Intersectionality is Vital to Black Feminism

We have seen many feminist movements sweeping the nation in the hopes to change the deep roots of our patriarchal society. Women of all races coming together to fight for equal wages, leadership positions, and many more roles that women are undermined to have and yet the concept of intersectionality remains invisible. Through intersectionality, black feminism was formed. Intersectionality is vital to black feminism because it elucidates the overlapping oppressions that women face every day, particularly women of color. Focusing on how intersectionality effects women of color, we will see how race, class, and sex impact women of color on an everyday basis.

In the 21st century, many things have shifted, such as, gay marriage becoming legal in all fifty states and Barack Obama winning the 2008 election becoming the first African American president in the United States. These events have become one of the most greatest turning points in the United States, but the one thing that we’re still missing is equal rights. Since 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution has still yet to pass. This amendment was proposed to guarantee equaled rights for all American citizens, which is intended to end legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, employment, etc. This amendment’s intention is to end the superiority of men and to create an equal balance between men and women. The problem? Race. Because race can’t be identified empirically, we tend to observe sex due to the simplicity of it. Being a woman comes with many limitations. In our society, women of color have been frowned upon since the beginning of time, through slavery, domestic violence, sexualizing images on social media, and typically seen with the same characteristics of men. As a child, it is essential to differentiate yourself and what is considered to be the ‘other’. Alterity, meaning different, is a way for us to formulate our perceptions of the world by constructing classes of people as ‘other’ and hence, viewing the ‘other’ as not fully human. By doing this, we project onto that particular class the qualities we fear and reject within ourselves. By putting people into categories, prejudice and stereotypes are then formed.

In the U.S., we boast about having an egalitarian society, everyone being equal despite and not limited to, sex, class, race, and other social characteristics, however, the goal of egalitarianism is equal opportunities and maintaining fundamental worth for every individual. Through the evidence that we will be exploring, there is no way we can agree that our society is egalitarian because women are constantly being viewed as weak.

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Feminism and Intersectionality: ‘women, Race, and Class’

Angela Y. Davis is an activist, author and professor. She is an outspoken spokeswoman for the ones who are being treated cruel by authority, writing on Black freedom, and the intersections of race, gender, and class. She is the author of several books, including Women, Race, and Class.

She uncovers a side of the fight for suffrage many of us have not heard. Davis shows how the racist and classist bias of some in the women's movement have divided its own membership.Using a historical lens, Davis outlines the efforts of primarily white, bourgeois ladies to assist win enfranchisement. Davis introduced the ways in which race, class, and gender worked along to form difference.The book is split into many chapters. The author examines a distinct facet of feminist struggles for equality throughout history, although they're united by one vital theme: the notion that racism has interfered with the power of the women's rights movement to really win equality. Basically, Davis argued that the white effort didn't perceive the requirements of the black community. Davis writes extensively regarding the ways in which black women, free of slavery, were still oppressed. For an example, black women were typically confined to the worst operating conditions, that weren't abundant of associate degree improvement over additional undisguised styles of slavery. They were conjointly confined to domestic labor wherever they typically went through violence at the hands of male employers.Throughout her book she tries to give us the message “If we ever want equality, we're gonna have to fight for it together.”

Angela Davis writes about divisions in the feminist movements. Davis chronologically unfolds the position of a black woman in America. Most women will be apart of the labour force. Her main historical movements start off from the transition from slavery to freedom. There was a number of issues raised at during this time period such as women’s suffrage, avoiding rapist, and the right to birth control and abortion and lastly housework.

While reading Angela Davis book I learned a lot. Angela Davis honors this original conception of intersectionality by examining how the feminist movement has largely failed black women, lower class women, lower class black women, and women in general who fall outside of the upper to middle class white women bubble. Davis discusses a range of historical and feminist topics such as how the anti-rape movement excluded black women, how capitalism’s devaluing of housework has disadvantaged poor women, and reproductive rights and the cruel, forced sterilization of black women. I also appreciate this book because Davis also pays homage to fought for racism such as Ida B.Wells who we also learned about in class.

It is not much that I did not appreciate about the book. The only thing that I did not like was that it was so much information to take in all at once and sometimes throughout the book the language would get hard to understand. I had to really sit down and take time to understand what Davis was explaining in the book.

I would recommend this book for middle class women who may struggle to understand intersectionality. I would also recommend this book to feminist who believe women should work together for equality.

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William James’s Thoughts and Ideas on Religion and Psychology

William James’s thoughts and ideas on religion and psychology, and how the two intercross were evident in his lectures. In some ways it felt like he addressed religions nature and sciences indifferences. James’s many case studies served as strong empirical evidence regarding the impact of religious experiences. The lectures analyzed religious experiences using scientific research about them to demonstrate that they were, in fact, real. Why? Because most humans have a substantial desire for transcendency. He recognized that there were many forms of religious spirituality to examine; and the review of these was equal to human nature. He even alluded to this in his choice of subtitle, A Study in Human Nature. In James’s effort to explain the word religion, he explains that it is not his desire to focus on the spiritual universe of religion; but rather on examining experiences which may be considered of the religious nature. James was determined to “rehabilitate the element of feeling in religion” (110). His pragmatic view, at its core, revealed that in religion one would find truth.

The nature of our world was, in his opinion, both objective and subjective. The objective being the total understanding we may be thinking at that moment; this is the superficial world which is bigger than us. The subjective, or our “inner state”, whereby, the thinking actually takes place within our present surroundings. He used cosmic time and space to symbolize the objective and the subjective was characterized as measly engagement in activities of the mind. James states that, “The sciences of nature know nothing of spiritual presences” (106) Science dismisses all personal connection and its orientation to the effects human beings and their fears or apprehensions. James shared not only his own experiences; but those researched by other religious scholars and religious psychologists as well, to support his arguments. Throughout the lectures he actually denounced the ideas of some of those scientists, however, for not thoroughly examining all of reality. He inferred that they disregarded certain unrevealed conditions of the universe. James wanted to show that mystical experiences could be realized by using psychology rather than trusting in supernatural reason. Arguing that we may, at times, delve into another dimension altogether where we are much more in touch with our inner personal being. Furthermore, that this mystical region is not just a perfect place, it also impacts us by the effects that it generates. Science requires that more than just phenomena is present in order explain something, its absence renders it fruitless. James drew from his wisdom of both psychology and neurology; understanding that religious experiences could be considered a wonder of the human mind. However, it was possible that the human mind was not the sole influence; but that supernatural elements could impact our experiences as well. As a christian, I would agree with James that our higher power in this universe is God. Similarly, I agree that when we commune with God and seek his will for our lives, we become vulnerable to his mercies and experience his omnipotent power in our lives helping us to fulfill our true destinies.

James was not focused on the theologies, rituals and attitudes of religion; instead, he argued that we should be more concerned with examining the actions, and emotions of how religious experiences impacted individuals. Additionally, he argues that no two individuals have the similar difficulties, therefore, to presume that we would have similar conclusions would be absurd. During this time, one idea was that religion was a thing of the past, or in survival mode, something mankind had outgrown. James refers to this as the “Survival Theory” which he actually refutes after explaining. First he argues that individuals devout in their beliefs, stand firm that there is a higher power in the universe, who is God, and He is benevolent to all mankind. These people describe a sense of security and release when they surrender to the will of God. The personality of these experiences is pivotal for these religious people. “To-day, quite as much as at any previous age, the religious individual tells you that the divine meets him on the basis of his personal concerns.” (107) James describes that those who live religious lives are far more likely to be better servants than others who are simply knowledgeable of it. Second, James argues that scientists are “dogmatic” and materialistic when evaluating the criteria to judge the veracity of religious experience. For these people, the effort to discredit religious experience is unique. Some would dilute religion down to an expression of a physical disability or mental illness, some even said sexual dysfunction. He also referred to men with sick souls as men who existed pre-religious experience; or, who had not found salvation and deliverance. Whereas, healthy-minded is the state of the redeemed; or those who experienced a very personal relationship with God and thereby experience salvation from immorality.

I would argue that James was trying to persuade us that our individual nature of happiness must be linked to our personal destiny. Because he believed that our conduct is influenced by our constant thoughts and our feelings. Religious theory was secondary at this point. He defined what feelings were and the psychological sequence they are a part of. One of the scholars he cited was Kant, who referred to our emotions with a fortifying and joyful outcome that stimulates our personal energy. James went on to teach that, “emotion overcomes temperamental melancholy and imparts endurance to the Subject, or a zest, or a meaning, or an enchantment and glory to the common objects of life.” (111) This is called our faith-state; and when it is effected in a deep-rooted favorable way it can explain the devotion exhibited by believers of their faith. I would argue that our prayerful communication with our higher power, or God, is the tie that binds our humanness with His patient direction. James spoke about prayer in the traditional sense, as well, as a by means of reflection and meditation. Prayer also has a way of connecting us to God, and can give us the feeling of being safe and secure under His loving protection. I would say that religion in its purest sense makes us feel like life, for its follower, worth living.

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“The Melting Pot” is an Outdated Image of America

The foundation of the United States has been built by immigrants, in pursuit of civil liberties. Intermingling of cultures, languages, races, and ethnicities is an inevitable factor of all this, either clashing, or bringing us all together for a common purpose.

In the U.S. Constitution, Article 1 Section 9 states that the migration or importation of anyone residing in the States who is deemed acceptable won’t be prohibited by Congress.

Family-based immigration, also known as Chain immigration, has permitted easier access for immediate or preferred family members with certain qualifications to immigrate into the U.S.

In 2015, children and spouses were deemed for nearly ”69 percent of family immigration and 44 percent of total legal immigration to the U.S.,” making this the largest category of immigrants.

The requirements for individuals allowed restricts the amount of immigrants, as well as the fact that Congress has set a limitation the population allowed into the states, adequately regulating the amount allowed in yearly.

The Diversity Visas and immigration lottery provides opportunity to people in less emigrated places and provides more shared culture and overall diversity to the great melting pot that is America. ¨Visas are distributed among six geographic regions with a greater number of visas going to regions with lower rates of immigration.¨ Although stylistically it's a ¨game of chance¨ type circumstance, this way of selection shys away from favoritism, providing fair opportunity.

DACA provides the opportunity of jobs to children brought illegally to the U.S. by their parents, but also takes away from the job opportunity of U.S. citizens. Although this is a setback for American citizens, the Temporary Permission Visas only allows a restricted amount of time, as one must request for deferred action, which sustains ¨for a span of two years, subject to renewal.¨ DACA gives an opportunity for children to temporary protection from the threat of deportation, but is ineffective in the fact it is not a permanent fix, and cannot provide citizenship. The U.S. should not build a border wall whatsoever; although it may seem like a simple solution, there are faults in this logic. Often times, when faced with a problem, many may take the most direct route, but in this case, there are many toils and snares hidden behind this prospect. President Trump has made claims that Mexico will be the one to fund the wall, but ¨Mexican leaders from the president to ministers to former presidents have made it clear that Mexico will never pay for Trump’s wall.¨ The sheer gargantuinity of the wall itself may present issues in the structural soundness, welfare of workers, working conditions and overall timeline to complete it.

States should be permitted to establish Sanctuary Cities to ensure that people who are undocumented don´ get unlawfully arrested, because it is not a crime, although it is a civil violation. They also provide a safer environment where these people don't have to live in fear, and actual crime will be prioritized, rather than having being undocumented mistaken as such.

Catch and release should not continue since many immigrants do not show up to their immigration hearings. The only exception to this, should be that children are not to be detained, but rather released to their parents or immediate family members if able.

The separation of undocumented parents from minors should not be permitted unless the minor is in danger. Parents have the right to remain with the minor they have guardianship over; prevention of this violates due process rights and may interpret as discrimination.

To solve the question on immigration in the U.S., we need to identify the effects of it in our economy and in what ways it has it had a negative impact. Immigration has been in existence for as long as any man or creature has lived, and is a natural process due to various push and pull factors.

Immigration is not the problem itself, but the problem is in how it may have thrown balance from another's way of living. In order to fix that, we must have better understanding of who the people are that we have seem to put bias' against, what immigration does to us as a society and as individuals, why, and what potential solutions are in reach through the path of least resistance.

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Main Cycles: Nitrogen Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Photosynthesis, and the Water Cycle

“Every day, up to 150 species are lost.” That is the conclusion of U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity scientists. We, as the smartest species in the world, are not treating our fellow species wisely. We dominate them and make them vanish every single hour. Humans do not realize that biodiversity is the most vital feature of our planet. Changes in the environment and biodiversity are interconnected. Lower diversity results in more diseases, lower security, and other vital problems. If we ignore life of other species on the Earth, we will soon pay for it.

Biodiversity is the contraction of “biological diversity”. The term means the variety of living organisms from any sources in Earth. It is the foundation of the ecosystems including layers of organisms. Biodiversity includes not only unmanaged but also managed ecosystems. Biodiversity is presumed to be limited to unmanaged ecosystems like oceans, forests, wildlands. This is a common wrong conception. The term biodiversity also covers farms, ranches, and urban parks, and even pets in your home. They have managed ecosystems. Biodiversity is omnipresent on the Earth, on the surface, underwater, and in the air. However, we seldom appreciate biodiversity because most of living organisms are as small as five centimeters.

Biodiversity is the most vital feature of nature, as professor David MacDonald, at Oxford University affirms that, “Without biodiversity, there is no future for humanity.” It plays an important role in ecosystem function that provides ecosystem services, biological resources, and social benefits to human beings. In the macroscale of ecosystem services, there are four main cycles: nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, photosynthesis, and the water cycle. All of them need the participation of animals and plants to happen. Species also contribute to soils formation and protection. Biodiversity provides biological resources, such as, food, medical resources, wood, etc. In an CNN report, “One third of all our food—fruits and vegetables—would not exist without pollinators visiting flowers”. This statement mentions honeybees, the primary species that fertilize plants. Another important role of biodiversity is social benefits. It provides us enjoyment and tourism, such as parks, zoos and beaches. Additionally, it provides cultural values, like dogs and cats.

There are a lot of threats to biodiversity makes species are loss faster and faster. First and foremost, climate change contributes the most in biodiversity loss. Changes in climate has adversely affected species globally and permanently. For example, marine biodiversity and vegetation zones shift when ocean temperature rises. Another major threat to biodiversity is deforestation. It is the direct cause of biodiversity and habitat loss. According to Mashable, 18 acres of forests are lost each year. It was because of logging and other human practices. Overexploitation contributes to a huge loss of species. We overfish and overhunt to fulfill the demand for food. Other indirect causes of biodiversity loss namely pollution and invasive species. According to Mashable, 19 billion pounds of plastic are dumped into the ocean every year. It is obvious that the major factor makes species vanishing faster than ever before is human activities. Biodiversity loss is because of humans’ demands, especially for food and energy.

According to Center for Biological Diversity organization, we are in the middle of the sixth mass extinction of plants and animals. Extinction is a natural phenomenon, and it usually happens at the rate of one to five species a year. However, species now are being lost at 1,000 to 10,000 times the natural rate. Center for Biological Diversity gives an estimation that thirty to fifty percent of all species possibly will be extinct by mid-century. They also affirm that “99 percent of currently threaten species are at risk from human activities primarily through driving habitat loss, introduction of exotic species, global warming.” Human beings, as the smartest species, are the dominant the main cause of fellow species’ extinction. If we keep ignoring disappearance of animals and plants, we will soon pay for it.

Biodiversity loss adversely affect humanity, especially higher health risk and lower security. In the academic journal, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health vol 10, issue 6, page 1432, the article “Biodiversity loss: Public health risk of disease spread and epidemics” gives us a comprehensive look at the affect of biodiversity loss to humans’ health. Humanity is an integral and inseparable part of the nature. Our health depends ultimately on the extinction and health of other species and the natural functions of the ecosystems. Biodiversity and epidemics are interconnected. Increase in host diversity results in decrease in magnitude and impact of epidemics. This is called dilution effect. Through research of Lyme disease, a disease transmitted to humans from mice through ticks, they concluded that, “A region rich in diversity of species of vertebrates has protective effect against vulnerability of human vector-borne communicable diseases”. The loss of biodiversity also leads to less security for humans. Without plants and animals, natural disasters occur more and more than ever before. Without diversity in food source, we put ourselves in the risk of starvation. There used to be a variety of plants that supply food in a field. However, there is usually just one kind of food-supply plants in a field nowadays. If epidemic explodes, we will have nothing left to eat. We need to take action now or the next species to be on the verge of extinction may be us.

There are plenty of ways to help and protect biodiversity, directly and indirectly. We can support species like birds, fish, or plants that live in our area. Volunteering to participate in environmental organizations is a great way to help. One of the most important activities we can do is to reduce climate change by reusing and recycling. We do not need a new bottle of water every time we need to drink, nor we need new plastic bags when we go to the grocery store. Indirect ways to save the environment and species namely saving water and energy, buy organic foods to prevent the use of pesticides, using paper carefully really help. Donating money to a conservation organization or being an educator can influence other people to give a hand to save species.

Biodiversity is the most complex and important function of nature. However, humanity is threating the existence of other species. We are exploiting resources, over hunting, deforesting to serve the need of our economy, culture, religion, technology improvement, etc. Out demands beget habitat loss, environment pollutions (air, water, and soil), climate changes and other threats to species. That results in both direct and perceptible issues and indirect issue, especially to human health. We need to take immediate actions, or our next generations are not going to exist.

Works Cited

“Biodiversity & Human Well-Being.” Define biodiversity, GreenFacts, 6 June 2005, www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm.

The article gives clear definition of biodiversity. The source gives information about dimensions of biodiversity, and the importance of other species. A general look at current trends in biodiversity is also given. This source is recommended to explain the concept of biodiversity and its importance.

“Cycles in Nature.” Central Place and Bid-Rent Theories | S-Cool, the Revision Website, S-Cool , 21 Oct. 2008, www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/chemistry/the-earth-and-the-atmosphere/revise-it/cycles-in-nature.

The source provides useful information about four main cycles on the Earth. They are nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, photosynthesis, and water cycle. The cycles are explained thoroughly from their beginning to their end. Pictures are provided as illustration for those cycles. The source is useful to give readers information about cycles and explain the importance of them.

“How to Help Biodiversity.” How to Help Biodiversity, AMNH, 20 Aug. 2017, www.amnh.org/ology/features/stufftodo_bio/howtohelp.php.

The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) offers ways to protect biodiversity. They also call for actions as they say that humans are the keepers of this green planet. The source is recommended to provide people ways to help other species with different backgrounds and situations.

Petronzio, Matt. “5 Major Threats to Biodiversity, and How We Can Help Curb Them.” Mashable, Mashable, 23 May 2015, mashable.com/2015/05/23/biodiversity-threats/#Syb2WGvjPZqb.

Matt Petronzio writes an informative article about what makes species vanish significantly. All of the causes are relevant to humans. He also links food, energy and biodiversity. In conclusion, extinction of animals and plants is because humanity demands for food and energy is so enormous. The source gives a comprehensive look at the connection between humans’ activities and life of other species.

“The Extinction Crisis.” The Extinction Crisis, Center for Biological Diversity, 5 July 2009, www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/biodiversity/elements_of_biodiversity/extinction_crisis/.

The website mentions the extinction crisis we are facing nowadays. Species are disappearing 1,000 to 10,000 than natural extinction rate. The source also illustrates what will happen if biodiversity is low. The source is great to provide current status of the environment and useful to call for actions.

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What we Know about Vikings?

When the word “Viking” is brought up in a picture of a group of people that are cruel comes to mind. Viking era existed between 780-1070 A.D, Vikings originated in Scandinavia and were given names such as Nordmenn or Norsemen (jones 2). Vikings also migrated to the British Isles, the Baltic Lands, Iceland, and Greenland (Jones 145). Vikings were successful in trade and commerce but were “greedy and cruel” (Jones 2). The idea of making as much profit as possible was the driving force behind many of their conquests, being a Viking was more of a “profession that led to a good life” (Jones 3). As a Viking you traded, were a pirate taking as much land as possible (Jones 3).

What we know about Vikings mostly is derived from archaeology, Vikings excelled at creating weaponry, tools, and a method of currency. Vikings were literate enough to understand the impact of their attacks and the destruction caused as a result (Kurrild-Klitgaard and Svendsen 259). Gordon argues that Vikings main objective was as “colonists and merchants” (Gordon 50), and not as looters. While Vikings were violent, their craftsmanship on their boats, armor, weapons, and jewelry were expert and challenges the idea that Vikings were inherently cruel (Gordon 53).

Vikings (defined as people from the coves) colonized Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries and by the end of the eleventh century the Vikings era has ended. There are plenty of evidence that speaks to the contrary of the statement: “The Vikings were nothing but pirates and destroyers who made no contribution to European art or civilization.”.

Vikings excelled in shipbuilding, a Viking ship would sail 200 miles in a day under good weather. The Vikings represented their ships as sea serpents aside from using them for exploring and trading they also used them for burials, one example is the Oseberg ship where the mastery of their craftsman was on display, “the rising prow of the ship spiraled into a serpent’s head, with bands of interlaced animals in low relief run along the edges” (Stokstad and Cothren 441).

The Vikings contributed to civilization in many ways, one example in architecture and construction, timber buildings architecture was done in two forms: logs stacked horizontally and notched at the end to form a building that is rectangular in shape, today this form is still popular and known as the log cabin. The other form of timber buildings was done by standing the wood on the end to form a wall set directly into the ground.

Vikings left signs wherever they settled one common structure was erected stones called (Rune Stone), the stones were covered with inscriptions, the stones covered with figures were called picture stones. A new stone art emerged in the tenth century that interlaced foliage and ribbons with animals. An image of Christ on one of the larger stones at jelling depicts Christ with arms outstretched as if crucified while the other side of the stone has runic inscriptions.

Previous examples support the fact that Vikings were skilled craftsman that built strong weapons and fast ships, additionally Vikings mastered metal works and they melted materials such as bronze or gold to create more precious items. Various styles of artistic decoration were developed. These styles were used for jewelry as well as a wide variety of other decorative items, such as the decorative mounts.

The reputation of the Vikings as killers and raiders usually dominates the perception of Vikings, but Vikings were great traders that contributed by advancing the ship making art

The first towns in Ireland were established by the Vikings in the mid-ninth century, mainly for exporting slaves, however, gradually developed into centers of trade and manufacture (Heckett 2003).

Viking artists created unique monuments and objects, the animal style was a perfect tool to accomplish such tasks, this allowed for the combining of myth and reality to tell a story.

Many historians agree there is more to Vikings than cruelty and destruction, they also provided many new contributions to commerce and trade, resulting in negative impacts and positive impacts on history.

References

Heckett, E. W. (2003). Viking Age Headcoverings from Dublin. Series B, Volume 6. Dublin:

Royal Irish Academy for National Museum of Ireland and Royal Irish Academy.

Gordon, Kate. “The Vikings: A New Look.” Archaeology September/October 1980: LZ01. Print.

Jones, Gwyn. A History of the Vikings. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984. Print.

Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter and Tinggaard Svendsen, Gert. “Rational Bandits: Plunder, Public Goods,

Stokstad, Marilyn, and Michael W. Cothren. 'Volume I Art History.' (2014).

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Benefits of Personal Branding

Contents

The Two Sides of Social Media
References

The Two Sides of Social Media

Social media have injected their way into people’s life spontaneously. A survey conducted by Pew Research has shown that about 77% of Americans owns smartphone and 7 in 10 of them admitted using multiple media platforms (Smith). The impact of this powerful tool on the youth is undeniable. Frankly to say, social media have become unseparated from the process of developing self-identity as well as reinforcing one’s relationship with society and with each other. Similar to medicine that has side effects, social media possess positive and negative consequences. On the one hand, this communication tool makes available numerous opportunities from networking to personal branding. On the other hand, it exposes people to a tremendous amount of information that causes many issues such as invasion of privacy to an identity crisis, especially for the youth (Furedi).

In general, social media surround topic of identity. Currently, Facebook is one of the most popular sites with 68% of 18- to 24-year-olds Americans users following with Instagram (35%), Snapchat (27%), Linkedln (25%) and Twitter (24%), respectively (Smith and Anderson). All of these apps encourage members to displace their personal information from name, gender, location to employment status. An example of this requirement can be addressed by “Facebook real-name policy” which asks for physical proofs like driver license or student ID if the authentic name is suspected (Facebook.com). Under the innocent purpose of eliminating fake accounts, this policy further emphasizes how social media are pushing their users to a hyper-transparency culture. As a result, online and offline life are pulled closer together: interaction on the Internet is a reflection of a real-world situation.

Because the world is becoming more connected than ever, social relationships are getting easier to create as well as maintain. No longer the time people have to be in the same demographic to keep a relationship on track, communication tools can take care of that obstacle. Statistic from Pew Research demonstrates that 41% of 18- to 29-year-old admit feeling closer to their partners because of daily interaction on social media (Lenhart and Duggan). More impressively, 94% of teenagers spend most of their communication with friends on some forms of social sites (Anderson, Monica, and Jingjing Jiang). The active sharing of opinions and personal experiences on social media keep people in touch informatively and emotionally. Exchanging usernames between new friends has become a traditional etiquette among digital natives (Anderson, Monica, and Jingjing Jiang). Social media also touch their magic wand on professional life. In 2015, in the article “How to separate the personal and professional on social media,” Ollier-Malaterre and Rothbard reported: “40% to 60% of hiring managers use social media to screen potential hires…” This type of self-presentation is the main purpose of Linkedin, a site for employment networking (Linkedin.com). By displacing professional resumes as profile, members of Linkedin are exposed to various working opportunities as well as chances to build valuable connections. With the right use, social media strengthens our relationship both personally and professionally.

Social media is a place where people can be vocal about their problems. By encouraging the act of sharing opinions, it pushes people’s thought process on different types of topics, resulting in a generation more opened to debate and compromise. Today activist groups operate mainly on social sites. NOW, National Organization for Women, is a national group that fights for women rights and any issues surrounding their benefits. Its members mostly are active social media users who promote their feminist ideal and attracting similar interest on many sites like Facebook or Twitter. For example, NOW is calling its members to take action on “State-Level Abortion Bans” by gathering them through social sites to form protest (Mobilize for the reproduction justice). Not judging on the topic of right or wrong, NOW has taken advantaged of social tools to spread out their ideology and make sure their opinions can create tremendous impact on relevant events.

As good side comes with bad side, the over-presenting of personal information brings more harm than benefits. Social media have their stigma of encouraging privacy invasion, which is true in many cases. It’s not easy to control the person who observing another person’s profile on the other screen, including acknowledging their intentions. While sites like Instagram or Facebook reward their users for showing off life events’ photos by the number of “likes,” people can accidently leak out personal information that shouldn’t be presented to the public’s eyes (Harnish). For instance, parents often love posting pictures of their children on social media to show their pride. This innocent action attracts pedophiles who can steal the kids’ photos and later to re-post them on dark websites, putting these children as risk of sex trafficking (Kirkey). Another example is Facebook scandal of exploiting users’ data for advertising and political campaign, affecting up to 87 million people (Chang). Even though this event didn’t directly harm any individual, it shows how vulnerable privacy can be when people practice social media.

The younger generation often looks up to social media as a personal guide, which can lead to identity crisis. Teenager years are the time for adolescents to explore their values and roles in society. This is also the age of hyper-interacting on social media with 95% of them said to be constantly online, based on Pew Research’s statistic (Anderson, Monica, and Jingjing Jiang). Social sites are full of people with “perfect life:” glamorous photos, countless partying moments, fancy events. This created a generation of obsessing to self-image and a constant need for approval (Harnish). In fact, some people rather do anything for “likes” of million “friends” that they don’t know than the person in front of them. We select picture that has the best lighting, the best angles, the best effect which barely reflects ourselves in reality just to impress others. This portrays a false illusion which only makes users losing touch with realistic connection. The acts of seeking for validation and comparing each other’s life can easily lead to depression and going against one’s judgment just to feel fit in (Cherry). Cyberbullying is an example of identity crisis fueled by peer pressure, often results in tragic events like suicide (The Life and Death Consequences of Cyber Bullying). According to American Pew Research Centre, 43% of teenagers has experienced online bullying, and these victims have 2 to 9 time more likely to commit in suicide than others (Lenhart). Overexposure to social media can cause confusion and harm our youth in their journey of discovering self-identity.

All in all, social media present powerful tools encouraging human interaction as well as opening up opportunities for individuals to raise their voices, acting as a part of society. However, the imbalance of using social media can do more harm than good. Hyper-transparent culture exposes us to multiple risks that can invade privacy and cause identity crisis. To diminish these side effects, users should be careful on sharing personal information online and distinguish between false and realistic expectations.

References

• Cherry, Kendra. “Could You Be Experiencing an Identity Crisis?” Verywell Mind, 23 Mar. 2018, www.verywellmind.com/what-is-an-identity-crisis-2795948.

• Harnish, Amelia, and Ariel Davis. “We Need To Talk About This Unhealthy Social Media Behavior.” Who Am I Social Media Identity Crisis Instagram Stress, Refinery29, 27 Mar. 2017, www.refinery29.com/2017/03/146733/identity-crisis-causes-social-media-fake-world.

• Kirkey, Sharon. “Do You Know Where Your Child's Image Is? Pedophiles Sharing Photos from Parents' Social Media Accounts.” National Post, 18 Apr. 2017, nationalpost.com/news/canada/photos-shared-on-pedophile-sites-taken-from-parents-social-media-accounts.

• “The Life and Death Consequences of Cyber Bullying.” Organic Digital Consultancy, Organic, 14 Feb. 2018, theorganicagency.com/blog/life-death-consequences-cyber-bullying/.

• Chang, Alvin. “The Facebook and Cambridge Analytica Scandal, Explained with a Simple Diagram.” Vox, Vox, 2 May 2018, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/23/17151916/facebook-cambridge-analytica-trump-diagram.

• Furedi, Frank. “How the Internet and Social Media Are Changing Culture.” How the Internet and Social Media Are Changing Culture | Frank Furedi, 16 Feb. 2015, www.frankfuredi.com/article/how_the_internet_and_social_media_are_changing_culture1.

• Lenhart, Amanda, and Maeve Duggan. “Couples, the Internet, and Social Media | Pew Research Center.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, 7 Apr. 2014, www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/11/couples-the-internet-and-social-media/.

• Lenhart, Amanda. “Cyberbullying | Pew Research Center.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, 5 Feb. 2014, www.pewinternet.org/2007/06/27/cyberbullying/.

• Levin, Sam. “As Facebook Blocks the Names of Trans Users and Drag Queens, This Burlesque Performer Is Fighting Back.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 29 June 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/29/facebook-real-name-trans-drag-queen-dottie-lux.

• “Mobilize for Reproductive Justice.” National Organization for Women, now.org/nap/reproductive-justice/.

• Rothbard, Ariane Ollier-MalaterreNancy P. “How to Separate the Personal and Professional on Social Media.” Harvard Business Review, 26 Mar. 2015, hbr.org/2015/03/how-to-separate-the-personal-and-professional-on-social-media.

• Smith, Aaron. “Record Shares of Americans Have Smartphones, Home Broadband.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 12 Jan. 2017, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/12/evolution-of-technology/.

• Smith, Aaron, and Monica Anderson. “Social Media Use 2018: Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Center.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, 19 Sept. 2018, www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/.

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Blood Donation and other Transmission Ways of COVID-19

Bead transmission happens when an individual is in close contact (inside 1 m) with somebody who has respiratory indications (for example hacking or sniffling,) and is consequently in danger of having his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or conjunctiva (eyes) presented to conceivably infective respiratory drops (which are by and large viewed as > 5-10 ?m in measurement). Bead transmission may likewise happen through fomites in the quick climate around the contaminated individual. Accordingly, transmission of the COVID-19 infection can happen by direct contact with contaminated individuals and circuitous contact with surfaces in the prompt climate or with objects utilized on the tainted individual (for example stethoscope or thermometer).

Airborne transmission is not the same as bead transmission as it alludes to the presence of microorganisms inside drop cores, which are for the most part viewed as particles < 5?m in measurement, and which result from the vanishing of bigger drops or exist inside dust particles. They might stay noticeable all around for significant stretches of time and be sent to others over distances more noteworthy than 1 m.

With regards to COVID-19, airborne transmission might be conceivable in explicit conditions and settings in which methods that create vapor sprayers are performed (for example endotracheal intubation, bronchoscopy, open suctioning, organization of nebulized treatment, manual ventilation before intubation, turning the patient to the inclined position, disengaging the patient from the ventilator, non-obtrusive positive-pressure ventilation, tracheostomy, and cardiopulmonary revival). In examination of 75,465 COVID-19 cases in China, airborne transmission was not announced.

There is some proof that COVID-19 disease might prompt gastrointestinal contamination and be available in dung. Be that as it may, to date just one investigation has refined the COVID-19 infection from a solitary stool example. There have been no reports of faecal?oral transmission of the COVID-19 infection to date.

Ramifications of late discoveries of identification of COVID-19 infection from air inspecting Until now, some logical distributions give beginning proof on whether the COVID-19 infection can be identified noticeable all around and subsequently, conceivably include airborne transmission. These underlying discoveries should be deciphered cautiously.

A new distribution in the New England Journal of Medicine has assessed infection determination of the COVID-19 infection. In this exploratory investigation, vapor sprayers were produced utilizing a three-stream Collison nebulizer and took care of into a Goldberg drum under controlled research facility conditions. This is a powerful machine that doesn't reflect typical human hack conditions. Further, the finding of COVID-19 infection in spray particles as long as 3 hours doesn't mirror a clinical setting wherein spray creating methodology are played out—that is, this was a tentatively incited spray producing strategy.

There are reports from settings where indicative COVID-19 patients have been conceded and in which no COVID-19 RNA was distinguished in air tests. Also, note that the recognition of RNA in natural examples dependent on PCR-based measures isn't demonstrative of feasible infection that could be contagious.

In view of the accessible proof, including the new distributions referenced above, WHO keeps on suggesting bead and contact safeguards for those individuals really focusing on COVID-19 patients and contact and airborne safety measures for conditions and settings in which spray creating systems are performed. These proposals are steady with other public and worldwide rules, including those created by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Society of Critical Care Medicine13 and those right now utilized in Australia, Canada, and United Kingdom.

Simultaneously, different nations and associations, including the US Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, suggest airborne insurances for any circumstance including the consideration of COVID-19 patients, and think about the utilization of clinical covers as an OK alternative if there should be an occurrence of deficiencies of respirators (N95, FFP2 or FFP3).

Current WHO suggestions stress the significance of sane and proper utilization of all PPE, not just covers, which requires right and thorough conduct from medical services laborers, especially in doffing methods and hand cleanliness rehearses. WHO likewise suggests staff preparing on these recommendations,19 just as the satisfactory obtainment and accessibility of the important PPE and different supplies and offices. At last, WHO keeps on stressing the most extreme significance of incessant hand cleanliness, respiratory manners, and natural cleaning and sterilization, just as the significance of keeping actual separations and evasion of close, unprotected contact with individuals with fever or respiratory side effects.

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Chinese New Year and Culture of Celestial Empire

This was a result of climate differences in the two regions, making it easy to classify the soils into groups. China is the producer of over 95% of the world’s rare earth minerals. China also ranks first in the abundance of minerals like tin and titanium. Coal is in abundance there as well, naturally seating China as a country with very wealthy reserves. China owns more than 15 billion tons of exportable oil reserves, as well. The economy in fishing is very alive, more active in the Yangtze River Valley and along the Yangtze River. China shares a border to its north with Mongolia and Kazakhstan, and in the northeast, North Korea and Russia. Vietnam, Laos, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar makes its south border. Pakistan shares China’s border in the southwest. Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan is to the west. China’s eastern border is open to the East China Sea, making easier for the flow of goods from the coast.

The growth of coastal cities in China, such as Shanghai, Hong Kong and Beijing are creating one megacity. More and more people are moving to the coastal cities, which drives the need for economic growth, the pursuit of higher education, and efficient natural resource use. However, this creates other problems, such as social isolation, pressure on natural resources, and the loss of land used for agriculture. The Yangzi Valley is a hotspot for fishing and boat commerce. There are two major rivers of China, the Yangtze and Yellow. The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, and the Yangtze Basin is good for the Chinese agricultural economy, and the river itself is the basis for fishing trade. The Yellow River is being used as a hydroelectric power source. China is surrounded by mountains and ocean from almost all sides, which makes it hard to get out of the country easily. Also, the exploitation of its own natural resources has resulted in serious pollution and has had detrimental results on the environment. Agriculture The land that can be used for agricultural use is a small percent in China; only 10%, due to climate and topography. The land on the east coast is very fertile. Many people moved to the east coast to live and farm rice there for that reason. Though rice is the main agricultural good that China produces, other things like wheat, tobacco, potatoes, fish, and soybeans are other agricultural goods grown in mass. Some bizarre foods in China include tuna eyeballs, snake soup, and thousand-year-old eggs. The eyeballs are boiled, seasoned, and served. Snake soup is usually eaten in Hong Kong, and served during the winter. The snake is shredded and put inside the broth, and is considered to be a gourmet dish. Lastly, the thousand-year-old eggs are soaked in brine for 100 days, coated in lime, ashes, and mud.

The yolk turns green and the white becomes brown and gelatin-like. They have a strong smell and have a creamy cheese flavor. The national dish of China is the peking duck. The dish was first recognized in 1330 in the manual of the imperial kitchen, but was around since the Northern and Southern dynasties. Baijiu is the national drink of China. It is a potent, clear spirit, and the alcohol percentage is up to 40-70%. Foreigners that drink baijiu compare it to drinking cleaning product or perfume. Culture The official language of China is standard Mandarin. Hokkien and Cantonese is also spoken as one of the main dialects of China. Hokkien is used in southern China. Cantonese is mainly used in Guangzhou and its surrounding areas in southeastern China. China’s main cultural exports are the ideals of China. One of China’s core values is harmony. The unification of millions of people under one republic is something that China prides itself in. In the business world, China’s value of trust affects their transactions and how the government is run. Chinese people are seen to be weary around strangers, and trust those in their circle (friends and family). Chinese traditions like the Chinese New Year and the Lantern Festival is gaining popularity in the west, not only advertising China as a country, but putting the best of Chinese culture forth to a completely different western culture. The increasing interest in oriental cultures (east Asia in particular) in the west helps China input their core values, traditions, and culture in a way that is free of assimilation.

The spreading of Chinese culture also promotes the idea that through a communist government and socialist way of life, a country could be as rich and powerful as China, which directly goes against the basic ideals of the west. While the west values ideas like freedom, the Republic of China relies more on the trust of the people to make up for their ultimate lack of free speech. These clashing of ideas could become more evident as China rises as a global power. China existed as a unified culture long before the communist revolution of 1949. The last dynasty of China--the Qing Dynasty--ended in 1911 with the overthrowing of the Manchu rulers, who were ruling at the time, due to their humiliating defeats in the First Opium War. China kept most of its land from the Qing Dynasty, but lost its land in the northeast to Russia in 1858. The land, outer Manchuria, was given to Russia in agreement with the Treaty of Aigun. Thus, China also lost access to the Sea of Japan. China also lost Mongolia when the country seceded in 1912. Even though most of the borders remain unchanged from the Qing Dynasty, there are still disputes with the delineation of borders when it comes to other countries.

For example, India and China went to war over a stretch of land along the Himalaya border called the Asaki Region, in which China had the victory. Internal conflicts like the separatist movement in Tibet might decide a new delineation of borders if things escalate. There are some cultural boundaries in the south, and more physical boundaries in the west. China is undoubtedly known for the Great Wall of China, the rare animals restricted to the country, and the dense population there. The Great Wall of China is one of the seven wonders of the world, and was originally built to protect the east to west line from foreign invaders. The wall is 8,851.8 kms. The red panda, giant panda, and Chinese alligator are the most famous animals restricted to the country of China. They are endangered and protected, so they can only be seen there. China has a dense population of over 1 billion people, who are confined to just one country. Some customs are strange to foreigners. An example of these customs would be the repercussions of upright chopsticks, refusing a gift a certain amount of times, and tipping being considered offensive.

Upright chopsticks are reminiscent of a ritual for the dead. It is seen as polite to refuse a gift 2-3 times before ultimately accepting. Lastly, tipping is considered offensive at restaurants because tips are only given during tours and other tour-related activities. The two most popular public holidays in China are the Chinese New Year and the Lantern Festival. The Chinese New Year is celebrated on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month. During this time, people have family reunions and set off fireworks to celebrate the new year. The Lantern Festival is on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month. People watch lanterns, have meals with family and friends, and look at the moon. China was never a colony. However, one of its major cities, Hong Kong, was a colony under Great Britain. It became a part of China on July 1, 1997, and theoretically will still have a separate system of government until July 1, 2047. The official religion of China is atheist, because of the governmental influences over citizens. However, many Chinese people practice Buddhism, Islam, and Catholicism.

The Chinese government actively discourages the practicing of religion, though the citizens are technically free to worship freely. The Bön are an example of a group of people who felt oppressed by the government and fled to the safety of Nepal. They live in the Himalayas, where the mountains serve as a barrier between freedom and the government in China. Another example of conflict is the relationship between China and Tibet. Tibet is a “region in China”, and whether it is a part of China is extremely controversial. China has been accused as to being oppressors of the ethnic minorities in Tibet, as many of them practice Buddhism. Chinese authorities kidnapped a six year old boy from Tibet that was announced as the 11th Panchen Lama three days prior in 1995. They installed another boy named Gyaincain Norbu as his replacement instead. Gedhun Nyima, the original 11th Panchen Lama, was never seen again, and is assumed dead. The Chinese authorities are accused of actively infringing on the Tibetans’ right to worship freely, and taking control of customs which China promised prior to stay out of. Political The modern People’s Republic of China was a result of a communist revolution in the early 20th century was brought about by the Chinese Civil War. It lasted from 1945 to 1949 between the Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communists, led by Mao Zedong. During World War II, Japan had been occupying territory in China, but the Nationalists and Communists fought against them in a temporary treaty between the two groups.

When Japan finally surrendered and left, the two groups resumed their fighting. The Nationalists had an upper hand when it came to resources, but were ultimately defeated by the Communists due to poor morale and bad command. Mao became the leader of the new People’s Republic of China, and in 1953 to 1957, enacted socialist reform throughout China (agricultural, industrial, and commerce). This included the Chinese government putting extreme pressure on private merchants and capitalists to give up their enterprises and make the government its major “partner” in business. The Great Leap Forward is an example of a major socialist campaign that Mao started, which had to be terminated because of its chaos. Though China runs a socialist country, China’s government is communist and is a one-party system. It can be comparable to a pyramid, where the leader is at the top, and his laws and policies are final. It has dealt with opposition to the government with brutal force, which shows the utmost control and sends a message to those that try to oppose its regime. The leaders in China’s government need more personal connections to higher-ups than a high rank itself. China has had an issue with corruption. Xi Jinping has enacted an anti-corruption campaign as of 2012. However, it is alleged that it is partly politically motivated because they are inconsistently and very selectively enforced. The anti-corruption campaign targets things like money laundering, active and passive bribery. The judicial system is guilty of corruption. Many officials accept bribes for giving favorable judiciary decisions. Public services is another risk for corruption when it comes to businesses. Over one-third of businesses reported having to bribe the public service sector.

Public services are also guilty of discriminatory practices and the selective enforcement of law. China’s government is stable because of the one-party system. Because China beats down any rising up against the regime, there is little to no instability in how the Chinese government functions. However, there is much tension with officials and the Chinese citizens because of the lack of power common citizens have. China has a central government. This is due to the communist, one-party system. The power is not distributed like a federal government. Instead, the government controls every aspect of a Chinese citizen’s life, and the laws are enforced based on government law, not federal or state. Furthermore, government officials must pledge to be a part of the communist party, even though there is technically freedom of religion in China. China has both physical and geometric boundaries. In the north, it shares a geometric boundary with Mongolia. However, in the west, there is a physical boundary marked by the mountains of Altai. In the southwest, the border is made by the Himalayan Mountains, though Nepal and China share more of a cultural boundary. The Yalu River divides China and North Korea. Vietnam, India, and Pakistan are made of geometric borders with China. The People’s Republic China is a fragmented country from China’s point of view, with Taiwan being a “part” of China and the islands in the South China Sea being disputed. However, both of the separate land masses are extremely controversial when it comes to being an integral part of China. China faces some problems when it comes to integrity and economy. The economic imbalances that have been happening in China due to its rapid trend of increasing revenue is worrisome to analysts, who predict that once expansion decreases, the Asia Pacific region will be the most vulnerable to the outcomes. Additionally, there is financial instability in China.

The debt to GDP ratio will be at more than 320 percent by 2022, which is a big danger to the already steadying economy. The regulations placed on finance and the environment has had an impact on construction, as it is slowing down. This is dangerous because emerging sectors do not have the stability to maintain a slowdown of infrastructure and housing construction. Lastly, the tariff wars with the U.S. might have an effect on their economy. China is somewhat dependent on the United States’ demand for cheap goods. If private markets in the U.S. cannot afford to buy the products from China because of the astronomical tariffs, the country will suffer moderately because of the supply and demand ratio being disproportional. Lastly, the spread of western ideals (more specifically democracy) is a threat to the Chinese way of life. Through one party and one republic, China achieved its basis for government and society. There would be serious repercussions if people in China start to believe in a different system divulging from the Chinese way. Development China has undertaken many major projects over the years, but the most recent and grand undertakings has been the Belt and Road Project, started by Xi Jinping. This is a $900 billion plan, and links China to other countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and Oceania financially and physically.

One part will be the “Belt”, which will use the old Silk Road route, used long ago for trade across Asia and Europe. The “Road” will be a connection of routes through various oceans. It has already bettered transportation, infrastructure, and energy for countries like Pakistan, Hungary, and Thailand. Trains carry every kind of good, from clothing, machinery, and food. Gas pipelines have been installed, and have already carried 200 billion cubic meters of natural gas from Central Asia to countries like Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Even countries that are not participating directly with the Belt and Road Project can benefit. Companies can use their goods to trade and profit. The Belt and Road Project has been accused by the former president of the EU Chamber of Commerce to be a multilateral project. He has accused it to be a way to smuggle money out of China and disguise it as goods being transported out of the country.

China has public railway systems, bus networks, and taxis/car hires. In mainland China, there is a metro system that is new and efficient. Over 20 cities in China cover 3,000 kilometers in total with their transit networks. Monorails and light rail transportation is present in some cities, as well, making the railway systems one of the most convenient and efficient modes of transportation in China. Local bus networks are very popular in China, with inexpensive fares and extensive networks. However, they are very crowded due to population density, and the traffic on public bus routes is consistently heavy. Cabs are relatively cheap in China, and are about as convenient as buses. However, the traffic is still heavy on public roads, and it is more likely to get scammed if one chooses to hire a private taxi service. China is a semi-periphery country. This is because it is extremely influential in the world, and also exhibit traits of industrialization and contributes greatly to the manufacturing and exporting of goods. Industry/Energy and Economics The major import of China is mainly machinery and apparatus (semiconductors, computers, office machines, etc.), chemicals, and fuels. These imports come from Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Australia, countries of the European Union, and the United States. Most of China’s exports are manufactured goods, of which electronic items, machinery, and clothing are the most important. Agricultural products, chemicals, and fuels are also very important exports for China. The United States alone imports about 20% of China’s goods. The basis for China’s economy is manufacturing, services, and agriculture. As explained before, China exports more manufactured goods than any other country in the world. Chinese goods like steel, aircrafts, textiles, and cement are exported from China.

Services accounts for 43% of China’s total production. Private markets and shopping malls did not exist as of 1978 during the economic reform. However, in 2015, there is a healthy services market. This increased tourism in China, which also led to the increase of internet usage and phone products. Lastly, agriculture is booming in China, with over 300 million farmers working. The main source of China’s agricultural revenue is rice. Other things like soybeans, wheat, tobacco, and potatoes are grown in mass, as well. However, there are problems with the agricultural market. Statistics have proven that China’s farms are one of the least productive in the world, and many point to the overwhelming state control over the farms. “Farmers are not allowed to own and mortgage farmland and cannot get credit to purchase better capital equipment, two functions which promote innovation and development” (Sean Ross, 2017).

The Chinese currency is the renminbi, or, more commonly known as the yuan. One yuan is equivalent to about $0.15 in U.S. dollars. In 1889, the yuan was first introduced as a silver coin, fashioned after the peso, which was widely circulated throughout southeast Asia at the time. T old yuan was replaced with the new yuan in 1955 when the economy was struck with high inflation after the victory of the communists in 1949. China is a developing country because its per capita income is very little compared to already developed countries. Additionally, its market reforms are not complete yet. China’s main source of economic revenue in the country is its manufactured goods. Products are frequently made and put onto ships or aircrafts to be shipped, or put into governmental use. The manufacturing economy is very efficient in China. However, China’s own citizens cannot buy most of the manufactured goods made, because of the devaluing of the yuan, which also lowers real citizens’ wages.

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Intersectionality Feminism

Kimberle Williams Crenshaw makes an excellent point in regard to intersectionality. During her speech “What is Intersectional Feminism” She speaks out stating how black women are oppressed against, in more ways than one. They are discriminated against for being women as well as for being black. During her epic speech she states that when black people were able to vote that did not include black women. As well as when women were allowed to vote, that also excluded black women (Williams Crenshaw, 2016). This is what intersectional feminism is all about. Intersectional feminism expresses how some people are discriminated against in more ways than meets the eye, and although two people may be experiencing the same form of discrimination, it may affect them differently. Understanding intersectionality is vital in regard to feminism and gaining equality. We don’t want equality for one oppressed group, we want equality for all. Educating one another and showing people how many women are experiencing oppression and how our forms of discrimination and oppression may differ among us is crucial.

Intersectional feminism provides a voice to all women, not just white American women. It provides an opportunity for women all over the world to share their own personal experiences. Discrimination and oppression is not something that solely happens in America. Intersectionality extends to all women on a global level. Based on the theory of intersectionality, equality will have been successful achieved once everyone can be seen as equals, regardless of sex, race, sexual orientation, or religion.

Jerin Arifa, formerly undocumented Muslim activist who has been constantly changing the lives of millions of people through her activism made a powerful statement during her interview on intersectional feminism. She stated, “there can be no freedom as long as there’s one group oppressed because it’s only a matter of time before they come for you.' As long as one race, gender, or sex is superior to another we have yet to experience freedom. Jerin goes on to state, “Kimberle Crenshaw came up with the term intersectionality to describe black women who were in court because they were being discriminated against for being both black and women. But they were not able to get justice because that idea had not been explored before. Intersectional feminism looks at all forms of inequality, not just gender-based but race ethnicity, language barriers, everything. And it says that there can be no equality without equality in all forms.” If we allow society to believe that intersectionality does not expand internationally, we are dismissing thousands of other voices. Women all over the world are fighting for equality in all aspects. One woman’s concerns, opinions or situation may not translate for another woman. We need to take into account how inequality affects us as individuals as well as a whole.

Jerin is the founder of the National Organization for Women. This feminist group is actually one of the most popular feminist groups here in Arizona, which is referred to as AZ NOW. This particular group works to advance equality for women in all aspects of their lives. Some of their top priority issues involve ending domestic violence, racial justice, reproductive rights, and constitutional equality. AZ NOW is currently focusing on protesting against women’s sexual and reproductive rights, against Brett Kavanaugh. Since we just experienced that election. Which may be one of the most important midterm elections in history, that put women’s health, reproductive and sexual rights in jeopardy, I would like to elaborate on reproductive rights, specifically what they are and why we need them. Reproductive rights is a term that is commonly used that allows and individual to control when and how they chose to have or not to have children. It allows that sole individual to have complete and utter control over their own body, and to make decisions for themselves regarding their body. Reproductive rights are commonly present in regard to contraceptive such as birth control and condoms, as well as abortions, whether medically needed or not.

Republican lawmakers such as Kavanaugh are persistent in restricting access to quality contraceptive and abortion. It seems as though politicians have recently passed more restrictions and objections against women’s reproductive and sexual rights than before the 1973 Rove v Wade Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion nationwide. As a young female in today’s society, or rather as a young black woman in today’s society, it is absolutely horrifying to realize that my reproductive rights lie in the hands of elderly white republican men. A woman should have sole responsibility and say over her own body. Personal beliefs do not belong in health care system, and that is exactly what Kavanaugh has done. He along with other republican officials such as Trump, have made it their duty to restrict women’s reproductive rights as much as possible, simply because they do not agree with abortion. Opinions, beliefs, and biases do not belong in health care! Women have the right to decide what they do with their body, and they have the right to make whatever choice pertaining to their own body, without the governments input. Now with Kavanaugh sworn into the Supreme Court, receiving reliable health care may become a lot more difficult if not impossible for women.

Kavanaugh is a perfect example of what the standpoint theory embodies. He is not able to see past his own male privilege to empathize or understand the millions of women’s viewpoints on this topic. Even with all of the women protesting and trying to educate society on why women’s reproductive rights are so important, we are still being overlooked and rejected. Our voice is just as important, in fact or voice is more important in regard to this topic. This is something that will forever affect women’s lives, and we should be able to have a voice at a time like this. A woman’s rights in regard to her body should not lie in the hands of men.

Abortion, contraceptive, and proper health care is a woman’s right and it is protected by the constitution. I refuse to allow Kavanaugh to disregard my privacy and right to choose how to control my own body solely based on his opinion to not agree with abortion and birth control. There are millions of women who feel just the same as I do, and this is why we protest! This is why feminist will always be around, and this is why feminism is forever evolving. There is always someone or something that is trying to oppress or take away the rights of another.

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Intersectionality – Sociological Theory Describing Threats of Discrimination

We grow up in the system of patriarchy. These gender roles are assigned to us as children, and as time progresses we are given continual guidance about ways for these roles to be fulfilled. With this notion of patriarchy comes the concept of intersectionality. Intersectionality is a “sociological theory describing multiple threats of discrimination when an individual’s identities overlap with a number of minority classes, such as race, gender, age, ethnicity, health, and other characteristics.” There has always been this stereotype of men being viewed as superior to women. This leads to many acts of discrimination as well she speaks on the inequalities that women and blacks faced at that time in America. Kimberle Crenshaw and Sojourner Truth speak the language of intersectionality. Kimberle Crenshaw in “Mapping the Margins,” and “Ain’t I A Woman,” by Sojourner Truth.

Sojourner Truth uses personal experiences as well as references to the Bible to help her to connect emotionally with the reader. Truth makes a reference to the Bible for the reason that men continuously state women achieve less. So she makes a reference by saying that in the Bible there are many instances where women in the Bible have changed the world. For example, God gave Mary the opportunity to bring Jesus into the world. He depended on her and she did exactly what he wanted her to do. Also, this statement that women achieve less is insane because women are the ones who carry children for 9 months, sometimes more or sometimes less. Women deal with emotional She makes some statements saying she is as strong as a man that makes it seem as if she is saying women and men are equal but that is not the case. Men have always been viewed as strong individuals but women are viewed as superior.

In the workforce, there is always a distinction between the actions of men and women. Men have always been viewed as superior to women, and this is shown strongly in the workforce. American culture has been so caught up in this continued stereotype that men are more talented than women. Crenshaw shows the crucial significance of such an intersectional approach by thinking about a couple of models of 'structural intersectionality.' For Crenshaw, structure alludes to the association of a general public, including the connections between individuals of various races, sexual orientations, and classes. She demonstrates how the foundations of American culture are frequently organized to overlook the crossing point of various measurements of character. These establishments incorporate everything from network associations to the United States Congress. She states that “An issue that affects black people, an issue that affects women, doesn't that include black people who are women.” Crenshaw is stating that if a woman has an issue that targets her race, it should not be compared to issues involving her sex. Crenshaw’s main focus is how the violence among women of color is continually overlooked.

We hear about all these stories regarding police brutality and just racism as a whole. But, when these stories are being broadcasted we only hear about actions of violence done against men of color. Crenshaw explores why antiracist activists and feminists fail to share the stories of women of color. Feminists and anti-racists are part of identity politics. When domestic violence issues are discussed you usually hear about the domestic violence against white women. This is what is mostly broadcasted in the media because of the way black men will continue to be depicted to the media. Black men are continuously being stereotyped against because they are called violent and predacious.

Frances Dana Gage and Marius Robinson both agree on the overall message that Sojourner Truth is trying to convey. Sojourner Truth had an exceptionally burdened life however she transcended through her hardships. The truth was a persuasive orator although she was not ready to peruse or compose. Sojourner Truth’s actions still have an effect on many lives today. Sojourner was a woman who stood for what is right. Her speeches were very powerful and helped enforce as well as promote changes where there was an injustice. Truth never felt discouraged when saying her speeches. For an individual who did not learn to read and write she was able to go at the emotions of her audience to get their attention and get them to connect with what she was saying.

Truth is for the rights of a woman but she does see herself being as strong as a man. Through these stories, Sojourner welcomes her crowd, who are women that experience their very own types of segregation. She welcomes them in order for them to understand the shameful acts of which they excessively exploited people. Truth calls attention to a man in the group, who states that he says, “women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and have the best place everywhere.” After the depiction of how a white man portrayed the best way to treat women, Sojourner pursues with a retort. She then states that nobody has ever done any of those things for her, she accentuates this point by reiterating every one of the activities. “Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me the best place!” By stating this Sojourner explains how this man view on how women should be treated is not the same for all women. There were many black women that were not helped into carriages, lifted over ditches, nor are they given the best place. Sojourner makes this point to show how there are many inequalities shown between women, men, blacks, whites and this creates a tremendous hypocrisy amongst these groups.

Sojourner Truth believed that everyone is equal. She did her best to enforce this message through her speeches with her bold voice and her usage of anecdotes. Sojourner uses repetition as well as rhetorical questions to emphasize many points that she makes. Women are always being viewed as inferior individuals, meaning they always need help and assistance. Truth makes a connection saying she works as hard as a man and she indeed is still a woman. She uses biblical references to create an emotional and personal connection with her Christian audience, for them to Kimberle Crenshaw and her portrayal of individuals within media and their depiction of the keeping many issues involving black women because of the way black men may be perceived as a result. Crenshaw allows one to believe that when you approach situations intersectionality there will be a different outcome.

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Malcolm X Hero

Malcolm X was always defined as a hero but it wasn’t until his passing his legacy was shown to the people as it was on documentaries, books, and movie for his iconic character. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska and died in New York. Throughout X’s life he traveled place to place because of his family’s problems. Before Malcolm turned 4 his family relocated twice because they’ve been receiving threats from the black legion who were white supremacist organization threatening Malcolm’s dad Earl Little. Earl Little was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. His mother Louise Norton was a homemaker who had eight children throughout her time living.

The black legion made Malcolm’s family life’s worst, there home in Michigan was burnt down and two years later Earl’s body was found dead across the town’s trolley tracks. Although police said it was an incident but Malcolm’s family were positive the Black Region had something to do with his passing. His mother suffered a mental breakdown years later his death resulting in her getting put into an mental institution and her kids getting split up and getting sent to orphanages and foster homes.Malcolm X was a Charismatic and eloquent person. He was a influential leader of the nation of Islam.

At first Malcolm only preached towards african americans and got criticised after a statement he said after the death of John F kennedy Stating “[Kennedy] never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon.”That same year he took a trip to Mecca after leaving The Nation Of Islam, there he, this trip changed his whole outlook on the world after sharing his thoughts and beliefs with different cultures and receiving positive responses. After returning from Mecca Malcolm said he met “blonde-haired, blued-eyed men I could call my brothers.”He now didn’t only speak for African Americans but instead for all races.Malcolm X had a very big impact on recruiting people to join The Nation Of Islam. In just 1952 there were approximately just about 400 members and with the help of Malcolm The Nation Of Islam had 40,000 members by 1960. He also exhorted african americans to fight back against racism “by any means necessary” even with violence.

Later on in his career he preached to other races besides african americans.Malcolm’ X is truly one of the most influential individuals that everyone should thank for everything he has done from going against racism to preaching for everyone. Equality probably wouldn’t exist if it wasn’t for Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, and along with many other important leaders. He’s an important leader to me because the world wouldn’t be the same if there wasn’t equality and fairness towards everyone.

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The Importance of Implementing Intersectionality in Society

Intersectionality describes the interrelation and interconnection between various systems of oppression such as race, ethnicity, class, physical ability, age, sexuality, and gender as these factors simultaneously form structures of inequality. It identifies how systems of oppression utilize its power to affect the people whom are most marginalized in society. Intersectionality seeks to transform and manifest new ideas and theories into including the various overlapping structures of inequality that people encounter everyday. Though the overlapping structures of inequality that people experience are hardly examined in society; nevertheless adding to the social injustice and discrimination society still battles today. Thus it is imperative that intersectionality is recognized and addressed in society as intersectionality uses a multidimensional approach in order to combat whitestream feminists, addresses the exclusion of whole groups such as black women, and incorporate all voices to be heard in society.

Whitestream feminism is theorized upon a hierarchy system that organizes itself on arbitrary values in the feminist movement. The women at the “top” of whitestream feminism are generally white women who contain the most power. Those at the “bottom” of whitestream feminism are commonly women of color who have the least power in their feminist movement. Whitestream feminism has a narrow and restricted worldview that form and are formed by oppressive ideologies. However, intersectionality helps feminists put themselves at the center of their organization by highlighting accessibility and equality. This will lead to feminists constantly working to include people in their decision-making and ultimately include everyone in their movement. The reading, Re-Thinking Intersectionality addresses how intersectionality opposes whitestream feminism as intersectionality rejects the single-axis framework commonly embraced by whitestream feminists as intersectionality utilizes a multidimensional approach. This is demonstrated when Nash states, “Finally, intersectionality invites scholars to come to terms with the legacy of exclusions of multiply marginalized subjects from feminist and anti-racist work, and the impact of those absences…” (Nash 195). As intersectionality utilizes a multidimensional approach, it exhibits the relationship between inequality and the factors that serve and create systems of oppression, in order to display how inequality is based upon more than one factor due to structures that interrelate together to marginalize people. Therefore intersectionality challenges whitestream feminism to expand feminist conversations as it demonstrates their shortcomings of not taking on a multidimensional approach by exposing their actions in the exclusion and disregard of women of color experiences.

Society as a whole frequently ignores intra group differences. This disregard in failing to recognize the various structures of inequality can lead to the exclusion of whole groups, such as black women. Black women are a member of two oppressed racial and sexual castes that intersect one another. Society rarely examines or even socially acknowledge how one dimension of inequality can be altered by another. The reading, A Black Feminist Statement describes black women’s acknowledgment of their unique experiences being disregarded in social reforms and in society as a whole when the reading states, “ We realize that the only people who care enough about us to work consistently for our liberation is us” ( The Combahee River Collective 117). Consequently if intersectionality is not implemented and recognized in society it can lead to the experiences of whole groups being disregarded, misunderstood, or eliminated, especially those of women of color. Intersectionality shapes the unique experiences of women of color as their experience is often molded by other dimensions of their identities, such as race and gender. The focus on the intersections of race and gender only exhibits the need to account for multiple dimensions of identity when considering how complex society is. Meeting these needs are often constructed according to standards of needs that are predominately white and middle-class. This is discussed in the reading, Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color when Crenshaw states, “Women of color are differently situated in the economic, social, and political worlds. When reform efforts undertaken on behalf of women neglect this fact, women of color are less likely to have their needs met than women who are racially privileged” (Crenshaw 1250). Thus it is imperative that intersectionality is addressed in society as it has been a source of resilience, community, and intellectual development in creating a voice for those who have been consistently excluded in society.

Intersectionality is important to be addressed, understood, and implemented in society because it attempts to reformulate ideas and theories into incorporating the unique experiences of those most marginalized in society. Intersectional analyses is information created from and about the experiences of oppressed and marginalized people. It exhibits these domains of power and reveal how structures of oppression are created and maintain through multiple aspects of identity concurrently. An intersectional analysis allows people to see through a critical analytic lens to contest the existing ways of looking at these structures of inequality. This allows people to apply the knowledge analyzed through intersectionality in an effort to show the various impacts of the presence of racial and gender inequality and to unveil how power works to separate society based upon its differences. The reading, Critical Thinking About Inequality: An Emerging Lens demonstrates how intersectionality can provide the knowledge and step needed toward eliminating inequality and social injustice by incorporating all voices to be heard in society. This is illustrated when the authors state,“ Because intersectional work validates the lives and stories of previously ignored groups of people, it is seen as a tool that can be used to help empower communities and the people in them” (Dill & Zambrana 191). Intersectionality displays a continuous social justice mission that seeks to advocate for public policies that are responsive to diverse voices. It challenges conventional understandings of oppressed and excluded groups in an effort to improve society, by apprehending and explaining the lives and experiences of marginalized people. Intersectionality promotes social justice and social change to create a holistic approach to the eradication of disparities as it creates a greater comprehension among groups of people. It reveals, interprets, and analyzes the stories of marginalized people to empower their voice, so society will no longer hear, but will listen. Thus intersectionality is not only providing understanding, but is utilizing this understanding to change and improve society for a better future.

Intersectionality challenges society to acknowledge and regard the intersectional identities and unique experiences of people for a better understanding of the complexity of the prejudices they undergo. It is imperative that intersectionality is recognized and utilized in society in order to combat whitestream feminists by challenging conventional feminists to listen to those who live and identify within these overlapping identities everyday by utilizing a multidimensional approach, to prohibit the exclusion of whole groups such as black women, and to be utilized as a useful tool for validating and exhibiting the voices of those with unique experiences and identities, and with multiple overlapping systems of oppression. Thus without the viewpoint intersectionality creates, society cannot solely address the social injustice directed towards a single group as it they could potentially perpetuate systems of oppression towards other groups.

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Importance of Gender Equality

Gender Equality is the equality between men and women. Gender Equality mean the different behavior and needs of women and men. It does not mean women and men has to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities should not be determined if they were born male or female. It means fairness of treatment for both men and women. Not all beliefs of gender equality have been popular adopted. This issue is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary for a peaceful prosperous. The world is making progress on equality for men and women, but still nowhere on earth women are equal to men. It’s been studied that the global economy will appropriately grow twenty eight trillion dollars by the year or twenty twenty-five women participated in the economy to the same degree as men. Most women can’t get jobs with a good enough pay as a man would get. Gender equality is a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. Gender Diversity is equitable or fair representation between genders. Gender Diversity most commonly refers to an equitable ratio of men to women. Diversity of groups of gender and there has always been separation between men and women the way there were raised and taught and what to take over. Gender Equality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is affected by their gender. Gender equality is an issue to all around the world. The United States should equalize the rights for women.

Feminist is a person who supports feminism. Feminism is the belief in social, political and economic equality of the sexes. Feminism is a fight for equal opportunity for women in employment and education. Women deserve to be treated equal. In the article “Another challenge is that in indigenous and rural communities in Latin America it can be hard to talk about feminism and the word gender is not properly understood” (Caro) Women should not be treated different due to there sex. Women deserve the same respect men get they should not be turned down for any jobs because of there sex. Women should have the same rights as men do because women work as hard as men do. Women should have the same rights as men even though they are females. Women should be protected by a form of government. Women should have the same equal rights as men without any boundaries holding women back from getting jobs and living there life to provide for their family. Women should not be discriminated because of there sex.

According to the article “Typical feminist objectives today include, federal support for day-care centers; “comparable pay” between men and women holding similar jobs; recognition of lesbian rights; concerted action against rape, and wife and child abuse; and prevention of discrimination against older and minority women, as well as preservation of abortion and reproductive rights” (Tooley pg 31). Discrimination is based on gender which is violated in many ways. Women get discriminated because they are not aloud to do the same work as men and when women do work like the men do they get paid less. Women get discriminated everyday because of there sex. Women get stereotyped on a daily basis. Women are known as the weaker sex and women are known that they can not do anything a man do. In the book “Gender stereotyping is bad because it restricts women's choices in their future careers”(Tooley pg 31). This means more women are found without a job and less opportunities to make good money. Stereotyping women makes it seem like women can not do anything for themselves or for their family. Women that are being stereotyped on a daily basis because of there is sex is a major issue they can not live their lives because they run the risk of being stereotyped everywhere they go.

Women’s movement is important. Women deserve legal rights just as well as mens do. In the article “The women's movement questioned certain social institutions and traditional values, basing many of its arguments on studio suggesting that key differences between men and women result not from biology” (Women's Rights). This means that everyone argues on the differences between men and women basically saying that men are wiser and stronger than women. Women didn’t gain their rights until the nineteenth century and feminist movement in the twentieth century. The article explains “This network groups together all of the women from the different member organisations. It’s aims are to defend rural women’s right and to promote the inclusions of a gender focus in all of the movement’s documents, proposals and actions. (Caro) Issues that were commonly involved in the nineteenth century with women rights were domestic violence, to be freed from sexual violence, having equal rights in family law, the right to equal pay and to have their own property, and of course the right to vote. One the biggest issue women faced was domestic violence. Domestic Violence is abused in relationships between men and women. Still today , domestic violence still remain as an issue women faced in the nineteenth century. In 1997, Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo- CLOC Vía Campesina know as “CLOC-VC” was the first assembly was held as the initiative of women leaders in order to place on the table the particular problems and demands of peasant women.

Gender equality is affecting women still in the twentieth century. According to the article “Women Rights” In The 1960’s however, changing demographic, economic, and social patterns encourages a resurgence of feminism, Lower infant mortality rates, soaring adult life expectancy, and the availability of the birth-control pill gave women greater freedom from child-care responsibilities. More and more women were able to participate in the gender training at the schools, the debate on equality between men and women is being postponed to a certain extent (Women Rights). Top executives strong, vocal and consistent commitment to gender diversity and inclusion will help talented women achieve their past. Gender parity should be a routine topic of discussion when reviewing business plans and success metrics. Gender balance nd overall diversity are critical to any organizations long-term success. The gender differences in sickness absence is similar to gender differences in other illness behaviors, such as help-seeking and use of medical services. The article explains “In The 1960’s however, changing demographic, economic, and social patterns encourage a resurgence of feminism. Lower infant mortality rates, soaring adult life expectancy, and the availability of the birth-control pill gave women greater freedom from child-care responsibilities” (Women’s Rights) Gender Equality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is affected by their gender. The biggest problem that the world face is making progress for both men and women. Gender Diversity most commonly refers to an equitable ratio of men to women in some cases it still occurs.

Women do not deserve sexual harassment. Sexual Harassment is bullying of a sexual nature and inappropriate favors. This act is an illegal act. Women’s rights, legal, political, and social rights for women, Among rights commonly considered important are control of property, suffrage, equality of opportunity in education and employment, and sexual freedom. In the early century in the workplace sexual harassment was a problem women faced. Anita Hill did an testimony against sexual harassment in 1991. In the 1960’s and ‘70’s, women were rarely talked through the issue, not knowing that the situation would only be worse. In the mid-1970’s, the justice system challenge the women’s liberation movement. In the twentieth century, women that were employed in the new manufacturing where confronted by physical and verbal assaults from the supervisor which gender was classified as a male. The article states “You’ve seen them in the industry - maybe even in your company. Too often, efforts to create a gender- diverse and inclusive workplace stop at stand - alone efforts that check off “ the gender equality box,” such as one-time diversity workshops or employee resource groups attend only by women” (Alter) There were three out of the seven women who fought for women sexual harassments in the early century. Elena de Hustwayt, fought and caused a case in the early England dating in 1363. Elizabeth Wade were with female servants located in European household. In 1743, there was a book published called “A Present for A Servant-Maid” which voiced how to protect oneself from assault from male. Elizabeth Wade, a ‘spinner,” was called that to give evidence not in a legal case that belongs to her but to prove the reputation on males. Harriet Ann Jacobs was an American slave in the early 1800’s she discovered a plan to escape from her brutal master and then later published Incidents in the Life Of A Slave Girl in 1861.

Feminist is a person who supports feminism. Feminism is the belief in social, political and economic equality of the sexes. Feminism is a fight for equal opportunity for women in employment and education. Women’s movement is important. The women's movement questioned certain social institutions and traditional values, basing many of its arguments on studio suggesting that key differences between men and women result not from biology. Gender Equality is affecting women.The gender differences in sickness absence is similar to gender differences in other illness behaviors, such as help-seeking and use of medical services. Women do not deserve sexual harassment.In the early century in the workplace sexual harassment was a problem women faced. Women’s rights, legal, political, and social rights for women, Among rights commonly considered important are control of property, suffrage, equality of opportunity in education and employment, and sexual freedom.

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Intersectionality Message

For young folks who are in the process of becoming aware of their personal traits and social self, an intersectional perspective can guide the construction of modern and complex identities, denounce their exposure to social inequality, and foster leadership and (solidary) participatory action.

Social identity groups typically have a singular focus, such as race, sexual orientation, etc., while the presence of two or more personal characteristics is usually treated as a double or a multiple identity, e.g., woman and Latina, or young, Black, and queer. However, this additive approach, which suggests that the experience of oppression is lived in terms of cumulative costs, implicitly assumes that those identities are different and separate (Chan et al., 2017).

To focus on the cumulative impacts of different systems of oppression –instead of an intersection of identities– could negatively affect the life experience of individuals, and particularly of young folks, to the point of generating competition among those experiencing the most oppressive situation (Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach, 2008). Different scholars argue that dividing people into groups on identity grounds weakens progressive forces and inhibits the development of a universal perspective capable of advancing the emancipation of everyone (Gitlin, 1995; Rorty, 1998). Moreover, the cumulative approach is unable to identify the simultaneous situation of privilege and oppression, a common feature in minority leaders.

Different sociopolitical movements advocate for the human rights of marginalized groups, but often these groups fail to represent the experiences of individuals living in the intersections of systems of oppression that are not necessarily the main target of the movement’s efforts, losing the voice in the sociopolitical movement and in any further policy change (Crenshaw, 1991). An additional problem is that the identification with multiple minority groups gives pace to an intersectional invisibility (Carbado et al, 2013), which may lead to pressure to choose and adhere to a primary identity group that is not fully representative.

However, if used correctly, delineations of difference can well become sources of social empowerment for the educational justice movement. Collins (1991) and Crenshaw (1988, 1991), argue that intersectionality understands social identity as a multidimensional concept that acknowledges the distinctive lived experiences of individuals with multiple identities, which might create “an intersectional experience [that] is a more complete framing of experiences and identity within a complex layered social context” (Chan et al. 2017, p.XX).

The advantages of intersectionality need to be tempered by recognizing the positive achievements of expressly race-based and gender-based politics in building intellectual, social, and political resources among aggrieved groups (Crenshaw 1988). As an example, it is argued that LGBTQ prominence among undocumented young activists can, in part, be attributed to identity processes within the movement. The recognition and activation of multiple marginalized identities, at various levels of collective identity formation, catalyzes intersectional mobilization, creating high levels of activism and commitment among a disadvantaged subgroup within an already marginalized constituency (Terriquez, 2015).

Along the same line, the explicit adoption of an intersectional optic at the educational justice movement can empower insurgent identities that are dynamic and dialogic, more fluid and flexible than those from single-axis approaches. Organizations such as the Asian Immigrant Women Advocates (AIWA) do not embrace intersectionality simply because its members have been wounded by racism, sexism, imperialism, class exploitation, and language discrimination, but because each realm of these experiences has helped the organization to see how power works and how new identities are needed to combat its intersectional reach and scope (Chun et al, 2013).

Because social location, power relations, and therefore leadership and subordination are generally determined by individuals and clusters that enjoy privileged positions within groups, an intersectional movement is not complete until it dismantles (discriminatory/exclusionary) stereotypes and assumptions that are embedded in sociopolitical groups (Chan et al, 2017).

The educational justice movement should promote intersectional leadership that represents as holistically as possible its base or constituency. In the same way a member of a Trade Union might already represent the organization’s base because they all share a similar occupation, but to represent the identity of the most oppressed members would help the movement go beyond the label of diversity, and truly address an intersectional orientation.

Although it takes a high degree of sensibilization for a whole sociopolitical group to behave empathically with members impacted by systems of oppression different than those targeted by their original mission (Chun et al, 2013; Winder, 2018), it still might be possible for people to follow intersectional leaderships by feeling inspired by those who overcame barriers they could or might have experienced.

By using an intersectionality lens to assess the accounts of three Black women school principals in different countries, Moorosi et al (2018) suggest that the leadership position of Black women is frequently not a choice but a result of their unique experiences in the intersections of race, gender, and class. They also point out that “the empowered position of leadership, which affords these women the opportunity and ability to serve as role models to younger Black women, and influence and shape their own Black communities, is packaged with both privilege and oppression – an analysis made possible by intersectionality”. (p. 156)

Considering that assumption, then how to foster empathy toward a set of seemingly abstract characteristics not shared by everyone in a sociopolitical group? What we suggest is that intersectionality becomes more recognizable when it is personified in someone who disrupts the status quo through a message and a complex identity, in the same way Kimberl© Williams Crenshaw was the right individual to pioneer the discourse.

Students and all activists participating in the educational justice movement need to self-identify with leaders that come from an intersectional life experience, interiorizing that it is possible to successfully challenge and defeat discrimination. An intersectional leader is someone who has valuable experience in dealing with different systems of oppression and has ideally dismantled one or more in order to become a model. Then, the ideal would be for young folks to be aware of examples of success despite pronounced adversity, pursuing leadership positions while being are aware that “…key constructions about successful leadership…are informed by their own gendered, racialized, and classed background…” (Moorosi et al, 2018: 157). (I would prefer not to use the quote in here but to reword and cite)

In sum, the more diverse the educational justice movement becomes, and the more empathy it promotes towards the most marginalized backgrounds within it, the better it can adapt to an intersectional message, accept intersectional leadership, and self-identify with other groups and fights.

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Intersectionality in Philosophy

Intersectionality refers to sociology theory that outlines how an individual may be discriminated against. The term intersectionality originated in an essay written by Kimberle` Crenshaw. People are discriminated against for their race, gender, age, sexual identity, ethnicity, physical ability, class and any other characteristic that makes them a minority (Hanikivsky, 2014). Intersectionality provides a detailed look into feminist theory. Women of color are subject to a greater level of discrimination because not only are they women but for the color of their skin.

Feminist Social Philosophy

A man and a woman with the same educational background doing the exact same job do not receive equal pay, women earn about seventy-five cents to each dollar that a man makes (Mitchell, 2015). Throughout history women have always been thought to be inferior to men. Women are discriminated against for their sexuality. If a teenage girl gets pregnant it is her fault not the baby’s father, it is the prostitute’s fault not the person paying for the services (Mitchell, 2015). Feminists are women that have argued on behalf of justice (Mitchell, 2015). Simone de Beauvoir was a philosophy professor in the 1930s in France. In the 1930s French women were not allowed to vote. Beauvoir came from a wealthy family. Beauvoir’s relationship with Sartre and her essay defending his questionable philosophical position led her to making the discovery that there was not equality for women in society (Mitchell, 2015). Beauvoir found that she was different than her male counterpart as she was something else (Mitchell, 2015). Beauvoir wrote a book called The Second Sex which describes what it is like to be the “other” sex (Mitchell, 2015). Alterity is the term Beauvoir used for the “otherness” that was experienced by women and nonwhite men (Mitchell, 2015). “No biological, psychological, or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society; it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between male and eunuch, which is described as feminine” (Beauvoir, 1952, p. 267).

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Simple Living: Live Like a Weasel

Annie Dillard is an American creator who is well acknowledged for many of her works. In Dillard’s essay, “Living Like Weasels” she recounts the brief war of words she had with a weasel. The essay is divided into six sections. Each section pertains to a specific idea that Dillard is trying to convey. The first section is in simple terms used to give the readers historical past statistics on weasels in general. Dillard focuses on their sturdy instinctual conduct that has in the end saved the species from going extinct. She uses anecdotes to speak the depth of the weasel’s bite. In the second section, she principally is describing the setting at which her come across with the weasel took region at. There is an apparent contrast of the fast paced, traditional suburbia environment and the herbal environment. She makes use of vivid imagery to describe the mystical-like forest putting that she escapes to. By the cease of this section, she eventually sees the weasel. The third section purposes as a photo of the moment she noticed the weasel. She conveys her feelings of enchantment and curiosity. Dillard loses all feel of self she has the moment she locks eyes with the weasel. She recounts how looking into the weasel’s eyes made her lose her instruct of thought. The following section takes a step returned from the moment she noticed the weasel. Dillard internalizes this experience to apply it to her own life.

She admires the simplistic life-style of weasels and aspires to live in a similar way. Section five of Dillard’s essay is when she brings her notion of simple living and living based on intuition and necessity to a commonplace sense. The remaining paragraph of this section she uses “We” rather of “I”. The ultimate section is when Dillard at once addresses her readers. She encourages us to locate our necessity and completely lived based totally on that.

Annie Dillard makes use of the ultimate paragraph of the essay “Living like Weasels” to re-state and conclude her previous thoughts. The thought of living like weasels to show the weasel’s tenacity in their way of never letting go of something they desire, a nice that Dillard admires. Dillard uses the previous textual content to aid her closing statement, vivid imagery to exhibit the reader how they must maintain onto some thing that they trust in, careful diction to relate everything back to the weasel, and mirroring the closing passage to the relaxation of the essay. The closing paragraph of Living Like Weasels encompasses the entire purpose of the preceding essay. The ending paragraph ties the rest of the essay together explaining why she admires the weasel so much: its ability to hold onto some thing the weasel wants. Dillard embodies a commencement speaker with the ending paragraph summarizing the rest of the essay previously. The essay recalls their quick stumble upon and lookup Dillard is inspired to do. In this remaining passage, she connects the two unusual breeds showing the reader there is something admirable in the hairy and ferocious creature. Dillard is in awe at the sight of the weasel when they make eye contact at the park one day. two They each startled each different when they bumped into each other at the wooded area preserve.

Dillard believes that when their eyes met and locked, that transported their brains so that Dillard and the weasel knew what every other had been thinking. Dillard also uses important points of seeing a weasel nonetheless connected to its prey, giving the grotesque small print of deceased weasel still greedy onto the eagle flying high above the sky. She is in awe at how this weasel holds onto something that they want, to the factor where it is just a jaw connected to the neck of the eagle. She brings this imagery back in the last paragraph of her essay: “To grasp your one necessity and not let it go, to dangle from it limp wherever it takes you”. Dillard also offers the photograph of the weasel maintaining onto its prey from any height at all. “Even from as high as eagles”, showing how to never let go of something that you want. The repetition of the concept of peak provides emphasis to show the dedication the weasel has to preserve onto something. Also adding the closing punch line, “from as high as eagles “ties back the beginning section of the essay with the description of the weasel still clinging onto the neck of an eagle. This remaining phrase is a punch line through showing parallelism connects the essay and closing passages, coming full circle. Dillard makes use of express diction to exhibit how to maintain onto something you consider in: “Seize it and let it seize you up aloft even, till your eyes burn out and drop; let your musky flesh fall off in shreds, and let your very bones unhinge and scatter” This quote backs up Dillard’s previous point of how the weasel holds on to some thing to it wanted, barring takes it a step further. She makes the reader balk at the idea of flesh falling off from the peak of an eagle and allowing the bones to plummet again to earth. The diction approves the reader to see this gory scene play out on the page. This sturdy diction reinforces her main point: keep onto something you accept as true with in.

Dillard makes use of careful diction via the use of epistrophe by means of the phrase, “It would be well, and proper, and obedient, and pure” By now not getting rid of the word “and,” she continues the rhythm of the opening sentence. The idea of using the word “end” extra than once indicates her excitement and surprise over the weasel. Dillard makes use of metaphors like “dangle from it limp where ever it takes you” to describe their necessity for holding onto something. Using the verb “seize” describes how the weasel holds onto its prey, Dillard is the usage of the word preference to link the weasel lower back to the notion of holding onto something. Dillard additionally uses the punch line about death, giving the weasel human like traits to like traits to exhibit how human beings and weasels are comparable even though in reality it seems the two creatures have nothing in common. The shape of the passage is explaining how one need to hold onto something they agree with in or want. The second sentence is a punch line describing death, which humanizes the weasel, and connects the two. The remaining sentence is a metaphor about how strongly one should maintain onto to something, bringing the reader returned to the picture in the beginning. Dillard mirrors the authentic essay’s structure in the closing passage. Both the passage and the essay start with how strongly the weasel and a human must keep onto to something. Then the second sentence connects the two creatures. In the essay, the moment Dillard and the weasel share when they lock eyes, is the thought of death being something anybody and the whole thing goes through. Then in the final sentence, Dillard brings the complete essay full circle. By the usage of the lines” as high as eagles” she brings the reader back to the picture of the weasel still holding on to its prey. Dillard uses previous text, vivid imagery, careful diction, and mirroring the shape of the essay in the final passage to convey the weasel two characteristics to lifestyles and to expose the weasel’s robust desire to some thing every body can learn from.

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The World is Fast Becoming a Global Village

Contents

Introduction
Managing Complexities due to Culture in a Global Project
Planning in Global Project Management
Managing Risks in Global projects
Leadership in Global Projects
Negotiation in Global Projects
Conclusion

Introduction

The world is fast becoming a global village and globalization is on the increase as the economies of many Asian, Gulf and Soviet region countries grow, increasing their level of competition with the Western countries. With fiercer competition, organizations have a higher need to maintain cost efficiency to remain competitive, which may mean having to move their operations to low-wage countries, a move that has been precipitated by the advancement in technology.

However, moving to the global market could be challenging to an organization and though being successful could mean substantial value to the organization, the probability of success is low. According to a research by Harvard Business School, in an analysis of 20,000 companies in 30 countries, the return on assets for companies selling abroad was an average of -1% for the first five years, 1% after 10 years and only 40% of the companies reach 3% return of assets. Some of these losses could be tied to project success, which according to a Pricewaterhouse cooper analysis state that only 2.5 percent of global businesses achieve project success (Stanleigh, 2006). While, according to a PMI research in 2006, only 14% of standard projects were deemed failures.

Global projects are characterized by complexity, risk, uniqueness, diversity, dynamics and limited resources. With the apparent low levels of project success and high levels of complexity, why do organizations go global? Some of the reasons are; global presence, increase in global market share, market power, global political power or effectiveness, realization of gains, access to unique or scarce resources, nearness to market, potential reduction of risk, reduced labor costs, reduced regulation and taxes.

To effectively manage a global project, we analyze the factors that affect the success of global projects and the factors that are critical to the success of global projects. It is important for the project manager to handle the complexities in a global project.

Managing Complexities due to Culture in a Global Project

Complexities in a global project could be in the form of cultural difference, time zone differences and language which can lead to conflict andy affect the ability of the project team to cooperate.

Cultural Differences – Understanding cultural differences is critical in project management because culture determine behaviors and attitude, since project management involved managing people, it is important that the project manager consider cultural differences and how they affect individual styles, if the people tend to be formal or informal, if people communicate directly or indirectly, how sensitive they are to keeping time which is critical to project scheduling, how agreements are made and if they tend to be formal or informal, how teams are organized, how negotiations are done, how much emotions are involved and the goal for negotiations.

Cultural differences can be summarized by Hofstede’s Dimension of national culture, which studies the cultural values that distinguish people based on their nationality, Such as; power distance, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation, masculinity/femininity, individualism, pragmatism, long term orientation and indulgence vs restraint.

Culture can also be analyzed by how people relate with other, with time and with the external environment, to understand how this relationship could affect a project. Trompenaars developed a model to map these differences in national culture and summarized relations with people into; universalism vs particularism, individualism vs communitarianism, Neutral vs Affective, Specific vs Diffuse, Achievement vs Aspiration. Relationship to time can be summarized into; Future Orientation vs Past Orientation, Sequential vs Synchronic and relationship with external environment is summarized into having an Internal locus of control vs an External locus of control.

Other models are the Myers Scales of Culture which studies leadership preferences and management styles in different cultures and Koster cultural gap tool which studies, how culture affects project management in the dimensions of; Equality vs Hierarchy, Embracing risk vs Avoiding risk, Individual vs Group, Universal vs Circumstantial, Conflict vs Consensus, Task vs Relationship, Achievement vs Status or standing, Sequential vs Synchronic, Theoretical Vs Pragmatic.

Time Zone Differences - Working with different time zones means the project leader would have difficulties scheduling meetings with team members on different time zones, which becomes a deterrent to the team’s communication especially when meetings involve several team members to make instant input of ideas or solutions to resolve project difficulties.

Language – Language barriers mean that communication is impaired, there will be the problem of communication not translating to the literal meaning, causing some communications to be lost or misunderstood. Even when the project manager is bilingual, or members of the team are bilingual, there are still communication challenges based on their level of proficiency.

Planning in Global Project Management

Planning is critical to success for both standard and global projects, however, in global projects there is a difference in the degree of complexity involved. Since international projects are characteristically unique, there are a lot of unknowns at the planning stage which means that there will be a potential for change to the project estimates due to scope creep, hence, project manager must plan for adequate buffers and contingencies.

Planning schedule estimates: Factors that could affect the schedule of an international are; extra time for co-ordination, communication and training, additional public holidays and vacation, extra time for the local adaptation of tools, processes and systems, additional time for team building activities.

Resource planning: Planning for resources can be difficult if there is a limited availability of qualified staff or of staff who can perform the tasks within acceptable ethical and moral standards, how much training would resources require to be up to speed. If all of these factors are not satisfied, the project could be understaffed which means overcommitment for the available resources, hence, resource leveling which would affect the project schedule.

Planning budget estimates: The project manager would have to factor in labor costs bearing in mind that labor prices are different in the global location, also payment intervals and terms may differ. Another factor for consideration is travel costs which is imminent in global projects.

Planning for quality: The project manager for a global project should consider the following aspects that are critical for quality; are there similar measurement systems in the global location of the project? Are specifications clear and comprehensive? Is there a need to cross-check project specification to ensure they meet the standards of the world or host market?

Communication in Global Projects

One of the caveats of communication in a global project is language differences, which can be in the form of; loss of speed in transmitting information, loss of creativity when ideas and innovations are translated from one language to another, misunderstanding and conflicts. Cultural differences could also affect communication styles in the physical context of facial expressions and non-verbal language, in the social context which is a consideration of the general norms and norms or status of the communication partner, in the situational context of the surrounding events of the communication partner.

Generally, cross- cultural communication is classified into high context where individuals tend be more explicit vs low context cultures where communication is more implicit. This can further be categorized as direct vs indirect, elaborate vs succinct, personal vs contextual communication styles. To enhance effective cross-cultural communication, the project manager has to follow certain guidelines, for example; never take anything for granted, face-to-face communication is more effective than telephonic or video conference, delay replies to perceived negative emails, practice active listening, be patient and willing to paraphrase, consciously seek and provide feedback, stipulate response time for written communication.

Managing Risks in Global projects

The presence of increased complexity increases the potential for risks in global projects, particularly emergent risks. These risks could be; scope creep, corruption, bribery, compliance risks, bankruptcy of foreign partner, radical drop in market demand, exchange rate risks or the risk of non-payment, the ability of the project manager to manage these risks is essential to minimize losses and improve project success. Risk planning in global projects is different from risk planning in standard projects, there is a high potential for emergent risks in global projects. Some additional sources of risk in global reports are; Internal risks due to insufficient planning caused by poor visibility since global projects are unique. External risks due to factors such as inflation, corruption, change in regulations. Risks due to unpredictable factors such as natural disasters, outbreak of diseases or political revolutions.

Just like in standard projects, risk management in global projects involves risk identification, risk analysis and prioritization, risk assessment, risk planning and control. An important tool for analyzing risks in global projects is the PESTEL analysis, this tool takes into consideration the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal climate of the global location to analyze the potential for exogenous risks. There is also the Impact Probability Matrix tool for quantitative risk analysis.

After identifying, analyzing, prioritizing and assessing risk, the project manager has to device strategies to respond to risk, such as; risk avoidance which involves planning for ways to avoid the risk, risk mitigation which is reducing the likelihood of the occurrence or the impact of that risk, risk acceptance which is done when the risk is considered manageable or unavoidable, risk transfer which involves transferring or outsourcing the risk to another party for example insurance companies, the cost of which should be factored into the project budget; risk absorption which involves forming a consortium, joint venture or an alliance so that the risk can be shared by the parties.

Contingency buffers are essential to planning for risks in global projects, these are the extra time and financial resources factored into the project, in the eventuality of risks. A characteristic skill that a global project manager requires for effective management is the ability to be agile or flexible to accommodate late-locking (deciding parts of a project on a later stage).

Leadership in Global Projects

Leadership is an essential skill in project management even more so in global projects. The challenge of leadership in global projects is the ability to manage through, geographical, temporal, organizational and cultural distance. Characteristics that are essential for leadership in the global scene are; adaptability to local customs, authenticity, empathy, cultural sensitivity, enthusiasm, open-mindedness, patience, personal stability to cope under pressure, initiative, respect for people’s differences.

The skills necessary for leadership in global projects are;

Global organizing skills: Awareness of the political structure and ability create relationships and strategic influence which are important convince project stakeholders of the importance of the project.

Technical skills: To achieve the enable the project manager to lead effectively the team, make sound decisions and achieve the objectives of the project.

Cross-cultural skills: the ability to access and understand cultural differences and adapt accordingly

Communication literacy: Ability to communicate in different languages and communication technology to overcome communication barriers and earn team member’s respect.

Negotiation in Global Projects

Negotiation in global projects require special skills and an awareness of cultural differences and how it affects the negotiation styles of the partner such as their relative emphasis to tasks vs interpersonal relationships, how parties attempt to influence each other, do they rely on rational arguments, emotions, charisma or traditions. How does time affect their negotiation styles, do they tend to proceed quickly, delay or stall? Who is responsible for making decisions in the negotiation process, are delegates empowered or do you need to speak to the boss for final decisions?

To understand how cultural differences, affect negotiations, there is a need to analyze and understand the general negotiation styles of the counterpart’s culture, for instance;

US negotiations: follows a linear agenda, low-context communication style, focus is on facts, quick pragmatic decisions, prefer informality, conscious of time, would make concessions only when an equivalent is offered by the partner.

Russian negotiations: relationships are a focus, partner can be access by how much connections they have to influential people, display emotions, communicates directly, assertive and competitive, may make occasional threats, compromise is a sign of weakness, final decisions are made up to the boss, not focused on time.

Chinese negotiations: makes decisions based on gathered intelligence, hard bargaining, emphasizes friendship, decision making is up to the individual with technical expertise on the subject.

Japanese negotiations: negative emotions are concealed, they dislike power display, there is a preference for group work, consensus is required for decision making, the avoid saying “no” directly, friendship is important.

Arab negotiations: uses elaborate communication style, displays emotions, negotiation is based on reciprocity, avoids confrontation, would refer to respected friends of the counterpart as a form of persuasion, does not focus on time.

Lessons learnt in Global Projects: Culture could be a hinderance to capturing lessons learnt at the completion of a project, the project manager’s ability to understand the impact of cultural and how it affects the team’s willingness to give accurate feedback is key. For example; people from high-context cultures tend to avoid admitting failures and mistakes to prevent losing face, people from collectivist cultures may be unwilling to pass on their experience to other teams.

The nature of global projects can also impact the ease of capturing lessons learnt, for example, complexity and lack of transparency due geographical dispersion could make it difficult to collate the data necessary for a comprehensive lessons learnt, global projects tend to span long periods of time and evaluations that are left till the end of such a project could mean key individuals have joined or left the project midway and even if personnel have remained, they would have lost details of the entirety of the project.

Communication can also play a part in collating data for lessons learnt in global projects, when the sender has poor linguistics ability and is unable to capture ideas accurately in the preferred language, if the sender is considered marginal to the organization, his input may not be valued, if stereotypes exist against the nationality of the sender for example a Palestinian project manager and an Israeli team member.

Finally, the organization could be a hinderance if the culture does not support innovation and open-mindedness, reluctance to tap knowledge from other people’s experience or expertise, feeling that it does not apply to their unique situation, if the organization does not enforce or provide incentives for giving feedback, there is little motivation to do so.

Conclusion

National character stipulates that; people of similar culture are alike in certain ways, they are different from other cultures in the same respect and the characteristics can be ascribed to individuals based on their citizenship. Therefore, for a project manager to be successful in the global spectrum, there is a requirement for a myriad of soft-skills, many of which are not necessarily be applicable in standard projects, combined with technical skills. These soft-skills are best learnt by experience and exposure to other cultures.

Critical success factors in global project management are; the ability to recognize that knowledge, perceptions and beliefs are unique to an individual, hence, to succeed internationally, there is a need to turn off behavioral auto-pilot, be open-minded, tolerate ambiguity and be willing to adapt his behavior to the local culture.

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Effects of Human Impact on the Environment

Pollution means the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. Basically it means how you treat your world. Like it’s up to us how we treat it because this is our world and if we treat it bad then we will get sick. Did you know that greenland ice is melting and that helps balance the seasons. When the ice is fully gone then there will be no winter just plain summer.

The reason why greenland ice is melting because when we litter, drive cars, and the factory it's making it worse. Like when you go to the lake our something you sometimes see cans, wrappers, and more. Or factory they let out the fumes and stuff in the air it evaporates which causes the sun to start a global warming. Same as cars they do they same which cause more global warming. And plus we get oxygen from trees but then people started to cut down trees for paper, but shouldn’t oxygen more important the paper?

When a hurricane is form it’s by the heat that’s on the water. Like the heat it’s making the water boil and a hurricane is made. So when greenland ice is gone half the world going to be cover in water and some parts are not. And the only reason we have winter is because of greenland. Like when it’s warm and dry winds the temperature rise up by 30 degrees and it’s temperature record is supposed to be 25.9 degrees. Greenland climate average temperatures that do not exceed 10 degrees(50 fahrenheit) in the warmest summer months.

The animals are dying fast. They are dying from littering. When there's no food they start looking for stuff on the ground which causes them to choke on things. There was this one bird who die and they cut the bird open to see what’s inside and comes to find out there was wrappers, cans, and more. What we are doing to our world is damaging it not fixing it. Like if you was trying to fix it then by now the people wouldn’t do things that would harm other people or things or to the world, but no that’s not it.

The water we drink from can get dirty so fast you would be sick. Like the water we drink now is good and health. But when everything changes like the water it starts to become nasty. When you litter in the water and they gotta clean that out and everything can change. Not only that you are affecting the water and people stop caring about water. Like they now there are juices and pop so.

In conclusion, we needa change how we do things and stuff. Back in the day they didn’t have cars or phone and stuff. They would walk or ride a bike, but when people started to invent things that’s when everything started to change. To be honest if we keep doing what we doing now then we will probably wouldn’t existed no more. Like everything happens for reason because of what you do or by fate. Wouldn’t you want to go back and fix everything instead of the world now cause everything might be gone, so gotta change our life style or there wouldn’t be anything on Earth no more.

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Animal Farm is Similar to the Ones of the Russian Revolution

A satirical fable: Animal Farm

Every single character represents a real historical figure or group. Every action made is one that mirrors the ones of the real Russian Revolution. The whole book surrounds the idea of communism and specifically Russia’s involvement with said communism. Each Character from Napoleon to Mr. Whymper.

Napoleon a quiet, manipulative, and selfish pig that serves as murder and ruthless dictator in Animal Farm. Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin a ruthless dictator and mass murder from Russia.“Napoleon is always right.” this quote shows the evidence of totalitarianism, class warfare, and nationalistic views placed upon the inhabitants of Animal Farm similar to the ones of the Russian Revolution.

The Nine Dogs blind followers, brutal, vicious, and overall a personal leverage point for Napoleon. NKVD was Stalin’s personal police force while he ruled.“they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes.” this quote specifies the drastic effects of the dogs as a defense to Napoleon’s power as ruler similar to how Stalin used NKVD and the KGB.

Boxer the hard-working, naive, loyal horse of the Farm perfectly depicts the Proletairit workers and labors of Russia post-revolution. 'His answer to every problem, every setback, was `I will work harder!' which he had adopted as his personal motto.' showing how in any upset Boxer would work harder voluntarily comparable to how the Proletairit workers were during the communist regime of Russia. 'Ah, that is different!' said Boxer. 'If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right.' This quote on the other hand also shows how naive Boxer and the workers were during the said regime of communism during Animal Farm and Russia’s history.

Benjamin is one of the wisest and unfazed characters he thought the book points to flaws in the system yet doesn’t take action whereas in the movie he does take action and causes a second revolution. Orwell boldly put intellectuals alike to himself in the book represented by Benjamin. Benjamin in the book does everything like these others in the Russian revolution who would point out flaws yet fall short of taking action. Unlike Benjamin’s movie counterpart who represents close to Orwell himself taking action and pointing out flaws while taking action without having to stand up which still holds Benjamin’s persona.

The sheep are unique characters because they don’t represent people as much as they do the propaganda and the slogans plastered into people’s one-sided minds. These slogans were some of the only mental force put to hold people to support Stalin. That is comparable to the power that the sheep held like when this happened: But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-'Four legs good, two legs better! Four legs good, two legs better! Four legs good, two legs better!' It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed” Situations like these give the sheep high position in Napoleon’s tactics for suppression comparable to the many implications that Stalin used propaganda.

These are just the bare shallow minimum examples of how prevalent the Russian Revolution is in this satirical fable. Orwell excessively exceeded in turning communism into a fairytale 4th graders could read and 8th graders could understand. These examples are blatant and bold as a circus parade. Between Stalin himself to the propaganda, he spread all facets are represented throughout this book.

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Animal Husbandry Proves to Produce Far Worse Results than Vegetable Production

Over the past decades, American dietary patterns have shifted towards eating healthier foods. The Pew Research Center commented on this trend in a report, stating that the majority of Americans are paying more attention to eating nutritious foods today compared with 20 years ago and think that, on most days, they should be eating healthier (6). More specifically, the report claimed that individuals now focus more on plant and grain-based diets—they also eat less processed foods, dairy, and finally, meat. Honing in on the last food group, the adverse health effects of eating meat have become apparent resulting in various campaigns to reduce meat consumption (10). However, another, arguably more pressing, reason has been espoused (and should be proliferated) as an impetus for going “meatless”: the severely debilitating environmental effects that arise from the livestock industry. Through the lens of four environmental categories, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, land use, water use, and nitrogen run off, animal husbandry proves to produce far worse results than vegetable production. With this in mind, measures must be taken on both the production and consumption sides of the industry to combat the harm that this practice does to our planet. When thinking about GHG emissions, there exist multiple instances in the farm to fork process where CO2 or CO2 equivalents (CO2e) get released. Cattle themselves release significant amounts of methane (a potent GHG), but one should also consider equipment that is operated for feed creation, slaughter, refrigeration, transportation, and more to fully understand the impact. Data on the beef industry’s carbon emphasizes the point, with the

Sokoloff 2footprint per kilogram of a ruminant animal (cow) getting as high as 600 kg CO2e. This figure is equivalent to an average car driving non-stop for 24 hours straight and is about 150 times larger than the ‘best case’ scenario of vegetable substitutes. On a macro scale, beef is considered to be responsible for 7% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions demonstrating the cattle industry alone is a significant contributor to global warming (7). Given the current mission by scientists and environmentalists to lower the levels of GHG in our atmosphere, targeting animal husbandry could lead to fruitful results.It may sound reductive, but animals need space to graze and their food also needs space to grow—the two are a necessity for the stability of the livestock industry. A report published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization stated that one-third of the planet’s arable land is occupied by livestock feed crop cultivation (3). Land occupation is thus a zero sum game—one acre for the cultivation of animals is one less acre for the cultivation of vegetables or for the flourishing of biodiversity. In parts of the Great Plains, cattle and the fields of grain they eat have replaced pronghorn antelope and bison. Wild predators have been removed from the region, which is now optimized for agriculture output as opposed to biological diversity (3). Though this argument could potentially be used for vegetable cash crops, the differences between plant and animal husbandry are stark. Ruminants can require as much as two hundred times more growing space than vegetables over their lifetime due to grazing room as well as space for their food to grow (7).

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Disaster Management by American Red Cross Community

Contents

Introduction
Tornado
Three phases of disaster
Medical System’s roles in disaster management

Introduction

In a world full of disasters, it is of vital importance that community members know when and how to respond when disaster strikes. Tornadoes can happen anytime, anyplace, and can affect many or none. Planning and preparation for tornadoes or disasters of any sort are two keys items for successful disasters. This paper will explore the various agencies that come together before, during, and after disaster to help community members to be prepared for when a tornado or disaster strikes. Preparing community members with a plan for any disaster will assist community members to stay calm, so they react in a safe manner. Agencies such as American Red Cross (ARC) that is a vital partner when it comes to all phases of a disaster. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) supports the ARC along with being a vital player in recovery efforts of a disaster. We will also be discussing Incident Command System (ICS), Emergency Operations Center, (EOC), Emergency Medical System (EMS) along with the role of nurses in the event of a tornado or another disaster was to strike.

The importance of these agencies, roles, and places are vital in the event of a tornado or another disaster striking. American Red Cross American Red Cross is made up of donors, volunteers, and employees. The American Red Cross steps up when disaster strikes big or small. “The American Red Cross (ARC) defines a disaster as “a threatening or occurring event,” either natural or man-made, “that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance” (ARC, 2008)” (Mauer & Smith, 2013, p.553). “American Red Cross was founded on May 21, 1881 in Washington, D.C., by Clara Barton and her colleagues” (ARC, n.d). They aid in disaster relief, lifesaving blood, training and certification, international services, military families, and nursing and health. “The American Red Cross prevents and alleviates human suffering in the face of emergencies by mobilizing the power of volunteers and the generosity of donors” (ARC, n.d). On average there is an emergency every 8 minutes with 90% of disasters being from a house fire. Roughly, 91 cents of every dollar spent is for services provided to the people in which they are serving. With almost 5.6 million donations of blood by 3.3 million blood donors this makes for roughly 8 million transfusable blood products per year (ARC, n.d). Along with saving lives with blood products they teach courses to save lives. Courses such as first aid, CPR, AED, babysitting and caregiving, swimming, CNA, and BLS. Along with teaching members of society how to save lives the ARC assists service members and their families from day of enlistment in many ways. Along with helping those in need on the home front the ARC has over 17 million volunteers with nearly 200 countries with red cross or red crescent society (ARC, n.d). The ARC website provides a link to contribute a monetary donation. Besides donating money, the public can also apply for jobs online along with signing up to be a volunteer online at www.redcross.org or connect with a local chapter.

Tornado

When a disaster like a tornado strikes the ARC will set up overnight stays in a shelter along with a hot meal and support from various trained volunteers. They are also available to distribute supplies when emergencies arise. They offer comfort kits along with other supplies to aid in the cleanup of a disaster. Red Cross health and mental health volunteers travel to help those affected. They are assisting community members with coping with the disaster along with the devastation after the disaster. They do not judge or ask question. They help everyone. Volunteers and employees deploy within hours of a disaster to help support communities devastated by a disaster. All American Red Cross Disaster assistance is free. But, disasters like tornados do not always give time for warnings. If time allows, the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) will be opened during this phase with high attention to clear communication. Normal communication of an impending tornado is that the sirens will alarm, and News channels will have new flashes.

Three phases of disaster

Pre-impact Phase

This is the phase prior to the disaster with focus on planning and mitigation. Nurses can help the community awareness regarding Tornado preparedness through community activities is the first step. Public health nurses can put on community awareness clinics at any time. They can partner with local emergency personnel to help educate the public for tornado along with any disaster that is possible in the area in which they live. It is important that the public know the difference between a tornado watch which mean that a tornado is possible and a tornado warning which means that a tornado has already developed or will be occurring soon. During the pre-impact phase it is vital that community members have a plan for that if a tornado does occur. This way they know what they need to do along with what not to do to stay safe. In the event of a tornado or disaster strikes nurses are to respond if they can safely but without putting themselves or others at risk.

Impact Phase

The impact phase is when the disaster is occurring. “The impact phase continues until the threat of further destruction has passed and the emergency plan is in effect.” (Mauer & Smith, 2013, p. 557). Community members need to seek shelter away from windows during this phase. A disaster such as a tornado can cause injury to man, damage to property, and possibly can be fatal. Though the time frame may be short-lived while it is happening tornados can do a great amount of damage in a brief period. The devastation can also be a neighborhood to a whole community wiped out by the destruction of a tornado. During this phase it is the nurse’s role to assess health needs and provide support to those in the shelter. During this phase, triaging the injured along with search and rescue missions are implemented. Those designated with for search and rescue will need to communicate with ICS for further details. It is important that everyone be accounted for. There should be a buddy system in place. This way if something happens someone can get help. Never enter a scene that has not been deemed safe. Safety first.

Post-impact Phase

The post-impact phase is the phase following the actual impact of the tornado. The post-impact phase entails emergency and recovery phases. “The emergency phase it the time of rescue and first aid.” (Mauer & Smith, 2013, p. 557). During the emergency phase is when recovery starts and does not end until the community is back up and running. “Nurses working across the health system at all levels respond to and lead the recovery phases of natural disaster management. (Usher et all, 2015, p. p.69). Nurses are vital in all phases of a disaster but with their training they can assist in more ways than most during the recovery phase. Nurses not only can do first aid, but we can be there to help members of the community cope with loss in the days, weeks, and months to come following a disaster. Most people that encounter a disaster do not necessarily have coping problem right away following a disaster. This could happen months down the road once they are trying to pick upthe pieces and live a normal life. This is also time for evaluation and good debriefing of a community emergency management plan. Always a good plan to talk about the things that went well and those that need improving. It is best to do this while things are fresh on the mind.

Federal Emergency Management Agency

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was created on April 1, 1979 by President Jimmy Carter with a declaration to serve the American people during all phases of a disaster. “The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), part of the Department of Homeland Security, has the responsibility of coordinating the federal government’s response to natural and manmade disasters.” (Nowak, Ashton, & Sayers, 2015, p. 19). Depending on the severity of the damages will determine FEMA’s assistance level. FEMA works closely with state and local governments by providing funding for emergency programs and training. Together FEMA and the American Red Cross developed the National Shelter System. The purpose of the NSS is that disaster relief groups would have a directory of possible shelter locations along with giving disaster relief managers some tools to help more people. “FEMA and ARC work closely together on a broad range of that include disaster response and recovery, as well as readiness and preparedness for disasters and other emergencies.” (FEMA, 2010, para 1). This memorandum outlines the support and cooperation between the two entities.

FEMA will assist ARC in disaster response, organizational capacity development, and will engage in joint projects with ARC to aid in efficient and effective public service in a time of disaster. Incident Command and Principles of Disastermanagement. The importance of Incident Command is so that everyone knows what is required of them in the event of a disaster striking. “The Incident Command System (ICS) is a management system designed to enable effective and efficient domestic incident management by integrating a combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational structure. “(FEMA, 2017). The incident command is activated when there is warning. If there is not a warning for a disaster it is initiated during the post-impact phase.

This gets all emergency personal on board. Each department or group work in autonomy and know what is expected of them. This is where having mock drills comes into play and are vital to a community getting through a disaster. Effective communication is needed for the command center to work the best for all involved. Along with the collaboration of all different departments of the community and emergency departments. Everyone needs to work together for the good of the community.

It is vital that everyone knows the principles of disaster management. These are vital components to a disaster management plan. “According to Garb and Eng (1969), there are eight fundamental principles that should be followed by all who have a responsibility for helping the victims of a disaster.” (Mauer & Smith, 2013, p. 562). Prevent disaster, minimize casualties, prevention of further casualties, rescue, provide firstaid, evacuate injured, provide medical treatment, and promotion of normalcy are the fundamental principles. These need to be done in sequence by all rescuers or it could be detrimental to some.

Medical System’s roles in disaster management

Emergency operation center is an actual physical place. This center of all communication with other government agencies, local EMS, the ARC, and local public safety agencies. Both the EOC and ICS are key pieces to provide efficient coordination and reduce things being done twice. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel will be on call to respond and treat on scene but also to transport when needed. It is up to the EOC to communicate with the local hospital with number of victims and the seriousness of the situation. It is at the time that the hospital would initiate their own disaster management plan. At that time, the nurse that receives that phone call would be the acting incident commander for the hospital until properly relieved.

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Roe V. Wade: the Constitutional Right to Access Safe, Legal Abortion

Abortion has always been a controversial issue. There are many different opinions and viewpoints on abortion concerning the ethical acceptability as well as the social policy aspects of abortion. In fact, before the decision made in the famous court case of Roe v. Wade, abortion was morally wrong and was constituted as a crime that could lead to a prison sentence of up to five years. In Roe v. Wade, many unsettled questions were avowed and discussed.

Roe vs Wade is a supreme court case from 1973 between Jane Roe and Henry Wade. Jane Roe was abiding in Texas at the time and wished to terminate her pregnancy. At the time this was outlawed by the state and abortions were only done under special circumstances. Roe argued that the Texas law violated the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court agreed that a woman’s right to choose fell under the right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment and ruled in favor of Roe, making the Texas law unconstitutional. Roe v. Wade is an exceedingly controversial case about abortion, but the judges undoubtedly made the proper decision in allowing abortion to be up to the woman and her doctor in the first trimester of pregnancy. In the beginning of the 1900s, dozens of states in the U.S. began creating laws to limit abortions or make them completely illegal unless it was necessary to save the mother. The ninth amendment states that, “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people” (http://www.house.gov/Constitution/Amend.html).The fourteenth and the most important in this case states in Section 1 that, “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” (http://www.house.gov/Constitution/Amend.html)

It states in the decision of Roe v. Wade that, “The constitution does not define “person” in so many words” (http://www.tourolaw.edu/patch/Roe/ 18) The amendment discusses “person” 3 times in it, but it does not indicate that it has any possible pre-natal relevance; this is what made the abortion issue so hard. The state court ruled in favor of Roe, but the verdict was not strong enough to change the arrest of abortion doctors in Texas because the exact part that dealt with the right to privacy could not be decided.

New York became the only state whose abortion laws were liberal enough prior to Roe v. Wade that they were able to remain after the decision. Not to any surprise, thirty-one states were forced to abolish their laws outlawing abortion while eighteen other states had to rewrite their abortion laws. This decision completely altered the ways in which the United States viewed the abortion

Abortion was nothing new at this time, in fact abortions were being developed and performed as early as the sixteenth century. For many years, specifically before the 1800s, abortions were entirely legal throughout much of the United States but were often unsafe procedures (https://abortion.procon.org/)

Before Roe v Wade, women could only get abortions for medical reasons such as cancer, HIV, and many STD’s. The mothers' health isn’t the only reason a woman may have an abortion, often the woman or her doctor make be concerned about the child’s health. Unintended pregnancies often have low- birth weights, birth defects, maternal depression, increased risk of child abuse, delayed prenatal care, higher risk of physical violence during pregnancy. In a study by the NSFG (National Survey of Family Growth) and USDHHS (U.S Department of Health and human services) nearly half of pregnancies in 2006 were unintended. More than 4 out of 5 of those were of women 19 years or younger, women who had less education had more unintended pregnancies than those with higher education. Unintended pregnancies were highest of women with no college education. Women with a lower income had increased in unintended pregnancies, while more fortunate women had a decreased percentage.

Because of Roe vs Wade, women now have the option to terminate the pregnancy if they aren’t ready. Having a child is a serious matter and should only happen if both parents wish to bring a child into the world. If either knows the environment the child will grow up in isn’t going to be healthy then why would they birth the child? Pro-lifers will argue that every life is precious, but if that’s true shouldn’t every life be planned to where they’ll have the resources to succeed in life?

Most pro-life supporters argue that all life is precious and almost everyone would agree to that statement, but what is considered a life? According to the court ruling for Roe v. Wade, “the human fetus might be “viable” (“capable of meaningful life”) outside the mother’s womb after six months.” This says that the embryo isn’t considered a life yet. It does have the DNA structure of a human, but it cannot survive in the outside world. This means that since 1973 to now, a woman can get an abortion during the first and second trimester.

Another counterargument pro- life supporters believe in is that you don’t know if the person is going to grow up to be a person of significance. This is true because we do not have predetermined lives, or that we don’t know what is in store for our life, but you can always use the counter argument to that. Couldn’t the child grow up to be a bad person? We don’t know who the child will grow up to be so wouldn’t it be better to leave that choice to the mother? With all of this in mind, we should know that the only person who should have a say in whether or not the mother should have an abortion is the mother herself. If the mother doesn’t have that right to have an abortion or not, wouldn’t you be taking away their right over their body? Because they don’t have a say in whether or not a mother can or can’t have an abortion, would it eventually spread to other things and start taking away women’s rights? Didn’t we get out of those ages where women couldn’t vote, and people only saw women as mothers and housewives?

Another issue is the sexual education system in America. Did you know that only 22 states mandate sexual education? Only 13 of those require the information to be medically accurate ( shown by John Oliver, which is backed by the fact that before sexual education, that is approved by the Department of health and human services, is given to students is has to pass by parents, community advisors, and conservative teachers Who often change it..)

According to Lynn Barclay, the President and CEO of the American Sexual Health Association, and Debra Hauser, President of Advocates of Youth. America isn’t doing too hot in teaching teens about sexual education. As said by Barclay “We are doing such a poor job on many subjects, We are not doing comprehensive sexual education, we aren’t doing condom demonstrations. We aren’t teaching young people about consent….we are making them feel bad about their bodies.” The main issue with abstinence only sexual education is that it teaches teens to be ashamed of their bodies, and their sexuality. Those taught it, are often less willing to use condoms, and even have little knowledge of STD testing and pregnancy prevention. This is life saving information, that everyone holds a right to obtain.

Abstinence only education also contributes to slut shaming, and rape culture, It also victim blames, which promoting the phrase “boys will be boys” , which isn’t needed in a nation where 1 in 3 women will be raped in their lifetime. Here is an excerpt from “Heritage Keepers” a series of books intended for promoting abstinence until marriage. Pg. 46 “ ... Girls need to be careful with what they wear, because males are looking! The girl might be thinking fashion, while the boy is thinking sex. For this reason, girls have a responsibility to wear modest clothing that doesn’t invite lustful thoughts” This very clearly blames females for being raped, isn’t it shocking this was actually given to students? As most of us know sexual education is treated far differently than normal core classes, even drivers education is looked at as more important. Would you give your child, who has never taken driver's education, the keys to your car and tell them to drive to the store? You would want to wait until they are educated, and you’re sure that not only your child, but others would be safe.

So why is sexual education such a shameful thing to enforce? If you’re not properly educated you could be in a life changing or even life ending situations. In America there are 50 thousand new HIV infections, 20 million STI’s, 3 million unintended pregnancies, and 1 million rapes annually. This is a direct reflection of sexual education in America, According to Advocates to youth, condom availability in schools in fact doesn’t increase sexual activity among students, but does increase the usage of condoms from students who already are sexually active! Sexual education should also be LGBT inclusive, because if it isn’t obvious by now not everyone is having heterosexual sex. Over all, if we had better sexual education there wouldn’t be nearly as many unplanned pregnancies.

As you can tell there are many things that need to change in America, but women's right to choose is not one of them. America needs to each accurate sexual education, and fix the issues in the adoption system. If you’re against abortion, don’t have one. Dont shame someone has had one either, because just like every decision you make they had a reason.

I cannot understand anti-abortion arguments that center on the sanctity of life. As a species we’ve fairly comprehensively demonstrated that we don’t believe in the sanctity of life. The shrugging acceptance of war, famine, epidemic, pain and life-long poverty shows us that, whatever we tell ourselves, we’ve made only the most feeble of efforts to really treat human life as sacred.

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Analysis of Leo Tolstoy’s Novella “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”

Leo Tolstoy’s novella, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, is about exactly what the title painfully suggests. The story of one man’s final months: an ordinary, reasonably prosperous, and successful middle-aged Russian judge. He, at first, seemed to have lived a decent life, but then comes to the realization that his life was actually not at all what he thought. Tolstoy’s first draft of this novella was written using first-person perspectives. Then he switched it to the third person. If Tolstoy would have never switched his perspectives, the readers would have missed out on so many different thoughts and feelings from all the different characters.

The novella starts off when Peter Ivanovich, Ivan’s closest friend, finds out that Ivan has passed away by reading the obituaries during an interval in a trial. If Tolstoy would have never made the switch to third-person then we wouldn’t have known how Ivan’s colleges felt. The reaction to his death, on part of his friends and colleagues, is completely superficial. Leo Tolstoy wrote, “Besides considerations as to the possible transfers and promotions likely to result from Ivan Ilych’s death, the mere fact of the death of a near acquaintance aroused, as usual, in all who heard of it the complacent feeling that it is he who is dead and not I.” This is a prime example of what we would have missed. Ivan’s family and colleagues just see his death as an inconvenience. They were, as the living normally is, relieved that they were not dying themselves, but also simultaneously disgruntled by the reminder of their own mortalities that Ivan’s death brought. Tolstoy shows us that Ivan’s colleges take a perverse sort of pleasure in knowing that it was someone else who had died rather than any of them; life will continue for them. Tolstoy contrasts all of their attitudes towards death as something others do with Ivan’s experience of confronting his own death.

Tolstoy also adds his own assessment of Ivan’s life right away when he wrote, “Ivan Ilych’s life had been most simple and more ordinary and therefore most terrible.” In Tolstoy’s first draft the only opinions and feelings we would have knowledge about is from Peter and Ivan, but with him switching to third-person omniscient we begin to understand the narrator’s own appraisal. Though Tolstoy doesn’t express his own assessment a whole lot in this novella, it is still something we the readers would have missed out on in the first draft. It is interesting to see not only how other characters feel about Ivan’s life, but also how the narrator has made up his own opinion on it.

Another interesting perspective we get to experience through Tolstoy writing in third person is knowing how Praskovya, Ivan’s wife, felt. In chapter four paragraph three, Tolstoy writes, “Praskovya Fedorovna’s attitude to Ivan Ilych’s illness, as she expressed it both to others and to him, was that it was his own fault and was another of the annoyances he caused her.” The tables are turned in this point of the story as Ivan is now the one suffering and Praskovya is the one who doesn’t show him any sympathy. Praskovya views her husband as being unreasonable for not listening to what the doctors told him. Tolstoy uses this to his advantage as it mirrors how Ivan thought she was unreasonable for insisting his attention. In each case we get to see how each one of them refuses to take the other seriously.

Tolstoy's decision to switch from first person to third person omniscient made it much clearer to understand the central idea to this novella. Ivan’s death causes him to painfully reevaluate his very own life. This is illustrating Tolstoy’s belief that only death can reveal life’s true meaning. Writing in third person omniscient allows a narrator to express details and provide the reader with additional information that would not be possible when writing from a limited point of view; the writer can accomplish exposing a larger amount of information in a shorter amount of time. Therefore, readers are able to understand each character’s thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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Causes and Effects to Desertification

The Earth consists of a variety of geographical landscapes, ranging from the humid rainforests in South American to the freezing tundras in Antarctica. Some different external factors that have influenced the topography are location, climate, amount of vegetation, precipitation, wind erosion, and human activity. One landscape in particular that features many of the external factors is deserts. A desert is considered a place with slight vegetation that can only support a small population of humans or animals. A desert’s landscape ranges from a “sea of sand” to a “rocky and rugged” terrain. Deserts are characterized by a lack of precipitation and extreme temperatures (too low or too high for life to survive). Due to the air circulation patterns, the air sinks downward at 30 degrees north and south of the equator, warming up the surface, and making desert-like conditions. Climate zones shifting over time, topography changes, and plate motions have developed new deserts throughout different regions. However, one external factor can be prevented to help reduce the expansion of deserts: desertification.

Desertification only applies to the rapid development of deserts created or sped up due to human activities, such as land-use practices. During desertification, the expansion of desert into non-desert regions is not caused by forces within the desert. Desertification can be accelerated with natural forces, such as drought, but human activities cause the land to be “inhabitable.” Vegetation is critical in preventing deserts, such as providing the soil with shade and using their roots to break the soil up. The soil will become less permeable and will harden without the vegetation. Infiltration will start to decrease and water loss will occur by surface runoff. Plants also protect the soil from wind erosion, preserving soil fertility. Without vegetation, soil degradation takes place, demolishing the chances of future plant growth. Human activities can pressure the negligible lands into degradation, an irreversible change. Trying to feed a huge population of people in one particular area, crop failure, or numerous livestock in one place will help initiate desertification as well. Desertification is apprehension due to reducing the amount of cultivable land needed to grow food for society and for the farmer’s economic state. In many regions around the world, desertification continues to increase, causing loss of native vegetation, erosion, and reduced crop yields. One example of desertification in the world is the Sahel region.

The Sahel region is located on the continent of Africa, just south of the Sahara Desert, (Montgomery, 2020). The region extends from “the Atlantic Ocean, eastward of northern Senegal, southern Mauritania, the great bend of the Niger River of Mali, Burkina Faso, southern Niger, northeastern Nigeria, south-central Chad, and into Sudan.” The terrain used to be woodland, but the area now is more accessible. However, some parts of the Sahel region contain natural pasture for livestock, which includes low-growing grass, thorny shrubs, acacia, and baobab trees. The Sahel region is considered a savanna terrain, which is a grassland that is warm year-round, with some vegetation, but not enough rainfall occurs to help the rainforest flourish (Sahel, 2019). The climate of the Sahel region has varied at different times, ranging from the 1950s when the precipitation long term average went up by 20% to 1968 when Sahel experienced a long-term drought (Sahel Climate Region, 2019). Today, eight months of the year consist of a dry and warm climate. Mostly in the months of June, July, and August, the rainy season averages around 4-8 inches a year, or 100-200 mm (Sahel, 2019). The minimum average temperature in the Sahel region is around 21 degrees Celsius in the month of January, while the maximum temperature is around 33 degrees Celsius in the month of June (Sahel Climate Region, 2019). Crops that thrive in warmer temperatures, such as peanuts, are raised in the Sahel region. Towards the end of the 20th century, the Sahel region has been affected by the growing human population and demands, accelerating desertification and soil and erosion. For economic reasons, farmers and town dwellers have stripped the land of shrubs and trees to grow crops and acquire firewood. Also, an excessive number of livestock ate the remaining grass cover. The lack of vegetation makes the soil more vulnerable to more rainfall runoff and less permeable farmland. In the late 1960s and into the early 1970s, a long period of drought occurred, making the growing of crops impossible and killing over half of the cattle population. In 1973, the human population started to decrease due to famine and disease. Despite the government reforestation programs, the people of the Sahel region traveled westward in savannas and desertification accelerated (Sahel, 2019).

Between 1984 through 1985, the media brought the world’s attention to the “Hunger Belt,” where the land provided the necessities for human life, such as water and food. Scientists concluded that human activities were the main cause of the desertification crisis, but the drought helped increase the chances of desertification. The famine led to the “first mobilization of external aid and the creation of the Fund of Agricultural Development by the United Nations.” The first United Nations Conference of Desertification was held in Nairobi, Kenya in 1977. 17 years later, the United Nations declared World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is held on June 17th. In 2007, the Great Green Wall of Africa program was launched by the Heads of Senate and Government of Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan and Chad, along with the African Union. The program was based on Wangari Maathai, a Kenyan ecologist, who created the Green Belt Movement and planted more than 30 million trees in Kenya. The program plans to fix the governance errors and the incorrect approach to desertification. After meeting with ecologists, the better solution than planting trees was to choose “for the natural regeneration of the land and identify the flora of each area” (The Sahel, Desertification Beyond Drought, 2019).

Like the Sahel region in Africa, other countries around the world have struggled or are currently struggling with the possibility of desertification. Human activities can easily demolish the percent of arable land on Earth, leaving desert-like terrain and low crop production. In the 1930s, the Dust Bowl occurred in the United States. Farmers over-plowed and over-grazed the plains. The lack of vegetation due to human activities and crops dying from drought, causing the fields left exposed for wind erosion. To prevent history from repeating, new government programs have been put in place to avert desertification and assist the land to flourish again. Some external factors that impact the topography of the land on Earth such as wind, climate, and precipitation are only influenced by mother nature, but the human impact on Earth’s landscape can be controlled.

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Human Impact on the Environment (coral Reefs)

Coral reefs are the home of approximately one-fourth of all known marine species on earth, making it the most diverse ecosystem on the planet, all while occupying less than 1% of the ocean floor. Coral Termseefs are an ecosystem with many species, however, they are vulnerable to even the slightest environmental impact. Human activities are damaging the coral reefs on the Earth. Roughly one-quarter of all coral reefs across the globe are considered to be damaged beyond repair, and two-thirds of them are under serious threat. More than 500 million people worldwide rely on coral reefs for food, income, and protection against extreme weather effects. A combination of global warming, ocean acidity, pollution, and other environmental disturbances stress corals, resulting in death and irreversible damage.

Coral reefs are now undergoing a record-breaking, global bleaching event. Corals are made up of thousands of individual organisms known as polyps. The specific types of corals that build reefs, the colonies of polyps work together to create a calcium carbonate skeleton. Reef-building corals get a majority of their energy and nutrients from single-celled algae inside of the coral polyps, called zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae undergo photosynthesis, which is the reason why all coral reefs appear near the surface of the water. These algae are also the reason algae tend to have a green to brown color. What scientists think is happening, is that the increase in temperature due to global warming and increases greenhouse gas emissions are damaging the photosystem in the chloroplast. The symbiotic relationship is gone, so the coral expels the algae, exposing the white color of the coral. The corals are not dead, but because they get 90% of their energy from the algae, if the temperature of the water remains high the coral will eventually die. What happens next is determined by the severeness and how lasting the high temperatures are. The zooxanthellae can return to the coral within weeks if the water cools down fast enough. If not, the corals die of starvation or disease. The reefs then get taken over by an overgrowth of seaweed.

Ocean acidification is related to the carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere and reacting with seawater. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere now exceeds 380 ppm, which is more than 80 ppm above the maximum values of the past 740,000 years. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form a weak acid known as carbonic acid, H2CO3, which results in acid levels increasing in the oceans of the world. Then, when they dissociate, losing one hydrogen ion, it turns into bicarbonate. If it dissociates again, you are left with carbonate. The lowering pH of the ocean weakens animal shells and corals. Ocean acidification is a current key problem that all marine animals have to face, especially coral reefs. As previously mentioned that corals get organic nutrients from a mutualistic symbiont – zooxanthellae to grow. These algae are sensitive to acid rising in the seawater.

In recent years, as a result of human interference on coral reefs, coral mortality is higher than ever before. When this occurs, the algae immediately take this opportunity for growth. In this situation, macroalgae continue to overgrow and negatively affects the growth of corals.

During the past 30 years, more and more scientists were on to the problems of sedimentation and nutrient enrichment and chemical pollution and oil spills. Basically, the scientists wanted to understand how did sedimentation and nutrient enrichment and chemical pollution and oil spills impact on the corals? There are various mechanisms by which these factors can harm coral reefs. First of all, suspended sediment makes water turbid which allows less sunlight to penetrate the water. With less sunlight, zooxanthellae which live within the coral tissue can not photosynthesize to produce organic nutrients that support the corals to thrive. In addition, it is known that zooxanthellae are sensitive to chemical changes. In industrial wastewater and farming runoff, there are always chemical compounds which can make zooxanthellae toxic to corals as well as in the case of oil spills. After a period in this situation, corals will die. Furthermore, farming near the coast results in large quantities of sediment and soil going into the sea and onto coral reefs. This dirt, silt or sand can make water muddy, smothering the corals. In addition, the use of fertilizers for farming is another problem resulting in increased nutrient flow into the ocean. The discharge human sewage leads to the nutrient enrichment in certain areas, especially in the estuary, which may result in rapid growth of algae which as mentioned before they will outcompete corals, cutting off the supply of light.

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Ryanair Airline Marketing Strategy

Contents

Introduction
- Question 1: Airline Marketing:
- Question 2: Revenue that is obtained through Ancillary Services
References

Introduction

The concept of a low – cost airline came into the picture in the seventies by the American domestic carrier 'South West`. The objective was to offer low-cost airfares to consumers. However, this created a bit of a situation as flagship carriers started to lose a sustainable amount of the market share to the newly formed low-cost airlines because of their ability to charge lower prices. In the 1970`s till the early 2000`s, one could witness a transformation of the low-cost carrier concept in the United States.

However, in Europe, the low-cost concept was established in the year 1995 with the introduction of EasyJet and Ryanair. Low-Cost Carriers are found worldwide; having transported approximately 1.3 billion passengers in 2018, amounting to the 31% of the total passengers on scheduled flights as per ICAO’s official statistics (2018).

The reason why low-cost carriers do so well;

· Fares: Unrestricted and low price

· Network: Point to point high frequency routes

· Distribution: Travel agents and call centres, no tickets

· Fleet: High utilisation, same type of aircraft across the fleet

· Airport: Secondary airports with short turnaround times

· Sector length: Short (around 400nm)

· Staff: High productivity with competitive wages and profit sharing

The foundations of a of low-cost airlines still remain the same, which is to provide the lowest price for the consumers by undercutting the price levels of legacy carriers.

Question 1: Airline Marketing:

The airline that has been chosen for the sake of this question is Lufthansa. Lufthansa Airlines was founded in the year 1953 but it was able to commence operations from the year 1955. Earlier it was a flag carrier and state-owned airlines but in the year 1994 was privatised. It is the founding member of largest airline alliance in the world Star Alliance.

There are 7 P's that make up an airline marketing strategy:

Price:

· Complimentary dinners and beverages on flights and snacks suppers and refreshments are accessible at a low charge.

· Pilots and recently enlisted administration providers are prepared for both wellbeing and warm administrations.

· Flights has a very good reputation for dependability.

· Reasonable charges that make it feasible for touring more with family or companions.

Place:

· Lufthansa's corporate headquarters are placed in Cologne, Germany.

· Lufthansa flies to 207 international destinations in 78 countries

· Lufthansa have moved its head office from Cologne to Frankfurt by 2017.

Promotion:

Ryanair like many other airlines, has a lot of ongoing promotion such as:

· Airport Counter Check-in: Check-in for your flight in the most conventional manner by stopping by the Lufthansa counter at the airport.

· Next Day or Advance Check-in: This option allows you to save time and check-in for your flight up to 24 hours in advance of your departure time via the internet.

· SMS Check-in: This option allows you to save time and check-in for your flight up to 24 hours in advance of your departure time via SMS if you meet the criteria for the service.

· Electronic Kiosk Check-in: For those who want to bypass the lines at the counter on busy travel days, Lufthansa offers check-in services for passengers via electronic kiosks.

· Offers: few discounts and promotional codes are distributed for cheap tickets.

Product:

· As a centre component of worth creation, a cutting edge and effective fleet is definitive for the Group's prosperity. In the meantime, a modern fleet structure is a vital component of the Lufthansa Group's environmental policy.

· Aircrafts such as airbus and Boeing make up the majority of the fleets.

· Planes from Bombardier and Embraer are also used in the European and regional segments.

· Lufthansa has a good product with constant maintenance to make sure the planes are all in optimum condition.

People:

· The Lufthansa Group has more than 135,000 employees worldwide.

· The airline provides flexible working hours.

· There are choices for the professional development of staff and maintaining expert knowledge.

· The Lufthansa group employs people from 176 different nations.

· Comprehensive offers concerning health care and health maintenance mean that physical fitness is also taken into account.

Process:

Lufthansa has four classes; Economy class, Upper economy class, Business class and First class.

· In every class there is on board entertainment and food and beverage included.

[image: ]

Figure 2 Taken from the Lufthansa website

· Apart from entertainment and food and beverage service, there is on-board shopping

· Internet on board (at a charge)

· E-journals

· Well being on board such as ordering special meals and seminars for relaxed flying

Physical evidence:

· The Lufthansa website is very user friendly

· The aura in the plane is really good and everything is maintained at its optimum.

· The offices are all state of the art.

· The payment process when purchasing a flight ticket is super easy.

· Booking with Lufthansa is easy and a hassle-free process.

Question 2: Revenue that is obtained through Ancillary Services

According to Alamdari & Fagan (2005) almost all the low-cost airlines in north America now offer some kind of frequent flyer programme, some have started complementary drinks, in-flight entertainment and different class systems as well (e.g. JetBlue). Ancillary services are crucial to an airline especially in today`s world where everyone is looking for comfort and luxury. Ancillary services are products or services that are optional but are related to air travel. They could vary from baggage to seat upgrades or meals but they are part of the passenger`s larger travel plans.

However, within the European Market, airlines such as EasyJet and Ryanair tend to follow a traditional cost leadership strategy when it comes to the basic services offered. Some of the ancillary services such as bags or extra legroom are linked to the purchase of the ticket. Below one can find the ancillary services that Ryanair offers onboard their plane.

IATA now recognises that ancillary revenues have become a key component of the improved financial performance of the industry.

A great way of promoting ancillary services in order to get more profit is by plastering adverts on overhead luggage bins, backs of seats, lounges and gate areas. Ryanair (2015) states that its overhead bin, tray table and boarding card advertising media offers an effective communication platform as the advertisements become lodged into the long-term memory of its passengers.

Kutze (2017:34), has mentioned that several low-cost airlines have been using a sustainable strategy in their ancillary revenue, as passengers are charged for inflight meals and drinks, thus reducing the amount of unused food and beverages being discarded after their expiry date.

There are other types of ancillary items that some airlines offer such as; airport lounges, sports or musical equipment and extra leg room space. Low cost airlines must apply effort as to understand the needs of individual person so a more personalised service can be created.

References

Alamdari, F. and Fagan, S., 2005. Impact of the adherence to the original low?cost model on the profitability of low?cost airlines. Transport Reviews, 25(3), pp.377-392, accessed on the 6th of May 2020

An examination of ongoing trends in airline ancillary revenues by Warnock-Smith, David 2015/07/02, accessed on the 7th of May 2020

http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:low-cost-airlines:a-brief-history-the-current-state, accessed on the 6th of May 2020

https://www.aviationbusinessme.com/covid-19/21373-how-to-reboot-the-airline-industry-post-covid-19, accessed on the 6th of May 2020

https://www.ideaworkscompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/021908AnalysisRyanairAncillary20081.pdf,accessed on the 7th of May 2020

Kutze R., 2017, Sustainability Analysis of the Airline Industry – Low Cost Carriers and Full Service Carriers, The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, University of Lund,accessed on the 7th of May 2020

Westermann D., 2011, The Impact of low-cost carrier on the future of pricing and revenue management, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management; London, Volume 11 Issue 4, accessed on the 6th of May 2020

http://damantravelling.blogspot.com/2014/06/4-ps-of-airline.html,accessed on 21st of May 2020

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A Comparative Analysis of Two Poems: “To his Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell and “Dover Beach” by Matthew Arnold

Poems, even if from times, can have some similarities as well as differences. These could be found throughout the literary elements, meaning, and even just the story of the poem itself. Two poems, “To His Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell and “Dover Beach” by Matthew Arnold, are written in different literary time periods, yet they both have similar structure and literary elements; maybe though, used for different reasons and or purposes.

?In reading the title, “To His Coy Mistress”, we can infer that the poem is about a message from a man to a “coy” or shy woman. The first stanza of the poem shows the man portraying his love for the woman as well as trying to express her worth. In the second stanza, the man explains to the woman that what matters now won’t matter later because life is not an eternal thing. The third stanza then finishes the man’s message in telling her that she should seize the day with him and not wait. Andrew uses phrases such as “times winged chariot hanging near” and “I would love you before the flood” as a way to better portray the man’s message as the flood is a reference to the Bible and times chariot hurrying is saying that time goes by fast. Diction, syntax, and imagery are also very important in this poem as well as the tone shifts and very loving attitude incorporated into it. The title now has come to mean that the woman is “coy” of being willing to love the man. Overall the whole poem shows us that life is only temporary and that you should live in the moment.

?In reading the title, “Dover Beach”, we can infer that the poem is going to be about someone sitting on or passing by a beach. Being a dramatic monologue divided into four different length sections, a poet is described to be in a room with his significant other looking out of a window at the beach and caught in the calming beauty of the scene. Matthew uses lines such as “the tide is fair, the moon lies far” which is an example of personification and uncommon words such as “melancholy” and “certitude” in order to convey the feelings of the poet. Melancholy meaning a lasting sadness and certitude meaning believing something is true in a very firm manner. Starting off with a very sad attitude, Matthew then shifts to a more positive attitude which contrasts with the shift in the poem that goes from being calm to being increasingly negative. An example being that towards the end of the poem the line, “into his mind the turbid ebb and flow / of human misery” is placed and the words “human misery” tend to be negative. Now we know that the title, “Dover Beach”, is about an evening Matthew spent with his significant other one time. Overall, the poem reflects feelings that Matthew felt, such as the need to mature and to commit.

?Both “To My Coy Mistress” and “Dover Beach” talk about love, but in very different ways, one being the loss of love and the other about why they seek love. Both poems also included shifts within their tones. “Dover Beach” had a peaceful tone which turned sad and “To His Coy Mistress” has a similar shift, though with different kinds of emotions involved. Another very clear difference within the two poems would be that while “To His Coy Mistress” had rhyming schemes, “Dover Beach” did not incorporate them at all. The last difference I saw between the poems was the points of view. While the point of view of “Dover Beach” could’ve been just about anyone describing the beach and then found out to be the author, the point of view in “To His Coy Mistress” was strictly first person. These poems both, even though they had many differences, included their own kind of figurative language and similar elements.

Both “Dover Beach” and “To His Coy Mistress” were written during different periods in time, yet they seemed similar in points of what they were about rather than how they were structured or written. Though there were more differences, each poem had an element of love and experienced a shift in the tone. I believe that the poems, contrast each other, but also reflect each other and the time period from which they were written.

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Prosocial Behavior could Assist People in Dealing with Setbacks of Weight Control.

This research selected, involved studying the effects of various methods of controlling body weight with regard to people experiencing setbacks in their pursuit to lose weight and their effectiveness. The researchers divided a group of people who had attempted to reduce their weight in the previous year into three groups (Burnette & Finkel, 2012). Two groups were subjected to two different methods of weight control while one group was used as the control group. They then compared the results of the methods after 12 weeks.

The type of study, where various factors are tested and the results compared is known as an experimental study. The main purpose of this study was to determine which of the two methods of weight control, incremental beliefs and knowledge-based approach, are the most effective in controlling the weight of people who have faced setbacks in their attempt or whether they were both ineffective (Burnette & Finkel, 2012). The results indicated that the two methods were both effective in controlling body weight and restoring the confidence of the people who had faced setbacks.

Enhancement to the external validity of the study.

The study proves that incremental beliefs could offer a solution to individuals who face setbacks in their pursuit to reduce their weight. It is believed that if a person believes that weight is changeable, they are more likely to stick to their weight loss regimine, than individuals who believe that weight is fixed and that they do not have control over it. This theory can be applied in other areas of life as well. People who have experienced setbacks are in danger of giving up on their pursuit. For instance, it can be used in academics to assist learners who have attained low grades believe that low grades can be changed. These research findings can, therefore, be generalized in most situations where people face a threat of giving up after setbacks.

Ethical concerns of the study

Some ethical concerns are present with this study because the study group was not informed that were being used for experimentation. The ethical theory of informed consent requires that before conducting any studies about the health of an individual, they should grant permission. Resnik, D. (2015). In the above case, each group of the study should have been informed about the study that was being undertaken and the possible effects of the conditions they were subjected to. The theory requires that it should then be left to the individuals to decide whether they want to participate in the study or not (Reiss, 2014). Lack of permission of the participant, therefore, raises ethical concerns about the study.

Prosocial behavior could assist people in dealing with setbacks of weight control.

Prosocial behavior involves an individual or a group assisting without expecting anything in return. Resnik, D. (2015). In the above case, a group could come up to assist the individuals facing setbacks to adapt the two methods of weight control. For instance, there could be a group educating such individuals that weight is controllable. This could instill the belief that they could control their weight hence motivating them to stick to their control measures. There could also be a knowledge-based group that could assist people to know what measures have to be taken to control their body weight. This could include the diet and exercise to be undertaken by these individuals.

The theory of prosocial behavior

This chapter has attempted to explain the origin of prosocial behavior in humans. They have based on the evolutionary psychology of genes and instincts. Charles Darwin found out that individuals who have desirable characteristics have high chances of survival and, therefore, passing on the gene to their offspring. Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Sommers, S. (2016). The desirable characteristic, in this case, is the willingness to assist without expecting anything in return. The book tries to explain why people at the World Trade Center sacrificed their lives to save strangers.

The explanation that could fit this case could be group selection theory. This theory states that nature favors individuals who act in the interest of a group. For instance, two neighboring villages who are ready to sacrifice to save each other have high survival probability than villages who act on selfish grounds. For the case in which individuals volunteer to help others lose weight, it could be explained using the same theory. These are people who are group-oriented, and they would be happy to see others achieve their goals. They could, therefore, assist other people to lose weight so that they could all be happy.

Personal quality that would increase the likelihood of prosocial behavior.

As seen in the case of the World Trade Centre in 2001, prosocial individuals do not like to see other people suffering while they could help. For instance, William Wick refused to leave the South Tower because there were people who were still there. He believed that he could save the people and in that process, he lost his life. Prosocial people can, therefore, be said to be individuals who are always willing to help and do not want to see other people suffering. They would risk their lives to save other people’s lives. Their willingness to assist increases when they are faced with a situation that threatens other people’s lives. In such cases, they would not leave anyone to suffer while they watch.

References

Aggression and Prosocial Behavior. (2016). International Journal Of Psychology, 51, 15-30

Burnette, J., & Finkel, E. (2012). Buffering against weight gain following dieting setbacks: An implicit theory intervention. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 721-725.

Resnik, D. (2015). What is Ethics in Research & Why is it important? Retrieved from https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/

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Intersectionality – Acknowledgement of Different Social Categorizations

Intersectionality is the acknowledgement of different social categorizations such as race, gender, and class that apply to an individual or group. Additionally, intersectionality also explains how each person within the same group may experience oppression differently than another individual depending upon their intersection of identities.

After I analyzed and examined intersectionality, it really made me understand my privilege. I understand that there are many institutionalized forms of oppression that I do not have to face and that there are individuals who are disadvantaged because of multiple sources of oppression. Looking through a lens of intersectionality, I realized many ways which I am privileged. I am white, which means that I have an inherent advantage over other races. An example of the way I am privileged through the class category would be that I was born into a financially stable family, and if at any time we were to move, we would have the ability to purchase a house in an area in which we would like to live. There are many individuals who do not get to experience this, and do not have the means to do so. I was born straight, and therefore every state privileges me based off of this alone while people who identify as LGBTQ must go to the Supreme Court. I was born cisgender and will never have to question if the locker room or the restroom at my gym will invoke a public issue. I was somewhat blind to the privileges that I have because I was born with them. Once I took a look at intersectionality and utilized intersectionality to look at the ways I am privileged, I understood my privilege better.

An example of intersectionality is when people are marching for gender equality. Individuals marching for gender equality is an example of intersectionality because there is a large diversity of individuals who are involved in this march. Not everyone will have the same privileges and not everyone will be oppressed in the same way, but they march for the same cause. Another example of intersectionality is a homosexual white male and a Muslim woman. A homosexual white male is oppressed in different ways than the woman who is Muslim. The homosexual white male may face violence because of attitudes towards his sexual orientation. Conversely, he is male which indicates that he is more likely to be paid more than a female coworker. The Muslim woman faces the never ending comparison in American culture of beauty what a woman is supposed to look like. Additionally, she may face the constant stigma of being a Muslim woman in a society that is ignorant of Islam. Therefore, she is belittled due to her being a woman and considered a danger to society because of the stereotype on individuals who are Muslim.

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Intersectionality is Vital to Black Feminism

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Feminism and Intersectionality: ‘women, Race, and Class’

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William James’s Thoughts and Ideas on Religion and Psychology

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“The Melting Pot” is an Outdated Image of America

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Main Cycles: Nitrogen Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Photosynthesis, and the Water Cycle

Works Cited

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What we Know about Vikings?

References

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Benefits of Personal Branding

The Two Sides of Social Media

References

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Blood Donation and other Transmission Ways of COVID-19

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Chinese New Year and Culture of Celestial Empire

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Intersectionality Feminism

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Intersectionality – Sociological Theory Describing Threats of Discrimination

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Malcolm X Hero

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The Importance of Implementing Intersectionality in Society

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Importance of Gender Equality

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Intersectionality Message

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Intersectionality in Philosophy

Feminist Social Philosophy

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Simple Living: Live Like a Weasel

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The World is Fast Becoming a Global Village

Introduction

Managing Complexities due to Culture in a Global Project

Planning in Global Project Management

Managing Risks in Global projects

Leadership in Global Projects

Negotiation in Global Projects

Conclusion

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Effects of Human Impact on the Environment

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Animal Farm is Similar to the Ones of the Russian Revolution

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Animal Husbandry Proves to Produce Far Worse Results than Vegetable Production

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Disaster Management by American Red Cross Community

Introduction

Tornado

Three phases of disaster

Pre-impact Phase

Impact Phase

Post-impact Phase

Federal Emergency Management Agency

Medical System’s roles in disaster management

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Roe V. Wade: the Constitutional Right to Access Safe, Legal Abortion

Should Roe v. Wade be overturned?

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Analysis of Leo Tolstoy’s Novella “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”

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Causes and Effects to Desertification

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Human Impact on the Environment (coral Reefs)

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Ryanair Airline Marketing Strategy

Introduction

Question 1: Airline Marketing:

Question 2: Revenue that is obtained through Ancillary Services

References

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A Comparative Analysis of Two Poems: “To his Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell and “Dover Beach” by Matthew Arnold