What Leadership Means to me

As the world is going through massive globalization efforts, thus transforming vastly there is a considerable need for internationally driven leaders. International leadership means that one is able to work and influence others with a set of many defined and varying qualities. The key skills are often learned at an adolescent age and can provide far-reaching benefits if properly used. International leadership unwraps cultural differences and provides a working and usable framework for people with different cultural backgrounds. The current model struggles to comply with the demands of the world. Still, the key skills: responsibility and responsiveness are not qualities understood by many.

For me, international leadership has many meanings. Being able to put myself in other people’s shoes and value their opinions. I am fair to other people and project myself with complete integrity. Being frank with myself is a key to many things. Leadership has meant learning for me. I believe that before taking a new vision into consideration, the older details have to be completely understood. Being a leader means that I am unafraid to go forward and take risks for the sake of a positive outcome. Motivation to take necessary risks is always effective but only when older perspectives and key points are taken into consideration. Planning big and projecting into the future has many advantages and also prevents too much workload. Leadership also means responsiveness for me: the ability to listen and respond to another person's words and principles for a beneficial outcome. It is one of the most critical parts of leading, as it makes both parties understand each other. Often this practice is not used by the most influential leaders, which I believe is caused by narrow-mindedness. Upon looking at many significant people in this world like Angela Merkel, Barack Obama, and Emmanuel Macron, their word is often the same but their concepts of showing them are different. Analyzing concepts and asking the question “Why?” is very important, I believe that being a good leader means being a good analyzer but not limited to it. New concepts and individualistic approach have been defining aspects for me.

Having a multicultural background, understanding the world in an international way is more effortless. I find it is more straightforward to understand politics and people when I think more of who I am and where I come from. Having parents with roots in several countries. And growing up in a different country than them has given me an opportunity to evaluate and observe the reasoning behind many questions. Being influenced by people of different cultural backgrounds my whole life has been defining for me.

Often, I hear that not all opinions matter, but I think that opinions are one of the most valuable sources of information. People tend to reveal their true values upon voicing a variety of different opinions. A good leader always takes all opinions into consideration and does not conclude based solely on one opinion. Leaders who are strongly and narrowly opinionated are one of the most dangerous and violating matters this world is facing today.

I believe that the key for me to become a good leader lies in the understanding of the concept of change. By perceiving the changes this world is going through every day, I try to analyze how decisions have been made and whether they could've been made better.

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Analysis of Leadership in Remember the Titans

Contents

Introduction
Path Goal Model Of Leadership
Pride and achievement
Participative Achievement
Conclusion
References

Introduction

'Remember the Titans' The film takes place in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1971. A time of segregation, T.C.Williams High school football team has just become integrated and has received a new black head coach, Herman Boone. He took the job of head coach from a white, Coach Bill Yoast. There are some racial tensions. Boone offers BillYoast a job as an assistant coach and he accepts after the white players threaten to sit out the season. During football camp, the boys become better acquainted and begin to bond and live in harmony.

Two players who really had it out for each other, Gary Bertier and Julius Campbell, learned to become the best of friends and lead the team to many victories. Right before the championship game, Bertier got into a bad car accident which made him paralyzed from the waist. These devastated everyone especially Julius. The Titans win the championship game and not only teach themselves that football has no race, but they teach the coaches and the whole town that integration has become more welcome to T.C. Williams High School.

The movie ends with the death of GaryBertier ten years later and everyone coming together once again. Within each phase of the movie, different leadership theories will be used to assess leadership style exhibited by Herman Boone in the film. This analysis will provide insight into how a team requires a path-goal model of leadership at various points of growth.

Path Goal Model Of Leadership

(DirectiveàSupportiveàParticipativeàAchievement) DirectiveàSupportiveCoach Boone use the path-goal model of leadership. Coach Boone leverages a combination of achievement-oriented and instrumental or directive leadership. Of the four path-goal theory leadership styles, it is not uncommon for leaders to use a mixture of more than one or all four. The nature of contingency leadership means that one or more of the different styles might be utilized to achieve goals in a path like a manner.

According to (Butler 2008) such a mixture is often the norm in the path-goal model of leadership, 'These styles are not mutually exclusive; in fact, the same leader can adopt them at different times and in different situations' (Butler 2008). Coach Boone uses a combination of leadership styles. Boone is very directive in leadership style with respect to motivating his players and coaches to achieve goals. Coach Boone assumes responsibility by delegating tasks, taking responsibility and making key decisions, Boone'sdriving was a commanding absolutism.

Actualizing a situation of zero-fun' that passed on to the Titan players that he governed with a tight clench hand. He did this to enhance the sincerity of their situation as one of the primary coordinated football teams and their interest in faultlessness and a want to win together as a team.

Conversely, Coach Boone is a dictatorial leader, he right away affirmed his approval over his team, Yoast and the other subordinate administrators. He delivers to the team that 'This is no democracy. It is a dictatorship. I am the law,' asseverating that he is a power to be figured with who will take their team to progress in as much as they are eager and focused on making as he says. On the events when his approval was tested.

Boone's activities influenced it to clear that his places caput supervisor was known to be usurped or fooled with. For example, at the point when the white skipper of the team. Gary Bertier, arrogantly advisesBoone the spots that all the white players will play. Boone snaps him once again into line by expressing him that the Titans are his team. He is the Alpha. Moreover, Coach Boone assumes responsibility by solving the racial differences between the players. On their way to training camp, Boone viably 'incorporates' by splitting the two buses by defensive and offensive players, not by race. He makes them grudgingly sit and live with a player, not of same race.

He gives each a task to learn one thing about every player of an alternate race on the team, saying 'I don't care if you like each other, but you will respect each other.' Later He informs each player, again in a dictating manner, that each of them must get to know every other player on the team, bringing to him a write up about each player as they move on to the next. Unless they do so and until they do so with each player, they will have to do 'three-a-days or even four-a-days' practices. In this way, Boone tends to the racial battle that time of societal convention has made to partition the team. He is conscious that his first key decisions to interfere with this scornful hindrance will let the team turn together as alone unit.

Coach Boone handled all negative responses with positive responses that defused the tension between all members. Coach Boone holds a key vision to supply way and courage to his team. Boone's vital vision was to handle the Titan's corporate vitality to achieve perfection as a team and change this push for faultlessness into a corporate want to win together as a team. 'You got anger, that's good you're going to need it, you got aggression that's even better you're going to need that, too...

Football is about controlling that anger, harnessing that aggression into a team effort to achieve perfection!' A segment of Boone's key vision was to request and have perfection from the team by handling their corporate vitality. He urged them to not use their rage against each other, in any case, rather change it into a vehicle to drive them to surpass achievement.

Pride and achievement

'Everything we going to do is changing, we got to change. We going to change the way we run, we going to change the way we eat, we going to change the way we block, we going to change the way we tackle, we going to change the way we win. It is desire. Desire!' Boone realized that no issue with the race of an individual, the team's desire to win would be the gum that would keep them together. Boone uses diversity management as it should be, based on respect for skills and qualities, not culture or colour. As (Northhouse 2010) notes: 'For diversity management activities to be successful they must focus on accepting a range of differences between people. That is, they should not treat someone as special because he or she is a member of a certain group, but because of the unique skills or abilities he or she brings to the job.'

Regardless of anything else, Boone makes them really put stock in themselves as a team. In this way he has solidly persuaded them that his vision of achievement is conceivable that they can cooperate and win, then made an organized team by expressing 'you don't have to like each other, but you will respect each other.' He realized that the mass of prejudice that isolated the two races must be ruptured in an intense way. From the moment he requested them to sit together and realize individual certainties about a player of an alternate colour. He was hindering down the hindrance that was obstructing the advancement of a genuine team.

Participative Achievement

Coach Boone now being a transformational leader, leads his team to perfection and is able to promote unity, respect while changing bias and attitudes along the way. Coach Boone has the main traits of transformational leaders: charisma, self-confidence, vision, environmental sensitivity, intellectually stimulating, interpersonal considerate, and inspirational (Northouse 2010). Coach Boone has charisma. He is able to lure his players and his neighbours from being resentful of and prejudiced against him, to cheering for him when he succeeds due to his forceful personality. He is self-confident.

At one-point coach, Yoast tells him there is more to worry about than football. Coach Boone tells him, 'I'm a winner. I'm a winner'. He provides specific guidance and establishing clear and rigorous schedules and rules. He was legitimate and trusty. The team, while under his driving, always knew he had their best interests at heart. He was an overcomer and noteworthy, who stood relentless in his moral thought processes. He was at any point simply with every team part. with the arrangement that the best player will play, colour doesn't matter.'

Above all else, his drive and determination to win stands out as one of the strongest element of his integrity. One may argue this as a segment of solidarity, however since there were numerous cases that uncovered perhaps narrow-mindedness. An individual battle inside Boone that was perhaps an underground inspiration for his going up against the team. Boone 'I did--we did--not come this far to just breakdown and lose now... I'm a winner, I'm going to win,' Regardless of this, it is still just to express that Boone's own charisma and integrity was the main thrust that really inspired the team. Later, Boone tells them.

In essence, Coach Boone is the perfect textbook path-goal model leader as he defines one: 'Subordinates will react favourably to leaders who are perceived as helping make them progress toward various goals by clarifying the paths to such rewards, the theory contends that the things a leader does to help clarify the nature of the tasks and reduce or eliminate obstacles will increase subordinates' perceptions that working hard will lead to good performance and that good performance, in turn, will be recognized and rewarded.' (Northhouse 2010).

Conclusion

In conclusion, Coach Boone deliver different leadership approach at various points of team growth, assisting the team in overcoming challenges. The movie Remember the Titans provides an excellent study of leadership principles and challenges in the imperfect environment typical to real-life leadership, scenarios. The movie offers various lessons for leaders facing a similar situation. For instance, in the case where a leader's authority is challenged out of characteristics rather than ones' performance and capabilities, establishing a dictatorial leadership with clear guidelines for performance of tasks, would ensure members do not sabotage team performance.

However, once team cohesiveness has been established, a more transformational leadership participative approach would better the confidence of the members, thusallowing them to tap their strengths to the benefit of the team.

Accordingly, a principal lesson that is portrayed in the movie is that of matching one leadership approach to a prevailing situation. In the end, the team achieved its objective of being integrated and united towards one goal, victory, the Titans play better as one team in their last practice, they shout and cry victory, and they sing soul music together while riding their bus home. The outcome was ade-freezing or cementing of their united aspiration for victory.

References

Butler, Timothy (2008) Power, People and Achievement: Three interwoven patterns. Harvard Business Press, ISBN-13: 978-14221-7602-3
Greenberg, J. (2002). ManagingBehaviour in Organizations, 3rd Edit. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
House, R.J. (1996). Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory. LeadershipQuarterly. 7 (3): 323-352.
Johnson, C. (2005). Meeting the ethical Challenges of Leadership 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SagePublications, Inc.
Northhouse, Peter G. (2013).Leadership Theory and Practice, 6th Edit. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Oman C. & Bruckheimer J.,(Producer), & Yakin, B. (Director). (2000). Remember the Titans [Motionpicture]. United States: Walt Disney Motion Picture. Remember the Titans. Wikipedia.Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember_the_Titans [AccessedFebruary 05, 2018].

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Elon Musk’s Leadership Traits

Contents

Musk's Weakness
References

Elon Musk is passionate about his works, his obsession is his projects and his works. Elon Musk is spending too much time to his works, such as working day and night for long period, he is obsessive even about the insignificant details. Also, he sets the highest goals for himself, his team and his companies. Musk’s visionary and ambitious personality pushed him to do the impossible starts, Elon Musk’s ambitious personality helped him to complete toughest tasks, hardest projects and made him an innovator.

Elon Musk has spent his entire life to prove people wrong, He built a team that believes in his mission, vision and support his every move. Musk was not collapsed by the people against him, despite the constant attempts of his competitors, he continued and continues to fight for his beliefs and projects. Elon Musk’s transparency and funny personality are making his teams one step ahead of his competitors. These are the reasons for what exactly makes him a role model leader. Transparency Leaders who are persistent about what they did and what they said can win the trust of their employees and investors. Elon Musk is a honest person/executive, the world we live has a great lack of honesty.

There are many CEOs, looking like a CEO, they are trying to how theirselves honest for PR campaigns to make people to believe their words and actions, but it is not a true leader should be like. Elon Musk has been unreserved and frank about Tesla since the company established, Musk was unafraid to speak about his thoughts. For instance; Elon Musk said that (2018), we have no interest in satisfying the desires of daily stockbrokers as a company, 'Please sell our stock and don't buy it' and he worked for all nights at Tesla's factory to monitor Model 3 production, he said that it was not easy. He expressed that (2018), he felt stressed and slept on the factory floor to track & monitor Tesla’s car productions at the beginning.

Musk is not only talking about success, money and reputation, as a leader and a CEO. He also expressed his hard times by giving examples about Tesla’s beginnings to express to people, what challenges CEOs are struggling with. Being honest about problems & expressing them to the public and attempts to solve is a great and powerful thing that CEOs/Leaders should do. Humour (His Social and Funny Personality) Using humour is the best way to communicate with employees, investors and followers. For instance; Elon Musk made an April Fool's Day joke about Tesla's financial results, he tweeted that, 'Despite the high efforts to increase the company’s financial results, we are sad to report that Tesla will bankrupt.

The effectiveness of humour can aid leaders to see where they made a mistake, it is a great tool in leadership. Leadership is about establishing an organization that can learn from the market dynamism and past experiences, also humour is one of the most important tools for learning. He takes a hands-on approach Elon Musk is eliminating any type of hierarchy or separation between him and his employees with eager to work on front lines, this action has a connection with his personality and leadership style. It shows that he is also an employee from the base (production department), Musk teaching his managers that to take an action like this by role modelling them. In once, Musk said that (2018), he put himself the front of the production line to solve problems personally if he can do, “I move myself to wherever the biggest problem has appeared, I believe that one should lead from the front lines”, Musk said. Also, Elon Musk responds to service issue related questions and criticisms from his own social media accounts and the thing that made Elon Musk a successful leader is, his ability to make people believe in his vision.

Musk's Weakness

not to establish a Strong Organizational Structure. A former executive of Google and Apple, Kim Scott claims that (2018), Elon Musk is facing an issue that many tech companies faced before;
lack of strong upper management, he must start to think about who reports to whom and hiring & promoting actions in the company.

Musk is a kind of leader that working with any kind of employee and department, with no matter what the workers rank is, but he must create a structure and hierarchy to observe his employees (including his managers) and productivity of his companies.

References

Zameena Mejia (2018), Ex-Google exec: 3 traits that make Elon Musk an exceptional leader — and one major flaw. Article Retrieved From https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/03/ex-google-exec-kim-scott-top-leadership-traits-of-tesla-ceo-elon-musk.html
Sunny Bonnell (2016), Every Entrepreneur Can Learn From These 5 Leadership Traits of Elon Musk Article Retrieved From https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/279971

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My Opinion on Personal Leadership Philosophy

Contents

Types of Leadership
- Formal Leadership
- Informal Leadership
Example of leadership role in which I participated
Conclusion according to my philosophy of leadership
References

I believe Leadership means a creation of a leader by formal or informal way which helps to achieve a certain goal. For example, In research assignment, if a leader is selected by group members or by themself then at that time it is easy to complete the research work in following time by giving instructions to group as well as motivate them to do work.

Leadership leads to a single person, group of people or a organization.
Leader is a person who helps, motivates others to do certain work.
Leader must be trustful, honest and hard worker and also set an example for others to do best in their work.
Leader is that who plays an important role in someone’s life. For instances, in a company, presentation topics are assigned to groups but one of the group member is not much confident and feel nervous to speak in front of others than at this time, leader is a person who motivates, who encouraged and built confident in person to speak freely in front.

Types of Leadership

Formal Leadership
Informal Leadership

Formal Leadership

Formal Leadership is defined as a person who is officially selected as a leader of a particular group ( Stephen R,2013). Examples of formal leaders are Teacher of a school, Nurse manager of all nurses or CEO of any company. On another example in nursing job, nurse manager is a formal leader which does not provide care to patient but its role is interact with staff members.

Informal Leadership

Informal Leadership is defined as a leadership which is not assigned officially (Smart, 2010).Informal leader motivates, encourage others to achieve certain goal. For example, Class representative of one class who help class members in their problems.

The main focus of both formal and informal leader is to achieve a certain goal by encouragement and motivation.
Both formal and informal leaders must be trustful and honest towards other.
Formal leader have authority to give reward to team member but informal leader does not.

Example of leadership role in which I participated

Now, I am going to talk about my experience in leadership roles. When, I was in last year of my college. I was selected as a Class Representative by Class and Class teacher. At that time, I worked as both formal as well as informal leader. As a class representative, I had some authorities like Solving certain matters in the class instead of going to principle or class teacher. Other than this, I had authority to give and take class tests to improve the knowledge of class mates. Instead of this, I played as informal roles which were that I was always ready to help classmates, always motivates them to achieve goals. Moreover, I was trustful and honest and always came front to protect class members from principle and teachers and tried to solve issues at my own level.

One another experience is, when I was enrolled in a group for research work an I was always the first to complete the statement and work on that.Morover, I encouraged my group mates to finish work and tried to keep their interest in work to finish our work at time.

These are two examples in which I played both formal and informal leaders role.

Influence of Nursing professional association with Philosophy of leadership:

As learned in last weeks about nursing practices that exactly links with the philosophy of leadership.
Both tells about the main character of leader whether in nursing profession or in any other profession.

Main characters are like:

Leader should of honest, trustful and loyal for work.
Leader should do proper recording and reporting for their own safety.
Leader is cooperative,knoweldegeful, and able to handle a situation when required.
Leader must have both theoretical and practical knowledge.
Leader is a person who motivate, who encourage others to achieve a certain oal within time.
Both Nursing professional studies and Philosophy of leadership tells that leader must follow their roles to do work and to achieve a goal within a time.

Conclusion according to my philosophy of leadership

I think, I concluded by learning this whole philosophy is that leader is a just a way to achieve a certain goal with full dedication and support of group members. Leader is the one person who can do different activities with group mates to achieve a goal.

Leader is the only one person which is followed by all the members of the group either in right direction or in wrong direction which is depended on a leader.

Leader either formal or informal must be trustworthy, knoweldegeful, honest, good motivator and critical thinker.

References

Dahlkemper, R.T.(2013).Nursing Leadership, Management and Professional practice for the LPN/LVN.United State of America:F.A.Davis Company publishers. Retrieved from https://books.google.ca/books?id=MSYmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR2&dq=nursing+leadership+management+and+professional+practice&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD562p0fnkAhXxnuAKHdN1CygQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=nursing%20leadership%20management%20and%20professional%20practice&f=false
Smart,M.(2010).The Hidden Power of Informal Leadership. United State of America: Retrieved from https://books.google.ca/books?id=VIgKDZEKozIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=informal+leader&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUmbCHxvnkAhWkd98KHUaRDZEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=informal%20leader&f=false

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Difference between Leadership and Management

Leadership belongs to a particular classification and it covers obligatory tasks and functions that business entities must fulfill in order to live, develop and be efficient. The essential difference between leaders and managers is that leaders have individuals follow them while managers have individuals who work for them. A strong business owner should be both a strong leader and manager to get their team on board to follow them towards their vision of accomplishment (Liphadzi, 2017). Leadership is about getting individuals to comprehend and believe in your vision and to work with you to accomplish your objectives while overseeing is dynamically about managing and guaranteeing the everyday things are going on as they ought to. (V.Sambamurthy, 1999)

Usually many of the leaders tend to have different sets of approaches, style of handling a project or a team and, they have a tendency to follow some theories which they obey and abide. (S. Pretorius, 2018) describes few of these in his paper. Some of the approaches can be described as trait approach, skills approach, behavioral approach and situational approach. As described above that individuals are influenced by the leader to believe their leaders vision, here are some of the leadership theories which a potential strong leader practice.

Path goal theory - in this theory a potential leader makes their individual subordinates to reach to their roadmap goals in an effective manner. This theory mainly revolves around the change in the perspective of the individual towards the work and creating a healthy work environment within the team and within the organization.

Leader-subordinates exchange theory- This theory explains on the relationship of the management level i.e., project managers, directors with their individuals. They try to create an off-work relationship and inspire individuals to work towards the managements vision.

There are also different leaderships categorized based on the personality traits of the person who is at the management tier. Some of them can be described as transactional, authentic, servant and charismatic leadership. A transactional leadership can be defined as an interaction between the leadership and management and their interactions with the subordinates or individuals whereas Transformational leadership is defined as the behavior of the leader who intends to transform and inspire his followers to perform beyond their expectations. As per (Sebahattin Y?ld?za, 2014) this type of leadership includes four methodologies of influencing, inspirational motivation, intellectual motivation and gaining subordinates attention.

Sebahattin Y?ld?az gives us insights on the influence of the leadership and their path to innovativeness on the Business delivery of the product. As we have discussed earlier about the leadership styles on transactional and transformational styles along with innovativeness has shown results very positive impact and a desired outcome on the business performance. It is believed that many variables such as entrepreneurial orientation, information technology have a linear impact on the business performance, also due to the competitive environment in every industry over the world pressure among the organizations has created a demand for the innovativeness and invention of the new products into the market which there by creating a question over the quality and performance about the quality. A continuous change in customers’ needs has led to this competition. According to the study a strong innovativeness indirectly impacts firm value through its effects on market situations and financial adversities.

There is a relationship between the variables and the leadership styles (transactional and transformational) which we have discussed earlier it is found out that transactional leadership has a meaningful and positive impact on the business performance in terms of the small-scale enterprises. It is also observed that Charismatic leadership and bureaucratic leadership had a negative and a narrow impact over the business performances.

As studied that leadership impacts business performance. Leadership often makes different sets of coaching and analysis during transitions of different phases of a leadership roles. Individuals in an organization are often trained at different stages it is believed that according to a CIPD (Chartered institute of personal development) has revealed that about 54% of the middle level leaders have given a feedback that support for new leader was ineffectively managed and about 33% of the first level leaders felt that a better self-consciousness could have helped them achieve success paths. This indeed raised concerns on having a leadership coaching which could contribute in a numerous number of ways such as helping the leadership to use the conceptual theories to be used in the real time scenarios, benefitting to enhance their skills, developing increased self-awareness, giving motivation to the manager and assisting them to gain greater self-confidence.

As per (Naughton, 2011) leadership coaching can be attained by adapting to a SWOT(Strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats) approach. Integration also known as orientation or induction, transition coaching, leadership transition and onboarding coaching are all associated with the coaching in an organization. A leadership transition is said to be smooth when a new leader is aware of the needs and the deliverables of the organizations and failure to deliver those are often resulted in the organization suffering from the recruitment cost, loss of productivity and disturbance in the organization. A proper planning by the SWOT analysis can minimize a lot of the effects which can ultimately assist in reducing the chaotic situations occurring during the product deliver to the customer. (Mohamad Azizal Abd Aziz, 2015)

A suggested transition planning tool can assist in achieving the organization goals, timing and content plays vital role in leadership appointments. Key elements of the transition planning tool can be described as Role design as in understanding by assessment of competence and potential, transition coaching involving the discussed coaching types earlier, measures of effectiveness, relationships and networks, strategic connections, performance goals, accountabilities and a 4-way contract. (Naughton, 2011)

Assessment of leadership usually evaluates the technical, business and people management to match these to the desired leadership profiles. Transition coaching includes peer coaching feedback and mentoring. A four-way contract is usually an interaction with coach, trainer, mentor and a sponsor, accountability of the leaders to the stakeholders setting an expectation beforehand, performance assessment and planning for the milestones, roadblocks and deadlines. Communications of the leadership with management also impacts the over all project delivery, it is required that leader should learn to make quick connections and also able to use for the future long-term plans. Social connections can also be leveraged by having informal lunches, dinner and other out of work activities.

Along with the different leadership types, impacts and leadership training it is necessary to know the relationship between IT service management and IT service governance. IT Governance is tied with planning of the system for IT system frameworks to enable a viable, productive and reliable structure in accordance with organizations policies. IT management is the daily activites or the operations implementing these defined organization policies to assist in the smooth and efficient running of IT systems adhering to the organization policies. Below diagram describes about the relationship and hierarchy between the IT management and IT governance. (Hotti, 2015)

An IT service provider organization requires both IT service management and IT service governance. An IT service management consist of service managers, customer service managers, process managers, team managers, service desk specialists, configuration analysts, devOps under ICT Operations whereas projects has project manager and project team members. An IT service Governance has service management, service directors, service owners, process owners, project owners who direct, evaluate and monitor the governance project. They indeed report to the portfolio managers who are usually CIO and CSI managers. (Hotti, 2015)

This level of hierarchy along with the elements which discussed creates a work in enterprise architecture for the successful and productive delivery of the projects to the customers.

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The Leadership Style of Abraham Lincoln

Brought into the world in a log lodge in rustic Kentucky, Lincoln experienced childhood in servile neediness. His dad never figured out how to peruse or compose, functioning as an employed hand with little desire. While his splendid, caring mother trained him to peruse and spell, she contracted "milk infection" and kicked the bucket when he was only nine. Regularly loaned out to ranchers requiring laborers, Lincoln had basically no conventional tutoring. While still a kid, he saw the passing of his newborn child more youthful sibling and, later, his darling more seasoned sister.

As per Kearns Goodwin, all through his whole grown-up life, "Lincoln neither romanticized nor sentimentalized the troublesome conditions of his adolescence." Instead, his intensely agonizing encounters turned into the wellspring of deep rooted sympathy and worry for other people. Lincoln was a totally self-trained man. Practicing unique drive and assurance, he was an unquenchable peruser who utilized writing to rise above his conditions. Seen with a book under his arm consistently, Lincoln ate up Aesop's Fables and crafted by Shakespeare, perusing them so often he could present whole sections from memory.

Before being chosen a U.S. Representative in his thirties, he took in the exchanges of boatman, agent, vendor, postmaster, assessor and nation legal advisor. He pored over papers, and showed himself English language structure, math and geometry. "In when young fellows were apprenticed to rehearsing attorneys while learning the law, Lincoln concentrated with no one," Kearns Goodwin composed. All things being equal, he read and once again read acquired law books until he comprehended them completely. From those difficulties, Lincoln fostered a profound self-assurance he completely utilized all through his whole grown-up life. In any case, maybe his most noteworthy motivation came from a die-hard conviction that he had a reason to satisfy. Clearly at an early age, Lincoln put his focus on "etching his name ever." "Every man is said to have his unconventional aspiration," he composed. "I have no other so particularly extraordinary as that of being genuinely regarded by individual men, by delivering myself deserving of their regard."

With the nation enormously isolated over servitude, and at the tallness of a Civil War that all around had ended the existences of a huge number of men, Lincoln was sure his motivation was to save the best majority rules system the world had at any point known, and to guarantee its "administration of individuals, by individuals, for individuals, will not die from the earth." Attached to the conviction that his work was naturally significant, it was Lincoln who reliably discovered the mental fortitude to strengthen the spirits of his bureau and troops during the country's generally critical and frantic hours. As per Kearns Goodwin, Lincoln's massive impact on companions and adversaries the same was because of his "remarkable compassion – the capacity to place himself in the spot of another, to encounter what they were feeling and to comprehend their thought processes and wants."

Helen Nicolay, whose father later turned into the President's private secretary, trusted Lincoln's surprising affectability additionally ended up being a gigantic resource for the ascendency of his profession. "His delegated endowment of political analysis was because of his compassion," she said, "which enabled him to conjecture with uncanny precision what his rivals were probably going to do." Maybe than attack individuals went against to slave liberation, Lincoln tried to appreciate their situation through sympathy. In alluding to the States that had come to completely rely upon slaves working their homesteads, Lincoln shrewdly intuited, "If subjection didn't presently exist among them, they would not present it. On the off chance that it did now exist among us, we ought not right away surrender it."

In Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" and "Second Inaugural Address," we're given shocking instances of the man's splendor as a scholar. However, similarly as significant, Lincoln was a mind blowing author and speaker who reliably moved individuals through his humor and kind individual presence.

"His talking went to the heart since it came from the heart," columnist Horace White composed. "I have heard commended speakers who could begin roars of praise without changing a man's perspective. Mr. Lincoln's persuasiveness… created conviction in others due to the conviction of the speaker himself." Lincoln additionally had an awesome present for recounting stories and, deliberately utilized his speedy and harmless mind to relax injured sentiments and disperse nerves.

He additionally was not hesitant to show his own humanness. Time and again, he went significant distances to visit fatigued soldiers on the combat zone. Just by exhibiting to them that their work made a difference to him, he procured their unmitigated help. One trooper wrote in a letter home, "Lincoln's comforting grin was an impression of his legit, merciful heart; yet more profound, underneath that… were the unquestionable indications of care." In Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" and "Second Inaugural Address," we're given shocking instances of the man's brightness as a scholar. However, comparably significant, Lincoln was a magnificent essayist and speaker who reliably moved individuals through his humor and kind individual presence.

"His talking went to the heart since it came from the heart," columnist Horace White composed. "I have heard commended speakers who could begin roars of commendation without changing a man's viewpoint. Mr. Lincoln's expressiveness… created conviction in others on account of the conviction of the speaker himself." Lincoln likewise had a superb present for recounting stories and, deliberately utilized his speedy and harmless mind to mellow injured sentiments and disperse nerves.

He additionally was not hesitant to show his own humanness. Time and again, he ventured out significant distances to visit tired soldiers on the combat zone. Basically by showing to them that their work made a difference to him, he acquired their unmitigated help. One fighter wrote in a letter home, "Lincoln's comforting grin was an impression of his genuine, generous heart; however more profound, underneath that were the obvious indications of care."

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Importance of Army Leadership

Being on the frontline as leader in the army, demands ability to influence your team towards attaining specified objectives, mission, by motivating, directing and giving purpose to the team. in as much as leadership comes with setbacks, it’s still necessary because leaders have wide knowledge including abilities to handle their subjects. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to generally describe the relevance of leadership in the army based on career promotion to higher dignity, raising confidence among others.

First, army leadership establishes role modeling that is responsible for influencing soldiers. Through team leaders while in a mission, for instance, a great leader acts as model by displaying courage during threatening occasions i.e. while in a mission, this pushes the demoralized soldiers to keep moving because they feel baked up. Besides, leaders always develop force that aids in resisting fear in military surroundings thus acting as motivators for the combats towards achieving successes (Army, 2015).

Leadership through command takes most effective steps to have attendances to urgency and satisfaction. the manner in which commander views the urgency and takes possible steps to have such needs accomplished, gives the team a precise meaning to conduct set operations based on the situation. Besides coordinating and responding to emergencies in army fields, fast response towards executing roles accurately in situations of disaster, becomes part of the soldiers due to leaders’ influence.

According to Hall (2015), leaderships develops competence as a character. This involves using the knowledge and skill acquired through trainings, including experienced gained from previous missions, to flexibly serve the country hence accomplishing the targeted goal. All the soldiers are always encouraged to play their best game while on the field as way of expressing patriotism.

Voluntarily commitment in the army develops as result of good leaderships. This is absolute involvement by being dedicated to conduct all assigned unit missions alongside qualities of such units, nation and the military. This becomes easy once soldiers know what is expected of them, expectations of their units. Besides, it’s an opportunity to discover strengths and defectiveness of ones’ ability to add weight, ability to commit as result of leadership, promotes morale i.e. soldiers mind state; ESPIRIT DE CORPS, which refers to pleasure, eagerness and fidelity to the unit(Martin, et al, 2016).

Immediate compliance to rules and orders promotes trust within the military. Actin according to the instruction given creates easy favorable environment to improve military skills and handle challenges effective. As far as leadership is concerned, compliance promotes self –control, positive conduct that places the entire team in advantaged position, concurring the enemies. Besides, it directs the performance of soldiers while on duty that ensures harmony and integrating in the nation. Once the soldiers are disciplined, then providing security to the civilians within and outside nation becomes easy. Lastly, soldiers are always harmed with dangerous weapons that demands integrity to avoid messing up with such tools, harming civilians due to recklessness. Therefore, they are recognized by civilians and also amongst themselves(Regulation 2017).

Leadership is essential as it fundamental component of making decisions in the military. That is, appropriately choosing course of action from variety options that has been presented, so that desired objective is attained. Without leadership legal caliber, fundamental county values, traditional military values, real defense desirability, individual efficacy, institutional coercion among other attributes, can never be attained. The mentioned qualities are the building blocks that sustain entire military team performance to accomplish their objectives in due course.

Territory, frequent encounter of events and hereditary are factors that negatively or positively design character. Therefore, leadership comes in taking management of such through actions. Keeping grasp of the occurrences and making sure schemes and strategies enacted accordingly, including offering directions then frequently following up the attainment of the assignments, shapes appositive character. Besides, guidance establishes proper coordination, frequent interaction that makes subordinates have sense of belonging and feeling they are being taken care of in as much as they are performing their duties (Tapia, 2017). Their level of motivation and self-esteem goes up, which is essential for boosting courage and healthy state of mind.

Overall, guidance I the military force is crucial as it impacts reliance of soldiers including their values by acting as a role model i.e. the group leaders. Leadership is a two ways, giving respect in order to receive it in return. Ability to encounter fright, tension and nervousness as a soldier , requires subjection to proper and effective forms of leadership within and outside working environments (military).it makes the needs of subordinates match the assignments given and finds an effective way to correct soldiers who go against the rules. This paper has categorically described, the relevance of leadership in the army based on career promotion to higher dignity, raising confidence among others.

Reference

Army, U. S. (2015). FM 7-22 Army Physical Readiness Training, 2012
Hall, H. A. (2018). The relationship between the Army physical fitness test and a twelve-mile ruck (Doctoral dissertation).
Martin, R. C., Grier, T., Canham-Chervak, M., Anderson, M. K., Bushman, T.t., DeGroot, D. W., & Jones, B. H. (2016). Validity of self-reported physical fitness and body mass in military population. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 30(1), 26-32.
Regulation, A. (2017). Training and Leader Development.
Tapia, L. (2017). The Effect Of Selfless Leadership Program (doctoral dissertation, Creighton University).

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Jeff Bezos Leadership

Contents

Introduction
Transactional Leadership Style
Leadership Drives Company Performance
Adaptive Leadership Stance
Conclusion
References

Jeffrey Preston “Jeff” Bezos, Founder, Chairman and CEO of Amazon.com once stated “I knew that if I failed I wouldn’t regret that, but I knew the one thing I might regret is not trying.”1,3 These simple life principles of hard work, tenacity, and taking chances were heavily influenced by his supportive maternal grandparents. In truth, he credits his childhood summers working on their Texas ranch for instilling these valuable life lessons and allowing him to use his own ingenuity. He graciously describes these experiences as “incredible.”

Introduction

Bezos was born on January 12, 1964, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to young parents, Jacklyn and Ted Jorgensen.1 After a year of marriage, his parents divorced and his mother later remarried his stepfather, Mike Bezos, a Cuban immigrant. At a young age, Bezos exhibited mechanical inclinations—from dismantling his crib with a screwdriver, to rigging an electric alarm to keep his younger siblings out of his room, to converting his parents’ garage into a laboratory for his science projects—which fueled his scientific curiosities.1 It was not until early into high school, that he was introduced to the school computer and quickly gained a fascination for it.1 After graduating as class valedictorian from Miami Palmetto Sr. High School, Bezos attended Princeton University and graduated with a degree in computer science and electrical engineering.1

Out of Princeton, he began his career on Wall Street studying market trends with Fitel, a start-up company.1 His move to D. E. Shaw, a stock market computer-science firm, where he met his wife, Mackenzie, quickly led to him becoming senior vice president (SVP). 1 It was during this time, that he noticed an alarming increase in internet usage, and questioned the opportunities available to a potentially new global market. 1 With a seemingly intriguing career ahead of him, Bezos opted to leave D. E. Shaw.

A year later, on July 16, 1995, Amazon.com launched online as a digital bookstore.1 Immediately, Amazon is an overnight success, and Bezos rivals Barnes & Nobles, Borders, and other brick-and-mortar big retail booksellers.1 Discussion Today, Amazon.com is arguably the world’s most customer centric company and Bezos is credited with having single-handily invented the gold standard by which the world measures online shopping. 1,15 In light of the tech giant’s success, Bezos has achieved billionaire status and has received a number of accolades for his business efforts. 1 In 1999, four-years after the inception of Amazon.com, he was named Time magazine’s Person of the Year.1 In 2008, he was recognized by U.S. News & World Report as one of America’s best leaders.1 In 2012, he was recognized by Fortune as Businessperson of the Year.22 And, as of November 2014, he was ranked the best-performing CEO in the World by Harvard Business Review (HBR). 18

Bezos is an outstanding business leader in terms of value creation and profitability with a twist of relentless idiosyncratic14 manner. Soon to be marked by its 20th anniversary, Amazon has seen resilient and remarkable growth under Bezos’s leadership. A thumb through Forbes, Fortune, The Wall Street Journal, or Time magazine, and his leadership style is a conversation of sorts among many in business. 2,7,9,10,14,16,17,18 A critique of Bezos’s leadership style under the theories of leadership, have him coined transformational and transactional. In fact, an analysis presented by Human Capital Growth asserts “Bezos embodies many of the characteristics of transformational and transactional leaders.”7 Not to mention, Forbes touting the leader as charismatic.17 Yes, there are good reasons to believe that Bezos could be considered transformational and transactional, since he displays some overlapping character traits.

However, neither strategy truly exemplifies the unique picture of the captivating success amassed by the tech giant under his leadership. Rather, Bezos, a self-described nerd, has masterfully crafted himself into a modern-day Rockefeller—a pacesetting visionary who has skillfully used his extraordinary financial and technical skills, while banishing, with a shrewd kid-like disposition, the competition— to transform the online retail space.16 Transformational Leadership Style Transformational leadership, also referred to as empathic or charisma leadership, is a people-oriented style focused on developing the employee. 4,5 Generally a leader, under this theory, functions as a role model to inspire and motivate, to show concern for the needs and feelings of others, and to challenge others to be innovative and creative.4

A study published by the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, suggest that a “transformational leadership style, promotes a sense of trust and meaningfulness, individually challenges and develops employees, and has a positive effect on employee well-being.”4 The study further claims that the leadership style is especially important because of the communication skills employed, such as recognizing the needs of others and resolving conflicts as “essential components of workplace health promotion and prevention efforts” concluded by the authors. 4

Transformational or Intimidation Leader Indeed, Bezos displays character traits of a transformational leader—inspiring, energetic, passionate, and enthusiastic—yet this approach is not the style of leadership which he leads by. Undoubtedly, he is highly recognized, but not all of his awards are for outstanding business performance. In fact, during the 2014 3 rd Annual ITUC World Congress in Berlin, he was crowned the World’s Worst Boss citing complaints of difficult working conditions. 12 Independently, a 2013 Payscale.com report cited by International Business Times, ranked Amazon 2nd among fortune 500 firms for highest employee turnover behind Massachusetts Mutual Life. 13 Not to mention, a critique posted by a former contract worker, Steve Barker, criticizing the chief for the company’s insensitive work practices—adding insult to injury. 23

Again, to reiterate the study’s conclusions, this leadership style suggests that if an organization focuses on employee wellbeing “empowering the employee” the implied results are improved corporate performance. On the contrary, Bezos’s approach entails intimidating his employees with an empty chair representing the customer as the ultimate boss in the room during a meeting. 14 Rather, this is Bezos’s way of influencing and empowering his employees to improve on performance.14 Thus, Bezos’s underlying leadership framework is not transformative. A transformative leader would not lose employees, or intimidate employees with an inanimate object, or ignore their complaints of harsh working conditions, or use them as a means to an end for Amazon’s disposal.

Transactional Leadership Style

Synonymously coined “managerial leadership,” transactional leadership involves leading with literally an “iron fist.”8 This leadership style is based on the idea that the person in charge measures, trains, and changes employee performance by rewarding or punishing employees to influence expectations.8 Unlike transformative leaders who share their vision, transactional leaders are instructional and prefer the status quo.8 Furthermore, leaders who employs this approach are by and large: micromanagers, uncreative, passive, in-the-box thinkers, and practical.8 Micromanager with an Obsessive Customer Focus Admittedly, Bezos is known to micromanage with an eye for detail. 7,20

However, he unequivocally states “determine what your customers need, and work backwards,” and “if customers don’t want something, it’s gone, even if that means breaking apart a once powerful department.”14 To this end, Bezos believes that pleasing the tech giant’s 164 million customers over its 56,000 employees’ is Amazon’s greatest asset.14 In essence, Bezos takes embracing the customer to an extreme level. For example, Amazon tracks its performance against roughly 500 measurable goals with nearly 80% related to customer objectives.14 Not to mention, employees engage in intense weekly debates over which metrics to watch.14

Likewise, Bezos’s obsessive customer focus reached a new standard when he set an impossible delivery target of 60 seconds for the Kindle e-book downloadable speed without considering any technical issues.14 Rather, he allowed engineers to freely solve the technical aspects as they saw fit, with their only constraint, according to Bezos, to get it right for consumers.14 When questioned about how much money he wanted to spend on the project, Bezos shot back “How much do we have.”14 Sure, Bezos could be considered a micromanager, but if Bezos were a true transactional leader he would not allow radical acts such as employees working independently to freely innovate, setting high performance standards tailored to customer expectations, intense debates among employees to measure their performance, or untamed spending habits.

Leadership Drives Company Performance

Rather, a leadership style should be analyzed in light of a CEO’s company performance. Bezos exhibits a leadership style encompassing both that of a visionary and a pacesetter. A visionary leadership style embodies the leader articulating their vision for the direction of the firm but not necessarily detailing how the firm will reach its intended target.11 Bezos has shown exceptional visionary leadership style from the outset, his skills were most significant during the dot.com period. During the peak of the 1999 – 2001 internet collapse, many online companies failed to recovery for lack of planning, while Bezos anticipated the dot.com bust ahead of the curve and steered Amazon clear.1

In fact, Amazon’s stock would lose over 93% of its value. 19 But, due to his quick thinking, Amazon avoided disaster and Bezos strategically moved the firm towards growth.1 Over the years, he continued to heavily invest in tangibles, thus moving Amazon from simply being an online store to a firm holding real assets. Bezos financial savviness from his days working on Wall Street are paying dividends for company. 1 Today, the company’s share price is over $450, up nearly 290% over the five-year period.19 Moreover, its revenues has increased nearly 275% in the same period, and with a market capitalization over $200 billon it rivals its mature competitors.19 Notwithstanding, Bezos has generated astronomical shareholder returns of 15,189% over his tenure.

With Amazon’s financial performance, Bezos is beating the market by leaps and bounds. Bezos has proven to Wall Street that under his direction Amazon can be a powerhouse well into its future. Pacesetter Leadership Style Unlike visionary leaders who articulate the vision, pacesetter leaders focus on setting the standards of performance for carrying out the vision. Bezos is a rare breed in that he’s able to clearly state a vision for the company and in the same instance set the expectations for superb performance for obtaining the target.

For example, Bezos took what started out as an online bookstore and evolved Amazon into an anything store carrying over 20 million items for its customers.20,21 Bezos set extremely high operational standards around achieving 100% prevention of eliminating delays, product defects, and out-of-stock products.14 In fact, Amazon tracks such metrics closely making them as rare as possible.14 As a result, he has expanded the boundaries and reach of Amazon, and curved out its place by ‘out-muscling’ other firms in the retail, technology, and business services spaces on customer focused performance alone. 17

Adaptive Leadership Stance

Additionally, central to Bezos vision is his ability to decode and quickly adapt to customer trends.10,20 His insight is near unparalleled in his ability to frame Amazon around its customers, its liken to operating Amazon like “mastering a chest game in his mine.”14,20 With Bezos’s bold stance, to focus on the customer he has cornered the online space and continues to improve to this end.18 Bezos’s demand for high performance has translated into an “obsessive about doing things cheaper, better, and faster” for the customer.14 Bezos insistence is also seen in his move to acquire a new $750 million Kiva14 technology system to improve faster package delivery, and his use of drones for “same day service.” 14

Not to mention, his meticulous attention to details, a data-driven Bezos has shown that a delay of 0.1 second in webpage upload speed translates into a 1% drop in customer activity.14 Notwithstanding, Bezos has been highly criticized for Amazon’s rapid expansion efforts and operating losses, he maintains “Amazon continues to execute well toward becoming the world’s largest ‘store.’”23,24 As such, true to Bezos’s core is his ability to be employ both visionary and pacesetter leadership skills—this adaptive style has accounted for much of Amazon’s present success.

Conclusion

Marked by humble beginnings, this simple father of four turned corporate chief is an innovative genius. Hence, what began as an online bookstore operated out of a rundown 2- bedroom house garage in Seattle, Washington, has become one of the most recognizable brands in the world. Jeff Bezos’s style of leadership is very important to the corporate culture because it challenges conventional styles of leadership ideologies and advocates for innovation. Granted, Bezos style is unique to Amazon but its disruptive nature may be utilized by other firms to stimulate growth and competitiveness. The visionary leadership style provides opportunities, while the pacesetter leadership style sets high performance expectations which execute against the opportunities.

This type of adaptive leadership style is rarely found in any one individual, with the exception of a few liken to Bezos. As such, Bezos is a shareholder’s dream CEO and the lessons that is he has created should be captured by anyone looking to aspire to such heights. Completing this report has given me new found admiration for Bezos, and I truly look forward to surpassing his success in the future. In summary, Bezos has fallible character traits, but such traits should not over shallow Amazon’s remarkable achievements and its global influence sustained under his leadership. Thus, Bezos is a role model deserving the highest distinction as Harvard Business Review’s best performing CEO.

References

Academy of Achievement. “Jeffrey P. Bezos Biography—Academy of Achievement,” last modified September 30, 2013, accessed July 1, 2015, http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bez0bio-1.
Adam Hartung, “Why Jeff Bezos is Our Greatest Living CEO,” Forbes, January 8, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/adamhartung/2013/01/08/why-jeff-bezos-is-our-greatestliving-ceo/.
Ajaero T. Martins, “Jeff Bezos Quotes,” MyTopBusinessideas.com, http://www.mytopbusinessideas.com/jeff-bezos-quotes/.
Kendra Cherry, “Transformational Leadership Linked to Positive Effects on WellBeing,” About.com, http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/fl/Transformational-LeadershipLinked-to-Positive-Effects-on-Well-Being.htm.
Wikipedia. “Transformational Leadership,” last modified July 11, 2015, accessed July 12, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_leadership.
C. Jacobs, H. Pfaff, B. Lehner et al, “The influence of transformational leadership on employee well-being: results from a survey of companies in the information and communication technology sector in Germany,” J Occup Environ Med. 2013; 55(7):772-8, http://www.acoem.org/TransformLead.aspx#sthash.COdSA7fL.dpuf.
J. Djumalieva, I. Widlak, and S. Sarkar-Barney, “Leader of Tomorrow: Secret Ingredients,” Human Capital Growth What MattersTM, September 2013, http://www.humancapitalgrowth.com/resources/newsletter/September2013.
Kendra Cherry, “What is Transactional Leadership,” About.com, http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/f/transactional-leadership.htm.
George Anders, “Jeff Bezos’s Top 10 Leadership Lessons,” Forbes, April 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/georgeanders/2012/04/04/bezos-tips/.
George Anders, “Inside Amazon’s Idea Machine: How Bezos Decodes Customers,” Forbes, April 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/georgeanders/2012/04/04/inside-amazon/.
The Wall Street Journal, “Leadership Styles,” accessed July 1, 2015, http://guides.wsj.com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/how-to-develop-a-leadershipstyle/.
ITUC CSI IGB, “Amazon’s Jeff Bezos Wins ITUC’s World’s Worst Boss Poll,” May 22, 1014, http://www.ituc-csi.org/amazon-s-jeff-bezos-wins-ituc-s.
Lisa Mahapatra, “Amazon.com Has Second Highest Employee Turnover of All Fortune 500 Companies,” International Business Times, July 26, 2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/amazoncom-has-second-highest-employee-turnover-all-fortune-500-companies-1361257, also see http://www.payscale.com/data-packages/employee-loyalty/full-list.
George Anders, “Jeff Bezos Reveals His No. 1 Leadership Secret,” Forbes, April 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2012/0423/ceo-compensation-12-amazon-technology-jeffbezos-gets-it.html.
TED, “Jeff Bezos Online Commerce Pioneer,” https://www.ted.com/speakers/jeff_bezos.
Venkatesh Rao, “Great CEOs Must Be Either Technical or Financial,” Forbes, March 9, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/venkateshrao/2012/03/09/great-ceos-must-be-eithertechnical-or-financial/.
Steven Rosenbaum, “Leading from Behind—The Secret to Jeff Bezos’s Success,” Forbes, February 20, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenrosenbaum/2014/02/10/leadingfrom-behind/.
Harvard Business Review Staff, “The Best-Performing CEOs in the World,” Harvard Business Review, November 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/11/the-best-performing-ceos-in-theworld.
Morningstar, “Growth, Profitability, and Financial Ratios for Amazon.com Inc.” http://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=AMZN.
Dan McGinn, “How Jeff Bezos Makes Decisions,” Harvard Business Review, October 18, 2013, https://hbr.org/2013/10/how-jeff-bezos-makes-decisions.
David Streitfeld, “Examining the Amazon Way,” The New York Times, September 26, 2014, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com//2014/09/26/examining-the-amazon-way/.
Fortune Editors, “2012 Businessperson of the Year,” Fortune, November 16, 2012, http://fortune.com/2012/11/16/2012-businessperson-of-the-year/.
23. Steve Barker, “An Open Letter to Jeff Bezos: A Contract Worker’s take on Amazon.com, July 25, 2013, http://www.geekwire.com/2013/open-letter-jeff-bezos-contractworkers-amazoncom/.
Meagan Clark and Angelo Young, “Amazon: Nearly 20 years In Business and It Still Doesn’t Make Money, But Investors Don’t Seem To Care,” December 18, 2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/amazon-nearly-20-years-business-it-still-doesnt-make-money-investorsdont-seem-care-1513368.

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Don Quixote Important Characters

"Knighthood lies above eternity; it doesn’t live off fame, but rather deeds." -Dejan Stojanovic (goodreads.com). Don Quixote, written by Miguel De Cervantes, expresses what most of us envision as the opposite of a knight. He published part I in 1605, and during this time period, it was a popular success. The proclaimed purpose of the book was to satirize the romances of chivalry (many authors, 2356). The story is about a middle-aged man who is obsessed with becoming ordained as a knight. He goes on countless adventures, but constantly lets his mind overtake reality. Although his mind is the true reason for his adventures, there are many characters throughout the story that aide him in his fantasies. The three most important characters in the story are: Dulcinea Del Toboso, The Duke and Duchess, and Sancho Panza. Even though these characters helped Don Quixote throughout his journeys, not all of them had his best interests at heart.

Dulcinea Del Toboso is first mentioned in part one chapter one. Don Quixote insists that he must have a mistress to think about as he goes on his adventures.

"Oh, how our good knight reveled in this speech, and more than ever when he came to think of the name that he should give his lady! As the story goes, there was a very good-looking farm girl who lived nearby, with whom he had once been smitten, although it is generally believed that she never knew or suspected it. Her name was Aldonza Lorenzo, and it seemed to him that she was the one upon whom he should bestow the title of mistress of his thoughts" (Cervantes, 2366-2367). Quixote did not like the fact that her name was too harmonious with his, so he decided to change her name to Dulcinea Del Toboso. He felt that this conveyed the suggestion of a princess or a great lady. Quixote often falls asleep thinking of Dulcinea, and she fuels the continuation of his journey. Even though he has an infatuation with Dulcinea, she never makes a true appearance in the story. Only the thought of her is portrayed, but it was enough for Don Quixote to keep pushing forward in his journey towards knightlihood.

The Duke and Duchess, although they are not in this series of stories, are mentioned in the full version of Don Quixote. After doing additional research, they seem to aide in Don Quixote’s ridiculous behaviors many times. They make their appearance in part II, chapter 29. Quixote and Panza run into the two hunting in the woods, and they all travel back to their castle. Don Quixote, seeing that the Duke and Duchess are treating him according to traditions, feels certain that he is a true knight. The Duke and the Duchess indulge Don Quixote’s and Sancho’s fantasies, validating both Don Quixote’s belief that he is a grand knight and Sancho’s belief that he will gain a governorship by being a good right hand man (sparknotes.com). Through their trickery they exhibit their willingness to engage Don Quixote’s madness. Quixote’s imagination turns normal days into fantasies, and by playing along with Don Quixote and Sancho rather than mocking them outright, the Duke and Duchess gain Don Quixote’s and Sancho’s trust. This trust gives them power over Don Quixote and Sancho. So, the Duke and Duchess, although smaller characters in the book, help Quixote on his quest, but do not have his best intentions at heart.

Sancho Panza is by far the most important character in Don Quixote’s quest. He is first mentioned in part I, chapter 7. Don Quixote persuades him to leave his wife and children to be his sidekick on his adventures. "Don Quixote was bringing his powers of persuasion to bear upon a farmer who lived nearby, a good man- if this title may be applied to one who is poor- but with very few wits in his head. Don Quixote told him that he ought to be willing to go, because no telling what adventure might occur which could win them an island, and then the famer would be left to be the governor of it" (Cervantes, 2383). Quixote tells Sancho Panza that if he abandons his family to be his right hand man, he will be rewarded with an island that he will rule; so Panza agrees to go with him. As the two make their journey, Sancho gets a view of Quixote’s insanity: from thinking windmills are giants, to two monks and a carriage carrying a lady and her attendants which Quixote mistakes for enchanters who have captured a princess. Sancho Panza serves as an aide to his master’s madness.

Cervantes contrasts these two men even on the most simplest of levels: Don Quixote is tall, skinny, and deprives himself of many things in his pursuit of noble ideals, while Sancho is short and pudgy and finds happiness in the basic pleasures of food. Sancho is a peaceful laborer who easily leaves his family after Don Quixote promises to make him a governor. Don Quixote’s violent ways confuse Sancho, who consistently warns him of his errors. Sancho eats when he is hungry but accepts Don Quixote’s fasting as a knightly duty. He complains when he is hurt and marvels at his master’s capacity to withstand suffering. Sancho’s perception of Don Quixote aides in our own perception of him, and we identify and sympathize with Sancho because he reacts to Don Quixote the way most people would. Through Sancho, we see Don Quixote as a human being with an oddly admirable yet challenging outlook on life. Panza, although concerned with Quixote’s behavior, continues to follow him in his quest, which fuels Quixote into believing that he is doing his knightly duty.

Don Quixote by Miguel De Cervantes is an intriguing story with twists and turns in every direction. The plot is thickened by the interesting thoughts that course through Quixote’s brain. These thoughts turn normal situations into fictitious circumstances that Don feels he needs to solve in order to become the knight he truly wants to be. Although his bravery and imagination are admirable, his mannerisms and behaviors leave something to long for. But with the help of Dulcinea, The Duke and Duchess, and Sancho, Don Quixote slowly begins to realize that his misinterpretations do not result in him being a knight. By the end of the story, Don Quixote declares that these things that he saw as truths were the exact opposite.

Works Cited:
Cervantes, Miguel. "Don Quixote." The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Ed. Martin Puchner, Suzanne Akbari, Wiebke Denecke, Barbara Fuchs, Carlone Levine, Pericles Lewis, and Emily Wilson. 9th ed. New York: W.W Norton & Company, 1984. 2353-2487. Print.
"Character List." SparkNotes, SparkNotes, www.sparknotes.com/lit/donquixote/characters/.
"Knights Quotes (70 Quotes)." Goodreads, Goodreads, www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/knights.

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Elder Abuse Problem Description

Getting old, retiring, and finally getting the chance to live your live without the struggles of working should be a time of peace, happiness, relaxation, contentment, and reflection. For many elderly people it is not (The Lancet, 2011). It was reported that the prevalence of elder abuse in communities is 14% or higher in the United States of America (The Lancet, 2011). It was stated that for every abuse that gets to make it to an official reporting system 23-24 go without notice (The Lancet, 2011). Could this be solved with a new UN Declaration on the Rights of older people.

The definition of elder abuse is: "A single act or repeated act or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person." (Newton, 2010). Elderly folks are being targeted because they are venerable. Many older people depend on others for daily living because of illnesses or health issues. Most elderly people need assistance to function daily. People entrusted to care for the elderly are family members, carers, and professional care givers (The Lancet, 2011).

Unfortunately, these entrusted with the responsibility to protect and care for the elderly end up abusing them and horribly betray their position. They betray the position by abusing their authority and abusing the person either physically, mentally, verbally, sexual or financial (The Lancet, 2011). This abuse has been highly ignored in the past why? well because many people believed elderly abuse only occured a small amount of times and in certain circumstances (Newton, 2010). Many carers and healthcare professionals have turned their backs on the elderly by ignoring clear signs of abuse ("turning a blind eye") (Newton, 2010). In turn the abuse would not get documented which started the development of a new culture which led people into believing that this kind of behavior was acceptable and or even normal behavior (Newton, 2010).

Toronto Declaration on Global Prevention of Elder Abuse was brought up at a meeting with WHO which ended becoming a declaration adopted by many countries worldwide (Newton, 2010). This kind of abuse takes place in many different settings for example it could take place in hospitals, nursing homes, the persons home, a residential care home, and even a day centres (Newton, 2010). The scariest thing is that sometimes the person most trusted to have their welfare at heart is the abuser, this person is usually someone that they trust most such as family members or relatives (Newton, 2010). Other abusers are professionals include healthcare professionals, social workers, neighbors, and friends (Newton, 2010).

It is difficult to determine if the abuser is intentionally abusing the victim or if it is going unrecognized meaning the abuse is being done but the abuser is not aware of what they are doing (Newton, 2010). Benefiting from their position such as taking any type of payment for the services they are already being paid to perform or any services at all from the person they are caring for and seeing no wrong in doing so (Newton, 2010).

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Pit Bulls : Dangerous Animals

The phrase 'man's best friend" is often related to a canine companion. When you think about a man's best friend, what's the first breed that comes to mind? Maybe it's a friendly golden retriever or a fluffy pomeranian, but what about the loyal pit bull? Stereotypically, a pit bull isn't considered a family dog because of its strong physical features such as its muscular build and boxy head. Pit bulls are infamous for their violent dogfighting past, but throughout the years, dogfighting has been ruled out. The new generations of pit bulls have been treated with more care and love, so the conditioning of aggression and violence has been washed out and has left a kind, loyal, and loving animal. Pit bulls have been mislabeled as a dangerous animal for many years, but through heroic and loving actions, along with the help of their advocates, pitbulls are building a new name and reputation by proving their nature.

Pitbulls are not a breed, but an umbrella term for the five main types of pit bulls: American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, American Bully, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and American Bulldog. Under this umbrella, there are countless kinds of pit bulls such as the famous Bull Terrier which is known as the 'Target dog", named Bullseye.

In the past, each pit bull was bred for different purposes. The most infamous purpose being fighting, but there are purposes like hunting and nannying. The Staffordshire Bull Terrier was popular in England for its loyalty, reliability, and its natural fondness and care for children. While it is not proven that the dog served as a nanny, there are countless of old photographs of children with their pet pit bulls. The pit bulls affectionate and caring demeanor proves the nanny dog rumor.

Originally, pit bulls were bred around the 1800s to serve as bull baiters. Those pit bulls were designed to man handle any large animal such as a bull or even a bear by the head, or however they saw fit. Eventually, bull baiting was outlawed, so people forced their pit bulls to fight as entertainment. Thus, dog fighting was invented and became a big issue and eventually led to a big controversy over, and great fear of, pit bulls. Since dog fighting was the new pastime, pit bull owners began to experiment and breed new mixes of dogs. This time, they were bred with terriers for their agile abilities. A combination of the already mixed pit bulls with terrier produced a quick and strong fighting machine in the ring. One of the misconceptions about pit bulls is that they are dangerous for humans, but if that were the case, then dog fighting pit bulls would be attacking their owners rather than the dogs that they are put against. The truth is that 'fighting dogs were not bred for aggression towards humans, since they needed to be handled by humans" (Smith) as explained by ASPCA.

In December of 2017, the American Temperament Test Society announced that nearly 87.4% of American Pit Bull Terriers passed their tests that involved 'stability, aggressiveness, friendliness, and protectiveness" (White) compared to only 69.6% of Chihuahuas that passed. The test involves the selected breed being walked through a neighborhood or park with staged situations in order to study their initial reactions and actions to them. In total, there are about 10 tests that the dog and handler go through to determine their performance and overall state of temperament. Seeing that nearly 87% of the American Pit Bull Terriers passed, it is safe to say that pit bulls are not as aggressive as they are made out to be, and could possibly be less of a threat than a small Chihuahua.

There is a universal idea that pit bulls are inherently vicious and aggressive, but any breed of dog can be aggressive. It's about how the dog is raised and treated. The environment of a dog is just as important as the environment of a child's. No one would want their child to live in a constant state of stress and neglection, and the same applies to pit bulls. Because of the stigma that pit bulls are aggressive, they are commonly abused and neglected. Dog fighting alone is a form of abuse because the owner allows the dog to be brutally injured for the sake of pleasure, entertainment, and even for money. Dogs take after their owner and function nearly as every human does. Dogs have emotions so if they are put into a stressful environment, it's only natural that they will become aggressive. In order to avoid having an aggressive dog, owners should tend to their dog and cherish them as if they were their children, because they practically are.

Another form of abuse is ear cropping, a common form of force mutilation that occurs in pit bulls and other breeds of dogs. Owners decide to crop the dogs ears as young as '6 to 12 weeks old" (Kerns) in order to customize the dogs appearance to their liking. Even the American Kennel Club supports the idea and action of ear cropping because they claim it 'protects dogs' ears from being bitten and helps them hear" (Kerns), but in reality it doesn't advance their hearing. Dogs use their tails and their ears as a form of communication, so when they are cropped, it's harder for them to communicate with their owners and other animals. In addition to the ears, the tails of dogs are also cut down. Pit bulls face forced mutilation because their owners believe that it gives their dogs a more fierce and ferocious look, which is a concept that should be avoided and erased. The cropping of ears and tails is completely unnecessary and doesn't benefit the animal at all; it only brings unwanted risk of infection and pain.

While there have been countless of reports of pit bull attacks, such as the incident in Boise, Idaho where a woman with a golden retriever was pet sitting a pit bull that suddenly started attacking her golden retriever, in the end, more harm came to the pit bull than the golden retriever. The Boise Police were contacted and a police officer arrived at the scene. The police officer claims he 'used pepper spray and banged pots together" (ISJ) to stop the pit bull from further attacking the golden retriever, but when that didn't work, the officer turned to shooting the pit bull where it died at the scene. While the pit bull did attack the golden retriever first, the reason it started attacking is unknown so anything could have happened like the golden retriever could have instigated the pit bull which could have caused the pit bull to finally snap back. Whatever the reason, shooting the pit bull was unprofessional because the officer could have called animal control while he was on his way to the crime scene. But the officer took matters into his own hands and decided to murder an animal that didn't even belong to the golden retriever's owner. Imagine the pain the owner of the pit bull had to go through when learning that their loved animal that was left in the care of someone else was painfully shot to death.

While one police officer made a drastic decision to harm a pit bull, another police officer by the name of Justin Bruzgul did something memorable for Kiah, a pit bull rescue. Officer Bruzgul now works alongside Kiah on narcotic and missing persons cases, making Kiah the first official pit bull police dog in New York. But Kiah wasn't always a skilled dog. Before becoming the first police dog of New York, she was a shelter dog in Kirby, Texas and before being admitted to the shelter she was 'hit in the head with a hammer" (Earl) causing her to have skull damage. But she was trained by UniversalK9 'an organization that trains dogs as well as members of police and SWAT teams to become a successful K-9 Unit" (Earl) located in San Antonio, Texas. Kiah had trouble with training but eventually overcame her difficulties and became a fast learner who could 'outwork [the other dogs] all days of the week" (Earl). With the efforts of Officer Bruzgul and the UniversalK9 organization, a better image of pit bulls in serious work fields like the police force is installed. Through Kiahs and her advocates hard work,

Sergeant Stubby The War Dog was a stray who became a hero of the First World War. Stubby participated in 'four offensives and 17 battles" (Dinning). Since Stubby was a stray, people had to guess his breed. He was either a Bull Terrier or a Boston Terrier. Either way, his brave efforts of helping in the war shows how trustworthy a pit bull is. Stubby was taken aboard a ship to France for war by his human companion Robert Conroy, who trained him and gave him the name Stubby for his stature and clipped tail. Stubby's life soon turned around from scavenging through the dumps for food to being recognized as the decorated war dog for the Yankee division. Stubby was loved by all and was a big help who was not judged by his breed and was seen as a hero. Stubby served 18 months and within this time he was able to locate artillery shells and injured men with the help of his acute hearing and sharp sense of smell. Because of Stubby, many lives were saved in the Yankee division, and thankfully he made it out of the war alive. After his service, Stubby was honored a heroism medal from the Humane Education Society.

If pit bulls can work in the police force and join the military, then why not further their horizons? Pits for Patriots, co-founded by Kelly Yearwood and located in Chicago, focuses on training pit bulls to be service dogs for 'veterans, police officers, and firefighters" (Lou) who have gone through traumatic experiences. Yearwood explained that she chose to train pit bulls because of the similarities between the pit bulls and veterans, claiming that they've 'both seen a lot of trauma" (Lou) so having those common traits strengthens the bond and trust within each service dog and handler relationship. With companies like Delta banning pit bull service dogs from boarding the plane like how it did in the summer of 2018, claiming that the ban is for the safety of other passengers, is a form of discrimination against pit bulls who are rescued and trained for the purpose of helping others. According to the Department's Air Carrier Access Act, Delta is not allowed to have 'a limitation based exclusively on breed of the service animal" (Brulliard) for its ignorance towards pit bulls and the disabled. This is why it's important to have organizations such as Pits for Patriots who are rescuing pit bulls from all over to train them and reverse the stigma that pit bulls are inherently too violent for the world.

The misconception that pit bulls are a naturally aggressive and dangerous animal is nothing more than a stain on their name. Throughout history, pit bulls have shown that they're capable of properly functioning in a household and family setting and in an intensive setting like the military. Stating that pit bulls are not an appropriate animal for a family or that they're too vicious to be presented to the general public is something spoken out of pure ignorance. It is time for those who are against pit bulls to give them a second chance at proving that they can be as loving and helpful as any other dog. Adoption rates would skyrocket and abuse statistics would decrease if the ideology that pit bulls are a genetically aggressive breed was removed. If pit bulls were given the chance to change the hearts and minds of the antis, then they would do wonders. By allowing pit bulls to be police dogs, service dogs, and family pets, that is making a change in the idea that pit bulls don't deserve love like other dogs simply because of their appearance and history.

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Do Pitbulls Make Good Pets?

When you walk into my home chances are you will find Franki, my 1 year old playing toys in her play area and never more than a step away is our puppy, Mercy. Mercy, our family Pitbull was welcomed into our lives 6 months after Franki was born and we moved into our new home. There were several reasons why my husband and I decided to purchase a Pitbull over several other breeds we considered. Pitbulls to many are known as loyal, nurturing, protectiveness and, eager to enjoy a nice cuddle at the end of the night. However, there's a great number of people that would disagree with me and go on to say that a Pitbull should never be a pet due to their vicious behavior and lock jaw. Let me take the time to change their mind.

Pitbull's are a crossbreed between a bulldog and a terrier originally bred in England in the early 19th century (then called "Bull and Terriers") to be working dogs on farms to herd, protect, and manage livestock. This is where Pitbull's get their loyalty nurturing and protectiveness from it has been breed. During the 20th century, pitbull type dogs quickly became one of America's most popular family dogs to the extent that they became national mascots and were used on recruitment posters for World Wars 1 & 2 and were called "America's dog". Pitbull's have been successful working dog as service dogs, as therapy dogs, and as K9 police dogs.

Pitbulls have been known to make great family additions because of their docile behavior towards children. The American temperament test society performs multiple test to figure out the temperament of all dogs breeds. Pitbulls scoring in the top 23% of all breeds tested. This is a huge reason why Pitbulls make great family dog. In my own experience, they are cuddly animals that are patient, playful and nurturing interacting with a pitbull is one of the greatest pleasures you are gifted when bringing one into your home. Every morning I get up, grab my daughter to come downstairs first thing she does when her feet touch the floor is run to say good morning to her best friend, Mercy. As a parent experiencing the bond they share is a blessing and it's all thanks to the sweet nature of this breed. Mercy walks beside her everywhere she goes and can be mistaken as her shadow most days. They have such a good demeaner in late 1900's the breed was named nanny dog in the although it is not a fact it isn't hard to believe. My favorite part of owning a pitbull is the endless love and affection you receive throughout the day.

The best trait that a pitbull has is the eagerness to please people. This is also the down fall to pitbulls. They get a bad reputation, because owners teach them to be aggressive for dog fighting. These beautiful dogs have been used to do such terrible things. Which cause them to have aggressive behavior. The fact of the matter is that 100% of all fatalities due to dog bite were characterized by preventable factors; breed was not one of these. This was a study performed from 2000 to 2009 where they took 256 dog bite related fatalities and found other preventable factors to be the cause of the bite, but not one being breed. ( Patronek GJ1, Sacks JJ, Delise KM, Cleary DV, Marder AR.)
Another myth people love to spread is Pitbulls have lock jaw. Mean that is causes the lock in the down position and can not let go till it closes some more like a Chinese finger trap. The University of Georgia has debunked this by say 'we found that the American pit bull terriers did not have any unique mechanism that would allow these dogs to lock their jaws. There were no mechanical or morphological differences." No dog, of any breed or mix has an anatomical structure that could be a locking mechanism in their jaw. (Dr. I. Lehr Brisbin, University of Georgia)

Overall, they are a breed if given the chance will prove to you that they deserve to be a part of any family. From great temperament, being one of the highest out of all dog. To being loyal to a fault being protective and loving to all the family members. Pitbulls are a breed that has gotten a bad reputation by the myths that have been passed on. I personally couldn't imagine my home without a Pitbull.

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Teen Depression and Suicide – Needing Attention Real Issues

The fifth commandment in the Bible says, 'Thou shall not kill". It means not to take away other people's lives. However, it also means not to take away our own lives too but not everyone thinks about this. We all experiences challenges and problems in our lives. Different people choose different ways to face them but some choose to 'rest in peace" or to leave this world forever. Nowadays, depression and suicide are dangerous problems that some teenagers are going through. The truth is almost everyone has to experience depression at some point in life. Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Depression is dangerous because it affects both the mind and the body in the worst way. Sometimes, teenagers who are going through depression feel like life is not worth living. Teens experiencing depression are 12 times more likely to attempt suicide than teens not experiencing depression because of the extreme emotional pain and hopelessness they feel ( King and Vidourek 15). Untreated depression is the absolute number one leading cause of teen suicide.

What are the causes for this problem? According to a research, normal reactions to loss and stress are the feelings of anxiety and depression. A teen who feels hopeless and helpless to solve problems is more likely to commit suicide. The reason for that is because most of the time, they concentrate only on their failures and be disappointed about it. Then, they would think nothing positive will happen in the future or it will not be a happy ending for anything. Therefor, suicide is the only way out.

Furthermore, drug and alcohol abuse can be a method to calm yourself for anxiety and depression, but many commonly abused substances increase the feelings of depression and anxiety, they actually would trigger the suicide impulse. In addition, sexual and physical abuse is possibly one of the causes for the increase of suicidal risk. A teenager having a past or current abuse, hormonal fluctuations and other stresses in him or her can arouse unresolved anger and shame feelings. Also, being able to access to a gun is indeed a solution for a teen who considers to commit suicide. Firearms are the most common suicide method American teens use to commit suicide (Murphy 44). Not to mention, a depressed adolescent is most likely to have a misconception of things and that can always lead him or her to think that everything as a catastrophe. Obviously, suicide becomes an attractive option from there.

For example, a teen who is experiencing a break up with his or her lover can probably be surrounded with negative effects, such as losing face among people in school or feeling unloved. They would see that killing themselves is also ending the sadness and anger in them. According to a recent study, other important factors for suicide in adolescents include other mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use, disruptive behaviors and family conflict (Horowitz 7). Additionally, teens who called themselves gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender usually have negative mental health outcomes, including depression and suicide. Gay and lesbian youth tend to experience depression at higher rates than heterosexual youth and they are reported to commit suicide more frequently. Approximately 17% of homosexual youth have seriously considered suicide or a suicide attempt due to social stress and victimization. The worst thing is that they do not get social support and acceptance very often but they need it (King and Vidourek 16). Now we can tell that there are many causes for teens who want to end their lives.

Is teen suicide contagious? The answer for this question is yes. Accounting for 1% to 5% of teen suicides in the United States, some of them occurs through contagion. It is absolutely crazy how a person's suicide can influence others to do the same thing. Especially from what the media portraits us with movies, songs and the most significant one, romanticize death. The most typical example is Netflix's most watched series, '13 Reasons Why". 13 episodes showing the main character's suffering with sexual assault, substance abuse, betrayal, and last but not least, cyberbullying. In late April, Robert Avossa, superintendent of schools in Palm Beach parents and teachers, noting a rise in the number of students who would hurt themselves or threatened suicide after seeing the Netflix series (Lyford 11). It is important to not portrait the action of suicide as something great to do through descriptions and pictures on the media because this can encourage other adolescents to seek attention in the same way. It is not hard to tell that teenagers these days are using the internet for attention and communication about suicide. The media plays an important role in influencing teen suicide, not necessarily '13 reasons why". Suicide contagion is real, always.

We should pay attention to depressing mood from someone. Teen depression warning signs include: having the longest time feeling unhappy as a result of crying non-stop; difficult to sleep or spending too much time sleeping; always tired, feelings of worthlessness, shame, bored; experiencing changes in weight ;loss of interest in once favorite things or activities; having memory loss; talking and moving slowly, can not make decisions and thinking about committing suicide.We don't have to be a psychologist to pay attention to signs of suicide in teenagers. Some behavioral warning signs for teen suicide are being depressed; changes in appetite, weight, behavior, school performance; feeling hopeless; loss of energy. Teens who are planning to kill themselves are the ones who start to give away personal things which are meaningful to them, or begin to clean their own room. The teen may suddenly become surprisingly cheerful even. Even though they have made the decision to end their own life. This dangerous action occurs when the person experiences any kind of loss or the feeling of humiliation (Greenstone 63). It is usually easy to identify these symptoms and we should go get help for the ones who have these symptoms as soon as possible.

There are some myths surrounding teen suicide that need to be dispelled. One of the myths is suicide can occur without warning signs. But in fact, we all can easily tell if a youth is at risk for killing themselves. A lot of people think if an adolescent has already made a suicide attempt in the past, they are most likely to try again just to gain attention from other people. While the idea of committing suicide alone can always predict a future attempt, and of course, a previous attempt is a stronger risk. Another example is that a lot of us would think once someone decides to die by suicide, there is nothing we can do to stop the decision. However, we can all agree that suicide prevention methods in the world is still not entirely perfect but they are effective and beneficial for sure. Most people think only a professional would be able to identify a person is going to commit suicide.

On the other hand, anyone who cares, this includes parents, and involved school personnel, they should be the first people to notice changes in a teenager at risk for suicide. By receiving helps from everyone around, most teenagers can recover from depression fairly quickly. Feeling that they are cared about by loved ones and feeling socially accepted by others can successfully reduce rates of depression and suicide among the young generation. Teens who are well connected to others are less than half as likely to suffer from depression than teens who are not as connected to others. Family plays an important part in suicide prevention too because family connectedness protects against both of having the idea of suicide and attempting it.

Family connectedness can always be a great solution to prevent this while teens do not have any friends. Since youth spend a large amount of time in school, the school is indeed an ideal site for effective prevention and intervention programs. It is always the best solution to have schools that teach students problem-solving skills and coping skills, promote protective factors, address risky behaviors. Schools should be encouraged to adopt a comprehensive depression and suicide prevention program which includes three components: 1/ Skill building, and protective factor promotion; 2/ Early warning signs and appropriate intervention; 3/ Postvention and appropriate follow-up to teen depression and suicide. Effective depression and suicide prevention programs should teach students some safe ways to get depressed teenagers the assistance they need.

Clearly, one of our solutions for teenagers to get information on suicide is to bring in speakers who can engage students in honest conversations and provide appropriate resources and materials (Fisher and Frey 81). It is important for these people who are seriously at risk to get support from us.We can not deny the fact that some teens are depressed and have suicidal thoughts because of family (abuse, parents divorce, etc) so 'family connectedness" is not always the solution. Still, 'family connectedness" is not the only solution. A teen who has been an abuse victim can always go to a psychotherapy to get the problems solved. Additionally, there are different kinds of therapy available for everyone who needs it. First, there is cognitive behavioral therapy, a cognitive behavioral therapist helps the person identify his or her habitual reactions, then change his or her thinking about situations and emotions towards things.

Secondly, there is psychodynamic psychotherapy, it links to depression and conflicts happened in childhood. For example, if a boy was abused as a child and does not feel good about himself, the therapist helps him understand the link between his feelings today and feelings related to the abuse. The last one is psychotherapy, which is as known as the 'talk" therapy. This one is basically getting the patient to meet with a professional to discuss issues and feelings. A lot of people think that schools would have to use more money to hire an organization or speakers to solve this problem but it does not always success. Nevertheless, schools can always form their own depression and suicide prevention organization by the student body. There should be enough students to would volunteer to do this job. Not to mention, this is much easier more helpful since it would be people who go to the same school: their classmates, their friends, their teammates who are helping them. With teens, it can be particularly difficult to understand all that is going on around them. Things change, so do feelings and inner turmoil. Those who talk about suicide may actually do it. It is a myth to think overwise.

In conclusion, both teen depression and suicide are the most dangerous mental health issues. They deserve our time and attention. We can not deny that people who are depressed and want to end their lives will find it hard to talk to anyone how they feel. But remember that you do not have to be a psychologist to pay attention to the signs of suicide in teenagers or to take actions when needed. The small acts of talking and listening can make a big difference that we can never imagine. Just like the one of the famous sayings, 'positivity is key". To anyone who is reading this, sometimes you need to understand that it is your job to save lives.

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Lovely Short Story “The Gift of the Magi ” by William Sydney Porter

'The Gift of the Magi" is a short story written by William Sydney Porter. In 'The Gift of the Magi," Della Young, a young woman intends to buy Jim, her husband, a Christmas gift, but she is struggling financially as she only has one dollar and eighty-seven cents. In order to afford the fob chain for Jim's prized watch, Della decides to sell her long beautiful hair that her husband loves. When Jim comes home, he is surprised and sad to learn that Della's beautiful hair is missing. Jim offers her his gift: expensive jeweled combs that Della worships but no longer need. Jim admits that he sells his watch to buy the combs for his wife. The couple is overcome with love as they realize that they unwisely sacrifice their most prized possessions for one another. The theme of 'The Gift of the Magi" is that love is very powerful that a couple willing to sacrifice something precious to them for the sake of each other.

The central character of 'The Gift of Magi" is Della, or Mrs. James Dillingham Young, a young wife to Jim. A couple is financially poor; Della spends most of her day in a cramped flat, as 'mistress of the home"( ). However, poverty cannot stop Della from deeply in love with her husband. Della is distraught that Christmas is coming, and she bursts into tears when she realizes how little of her budget she saves for months to buy her husband his Christmas present. In the earlier of the story, 'Only $1.87 to buy a present of Jim. Her Jim. Many a happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for him. Something fine and rare and sterling “ something for just a little bit near to being worthy of the honor of being owned by Jim"(1147).

Della is completely dedicated to 'her Jim" as she spends a great amount of time just thinking about what to give him. Jim in Della's eyes is 'rare and fine," deserving of something exceptional. The genuine love of Della for her husband that eventually leads her to sell her hair to afford a Christmas present. When Jim comes home and surprisingly sees her hair missing, Della states, 'I had my hair cut off and sold it. I couldn't live through Christmas without giving you a gift. My hair will grow again. You won't care, will you? My hair grows very fast. It's Christmas, Jim. Let's be happy. You don't know what a nice “ what a beautiful, nice gift I got for you" (1148). Della is willing to sacrifices her most prideful and beautiful possession - her hair “ to afford a nice present for Jim. Her willingness to sacrifice for Jim clearly express the depth of her love.

Della's husband, Jim, or Mr. James Dillingham Young, severe young man. He is twenty-two years old. Jim is a hard-working man as he works long hours, but his salary is low. The couple struggles to pay the expenses of their small flat as Jim's salary drops from $30 to $20 a week. Therefore, Jim's appearance is described as 'thin," 'needed a new coat" and 'had nothing to cover his cold hands. The only thing keeps Jim going is his lovely wife, Della. Jim's most prized possession is the gold watch that he receives from his father. However, he eventually sells the watch to afford a present for his wife, 'let's put our Christmas presents away and keep them a while. They are too nice to use just at present. I

sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs"(1150). Jim reveals that he makes the same sacrifice as Della. Jim does not seem to be upset by the sacrifice itself, nor even at its unexpected results. His action and reaction clearly show that Jim loves and values his wife more than his prideful gold watch. When the couple discovers that both sell their most valuable treasures to buy a wonderful gift for each other, Jim reacts, 'Don't make any mistake, Dell. I don't think there's anything in the way of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my girl any less." (1149). Jim does not care about Della's loss of her most beautiful feature. He loves Della more than anything, and his love is beyond her looks. Jim speaks of Della as 'my girl," just as she thought of him as 'her Jim," these gestures dramatically shows their unique love.

'The Gift of Magi" has both external and internal conflict. The external conflict is the conflict between Della and Jim face against their poverty. The conflict is the central conflict as the conflict lead to the main event of the story. The major source of the external conflict is described early in the story, as Della faces against the poverty, ' Tomorrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a gift ... Everything had cost more than she had expected. It always happened like that ." (1147). The couple wrestles with their low budget; therefore, they barely have enough money to buy each other a pricey gift for each other. The conflict also shows the power of love; despite their poverty, they are still deeply in love and willing to sacrifice for the sake of each other. This conflict is important in the story because it leads to the turning point as Della and Jim both sell their valuable possession in order to afford a gift for each one.

The inner conflict of the story is when Della intends to sell her hair to gain money for the present. The author describes the moment of Della before she has her haircut, ' So now Della's beautiful hair fell about her, shining like a cascade of brown waters .... Once she faltered for a minute and stood still while a tear or two splashed on the worn red carpet"(1148). Della's tears are evidence of the cost of this conflict when she decides to sacrifice her 'mighty pride" possession for the sake of her husband, so she can buy him the present that she wants for Christmas. Her inner clearly shows the importance of her love to Jim regardless.

The point of view of 'The Gift of the Magi" is third-person limited omniscient. The narrator is unlikely another character in the story and does not expand his or her view beyond Della's. The narrator is not neutral; he or she has a sympathy with the young couple because of their poverty, particularly in part, 'She had put aside as much as she could for months, with this result. Twenty dollars a week is not much. Everything had cost more than she had expected. It always happened like that." (1147). On the other hand, the narrator also sympathizes with Jim, calls him a 'poor fellow" who is 'only twenty-two “ and to be burdened with a family!"(1149).

The importance of the story's third-person point of view helps the reader understands the characters' position and situation without involving in the actual events; also, the method emphasizes the fact that the narrator knows and sees more than the character themselves. In the end, the narrator calls both Della and Jim 'not wise" in their actions, but calls them 'they are wisest" as 'two foolish children in a flat who most unwisely sacrificed for each other the greatest treasures of their house" (1150). The narrator transforms into the first person on a few occasions in order to communicate the audience the theme and meaning of the story. It allows the narrator in the final paragraph to describe the major theme “ love is compelling that makes 'two foolish children" sacrifices their most valuable possession for each other.

'The Gift of the Magi" takes place in the flat of the two main characters, Della and Jim. The couple's poverty is shaped clearly as the narrator describes their flat as small, 'A furnished flat at $8 per week", and 'pier-glass between the windows of the room"(1147). However, the most important setting of the story is the setting of time, which is Christmas Eve. It is necessary because it shows the desperation that the couple has when it comes to buying meaningful Christmas gifts for each other. The couple expresses their true love for each other and sacrifices themselves. From this perspective, they underline the true meaning of Christmas, ' They invented the art of giving Christmas presents. Being wise, their gifts were no doubt wise ones, possibly bearing the privilege of exchange in case of duplication." (1150). Ultimately, Christmas is an important setting because it contributes the inspiration for the couple as their sacrification for each other, and it is a testament to their powerful love for each other.

'The Gift of the Magi" is the lovely short story, and it proves the meaningful love that the couple can willing to sacrifice for the sake of each other for their love. Della and Jim, 'who most unwisely sacrificed for each other the greatest treasures of their house(1150)" are presented as the magi “ the wisest and loveliest among the children of this world.

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Novel “The Time Machine” by H.G. Wells

In 'The Time Machine" by H.G. Wells, the novel is about a person (the time traveller) telling a story to a group of guests about travelling into the future. They don't believe him so he goes back into the future to bring back proof and he ends up just going further into the future. Furthermore, the time traveller is the main character. This essay will explain and show how he is brave, kind, and extremely significant. In other words, my favorite character is the time traveller, he makes up the whole story/storyline, and he impacts all of the characters lives.

The time traveller was revealed a important figure in the beginning of the novel. The book started off describing the time traveller and saying how he matters. Evidence from the book is, 'The time traveller (for so it will be convenient to speak of him) was expounding a recondite matter to us." He found out about the 4th dimension of time. The time traveller made a time machine, which no one else was able to do, or even thought of doing. To add on to that, it actually works because it sent him into the future. He changed the future and actually went there, where he met creatures. The time traveller wanted to learn about them and help make a bigger society, he even brought proof of going into the future (right before he left to the future again). This shows the time traveller is extremely significant. Although, it hurts him personally because no one believes him (that he went into the future, that his machine works/that his story actually happened). That being said, gets him into trouble by him going into the future again (to end up just going further into the future and never returning back).

Throughout the novel the time traveller changes, he becomes kind. When the time traveller was in the future he met little creatures. That were called, 'Eloi's" because they were from the surface. They introduced him to their language, food, and he learns about their behavior. Then after enjoying his time with the creatures he goes to get in his time machine, but it's gone. The time traveller begins to search for his time machine and in the process finds one of the 'Eloi" creatures drowning. He saves them and learns that her name is Weena. Evidence from 'The Time Machine" is, '..none made the slightest attempt to rescue the weakly crying little thing which was drowning before their eyes. When I realised this, I hurriedly slipped off my clothes, and, wading in at a point lower down, I caught the poor mite and drew her safe to land. A little rubbing of the limbs soon brought her round, and I had the satisfaction of seeing she was all right before I left her." He went out of his way to save this creature, when nobody else would (the change helps the time traveller save a life). Also, when the time traveller was talking at his home with the group of guests, he spoke calmly, not yelling or getting upset in the process. This shows that the time traveller is sweet and kind.

At the end of the novel he becomes brave. This is at the time when Weena and the time traveller are in the world of the 'Morlocks", which are the underground creatures. He was taking Weena to safety and they decided to sleep in the woods. The time traveller woke up and was surrounded by Morlocks. He fought off the Morlocks and then followed them to where he found his time machine. From there he went further into the future. Evidence is, 'I was overpowered, and went down. I felt little teeth nipping at my neck..I struggled up, shaking the human rats from me, and, holding the bar short,..but I determined to make the Morlocks pay for their meat. I stood with my back to a tree, swinging the iron bar before me." The time traveller had the guts to fight them and then follow them. He didn't stop there though, he even went further into the future, without knowing what will happen or what to expect. Which helps him because it keeps him alive. This final change from the time traveller is for the better because he shows strength and fights for what he has left, which isn't very much. This proves he's brave and a fighter.

In conclusion, i have learned the time traveller is significant. This is because he built a time machine. Then went into the future, which makes him the first person to invent a time machine then go into the future. He is also kind, the time traveller saved a creatures life (he's a hero). But, best of all he's brave and fought for his life, even when he had nothing and no one left. The time traveller is the main character in this novel and my favorite character.

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The Arab-Israeli Conflict D.B.Q.

The Arab-Israeli Conflict began many years ago in 1947 when the United Nations granted the Jewish people a homeland, Israel. Still, nearly 70 years and multiple wars and conflicts later there is still no peace for the two cultures in sight. The two causes were political factors and social tension. Many people know about the tension in the Middle East, but not why it’s there. These documents will explain why, and how all of the tension began.

Many of the causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict are political the following documents of 1 "The Balfour Declaration", 4 "Statement by President Nasser", and 6 "Maps of Palestine" explain just what caused the political tensions between the countries. In the year 1917, Arthur James Balfour contacted Lord Rothschild saying the majesty’s government approves of a home establishment in Palestine for the Jewish people, beginning the whole event of Jews getting a homeland. The whole problem of the Arab-Israeli conflict is the Arabs were angry that the Jews came in and stole their land, making this document, one of the first causes of the conflict.

The fourth document explains the more recent tensions between Egypt and Israel in the past seventy years. Document four references the 1956 Suez crisis and Egypt’s victory. It also mentions how Egypt is again ready for anything, including war with Israel. The last document that provides us with evidence of political tension with Egypt and Israel is Document Six. Document Six shows the map of land drawn out in 1946 that Israel was to get. In years since then Israel has taken over and claimed much more land than it physically had in 1948. This shows the increase in Israel power and them pushing out even more Arabs. This could be an obvious cause of tension between the two countries because the Arabs or more specifically the Palestinians did not want to be kicked out of the place they once called home. These are some obvious causes of Arab-Israeli conflict.

Along with the major political tension between the Arabs and Jews, there was also a lot of social tension between them. The Jews and Arab cultural differences make them perfect candidates to disagree with each other. These disagreements stem from the geographic distance of the states, the practices, and the religions they practice themselves. The first example of social tension is shown in document two "The Zionist Case" when it talks about Jews being treated unfairly and how they should be masters of their own fate. They talk about wanting the doors of Palestine to be open to all the Jews. This could anger the Palestinians which are part of the Arab group and make the two cultures dislike each other, which is an example of social tension.

The second example of evidence that follows document two is document three or "Children of a Tenth-Class God?" talks about a Palestinians feelings towards the Israel society and how they wish they had no hatred towards another group of people but that's just the way the Israelis make them feel. This is an obvious first-hand account of the tension shared between the Israeli and Arab societies. The last example of Jewish-Arab social tension comes from Document Five. Document Five, or, "Excerpts from the Hamas Charter"describes how some Arabs fear Israel's expansionist like qualities and how they fear that Israel will "Aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates" Obviously this never truly occurred but it describes what the Arabs felt, showing the tension and distrust they felt towards one another. All these examples show the social tensions these cultures had towards one another, and not just the government's hatred in the terms of political tension.

With peace nowhere in sight, it brings to question whether or not we will truly ever see peace on the Sinai Peninsula, specifically between Israel and other Arab nations. These documents and examples showed why these cultures have tension and distrust towards one another, and why these wounds are difficult to mend.

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LeBron James Biography Essay

Lebron James is arguably one of the best basketball players of all time. Lebron Raymone James Is a basketball player who plays for the Los Angeles Lakers He was one of the top high school prospects in the country. His size and skill level he earned four times the NBA MVP. He leads the Miami Heat to titles in 2012 and 2013 then returned to Cleveland to help them get their first title in 2016 (LeBron James.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 7 Mar. 2019,).

On January 1, 2012, Lebron proposed to is high school sweetheart Savannah Brinson. They Married on September 14, 2013, in a private ceremony in San Diego With about 200 Guest. With Savannah Lebron has 3 children two sons and a daughter the sons are Lebron James Jr. Born in October of 2004 and Bryce Maximus James born on June 14, 2007, and their daughter is Zhuri James born on October 22, 2014, according to (LeBron James.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 7 Mar. 2019,).

Lebron has dominated the NBA because of his size and skill Lebron James Weighs in at 250 lbs and stands at 6 feet 8 inches. He was born to a single mother at the age of 16 in Akron Ohio on December 30, 1984.

When Lebron was at an early age he began to show signs of great talent and was recruited by St. Marys St. Vincent High School in 1999. James scored 2,657 points, 892 rebounds, and 523 assists during his High School years according to (LeBron James in High School.” SI.com, www.si.com/nba/photos/2011/09/07lebron-james-in-high-school). During Freshman year he averaged 18 points per game and led his team to a state title. By time Lebron was a senior, he averaged 31.6 pts per game. Lebron went straight to the NBA draft right out of High School. He was the First overall pick of the 2003 draft selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers.

Lebron has Played for three Teams in his career The Cleveland Cavaliers the Miami Heat and now is with the Los Angeles Lakers. During James 2012 he won his first NBA championship with the Miami Heat. Then won the next year in 2013. Being Finals MVP of both Finals. Lebron has also been very dominant in the Olympics In 2008 Lebron Reclaimed the gold medal at the Olympics in Beijing. He averaged 15.5 seconds on the team behind Carmelo Anthony. They defended the title in London in 2012.

There is no way to look back on James career without mentioning the big Decision television event that led to the formation of the Miami Heat’s Big Three. James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh joined forces and promised not just one title but many NBA championships. Though they fell short of becoming the modern-day version of Bill Russell’s Boston Celtics team the Heat made four trips to the NBA Finals in four years with the Big Three intact. James has been named the league’s Most Valuable Player four times in his career, tied with Wilt Chamberlain. Only Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (six MVPs), Bill Russell (five) and Michael Jordan (five) have won more MVP awards in the history of the NBA. Lebron His early childhood was a struggle as he often moved from one home to another with his teenage mother, Gloria. ... James quickly made a name for himself as a freshman at St. Vincent-St. Mary's High School.

Lebron was not only good at basketball at St. Vincent-St. Mary's, LeBron was all-state in football as a wide receiver. But he didn't play football his senior year after he broke his wrist in an AAU basketball game. LeBron, Michael Jordan, and Oscar Robertson were the only players to average at least 20 points, five assists, and five rebounds during their rookie season. Tyreke Evans later joined that group.

Lebron scored a career high of 61 points against the Charlotte Hornets on 3/3/14. He is number 4 on the all-time scoring list with 32439 points. He is number 10 on the all-time assist list with 8614 assists. He is the only player to be top ten on all-time scoring and assists according to “All Time Leaders.” NBA Stats”
When Lebron was young he was not like other kids he was able to dunk by 8th grade and in fourth grade, he missed 82 out of the 160 days of school. Lebron was the only the second player in history to have won the NBA MVP, Finals MVP, and the Olympic Gold Medal in the same year. The other player was Michael Jordan.

He was the youngest player to be the No. 1 overall draft pick at 18 years old. At just 29 years old Lebron made it to 4,000 playoff points setting a record. Then when he was 20 years old he became the youngest player to record a triple-double. Also, he was only 18 years old when he recorded his first 30 point game which is a record.

“Lebron James Biography for Kids.” Lebron James Biography for Kids «,

LeBron James.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 7 Mar. 2019,

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Michael Jeffrey Jordan Biography

There are many basketball players out there, if it's from the NBA or even college basketball. Some players are world famous for what they do, and some just like to do what they love. Michael Jordan was one of the world’s greatest basketball players in the history of basketball. The life of this basketball player is filled with achievements, success, and life long decisions. From just being a regular basketball player, Jordan stood up and became one of the best basketball players in the whole world.

Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963 in Brooklyn, New York. He grew up in North Carolina. At a very young age, Jordan was already starting to show his love for sports. As a child, Jordan developed a competitive edge at an early age. He wanted to win every game he played. When Jordan was a sophomore in high school, he tried to get into the varsity basketball team, but didn’t get in due to his height. He then started to play baseball for about the rest of high school. In 1981 Michael went to college in the University of North Carolina where he was named the top player in his basketball team in 1983 and 1984. In 1984 he left the team and started playing the NBA( National Basketball Association) where he played for the Chicago Bulls. Jordan also played two U.S Olympic Basketball teams in 1984 and won a gold medal. In 1985, Jordan released his own shoes called “ Air Jordans. “ His shoes became world famous and his nickname became” Air Jordan.”

In 1989, Michael Jordan married Juanita Vanoy. They had three children together: Jeffrey, Marcus and Jasmine. After 17 years of marriage, the couple divorced in December 2006. Then, on April 27, 2013, Jordan married Yvette Prieto in Palm Beach, Florida. The couple welcomed twin daughters, Victoria and Ysabel, in February 2014.

During his time with the Chicago Bull, he became world famous and even helped the team win 3 NBA championships from 1990 to 1993. When his team won the championship, Jordan quoted “ There isn't an” i” in team, but there is in win,” Which inspired many individuals all around the world. In 1992 he returned to the U.S Olympic Basketball team and won the gold medal each time. Unfortunately, Jordan left basketball in 1993 to spend more time with his family. Then, in 1994 he went back to professional basketball and joined Alabama’s Birmingham, Barons. He then returned to the Chicago Bulls in 1995 and helped them win 3 more NBA championships. Jordan decided to leave the team in 1998. After two years, In 2000, he returned back to basketball and this time he played for the Washington Wizards. Jordan played his last game on April 16th, 2003 when he was 40 years old.

To this day. Michael Jordan sometimes trains people in Basketball camps and also spends time with his wife and three children. Jordan has proven to fans and individuals that you can make and do anything happen if you work hard. As Jordan says “Limits, like fears, are often just an illusion.” This means that you can do anything if you work hard and do what you love. Because Michael Jordan worked hard and never gave up even if people bullied him, he stilled did what he loved. That is why he is considered on the world's greatest basketball player of all time.

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Slavery in Latin America

During the time period of the Atlantic trade, Latin America was the main destination of millions of slaves that were transported from Africa. It is estimated that 85% of African slaves arrived and were sold in Central and Latin America. After the gradual emancipation of most African slaves, slavery continued along the Pacific coast of South America throughout the 19th century, as Peruvian slave traders kidnapped Polynesians, primarily from the Marquesas Islands and Easter Island and forced them to perform physical labour in mines and in the guano industry of Peru and Chile.

Encomienda was a labor system developed by the Spaniard empire. It rewarded conquerors with labor from certain groups of people. This labor system was first established by the Spanish, in Spain, during the Roman period, but also used following the conquest of Muslim territories by Christians. It was implemented on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. Conquered individuals were considered “vassals”, a person or country in a subordinate position to another, of the Spanish monarch. The crown awarded an encomienda as a grant to a certain individual. In the conquest era of the 16th century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labor of particular groups of Native Americans called the “encomendero” and all of his descendants.

With the dismissal of known explorer Christopher Columbus, the Spanish crown sent Fray Nicolás de Ovando, a royal governor, who established the encomienda system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. However, Queen Isabella of Castile forbade Indian slavery and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the “Leyes de Indias” or “Laws of the Indies” from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the Real Audiencias for relief under the encomienda system.

The encomienda system brought many indigenous Taíno to work in the fields and mines in exchange for Spanish protection, education, and a seasonal salary. Under the pretense of searching for gold and other materials, many Spaniards took advantage of the regions now under control of the anaborios and Spanish encomenderos to exploit the native population by seizing their land and wealth. It would take some time before the Taíno revolted against their oppressors and many military campaigns before Emperor Charles V eradicated the encomienda system as a form of slavery. Raphael Lemkin considers Spain's abuses of the Native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide including the abuses of the Encomienda system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings." He considers colonist guilty due to failing to halt the abuses of the system despite royal orders. Recent research suggests that the spread of old-world disease appears to have been aggravated by the extreme climatic conditions of the time and by the poor living conditions and harsh treatment of the native people under the encomienda system of new Spain.

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Part Four of “Crime and Punishment” Analysis

Part four of “Crime and Punishment” written by Dostoevsky includes a passage that talks about the story of Lazarus. The story of Lazarus comes from the bible, it is a story which talks about Lazarus being resurrected by Jesus four days after his death, in the story Jesus said if Lazarus believed in him he would live again. In the passage Raskolnikov is demanding the Sonya read the story of Lazarus to him. Raskolnikov demanding Sonya read the story shows that he want to be forgiven of the sin he committed he wants another chance, this shows his want to be Lazarus. In the passage there are many factors that show Raskolnikov's want for redemption and his approach to getting it and his true feeling after committing murder. The author's purpose to show Raskolnikov's feeling are shown by Raskolnikov's and Sonya’s actions in the passage.

Throughout the passage Raskolnikov is very demanding when asking Sonya to read he said “Read!” and “Read! I want you to” he repeats “Read” multiple times in the passage this shows his need and deep want for redemption. He is very adamant about having Sonya read the passage to him, from earlier on in the book it is shown how the crime got to Raskolnikov head. Right after he commited the murder he got sick for four day and had people taking care of him which tells us that the guilt of committing his crime got to him mentally and physically. Raskolnikov’s tone in this passage is scaring Sonya and this is shown how she reacted, when Raskolnikov yelled at Sonya to read she hesitated, this goes to show his urgency of hearing the story of Lazarus.

The story of Lazarus is similar to Raskolnikov, this is because Lazarus was dead for four days before getting resurrected and Raskolnikov was in fever and delirium for four days after the murder. The story of Lazarus gives Raskolnikov some hope for redemption and a chance of getting better, the difference between the two is that Raskolnikov was mentally ill whilst Lazarus was physically ill. The author’s use of the story of Lazarus and things holy shows that Raskolnikov is trying to better himself and redeem himself. The connotation between Lazarus and Raskolnikov tells readers that Raskolnikov does feel guilt and has these subconscious feeling about the crime that he doesn’t shine light on. The author’s use of back story and character development help show the purpose. In the passage Sonya has to find the story in the bible for Raskolnikov which she does find almost immediately. Sonya is a young prostitute that does not go to church often because she is a prostitute. Sonya reading the bible and knowing it better than Raskolnikov show that all people can believe and can have a redemption and Raskolnikov can relate to her in not going to church but in believing in having a redemption.

Raskolnikov’s shift in the passage show how he is starting to sympathize and start his road of redemption. Throughout the passage Raskolnikov goes from getting angry and joking about Sonya to sympathizing with her and noticing their similarities. In the beginning of the passage Raskolnikov asks if Sonya goes to church often when she responds no he grins this

shows he is messing with Sonya and he know that she does not go often so he gets petty with her by saying “ I see… Then you won’t go tomorrow to bury your father either” this goes to show his attitude at the beginning before hearing the story and really noticing Sonya. At the end of the passage her understands her and sympathizes with her. The author shows how Raskolnikov started to sympathize with her through the word choice and sentence, this is shown when the narrator says “ He read it in her eyes, understood it from her…” this tells the reader that he finally understood her as a person and started to sympathize. The author used “ He read it in her eyes...” to show how he understood and the relationship with Sonya and Raskolnikov because he read her eyes and that takes a relationship to do. Since Raskolnikov finally understood her could move forward with being redeemed, being forgiven for his sin, and getting a new beginning in a sort of way.

By showing Raskolnikov's tone ,his shift ,his relationship with Sonya, and his action the author shines a light on his purpose of the passage. The authors use of the story of Lazarus and its connections to Raskolnikov show the feeling and wants of Raskolnikov and the attitude Raskolnikov has tells us he is acting out in a way. The author used all of this things to show the readers that the purpose of this passage is to show Raskolnikov's want of redemption, because the author used a certain tone, a shift in tone, and character development it makes the purpose of the passage stand out and it becomes easier to find.

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An Occurance at Owl Creek Story

Ambrose Bierce was born on June 24, 1842 in Miegs County, Ohio, where he was the tenth child out of thirteen children. Bierce moved out at the age of 15 to become a newspaper apprentice where he started his journalism career and later joined the military during the Civil War. Ambrose Bierce fought in the bloodiest battle during the Civil war and was struck by a bullet. Luckily, the bullet did not penetrate his skull. Soon after the Civil War ended, Ambrose Bierce moved to San Francisco to continue his journalistic dream and write new novels about the wild west.

Bierce merged his stories into hallucinatory and the paranormal with everyday events attempting to catch the intensity of extreme human experience. Bierce avoided typical happy endings and strived to produce horrific stories that would remain in the readers mind for a lengthy period of time. Ambrose Bierce has written a unique story called “An Occurance at Owl Creek” that addresses the realism setting such as the bridge in Alabama during the Civil War. “ Occurence at Owl Creek” consists of three parts that are not in chronological order. The first part is about Peyton Farquhar captured by sentimental soldiers planning his death by tying a rope around his neck. The second part is before the climax happened in which a thirsty soldier warned Peyton about the yankees repairing the railroad. Lastly, Peyton Farquhar is executed and goes through an episode of a psycodelic state of mind known as DMT which is a natural hallucinagen chemical in the brain that is produced during death. Peyton Farquhar experiences flashbacks of his loved ones and thought he escaped the execution during his dmt trip. Unfortunately, Peyton Farquhar faces an impossible situation he does not appear to have any chance of escaping.

At the beginning of part one, an innocent civilian named Peyton Farquhar is captured by three sentimental soldiers who loopholed his neck with a piece rope upon the railroad bridge in Northern Alabama while the sargaent is standing on a plank prolonging his execution. during a life or death situation, peyton farquhar has flashbacks of his loved ones and thinks of divergent approaches on escaping his death sentence. Similarly to the author of Ambrose Bierces’ near death experience during the Civil War when he got shot in the head; he narrates the fearful thoughts that rush through the character of Peyton Farquhar when the rope is being tied around his neck. Countless scenarios of horror films like saw and final destination relate back to the story of “Occurrence at Owl Creek” with the perspective of life or death situations. The tagline of the 1979 film Phantasm, “If this one doesn’t scare you, you’re already dead!” plays a major part of horror films implying that the more frightful scenarios we experience in theatres, the more the audience is aware of the scary scenes that are played during horror films. Like the Tagline quote of Phantasm, Peyton Farquhar is not scared about the Yankees after further warning from the sentimental soldier.

In Part two of “Occurrence in Owl Creek” the play rewinds back to the reasoning of how Peyton Farquhar was captured by the Yankees who were repairing the railroads. Peyton Farquhar is a planter from Alabama who has been warned by a thirsty soldier on a horse and he said, “the commandment has issued an order, which is posted everywhere, declaring that any civilian caught interfering with the railroad, its bridges and tunnels, or trains will be summarily hanged. I saw the order (Bierce 397).”

Although Peyton Farquhar has been warned by the sentimental soldier, he still decides to travel north of the Alabama bridge as the yankees are repairing the railroad. Peyton Farquhar does not hesitate after cautious warnings from the sentimental soldier which could later result in further punishment by the Yankees.

Part III continues back to the climax of part I. Peyton Farquhar was captured by the Yankees and was later executed even though the soldier warned him. Peyton Farquhars stubborness resulted in a life ending punishment. Throughout part III, the narrator of the story made it seem like Peyton Farquhar escaped, but it was the after life episode that he was experiencing. Before Peyton Farquhars death, his daydream resulted in hopefullness by dodging bullets and cannons while swimming vigorously along the river current. As soon as Peyton Farquhar swam safely to the bank he rushes back to his loved ones full of joy. As he hugs his wife, “a blinding white light blazes all about him, with a sound like the shock of a cannon then all is darkness and silence (Bierce 401)!” This was the DMT effect Peyton Farquhar experiences after his death. DMT is a natural hallucinogen chemical in the brain that is produced after you die similarly to the psychoactive drug, LSD. At the end of part III, Peyton Farquhar has made a distinction between waking or sleeping during his final destination. Unfortunately, after hugging his loved ones it becomes darkness and silence of eternal sleeping.

In conclusion, “Occurrence at Owl Creek” is a short story that consists of three parts that are not in chronological order. Part I is the climax of the short story when the author of the story skipped part one on how it led up to such an episode of anxiety and terror in which Peyton Farquhar was captured by the northern army. Part II is the rise in which it tells the story before the conflict happened between the yankee soldiers and Peyton Farquhar. The soldier warned Peyton farquhar about the punishment of being caught by the yankees. Part III is the fall in which Peyton Farquhar experiences hopefullness of seeing his family and escaping death. Unfortunately, The author Ambrose Bierce, avoided happy endings and made it a depressing ending. Sadly, death is something we all will face later in life.

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Bill Gates as a Leader

Bill Gates is a successful leader that has changed the world. What makes a leader? Hunter says that a leader must ask, “are people better off when you leave or when you arrive?” (p.49). Bill Gates will leave the world better than he found it. He created Microsoft and built it into the business giant that it is today. Bill stepped down from his highly profitable business to focus on his foundation, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill Gates holds all the markers of a great leader. “Leadership is influencing people to commit to the mission.” (Hunter, 2011, p.46). Bill is influential, and has influenced the computer business along with many other leaders that use him as the standard.

Born William Henry Gates III, on October 15, 1955 in Seattle Washington. His father William Henry Gates Sr. was a lawyer, and his mother Mary Maxwell Gates served on the board of directors for First Interstate Banc systems, and the United Way. Competition was prominent in the Gates household and this shaped Bill’s determination. Bill showed evidence of being advanced at an early age. Bill attended a preparatory school and at age 13, created a software program that allowed a user to play tic-tac-toe against the computer. At one point, Bill Gates and Paul Allen were banned from using the computers because they were caught using the bugs to get extra computer time without being caught. Bill and Paul were eventually allowed back on the computers when they agreed to debug the software. In 1975, Bill Gates read an article about a new computer the Altair 8800, he contacted the manufacturer and told them that he was working on an interpreter for the computer.

He and Paul Allen built an interpreter in a few weeks and then Paul Allen was hired by MITS company. Bill decided to drop out of Harvard and work at MITS with Paul Allen. They got an office and made a new company called, Micro-soft. This name was because they worked with microcomputers and developed software to run on them. Bill and Paul made their company separate from MITS in 1976 and moved to Washington in 1979. In the first five years of the company, Bill reviewed every piece of code and had to approve it before it could be shipped. IBM commissioned Microsoft to build them an operating system, Bill agreed for $50000, but he would not sign over the rights to the program. He knew it would be needed for other computers with similar systems. Bill knew what he had before anyone else did. By the time Gates was 23, he was the CEO of a $2.5 million-dollar computer business. This cemented Bill Gates reputation as a successful businessman. However, it was not his success that makes Gates a great leader. It is his character.

Influence is an essential marker of a leader. “Leadership is synonymous with influence.” (Hunter, 2011, p.46). Bill Gates had influence as the head of Microsoft and as the founder of his foundation. Bill and Melinda Gates were the founders of a giving pledge, the pledge has been signed by some of the world’s richest people to give the majority of their fortune to charitable organizations. Bill’s leadership transcends his role. Servant leadership is being a servant first, serving others inspires leadership. He continues to influence others even when he is not in a positional leadership role. A lasting impact and influence comes from personal leadership. (Ayers, 2011). Bill Gates has influenced the computer industry, the gaming industry, future business leaders, and some of the most powerful people in the world look to him for guidance. Bill has said, “As we look ahead into the next century, leaders will be those that empower others.” This reminded me of a passage from A Work of the Heart, “People will support leaders who help them discover who they were created to be and then empower them to employ their talents, energies, and passions. "(McNeal, 2011, p.83). Hunter says that influence must be earned by the leader. (2004, p.73). Bill Gates earned influence through his work ethic and dedication to the company. He was willing to do the work and serve alongside his employees. This helped to develop his influence and authority of leadership.

Bill Gates is a visionary, he saw a need, and he filled it. Bill Gates wanted to be the best, he had a vision of changing the world and building future leaders through his company. He saw the need for faster programing software, and he created a company to fill that need. Bill’s work ethic and dedication to the company influenced the employees and motivated them to work just as hard. Bill’s business decisions were for the future needs of consumers and was always ahead of the curve. Bill realized that Apple had a larger appeal with its mouse interface rather than the text and keyboard system that Microsoft was using. He launches an ad campaign promising a new mouse-driven operating system called “windows." He didn’t have one in development, but he was able to convince consumers to wait and by his new product rather than the expensive Apple Mac that was already selling. This could be seen as a devious move on his part but it was a risk that paid off tremendously.

God shaped Bill’s heart and prepared him for leadership. “God uses culture to shape hearts.” (McNeal, 2011). Bill was said to have been mature at an early age and drew up contracts that he made his siblings sign to keep their promises. (Macgregor, 2018). Bill’s father had a strong influence on his son’s life. Bill Sr. believed in empathy, equality, and he loved technology. His father's, character shaped Bill’s heart. Bill was also heavily influenced by his mother’s ambition and competitiveness. He absorbed much of her instincts and powers. (Macgregor, 2018). God influenced Bill’s heart through his culture and then he later brought Melinda Gates into his life. Melinda provided a balance for the qualities that Bill needed to lead. (Macgregor, 2018).

God shapes a leader through the call. (McNeal, 2004, p. 95). Bill built his success under the idea that his products were the best, that he would help people around the world, and use his platform for the betterment of society. “For Bill Gates, anything that gets in the way of his accomplishing the tasks at hand becomes virtually invisible.” (Macgregor, 2018). Bill dropped out of Harvard to focus on his passion. He took a courageous step to leave a safer and more stable choice in order to focus full time on his start up business. “God has not committed himself to finance our dreams. We must adjust our lives to what he wants-not seek to have him adjust to what we want.” (Ayers, p.36.). It would be a difficult decision to leave college but Bill felt the call, so he answered it. He did not do it in pursuit of fame or fortune, but as a way to follow his dream or the call that he was destined to fulfill. “A leader with a clear sense of a call represents a formable force.” (McNeal, 2004, p.95). Bill used that focus to build Microsoft, which is credited as one of the largest, and most influential computer technology companies in the world.

Bill is dedicating his life to serving a greater good. Hunter explains, “Leadership requires selflessness.” (Hunter, 2001, p.99). Anyone can serve. In the end we must choose between being self-serving leaders or a serving leader. (Hunter, 2001). Bill Gates chose to be a servant leader. In 1993, while traveling in Africa, Bill and Melinda Gates were struck by the poverty that they saw. This influenced Bill and Melinda and is what ultimately motivated them to start their foundation. The mission statement of their foundation is, “Guided by the belief that every life has equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation works to help all people lead healthy lives. In developing countries it focuses on improving people’s health and giving them a chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty.” (gatesfoundation.org). Bill’s father shared this same dedication to service. “To me, global poverty is a humanitarian issue. People are dying, and we can save them-and that ought to be enough.”-William Henry Gates Sr. (Macgregor, 2018). “Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also the interests of others.” (ESV). Bill and Melinda Gates have given over $24 billion to the foundation. Bill and Melinda Gates foundation is a major contributor to global health; its influence is profound. (McCoy). The foundation works in more than 130 countries.

A servant leader wants to learn as much as possible, Bill Gates always wants to learn more and improve himself and the world. Bill reads a book for an hour a day, and finishes around 50 books a year. Which reminded me of a verse in the bible, “For wisdom is better than jewels, and all that you may desire cannot compare.” (Prov. 8:11, ESV).

Servant leadership is about teaching. In order to be a successful leader, you must also be a successful teacher. Hunter explains that character is habit, and character is essential to leadership. (Hunter, 2004). He allowed his employees to make mistakes, and then he would guide them to a solution. Bill Gates allowed his employees to pitch ideas and be creative. The dynamic at Microsoft was one of coaching and teaching as to prepare the next leaders of the company. Bill takes that one step further with his foundation contributing directly into the education system.

Bill built a strong community around him. God shapes leaders through their family. This is especially true for Bill Gates. (Ayers,). Bill’s wife Melinda is more social and outspoken and she has helped Bill with those areas. He has said that this made him a better leader and a better person. Bill’s community includes his close friend, Warren Buffet. Warren has donated an average of 2 billion a year to the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation. He has also signed the pledge to give away 99% of his wealth during his lifetime and donate it to the foundation. The foundation focuses on vaccines, education, minority scholarships, and global health. It has had enormous success especially in Africa and the AIDS epidemic.
Before the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, Bill established the William H. Gates foundation, the Gates library foundation. In 2001, he consolidated those foundations into the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation. Bill Gates has always been a philanthropist. Gates once said, “I hope you will reflect on what you’ve done with your talent and energy. I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you work to address the world’s deepest inequities, on how well you treat people a world away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity” (Bloomberg Businessweek).
I believe that, leadership is an opportunity to bear the image of God in relationship to one another. It is inextricably tied to godliness. (Ayers,2015). Character development is an important aspect of leadership.

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Suffering in Crime and Punishment

In the original novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, suffering is a fundamental piece of each character's job. Dostoevsky utilizes comic characters as instruments for contending philosophical issues. A normal model is the garrulous pub character Marmeladov, a heavy drinker with an unexpected unique side to his character. Through his conduct, Marmeladov causes the reader to notice inquiries concerning natural and mental impact and religious philosophy and explicitly, the contention between coordinated religion and individual otherworldliness.

His admission to Raskolnikov makes way for a perplexing example of cross references to these thoughts and their effect on the fundamental characters. At the focal point of these connected inquiries is Marmeladov's confident case that he realizes that redemptive suffering will prompt salvation, for example, when he discloses to Raskolnikov that he knows with conviction that God has a unique spot saved in paradise for contrite consumers: then, at that point He will gather us… Come forward ye boozers… and He will hold out His hands to us and we will tumble down before Him…

Associated with this philosophical side of Marmeladov, and the premise of a mental subtext, is his happiness regarding self-incited suffering, for example, the maltreatment of Katerina Ivanovna when he gets back in the wake of drinking. He says, This doesn't hurt me, yet is a positive encouragement. (Dostoevsky 23). Dostoevsky utilizes Marmeladov's comic conduct to contrast the mystical blame that Raskolnikov attempts to smother.

His avocation requests to Raskolnikov not just on the grounds that it vindicates the conduct of ignored, needy individuals, however more significantly in light of the fact that it offers a whimsical perspective on upright masochism directly at the exact second when Raskolnikov is considering demolishing his existence with the lie of homicide for the sake of compassion, or a wrongdoing for the sake of a higher decent. Notwithstanding, it is Sonia, the blessed bonehead who is compelled to function as a whore, who will ultimately carry this lie to the surface. Meanwhile, Raskolnikov will be brought into her family through the activities of her dad and because of his need to suffer and afterward look for amends.

The repeat of the equal of disgrace and redemptive suffering in Crime and Punishment is fundamental in understanding the job of suffering. Misled and troubled individuals like Marmeladov lead to a sort of profound force through their capricious characters. A comparative example of hesitant disgrace and redemptive suffering is worked out in a few different circumstances, particularly those including Marmeladov s spouse Katerina. She, as well, similar to her better half, possesses little with the exception of her grievances about a ridiculous world, and her emblematically grisly tissue. She puts her disaster on the climate and social conditions (Dostoevsky 14).

According to the perspective of Dostoevsky's Christian way of thinking, she exposes the Orthodox perspective on otherworldly fallenness. The voice of Dostoevsky, the man, is just heard fair and square of the novel's subtext. Dostoevsky never allows his Christian convictions to overpower an exchange between two characters or direct the progression of a contention. Dostoevsky allows these philosophical contrasts to exist next to each other, in hopeless pressure. Consequently, the contention between close to home blame and ominous social situation can just hone the feeling of the incongruence between deterministic brain research and confidence.

This is by all accounts the explanation Dostoevsky presents the instances of suffering of Dounia and Sonia, surrendering incredible parts of their life for everyone's benefit. As one battles to keep her family together and making due with few assets, the other should surrender her name and decency to turn into a whore and fund-raise to help her family. The closeness and importance are incredible in that they contrast straightforwardly to the thinking and outcomes of Raskolnikov s wrongdoing. Raskolnikov is so destroyed by clashing contemplations and wants that he regularly is by all accounts two characters.

To be sure, Dostoevsky's method is to encompass Raskolnikov with correlative or restricting characters that reflect his curbed internal identity. One side of his character is forceful and isolates, as Svidrigailov, while the other is mindful and humane, as Sonia. From a schematic perspective, Sonia is a twofold that addresses his profound, ethereal side, and Svidrigailov a twofold that represents his physical, rationalist side. All through the novel, Raskolnikov moves, then again, from one to the next as he endeavors to determine the weight of a feeling of remorse. After the wrongdoing, these two modify personalities vie for Raskolnikov's considerations.

Be that as it may, as a result of his pride, he attempts to stow away from any open affirmation of possibly one. This veil of disavowal is the premise of Dostoevsky's incongruity in scenes where Raskolnikov is plainly attracted to the profound side of Sonia or the criminal side of Svidrigailov. Raskolnikov particularly thinks that it is difficult to concede that he is attracted to a self-denying casualty like Sonia in light of the fact that it disregards his concept of the uncommon individual. It is simpler to relate to a forceful scoundrel like Svidrigailov on the grounds that he exemplifies the merciless conduct of a violated the man laws of society.

Notwithstanding, fundamentally Raskolnikov is drawn to these contradicting pairs, it is a contention between inborn sentiments and philosophy. Sonia addresses Raskolnikov's natural profound quality and the decency of his heart, while Svidrigailov represents the evil of unique speculations, and when Svidrigailov bites the dust, the hypothetical voice of Raskolnikov's character appears to grow dim and the Sonya voice starts to talk with more noteworthy conviction, which becomes Raskolnikov s most significant initial move towards his admission.

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Substance Abuse in the Elderly

Contents

Overview of Substance Abuse
Common symptoms of substance abuse
Prevalence of substance abuse in the elderly
Consequences of substance abuse in the elderly
Affects others who are affected by substance abuse in the elderly
Case Study for Substance Abuse in the Elderly
Solutions, treatments, and interventions for Substance Abuse in the Elderly
Summary

Overview of Substance Abuse

Substance Abuse in the ElderlThe focus of this paper will be pointed on the subject of substance abuse in the elderly community. Things that will be included in the paper include the prevalence of substance abuse, how to identify someone who has problems with substance abuse, interventions, and solutions or treatments for people that struggle with substance abuse. Substance abuse is substantially different in the elderly community than in younger adults. As people get older, their bodies do not metabolize alcohol as quickly as a younger adult’s body would. Therefore, older adults have increased sensitivity to substances such as alcohol, making the elderly community at higher risk for substance abuse.

Common symptoms of substance abuse

Some of the most common over-the-counter and prescription medications misused by older adults are painkillers, antianxiety drugs, sleeping pills, diet aids, and decongestants. Another common one is antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drugs are of specific concern because the continuous use of these can lead to dangerous symptoms or side effects. Older adults also tend to misuse alcohol, a lot of the time without them even knowing it. This proposes a danger for older adults because oftentimes they are on multiple medications for different problems going on, more than likely from a result of the normal aging process. The use/overuse of alcohol can create unsafe medication interactions, increase falls, depression, confusion, and premature mortality (Friedman & Steinhagen, 2008).

The signs and symptoms of abuse of alcohol in an older adult are often mirror or are very similar to other commonly seen medical conditions in older adults and majority of the time are falsely believed to be a part of the normal aging process. These symptoms include confusion, depression, sleep problems, memory problems, fatigue, irritability, and anxiety. The signs and symptoms of over-the-counter and/or prescription medication misuse include loss of short-term memory, irritability, mood changes, lack of energy and concentration, and a general loss of interest (Friedman & Steinhagen, 2008).

Prevalence of substance abuse in the elderly

There was a study done in Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton, a verified Level 1trauma center, over a 60-month period. During this time, blood alcohol content as well as urine drug screens were routinely performed on trauma patients. The substances tested in the urine drug screens were benzodiazepines, amphetamines, barbiturates, amphetamines, phencyclidine, cocaine, opiates, tricyclic antidepressants, and tetrahydrocannabinol (marijuana) (Ekeh et al., 2014).

Of the patients over sixty-five years old that were tested, sixty-point nine percent of the patients tested were males and tested positive for the presence of alcohol and/or drugs. Thirty-nine-point one percent of the patients tested were female and tested positive for the presence of alcohol and/or drugs. Of the patients over sixty-five years old that had their blood alcohol levels tested, eleven-point one percent of them tested positive, which means it was greater than eighty mg/dL. Of the patients over sixty-five years old who had their urine tested for the presence of drugs, ninety-two-point nine percent tested positive for the presence of opiates, two point five percent tested positive for the presence of marijuana, three-point three percent tested positive for cocaine, and one point two percent tested positive for amphetamines (Ekeh et al., 2014).

Consequences of substance abuse in the elderly

As mentioned previously, elderly people are more likely to experience negative effects with smaller amounts of alcohol consumption than younger adults. There are multiple reasons as to why the use of alcohol can have negative affects the elderly more so than the younger adult. One reason is that there is an increased likelihood of pre-existing chronic illnesses and/or conditions that may be aggravated by the use of alcohol. Older adults also have decreased levels of water in their body, which allows higher levels of blood alcohol when consuming alcohol. The use of alcohol in the elderly can be a causative factor of more than 60 medical conditions, including cancerous conditions of the liver, mouth, throat and stomach (Green, 2014).

Substance abuse by older adults also includes the use of illicit drugs. The effects of the drug on the person using it vary widely depending on the amount being used, the quality of the drug, the frequency of use, and the use of other drugs or substances along with the illicit drug. The consequences of the use of various types of illicit drugs on the bodies of elderly adults are still unknown, and there are concerns that as the usage increases in this population with time, that healthcare facilities may not be prepared to aid in the treatment of the long-term consequences in the older adult that may come with the overuse of illicit drugs (Green, 2014).

Another type of substance abuse that commonly occurs in the elderly population is poly-pharmaceutical abuse. It has proven difficult to pinpoint specific consequences of poly-pharmaceutical abuse, especially when one does not know exactly what medications are being taken and how much of the medication is being consumed. Green (2014) uses an example of over-the-counter products that contain paracetamol, such as throat medicine, cough medicine, mucus relief medicine, flu and cold medicine, etc. These types of medications are easily accessible to the general population. Although the dosage and administration instructions are stated on the box, it is not always guaranteed that the adult taking the medication will follow those instructions. Older adults also may not be able to clearly read the small print on the medication box. This may lead to taking too much medication. Overdosing on paracetamol can cause liver damage and/or liver failure for many older adults. There is also a risk that the adult taking the medication will already be on other medications that could possible react with paracetamol. Substance abuse can also affect the psychological and sociological state of the older adult that is taking the medication. Some changes in their psychological and sociological state may be random changes in their temper, on continuous irritability, abnormal confusion, issues with memory, depression, and absence of personal hygiene (Green, 2014).

Affects others who are affected by substance abuse in the elderly

Substance abuse in the elderly can have multiple negative effects on those involved in the elderly person’s life such as family members, children, and significant others. If the elderly adult who is abusing a substance is living with a significant other, then the significant other can often feel like it is their fault, and that they are the reason their partner is abusing substances. It could also make the significant other feel like they are not a good enough partner. The significant other being affected could feel like they have to hide their partner’s substance abuse problem from the rest of the family also, instead of reaching out for help. If the elderly adult abusing substances has children, it can affect them too. The children of the adult may feel responsible for fixing the problem, adding extra responsibilities and stress into their life. Altogether, families with an older adult with a substance abuse problem are more than likely going to experience feelings of frustration, anger, fear, and embarrassment (Ligon, 2013).

Case Study for Substance Abuse in the Elderly

Sam Smith is a sixty-five-year-old Caucasian male is married to Sarah, a sixty-four-year-old Caucasian woman. Together they have two adult children Brian and Amelia. Sam has been retired for two years now and does not have many hobbies besides fixing things around the house and watching television. Sam and Sarah appear to be in a very solid relationship, married and living in the same home for forty years. But, Sarah is worried about Sam because she has noticed in the past couple of months that Sam does not come to bed at night, and that he will choose to sleep in a different room. She also notices that Sam has not been communicating as much with her anymore.

On a Thursday afternoon, Sam Smith comes into the emergency department with his wife complaining that he had just fell down to two steps off of his front porch while going down them, and he thinks he broke his wrist. Sam stated that he was feeling a little dizzy, but figured it was because he had gotten up too fast from his chair. Sam appears alert and oriented upon assessment. His wife reported that Sam has just recently lost his older brother to lung cancer a couple of weeks ago, and has been increasing his alcohol intake to help cope with the situation. Sam’s wife stated that Sam drinks about seven to ten cans of beer a day now, and had about three beers today before he fell and hurt his wrist. Sam’s wife also reported several periods of amnesia for recent events within the past two weeks, increasing argumentativeness and absence from work, increased periods of sleeping throughout the day, and that “he’s just not acting like himself lately.” When tested, Sam had a blood alcohol level of zero point one three.

Solutions, treatments, and interventions for Substance Abuse in the Elderly

In the assessment of this patient, a substance abuse screening should be included. The CAGE substance abuse screening tool is easy to use and includes four questions: 1. Have you ever tried to cut down on the amount that you are drinking? 2. Does others asking you about your drinking make you annoyed? 3. Do you ever have feelings of guilt about drinking? 4. Do you ever drink alcohol in the morning to use it as an “eye-opener?” If the person being screened answers yes to any of the CAGE questions, further exploring of their use of alcohol should be done (Addiction Resource, 2015).

Treatment options for older adults to treat substance abuse include a variety, including patient education, preventative services, family support, a medical detox, and an inpatient or outpatient treatment. The patient should be educated on the increased risk of the older adult population for combining the misuse of alcohol with their daily prescription drugs, and what effects that can have. If the older adult is taking multiple prescription medications, they should be educated on the helpful effect of writing down all of the specific doses and administration directions in large letters on paper, and putting it somewhere where they can see it frequently, like on the refrigerator. Another treatment option to try for substance abuse is cognitive-behavioral therapy. This is a type of psychotherapy that allows the patient to become more aware of the way they think, and what leads them to drink alcohol or use other substances. That way, when those thoughts arise outside of therapy, they will be able to identify them and find ways to not give into them (Addiction Resource, 2015).

There are also programs such as Alcoholic Anonymous, which uses twelve steps as the approach, and has regular anonymous meetings with other people of all ages who also struggle with the use of alcohol. Families also play a very important role in supporting the elderly person in their family and helping them prevent relapse. Family members of the older adult affected should really focus on communicating with that adult in an empathetic, respectful way (Addiction Resource, 2015).

Summary

Substance abuse in the elderly population is not a very popular topic of discussion. When people think of substance abuse, they think of substance abuse in the younger population, because that is where the problem is more profound. Therefore, substance abuse in the elderly population is often overlooked. A lot of the time substance abuse in the elderly population is overlooked simply because people do not think older adults would have problems with abusing alcohol or illicit drugs. Also, the symptoms of substance abuse in the elderly population such as confusion, depression, sleep problems, memory problems, fatigue, irritability, etc. are often looked over and seen as normal side effects of aging. Not only is substance abuse in the elderly population overlooked by younger adults, but it is also overlooked by the elderly population themselves. A lot of older adults are not aware that they are at increased risk for substance abuse, because of the effects of aging on their metabolism and the way it affects the way they metabolize alcohol and drugs, making them more sensitive to smaller amounts. Older adults are also at higher risk for substance abuse because of the increased amount of medications they are on for multiple problems usually caused by the normal aging process. Not only does substance abuse in the elderly have negative effects on the elderly themselves, but it also has an effect on the people around them such as their significant others, children, etc. It can cause tension and put a strain on families and relationships.

This being said, substance abuse in the elderly population should be discussed more. The fact that the subject is overlooked quite often puts the elderly population even more at risk for developing negative side effects of substance abuse, such dizziness that can cause falls. Older adults should also be educated on their risk of substance abuse, and how it can happen without them even knowing it. More people need to be aware that substance abuse in the elderly population is a very real thing that is currently happening and should not be ignored.

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The Opiod Epidemic and the Criminalization of Addiction

In the beginning of the 1990’s, opioids and opioid-combination medications were being prescribed and introduced as a form of treatment to relieve pain. At the time, it was said that the likelihood of getting addicted to the prescriptions were very low, therefore, pharmaceutical companies didn’t hold back in prescribing the drugs to people even excluding cancer related pains at even greater rates. As a result, this led to the mistreatment of both prescription and non-prescription opioids in a form that increased opioid abuse and caused widespread diversion. Currently, the United States is facing an opioid epidemic that is getting way out of hand. Every day, more than 115 people overdose and die due to opioid abuse ranging from prescription painkillers to even heroin. This is a serious national crisis that ultimately affects public health and safety, as well as social and economic welfare for all citizens. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention carefully estimates that the yearly total of the 'economic burden' of prescription opioid misuse alone in the United States is $78.5 billion a year. The extremely high evaluation includes the costs of healthcare, criminal justice involvement, addiction treatment, and lost productivity. With President Donald Trump declaring the country's opioid epidemic a national public health emergency on October 26, 2017, what are the possible solutions to the greatest opioid epidemic in the country's history? Personally, I think to solve the opioid epidemic we have to prevent more people from becoming addicted. This requires much more cautious prescribing, officials going out in local neighborhoods in all states and providing service and support, improving access to treatment and recovery services, as well as promoting the use of overdose-reversing drugs through social media.

The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is stressfully trying to address the issue and asses a new way to deal with it through the public and other government run departments. On the CDC website, they have a feature labeled “Confronting Opioids” which offers the history and everything anyone needs to know about opioids. It is clear that they are aware of the issue but the solution isn’t as easy as snapping your fingers. The CDC plays an essential role in opioid overdose prevention and takes a public health approach to address key aspects of the epidemic by having a five-point strategy to preventing opioid overdoses and harms. The image on the left shows the CDC’s plan and how the strategies will go in a cycle, in the hopes of helping the epidemic. It is an effective way to provide funding for research and supporting healthcare systems, but the CDC can also use their large platform to inform the public about overdose-reversing drugs. As a resident in Philadelphia and even having to clean up needles in my local job one time, I would like to help the community to make the living environment safer. Other citizens are willing to help as well without a doubt, but may lack knowledge on how to do so. Therefore, the CDC should inform and persuade locals to carry naloxone incase they ever run into somebody that is in desperate need of life. The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention have the ability to raise awareness to the general public about the overdose-reversing drug due to them being partnered with other government departments and I think they should take initiative on doing so, whether it's on the news or a television ad.

Opioids killed more people last year than either car accidents or gun violence. It’s scary to think that you're more likely to survive driving on a daily basis or being shot, than overdosing on drugs. This crisis of addiction can affect any American, from college undergraduates to a mother of five beautiful children. The President finally took affirmative action and said, “I am directing all executive agencies to use every appropriate emergency authority to fight the opioid crisis” as mentioned on the White House website. President Trump also indicates on how to tackle the epidemic by addressing “The most urgent goals and readily quantifiable achievements will be a reduction in overdose episodes and deaths, increased entry into and adherence to high quality treatment, and a reduction in prescribed opioids” (Whitehouse.gov). To add, Trump and his administration set aside a Federal Drug Control Budget that focuses on broad areas that, ultimately, will help the country with the epidemic. These mainly focus on prevention, treatment, domestic law enforcement, interdiction and international involvements. To go into detail, billions of dollars are set aside in each category and are distributed amongst sub-categories as shown in the table above. From the looks of it, the money seems to be covering every aspect that is needed from homelessness to education programs in school, but not enough is being done with opioid users on a face-to-face level. For example, the 126 page President’s Commision report doesn’t mention anything about going to communities with high opioid overdose rates and offering treatment for users. Money should also be handed to state officials who can help smaller communities within the States. Just like Philadelphia and other corrupt cities, there is an organized group trying to provide treatment for users, but unfortunately, there isn’t enough capital so they depend on donations from locals. If there was more capital flowing into states, users could seek help on a personal level, which, in my opinion, is more effective.

The nation is wide awake and aware of the terrible impact that the opioid epidemic serves on families and communities in our states and local communities. In addition to this devastating human toll, government and other authorized departments budgets are being stretched at every possible level. The public and emergency health systems are asked to meet heightened demands for services that save lives, but there simply isn’t enough capital for them to do so. There is a terrible urgency to find solutions to help those who continue to suffer from the effects of opioid addiction. Author Kathleen Sebelius from “The Hill” beings to state that in order to overcome the nations epidemic we should “.....strongly urge local and federal lawmakers to work towards lasting, long-term solutions that both address opioid misuse and addiction now and help avoid the next crisis.” She urges that, currently, opioid medications continue to be easily prescribed in the United States, and a small group of clinicians prescribe opioids in large quantities and with little monitoring of effectiveness or addiction in patients. But, suppressing overprescription is just a small piece of the bigger picture necessary to tackle this epidemic. A crisis this complex and widespread requires a “comprehensive response that engages every tool available to help prevent and treat addiction” (Sebelius). Sebelius clearly underlines ways on how to treat the epidemic, but can only do so much as talk about it. Like many citizens, we don’t hold the authority or power to make change unless we all come together as a whole.

With drug overdoses killing more than 72,000 people in the United States last year, solving this crisis requires all parties and departments to work as a unit in tackling the complex origins of the epidemic with an attentive, sustained response. Our nation gradually enrolled in the epidemic crisis and it will gradually be resolved one step at a time. As Trump said at the end of his interview, “To be successful, we must adopt an all-of-the-above approach to seek long-term solutions so that we can save lives and move our country forward.”

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Constructivism, Law and Peace

In the field of international relations, “mutual construction” refers to the idea that over time, interactions influence the ideas, beliefs, and norms that shape the international system through constructivism. It implies that past interactions amongst states give rise to factors, i.e. the pattern of norms, beliefs, and ideas, that will influence future interactions between the two states. Constructivism is a system that raises alternative definitions of many themes crucial to international relations theory. As a social theory, Constructivism looks at the principle of world politics and the field of international relations through a social lens, rather than the rational lens realism and liberalism look through. Realism and liberalism look at material power as “the single most important source of influence and authority in global politics (pg.104).” Under the constructivist argument, material and discursive power are vital for a full understanding of world politics. Through the influence of ideas, beliefs, norms, and identities, Constructivism disagrees with the ideology of realism and liberalism because it “assumes actors and structures mutually constitute each other; anarchy must be interpreted to have meaning; state interests are part of the process of identity construction; power is both material and discursive; and change in world politics both possible and difficult (pg.106).”

As a social theory, constructivism has many unique insights to it, along with many weaknesses. These insights and weaknesses are all seen in the emphasis of norms, beliefs, and identities that come out of past interactions between states that constructivism focuses on for its understanding of world politics. Since “mutual construction” looks at past interactions between states, the norms, beliefs, ideas, and identities that come out of these interactions will have major significance for future interactions between the two states. Take the norms that will eventually influence the interactions between the two states. Finnemore and Sikkink go through what is called a norms cycle to explain how the rise of and development of norms will influence future interactions.

Through a pattern of norm influence, the authors say it has been found, “…independently in work on social norms in U.S. legal theory, quantitative research by sociology’s institutionalists or “world polity” theorists, and various scholars of norms in IR (pg.110).” In short, the norm life cycle works like this—norm emergence occurs by someone who pushes for the norm to be accepted; the norm cascade happens once the tipping point has been reached as more countries start to accept the norm and the higher it’s chance of universal acceptance gets; finally, norm internalization occurs where the acceptance of the norm becomes internalized and becomes so commonplace that it is subconscious behavior at this point. The norm cycle is a unique insight into constructivism because it can spark a massive change within a state or between two states.

Another element of constructivism that is both a weakness and a unique insight is the idea of feminism in terms of International Relations. J. Ann Tickner discusses the feminist perspective of international relations and the role of feminism in terms of international politics. Tickner observes that when you look at the field of international politics, the field is generally one dominated by privileged, western, white men. She goes on to say that, “…feminist standpoint theory has suggested that if we start thinking from marginalized lives, we are likely to get less partial and distorted accounts, not only of their lives, but of the whole social order…Feminists have long held a deep skepticism about the claims to universality of knowledge that…is based largely on certain privileged men’s lives and men’s experiences (pg.126).”

This statement contributes to the unique identity of feminism in international relations in explaining that these women did not want to just know how this field impacted men and how men shaped the lens in which we view international relations. That said it is also important that one must recognize the weakness that comes with understanding international politics. Because Feminism in IR is a new concept, not many of the assumptions of international relations are well known within the field. Now women in IR are taking initiative to unpack prior IR theories and look at them under a feminist lens.

Balance of Power Theory is the idea that a state’s national security becomes more stabilized as military capability across numerous states is distributed so that no one state has the opportunity to dominate all the others. Under balance of power theory, there are many core assumptions that present themselves. The first of these assumptions is that power is measurable and because of such, one could reasonably explain how much power a state has. Another assumption made under the theory is that if there is an imbalance of power, then there will be more of a chance for instability and conflict. Without a steady increase in stability, the number of dominant actors would not increase either, which is another assumption made towards the balance of power theory. One final assumption made towards balance of power theory is that all states seek to increase their power. While many of these assumptions align with realist thought, the final one aligns rather closely with the concept of realism.

The concept of realism can be traced back to around 400-500 BCE thanks to Thucydides and his interpretation for the cause of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides equated the cause of the war to the Athenian rise of power, which made Sparta fearful. This effect, typically called the Security dilemma, says that because Athens made themselves more secure in their military power, Sparta felt less secure in their own, thus sparking the Peloponnesian war. The logical reasoning that comes out of Thucydides analysis of the war can be seen in many of the more modern ideas of realist thought, which plays a large role in the Balance of Power theory. The most latter of the assumptions can easily be seen in Thucydides logic. The security dilemma that came out of the Peloponnesian war reflects the latter of the assumptions because Athens was sought out ways to become more powerful, which sparked fear in Sparta to raise their power and prevent Athens from gaining more such power. Another thought under realism that can be applied to the same assumption is Morgenthau’s second principle of realism—central interest defined in terms of realism. This principle reflects the idea of realism in terms of balance of power theory because it states that all states are selfish, which is what is being implied under the assumption of states seeking more power.

Another assumption that can be discussed in terms of realist thought is that power is measurable. This assumption actually refutes the ideas of classical realism and Morgenthau’s third principle; which is that interest defined in terms of power has no fixed meaning. To be able to measure power, power has to have a fixed meaning that can be applied universally. However, the circumstances and political/cultural climate of a state can be drastically different from another country. Morgenthau says, “…yet the kind of interest in determining political action in a particular period of history depends upon the political and cultural context within which foreign policy is formulated (pg. 43).” Therefore, if power has to be measurable universally, but all states will not have the same circumstances under which power is defined and applied, it cannot be measurable; effectively refuting the assumption that all states can fit under the same definition of power. Morgenthau goes on to explain that states cannot fit under the same definition of power because power ensures that the control of man over man is maintained and established. In my opinion, very little of these assumptions are realistic. The most realistic assumption there is, is that imbalances lead to instability and conflict simply because, if a disagreement amongst actors is intense enough, it can lead to major war and conflict.

Walt and Pape both write about the balance of power theory as contribution to our understanding of the idea. However, their articles challenge the idea of balance of power theory by going against the idea that states are balancing against power in terms of military capability. Walt argues that states forming alliances are doing so more for a balance against a threat rather than a balance against a power. Balancing behavior is states joining together to protect themselves from states that could pose a major threat. They do so as a risk to their own survival if they fail to prevent a hegemon from becoming to strong and to increase the new member’s influence due to the weaker side needing more assistance (pg 203). Bandwagoning behavior examples the balance against a threat by aligning themselves with that threat in order for self-preservation through appeasement or to reap the benefits of that power’s victory.

Pape’s article challenges the traditional understanding of balance of power theory by aiming that balance at the United States in a way that does not target their military strength to make it more complicated to use that power. This concept is known as soft balancing and can be done through internal balancing or external balancing. Internal balancing is a state’s decision to independently enhancing their economic or military growth to ensure independent reliability against global hegemon (pg213). External balance is the cooperation of states to organize an alliance against a hegemon.

On January 8, 1918, President Wilson addressed Congress with his Fourteen points outline and explanation that the United States entered the WWI out of moral obligation and call for peace. In his speech, he states, “We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence…It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression (pg. 100).” Wilson’s fourteen points were a strategic advantage to promote world peace and ensure national security through balance of power amongst nations. As two major powers, Wilson thought it was the job of Europe and the United States to promote the balance of power.

Wilson’s fourteen points are significant to the field of international relations because his main goal of the fourteen points was promoting world peace on a global scale to promote diplomacy and forming strong alliances between the states. This is resembled in the first and final point. He says for his first point, “Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view (pg100).” This first quote resembles how he is hoping to promote diplomacy through the strategic nature of the fourteenth point and the public understanding of the international functions. His final point says, “A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike (pg101).” This point is the introduction to his League of Nations strategy to have permanent peace, obtainable by making the League of Nations the foundation of the diplomatic structure and achieving the world peace he’s striving for.

Yet, ironically enough the main proponent of his fourteen points, the League of Nations, was a big weakness of his fourteen points. His fourteen points, because it focused so much on balancing power and world peace, it failed to place any blame on Germany after causing major damage and loss. Certainly, the redistribution of the lands captured by Germany back to their rightful rule—i.e. evacuating Russian territory, evacuating and restoring Belgium, freeing French territory, the safeguarding of the peoples of Austria-Hungary, etc— was a notable strength of his fourteen points. However, his dealings with Germany he discusses did not suit the needs of the other allied powers, causing major opposition to the Fourteen Points as a whole. At the end of his address, in regard to Germany, he says, “We have no jealousy of German greatness, and there is nothing in this program that impairs it.

We grudge her no achievement or distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright and very enviable. We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade if she is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace- loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world— the new world in which we now live…(pg101).” Wilson’s handling of Germany was not the way many wanted, and his appeal to ethics and fairness failed through his attempt to try and get Congress, the Allied Powers, and the people of the United States and Germany to agree and implement his system for world peace. Wilson seemed to ignore the duress and stress the war caused for civilians from multiple countries and that many individuals wanted justice and retribution for the harm and damage Germany caused.

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Advancements in Agriculture

The first line of the FFA Creed wrote by E.M. Tiffany states, “I believe in the future of agriculture, with a faith born not of words but of deeds.” The future of agriculture is not only important to farmers but to the world population. The world is an ever-growing population with more and more mouths to feed. There have been thousands of causes to advancements in agriculture, some of them increase production and some solve problems faced by the farmers in their task as a producer. The most notable advancements are the ones that solve the problems faced by farmers that have improved Kansas farming. Kansas agriculture has advanced in many ways, through the impact of the Dust Bowl on conservation, new irrigation technology to improve crop production, and finally precision agriculture technology such as GPS to improve accuracy on farms.

A huge advancement in agriculture took place in the 1870s, the first self-propelled steam engine was created (Dove). Then in 1892, the John Froelich gasoline-powered engine/tractor was invented (“The Froelich Tractor”). The Froelich tractor was a vertical one-cylinder tractor (“The Froelich Tractor”). From John Froelich’s success with his tractor, he formed the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company (“The Froelich Tractor”). Another invention that had a huge impact on agriculture was the plow. There is evidence of this equipment since 3500 BCE, Egyptians were turning soil with an iron-tipped wooden wedge (Dove). During the 1800s a cast iron plow was used by farmers across America (Dove).

In 1837, John Deere made the steel plow because the steel blades did not gum up with soil (Dove). During 1855 alone, John Deere sold nearly 13,000 of his steel plows (Dove). In 1886, the first self-propelled combine was patented (Dove). This large thresh holding machine could harvest 100 acres a day (Dove). Genetically Modified Organisms have had a huge impact on farming. GMOs have been used to increase yield, shorten life cycles, and increase pest control in crops grown (Dove). The Kansas Department of Agriculture has played a huge role in protecting farmers. In 1855, the first meeting of territorial legislative laws was passed (“Kansas Department of Agriculture”). The Kansas State Legislature created the Kansas State Agriculture Society on March 5, 1862 (“Kansas Department of Agriculture”). Then in 1872, Kansas Legislature created the State Board of Agriculture to look into the future of agriculture (“Kansas Department of Agriculture”).

Kansas Department of Agriculture has played a huge roll in accomplishing all of this in support of farmers (“Kansas Department of Agriculture”). Along with the many advancements in agriculture, it has allowed farmers to take care of more land and increase their farm size. Although farm sizes have increased the number of farmers have decreased due to the rough lifestyle of a farmer and the difficulty of making a profit. In 1910, there was a total of 32,077,000 people living on farms (Spielmaker). Farmers were 31% of the workforce in the United States (Spielmaker). The average farm size at the time was 138 acres (Spielmaker). Nearly 100 years later the population increased by 230,000,000 (Spielmaker). At that time, farmers were only 2.6% of the workforce (Spielmaker). The average farm size was 435 acres (Spielmaker).

One of the biggest events to have a major impact on central United States agriculture was the Dust bowl. The Dust Bowl can be described as profound shifts in Earth’s land, climate, and water system (Holleman). The climate change, land degradation, and freshwater scarcity were contributed by many different things but the number one impact was farmers and farming practices used at the time (Holleman). Soil conservation is preventing soil erosion or degradation (“Soil Conservation- What do I Need to Know About it?

Learn About it's Important”). Causes of soil degradation include human and nature aspects (Holleman). Industrial agriculture has expanded agriculture and heavy wind or rain have added to the destruction (Holleman). Several techniques have been adopted to improve soil conservation. This includes crop rotation, no-till, terrace farming, windbreaks, and earthworms (“Soil Conservation- What do I Need to Know About it? Learn About it's Important”). The Dust Bowl took place in the 1930s and is described as, “The most spectacular mass sacrifice to strictly commercial mores in the history of mankind” (Holleman). The Dust Bowl occurred due to soil erosion and land degradation (Holleman). The event caused climate change and freshwater scarcity (Holleman). Industrial agriculture was a major cause, this included heavy tilling and multiple harvests (Holleman). The heavy tilling resulted in farmers changing to different techniques such as no-till, terrace farming, and windbreaks (“Soil Conservation- What do I Need to Know About it? Learn About it's Important”). Other practices include pasture rotation, limit burning, and prevent overgrazing (Holleman).

Farmers were not supposed to have the ground constantly broken up (“Soil Conservation- What do I Need to Know About it? Learn About it's Important”). The grassland lost due to the Dust Bowl included 43% of the native and 75% of sahara (Torres-Alves). In general, the highly affected area was the central United States (Torres-Alves). It affected more than 100,000,000 acres in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas (Torres-Alves).

Irrigation has made a major impact on agriculture and the crops grown across the United States. In the 1930s, there was a total of 6,295,000 farms with an average size of 157 acres (Spielmaker). At the time 1,633,252 acres irrigated in the United States (Spielmaker). In the 1990s, the total amount of farms was 2,143,150 with an average size of 461 acres (Spielmaker). There were roughly 49,404,000 acres farmed and an astounding 14,633,252 acres irrigated (Spielmaker). A huge part of irrigation in the central United States is the Ogallala aquifer. Most irrigation setups in the central United States pull water from the Ogallala Aquifer. The aquifer is 225,000 square miles under the Great Plains region (Dridi). The Great Plains region covers Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska (Dridi).

Due to a large amount of irrigation, water is being pulled out faster than the aquifer is refueling (Dridi). There are two options for irrigation setups. The first is traditional technology such as furrowing irrigation and the second option is modern technology such as sprinkler and drip (Dridi). The most common style is a pivot, also known as a sprinkler/drip (Dridi). Irrigation is used to water crops to increase yield or to use in time of drought (Dridi). No matter the use of irrigation it has been stressed to be used efficiently and effectively (Dridi). Irrigation improves the yield of the crops being grown, meaning you will have a much more plentiful harvest (Dridi). Irrigation has had a major impact on agriculture and the Ogallala Aquifer so we must take it upon our selves to prevent depletion of the aquifer by limiting our use of it (Dridi).

Precision agriculture is making everything on the farm more accurate and in control by the farmer (National Research Council 1). Precision ag includes both crops and raising livestock but a huge part is GPS (Moscovici). GPS is an old technology that has been advanced and modified to fit the needs of farmers. GPS stands for Global Positioning System (Moscovici). GPS is a radio navigation system that allows land, sea, and airborne users to determine location, speed, and weather conditions (National Research Council 2). The GPS became free to public users on May 1, 2000 (Moscovici). It was originally developed in 1970 by the US Ministry of Defense (Moscovici). This technology reached farming about the same time as it reached the public (Moscovici). GPS helps maximize productively, better controls the product being put into the ground like seed or fertilizer, and maximizes profit for the farmer (Moscovici). The tracking system prevents overlapping so you do no use any more product than what you need (National Research Council 2). With this technology, productivity is increased with rough working conditions such as fog (Moscovici). The GPS has advanced from simply being a monitor to completely controlling the tractor so that it does not have a driver seat (Moscovici).

There have been many advancements in agriculture during the last 100 years. Those advancements have played a huge role in soil conservation, increasing yield, and solving everyday problems for farmers. It is very notable that Kansas agriculture has and will continue to advance in many ways, the most notable impacts of the past were the Dust Bowl’s effect on conservation, increasing yield through new irrigation technology, and finally precision agriculture improving accuracy on farms. The FFA Creed shows farmers dedication to producing food to help feed the world, even through advancements. The last paragraph states, “I believe that American agriculture can and will hold true to the best traditions of our national life and that I can exert an influence in my home and community which will stand solid for my part in that inspiring task.”

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William H. Gates Biography

William H. Gates commonly known as Bill Gates was born in oct 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington, USA. He grew up in Seattle. He went to Lakeside School in North Carolina. He met a guy called Paul Allen, who was his senior, but they have common interest about the computer stuffs. They used to do a lot of stuffs in the school’s computer lab. Bill even hacked into the system to change his class schedule. In 1973, He entered Harvard as freshman intending to become a lawyer, but he was interested in programming stuffs. In 1970, at the age of just 15, Bill Gates and Paul Allen went into business together, developing a computer program called "Traf-o-Data" that monitored traffic pattern in Seattle. They got $20000 for their effort.

He developed a programming language BASIC for the first microcomputer- the MITS Altair during his college. Later, in his junior year, he dropped out of Harvard to give his time to a company called Microsoft, accompany he had started in 1975 with his friend Paul Allen. He has the vision that there will be personal computers everywhere in future- in office, home, schools, factories, etc. Basically, his vision was to use computers for real jobs like using it to make office works easier, solving the problems, managing the documents, keeping records, etc. That vision led him to build the software for the personal computer. In 1980s, IBM was the leading company for manufacturing Pc and the software contract was given to Microsoft. More the PCs produced more the license of Microsoft’s Operating system called Basic were sold. There were many companies producing clones of the IBM PC which will also need to buy license for Microsoft’s operating system.

Thus, the Microsoft was able to gain dominant position in the software industry. Th products build by Bill Gates and his team such as word, excel, etc. has become industry standard. Microsoft released its first version of Windows in 1990. It was a breakthrough in operating software as it replaced text interfaces with GUI (Graphical User Interface) and we are still using the GUI. It soon became a best seller and was able to capture most of the operating system market share. Windows 95 was released in 1995, setting new standards and features for operating systems. This version of Windows has been the backbone of all future releases from Windows 2000 to the latest XP and Vista. Bill Gates served Microsoft as CEO from 1975 to 2000 and later served as product software architecture. He resigned from Microsoft in 2014. Although He resigned from Microsoft he keeps on meeting with CEOs and product managers.

In 1995 Gates with Co-author Nathan Meyerhold, Microsoft's chief technology officer, and Peter Rinearson wrote The Road Ahead, his vision of where information technology will take society. The book held the No. 1 spot on the New York Times' bestseller for a total of 18 weeks. The book has published in different countries around the world inspiring the technologist enthusiasts. He was even awarded with different honors and awards such as "Youngest Self-made billionaire", President Medal of Freedom in 2016, etc. He was made honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005.

I think the contribution of Bill Gates is important in industrializing and making the personal computer a reality. He is the one who brought the personal computer thing to home otherwise computers may be limited to the offices and workplace. The Microsoft made the operating system available to third party which helped computers to be popular around the world.

Bill and Melinda established a Foundation called Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2000 which is the largest private foundation in the United States, holding US$50.7 billion in assets. He has given a lot of his assets to help solve different types of problem such as polio, diarrhea, nutrition, sanitation, education, etc. around the world. He is still actively involved in philanthropy and making a lot of change in the world.

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Food Waste in the United States

Food waste is an urgent issue in the United States that needs to be reduced because it impacts the whole environment, so by increasing consumers’ knowledge on how to prepare and store food, we can reduce wasting food, and this solution can minimize food waste and create a healthier environment.

Food waste is one of the most important and widespread problems in the United States that affects the environment. Most people do not realize how much food they throw away every day. Whenever food is wasted, everything that went into producing, processing, packaging, and transporting that food is also thrown away as well. The excessive amounts of chemicals, energy, fertilizer, along with the twenty-five percent of the clean water in the U.S. that is used to produce food, will eventually go down the drain.

Also, most uneaten food rots in landfills where it accounts for approximately 25 percent of the U.S.’s methane emissions. This issue is apparent because of the fact that methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that is more toxic to the environment than carbon dioxide. Therefore, less wasted food means we release less methane gas, which is beneficial for the ecosystem (Environmental Impact of Food Waste in the US). The problem of food waste is difficult to solve because food is cheap in the U.S., and people are not knowledgeable about how to store food. The majority of Americans surveyed said they feel regretful for throwing away food, yet many do not have time to figure out ways to minimize their waste
(Goldberg). Finally, we have to reduce food waste because it is the most important problem in the environment.

One of the best solutions to combat food waste is to change consumers’ behavior in terms of buying, preparing, and storing food because consumers’ are the biggest wasters. The problem of food waste can be solved by making a shopping list, using measuring cups to determine the right portions, and knowing where and how to store specific products because more than half percent of the purchasers’ acquisitions are a waste. Also, consumers need a concrete action plan. Buying the right quantities, checking the pantry and fridge before shopping, and preparing meals with products that are close to their expiration date are the most logical ways for consumers to reduce food waste. The main reason people throw away food is that they cooked too much and after having prepared too much, they consider the leftover portions too small for storage. Modestly, they do not know what to do with the leftovers cuisine or partly used products, such as dairy, vegetables, sauces, and other ingredients (Simple Solutions for Food Waste). They need more information or advice on food storage methods.

Moreover, they need to plan their meals for the whole week before shopping and buy only the things needed for those meals. For example, consumers who decide what to eat on a daily basis waste more food than those who plan what they are going to eat in advance. By increasing their knowledge about the impacts of food wastage, food waste prevention measures, and raising awareness of the complication of food waste, it would help solve the problem because these factors are helpful to revise consumers’ comportment to minimize food waste. Additionally, they can contribute to reduce food waste and do something about it by buying and cooking specific quantities and using better storage techniques.

Some people may argue that the only way to avoid food waste is by donating some food for homeless and poor people. Donating leftovers can reduce food from landfills and puts cuisine on the table of tribes in need. It seems reasonable that food waste can only waste people's money who are actually buying or cooked too much, so by donating leftover food. We courage not to lose money. The aid of food from the mansion and trade can help poor or hungry people. Except for donating and leftover food can help edge the eagerness of poor people. They cannot manage the cost of a solitary time dinner for themselves and their family, so giving sustenance will make their stomach fill and remain solid. Feed hungry people is better than wasting food.

However, the problem with this solution is that food waste cannot be reduced. One of the primary reasons that food goes to waste is cost. Food donation is dear and may be difficult to take food from one place to another. Service and foundation have to bear the charge of adapting food for assistance, packing, and shipping. Also, people do not have time to take their leftover food to feed hungry people. For example, if we donate our leftovers food could be waste because some people think one person cannot makes such a big change to reduce food waste, so they throw away their leftovers. Teaching people that buying items with a smart list that they need and showing them ways how to store their leftover is a better way to reduce food waste. It is clear that changing consumers' behavior is the only solution to the problem.

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The Symbolic Tale of Rip Van Winkle

The account of Rip Van Winkle is set a long time prior and then afterward the American Revolution. In Irvin's story, Rip Van Winkle, a man who meandered into the mountains subsequent to paying attention to the continuous irritating of his better half, encounters abnormal experiences. He happens upon men, supposed to be the spirits of Hudson's team, who are playing a round of nine pins, and in the wake of drinking, he lies under a tree and rests. He gets up twenty years after the fact. Since he was use to what the world resembled before the Revolutionary War of the United States, he sees how things changed definitely. Irvin utilizes the characters Rip to address America, Dame to address Britain, and the residents to address the American public, to show the peruser how the different gatherings took part in the American Revolution.

Tear's better half calls him lethargic on the grounds that he does nothing around their home. He would prefer to go hunting with his canine or go to the town and tattle with men. Everybody in the town loves Rip. The storyteller expresses, "The offspring of the town, as well, would yell with euphoria at whatever point he drew closer". Tear made it his place to fulfill everybody except individuals of his family. A couple of models incorporate tear playing with the kids, training them to fly kites, recounting the youngsters stories, never declining to help his neighbors, and he got things done for individuals. The storyteller's states, "In a word Rip was prepared to take care of anyone's business however his own; yet as to performing family responsibility, and maintaining his homestead in control, Rip thought that it is inconceivable". This is the thing that makes Rip be grieved by his significant other. This can likewise be taken a gander at as a portrayal of the American culture as the US shows their endeavors to deal with international concerns while not watching out for their own. He is utilized to show American battles and adolescence. Tear's large mistake is his inability to be there and accommodate his own family. One day Rip disappears to the mountains to escape from his irritating spouse, just to take a taste of a beverage and nod off for a very long time. At the point when Rip awakens and gets back to town, he is confused by the many changes that have happened like his appearance and everything in the town. The personality of Rip can likewise represent the American individuals who were battling with tracking down their own character.

Lady Van Winkle is the spouse of Rip Van Winkle, who has an extremely harsh tone. She is continually pestering at her significant other for his sluggishness and recklessness towards their home. The storyteller shows this characteristic by saying, "She was consistently dinning in his ears about his inactivity, his lack of regard, and the ruin he was welcoming on his family". She is perpetually discontent with his deeds, and as it should be. The occasions in the story display that she is an ideal justification her better half's misery. Lady addresses the nation of Great Britain. Her demandingness addresses the force that the British attempted to bring upon the American settlements, which in the end made them tired, as it tore. The oppression he faces at home makes him break to the mountains, which is by all accounts Rip's cheerful spot. Lady was the abusive hand that made Rip discover his getaway with the sensation of opportunity, as did the homesteaders once they had the option to get away from the public authority's standard of the crown.

The residents in the story addressed the American culture, showing how things were previously, then after the fact the Revolution. It appears to be like the residents were a bit prideful before the revolution, which is the way they address America while under British guideline. At the point when Rip shows up back to town 20 years after the fact, the residents developed to the assumption for their new government. In Irvin's Rip Van Winkle, Irvin shows changes in American convictions from the encounters through the American Revolution. The brief tale gives understanding to the attributes of the American pilgrims and how the progression of time has changed the general public.

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What Leadership Means to me

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Introduction

Path Goal Model Of Leadership

Pride and achievement

Participative Achievement

Conclusion

References

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Elon Musk’s Leadership Traits

Musk's Weakness

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My Opinion on Personal Leadership Philosophy

Types of Leadership

Formal Leadership

Informal Leadership

Example of leadership role in which I participated

Conclusion according to my philosophy of leadership

References

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Importance of Army Leadership

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Transactional Leadership Style

Leadership Drives Company Performance

Adaptive Leadership Stance

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An Occurance at Owl Creek Story

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Bill Gates as a Leader

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Suffering in Crime and Punishment

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Substance Abuse in the Elderly

Overview of Substance Abuse

Common symptoms of substance abuse

Prevalence of substance abuse in the elderly

Consequences of substance abuse in the elderly

Affects others who are affected by substance abuse in the elderly

Case Study for Substance Abuse in the Elderly

Solutions, treatments, and interventions for Substance Abuse in the Elderly

Summary

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The Opiod Epidemic and the Criminalization of Addiction

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Constructivism, Law and Peace