. This causes her to be looked down upon by her community and shunned to do inventory for her cruel caretakers, Mrs. Haldar, and Mr. Haldar. A line from the text that perfectly represents the calamity of Bibi’s condition is on page 159, where the the author says: “Liable to fall unconscious and enter, at any moment, into a shameless delirium, Bibi could be trusted neither to cross a street nor board a tram without supervision.” (Lahiri 159). Another example of where Bibi is ostracized is where it says, “The nature of her illness, which struck without warning, confined her world to the unpainted four-story building in which her only local family, an elder cousin and his wife, rented an apartment on the second floor.” (Lahiri 159). This shows how her ailment impacted her life greatly and isolated her to her cousin’s apartment. It really shows how her sickness impacted her life in a major way. “Liable to fall unconscious and enter, at any moment, into a shameless delirium, Bibi could be trusted neither to cross a street nor board a tram without supervision.” (Lahiri 159). This evidence shows her illness affects her daily life, and how hard it was for her to be exposed to the outside world. Bibi’s struggle with her illness and her struggle to adapt perfectly represent how lack of support and being ostracized can take a major toll on a person, and why you should attempt to coexist with people who are not like you.

In Mrs.Sen’s, Mrs.Sen struggles with conforming to an unfamiliar culture in America, a noticeably different environment than her home of India. Mrs.Sen is given the responsibility of Eliot while his mother is at work, and Eliot observes her battle with adapting to American Culture, with no support from her regimenting husband. I “It is impossible to fall asleep those nights, listening to their chatter.” She paused to look at a pine tree framed by the living room window. “Here, in this place where Mr. Sen has brought me, I cannot sometimes sleep in so much silence.”(Lahiri 115). This shows the shift in environment socially for Mrs.Sen and her struggle with adapting to a new environment. “She added that while the fish there tasted nothing like the fish in India, at least it was fresh.”(Lahiri 118). Hear, Mrs. Sen tries to make the best out of an unfavorable situation but has little to no support from family/others. Mrs.Sen struggles to adapt to a new cultural and physical environment and struggles due to lack of support. (non-helpful husband and Eliot being a bystander) .

An example of a more successful acclimation to a new setting is in Mr. Pirzada Comes To Dine, when Mr.Pirzada had support from loving friends to help him through tough times. In Mr.Pirzada comes to dine, Mr.Pirzada is going through a very tough time, when he is living in a different country and the safety of his family is uncertain, but with people around him who support him and love him, he could adapt much easier and be comfortable in his environment. “As a result, Mr. Pirzada lived in a room in a graduate dormitory and did not own a proper stove or a television set. And so he came to our house to eat dinner and watch the evening news. At first, I knew nothing of the reason for his visits. I was ten years old, and was not surprised that my parents, who were from India, and had a number of Indian acquaintances at the university, should ask Mr. Pirzada to share our meals.”(Lahiri 24). When Mr.Pirzada was in a foreign country, these kind people took him in and befriended him, giving him support through his tough times, better helping him adapt to a new environment. An example of this is where it says “so he came to our house to eat dinner and watch the evening news.” This shows how when his family and country were in danger, he was supported by others which allowed him to cope better. Another quote that shows their closeness is when the text says: “The next evening Mr. Pirzada arrived, as usual, at six o’clock. Though they were no longer strangers, upon first greeting each other, he and my father maintained the habit of shaking hands. Come in, sir. Lilia, Mr. Pirzada’s coat, please.” When it says “The next evening Mr. Pirzada arrived, as usual, at six o’clock.”, this shows how much time they spent with each other, and shows how Mr.Pirzada was taken in when his family’s safety was uncertain, and his country was split based on religion.

Through the experiences that Bibi Haldar, Mrs. Sen, and Mr.Pirzada go through, Jhumpa Lahiri shows the challenges involved when trying to adapt to a new environment, and how having support can go a long way. Bibi Haldar struggled to adapt to her environment due to lack of support and being ostracized, which are similar to Mrs.Sen’s struggles to adapt to a new cultural environment and struggles due to lack of support. (non-helpful husband and Eliot being a bystander). Thanks to support from others, Mr.Pirzada was able to get through tough times and adapt to a new environment. This is why to better help your community and the people in it or trying to fit in it, you should be supportive and inviting.

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Social Change: Tolerance and Equal Rights

There have been times when the world isn’t a good place; the world still has those times. People are being treated unequally, from girls not being able to get education in the Middle-East and Central Asia - to members of the LGBTQ+ community being discriminated against for being “different.” Malala, Emma Watson and Jason Paul Collins are only some of the few people who stood up around the world, who tried to motivate people to struggle for social change.

Malala Yousafzai was an average teenager who later became an advocate for girls’ education when she herself was shot in the head. She later on inspired many girls to go towards education and persuade their dreams. Malala’s whole purpose was to for kids to get equal education rights. In the text Malala states “ There has been discrimination in our society,” which she believes must be defeated. “We women are gonna to bring change. We are speaking up for girls rights, but we must not behave like men, like they have done in the past,”(Staff, NPR. “Malala Yousafzai: A Normal Yet Powerful Girl.” CommonLit, 2013. Malala whole purpose is to promote equal education opportunities for girls, so they can get an education and not be called “boys”. Malala knows how to make the audience feel powerful. In conclusion Malala was an amazing person who reached out to many girls to follow their dreams.

Emma Watson is a British actress, model, and activist. In 2014 Emma became a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the campaign HeForShe. Emma’s purpose was to spread gender equality throughout the world. Emma provides many examples of why we should have gender equality and why. For example, “ I started questioning gender- based assumptions when I was eight I was confused at being called “bossy” because I wanted to direct plays we would put on for our parents—but the boys were not”. Women have often felt discouraged to do something that men are capable of doing. They have always been pressured to act like a girl, and now I feel like that could change. In conclusion Emma did a great job explaining why we should have gender equality

Jason Collins was a 34 year old professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards, and came out as gay in an essay he wrote for Sports ILLustrated. He stated “ I think, in my personal life, I’m ready, and I think the country is ready for supporting an openly gay basketball player,” he said smiling”. The world these days can agree to anything or not agree to anything, and I believe it’s something hard for people to come out. People should just accept someone just because no matter what they are. In conclusion Collins essay was a great example why the world should accepts any type of love life, and how you want to live.

To summarize, Malala Yousafzai, Emma Watson, and Jason Collins all covered the major details on what motivates people to change socially. They want what’s best for people and the people around them. There speeches really helped many people throughout the world to change their opinion and do what's best for them.

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What Makes me me

Everyday, I think about how much my parents have sacrificed and I instantly feel a warm rush of gratitude. Both of my parents immigrated to this country for nothing more than a hopeful future, what some would refer to as the American Dream. They fled from their home country Iraq, a country dominated by war and persecution, a country in which they saw no future, no opportunities. They managed to make their way into a completely foreign country, with no knowledge of the language, no real job experiences, and a million hopes for a brighter future.

As I have grown older, I have become more grateful for my ethnicity and background. I am proud to be a first generation Chaldean American. It is something in which I take pride in. I’d like to think it is a huge part of who I am, and who I will later become. I am apart of a closely integrated community so diverse and rich in culture. Although my parents have immigrated from their home country, they make this country feel like their home. They have carried their values and traditions with them, which heavily influences the way in which I see the world.

Growing up in a household of immigrant parents, and being surrounded by immigrant family members has showed me the value of hard work. The American dream is not something that is just given to you, it is the result of determination, it is earned. This country provides us with the tools we need to be able to succeed, but you have to be willing to work for it. My family came to this country with nothing. They quickly found jobs and were able to build lives for themselves. Immigrating here with the ethic of wanting to work for it, allowed them to thrive in whatever it was they chose to do. It allowed them to ensure their future generations were given the opportunities that were not available to them. It allowed them to live their idea of the American Dream.

My parents, along with the majority of the rest of my family never had the opportunity to pursue a higher education. They stepped straight into the working industry to make certain that their families always had food on the table, and a roof over their heads. From a very young age, my parents have raised my siblings and I with a strong emphasis on the importance of education. They value our education, and have always been strict when it comes to school. Although sometimes I was overwhelmed with their emphasis on school, I have realized that they want nothing more than to see their children succeed, and take advantage of the opportunities that were not at reach for them. I want nothing more in life than to have my parents watch me succeed. To watch me take advantage of the opportunities that are at my reach. I want nothing more than to see a smile on their faces, to see their eyes sparkle as I tackle the real world. I want nothing more than to be able to give back for everything they have sacrificed.

I am proud to be a Chaldean American, it has shaped me into the very person I am at this moment. It has given me a sense of purpose, it gives me perspective. It is truly remarkable to see immigrants leaving what they are familiar with and building lives for themselves. I am able to see what a sense of hope and perseverance is able to drive. I look at my values, and life I have now, and remind myself that I wouldn't have any of it if it wasn't for my family. So, thank you Mom and Dad, for giving me a sense of myself, for giving me a strong work ethic, for pushing the importance of education, for the opportunities, and most of all thank you for believing in yourselves and all the possibilities that were awaiting you.

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