Month: February 2020
Human Uniqueness and Human Nature
Introduction
This is the second assignment given by the university. This assignment is about describing the human uniqueness and human nature through the views of Plato, Aristotle and Existentialists regarding their view towards the Human Nature.
It is the one of the course assignment. I would like to thank MR. Deepak Poudyal for helping me out with this assignment. This assignment helps us to know the views of the different philosopher regarding human nature. This is written in plain English language so that everyone can understand. The main concept of this assignment is to enlighten the human's thinking capacity which is not universal rather it is unique in every way
Human nature
The term 'human nature' refers to much more than a human behavior. It actually means a bundle of basic characteristics or core characteristics including ways of thinking, feeling, acting, psychology, behaviors and traits of beings which humans seems to have naturally. Human nature means the peculiar features that humans tend to have. These features include the manner of acting, emotion expressing desire, and thinking which are independent from the cultural influences. So, people to be competitive, selfish and aggressive is only a human nature. Many Philosophers and scholars have defined human nature based on major schools of thought from human history. Some religion scholars believe that spiritual or religious natures are the essential factors in human nature. For example, Judeo-Christian belief presents humans are the creations of God that have free will, which provides them both dignity and ethical dangers. Buddhists think that to be human is to be aware (conscious) and to desire. The questions about what the human features are, how natural they are, and how they originate are among the most alerting questions regarding the philosophy of human person. More broadly, in Western cultures, the discussions usually begin with Plato and Aristotle in classical Greece. Plato believed that humans were rational, social animals, and he referred our nature with our souls and ability to reason (think) rather than our bodies. But unlike Plato, Aristotle believed that both body and soul connects to our human identity. These theories have been built upon each other and adapted over time.
Plato was one of the early stars of Western philosophy. He studied under the great Greek savant, Socrates. Plato founded the Academy in his native Athens which became a famous haunt of philosophical and scientific parley, and is considered by many as the first known university in the world. Plato's writings mostly take the form of dialogues, or dialectics, in which knowledge is revealed as two figure ask and answer questions of each other..
Plato thought that there are both immaterial part (soul) and material body i.e he was a dualist, and it is the soul that knows the forms. He believed that the immaterial mind (soul) exists before birth and after death also. Thus he believed that the immaterial mind attains knowledge of the forms, as opposed to the senses. Needless to say, he referred that human beings should care about soul rather than their body.
The immaterial mind is divided into 3 parts, reason (thinking ability); appetite (physical urges); and will (emotion, passion, spirit.). The reasoning part is located in the human brain and it controlled the entire body. The will, responsible for the feelings and temper along with desires, occupied the chest of the human body. The third part called appetite was in charge of the basic human necessities such as thirst, hunger, or lust and was located in the stomach. The will is the foundation of love, anger, ambition, aggression, competition etc. When these aspects are not in harmony, mental conflict arises. The will can be on the side of either reason or the appetites. We might be attracted by appetite, or the consistent desire to find a good partner. To explain the interrelationship of these 3 parts of the self, Plato uses the image of the charioteer (reason) who tries to control horses which represents will and appetites.
Plato also focused the social elements of human nature. We are not self-dependent that is why we need help of others in different matters so that we can get benefit from our social interactions, from other person's talents, aptitudes, and friendship.
Plato was an adherent of dualism who believed that we are comprised of two substances, a material body, and immaterial mind. Aristotle does not agree on this. Aristotle differed primarily in his belief that both body and soul contributed to our human identity.
Aristotle was an Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist who is still considered one of the greatest intellectuals in politics, psychology and ethics. Aristotle is known for his carefully comprehensive study about nature and the physical world, which apply the cornerstone for the modern study of biology. Aristotle spent nearly 20 years at Plato's Academy
These theories are not mutually exclusive, but have been constructed upon each other and adapted over time. As a biologist, Aristotle understood that living things include plants as well as human and non-human animals. Aristotle says that plants have a vegetative structure a specific way of functioning which is mainly about taking in nutrients, reproducing, etc. Non-human animals have this structure along with a sensitive structure which uses senses to interact with the environment and initiates desires. Human animals add to this a rational structure which makes them distinct. Each different thing has a different structure. This is its formal cause in the language of Aristotle. Thus some things have a richer or difficult to understand form or structure than other things. Thus for Aristotle it is of no use to talk of a soul or mind without a body, for the essence of a person is embedded and intertwined with their matter. One can't remove it out of the body. Aristotle differs from Plato in a sense that, our highest power is what distinguishes human nature. The purpose of humans is to use their reason to think and control their desires and aggressions
The only exception is that divine intellectual functioning may take place without a body. Yet it is difficult to see how this could be the matter. For instance, even if computers think without bodies their thinking still relies on material aspects. A disembodied thought is conceptually full of problems, although many Christians and Islamists who followed Aristotle welcomed the possibility. As for normal embodied human beings, Aristotle's major differentiation is between their rational component and their feelings and desires. He also differentiated between theoretical and practical reasoning.
On the other hand, Existentialists views deny that all humans have the same fixed nature. Existentialism is a term applied to some late 19th- and 20th-century sophists who may not have resolved about much, but who all believed that each person must define themselves in an preposterous, fallacious world. In simpler terms, existentialism is concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. The conviction is that people are searching to find out whom and what they are throughout life as they make choices based on their experiences, notion, and outlook. And personal choices become unique without the exigency of an objective form of truth.
They believed that for human beings existence comes before essence. What they meant by this was that, humans are first born (exist) and then define their nature (essence) by acting. – Human beings have no pre-established motive or nature, nor anything that one have to or ought to be. They did not agree in an ordinary human nature which could be the root of morality. The basics of the human predicament are that we are compelled to choose what we will become, to explain ourselves by our choice of action: all that is provided is that we are, not what we are. Existentialism says there are no universal human nature, no rational human nature, and no purpose for human nature.
Human nature is the means to be a member of a unique species i.e capable of reasoning and many more things that makes us different from anything else or any other creature in the universe. Fundamental properties that define a human being are:-
- Creativity
- Humor
- Imagination
- Eroticism
- Rebelliousness
- Beauty
- Free Will
As far as we know, humans have the distinct and very power of thinking which develops curiosity in them: the ability to visualize the future in much possible ways along with the outmost question of how it is done, i.e to actually create the future we imagine, to make visible the invisible. Creativity is both a blessing and a curse for humans, causing many of us endless worry and anxiety. Without the power of creativity and thinking human wouldn't be different from other animals.
The ability to laugh and enjoy everything, to see the different aspects of life like:- funny and entertaining. Laughing, a form of showing happiness is also something that makes us unique than other beings. Humor is one of the basic of which human posses that makes human different and unique.
We as a human can tell different stories, picture situations that may arise in the future, empathize with others' experiences, think of potential explanations for why something has taken place, plan how to share knowledge or teach skills, and even reflect on moral dilemmas. We can perform all these activities due to our imagination.
Other than some species like booboos and dolphins, we humans are the only species on the planet who are fond of copulating which is one of the unique qualities of the human. Sex thought, craving, and experience it is an essential part of being human. This makes eroticism a special and distinct feature of human beings
Tell a human being not to do something, and you're guaranteed they're going to do it just because it's forbidden that's a unique fact of the human nature. But our rebelliousness is not something to be trained out of us. It is natural and symptom of self expression and exploration. The specialty that only human has and can be consider fundamental quality of human nature.
Human beings have ability to see beauty and are capable of creating and experiencing beauty in millions of different forms. One can also perceive the perfection of the universe, i.e its beauty. We love and admire beauty because we are a part of it. This idea relates to ones style and appreciation of the things they found beautiful, s Humans loves to consider different scenarios. The beautiful things around us are beautiful because we love them and admire them. This is also one of the qualities of the human nature.
Another fundamental quality of human nature is ones free will. Our decisions are far more independent of nature than any species. Human have ability to think what they should do and of the consequences of their actions and choices .These are the meaningful differences that give rise to the concept of freewill.
People thoughts will likely vary according to how they perceive human nature. If human nature is something we must be born with, then we may be neither good nor bad or cooperative nor selfish. But if human nature is simply the way people implies to act based on our innate and impulsive signals, then it seems that we are an accommodating species, willing to give for the good of the group even when it comes at our own personal charge.
Greek philosophers believe that humans have the capacity to decide what is considered good or what consider being wrong is. This means that humans have the ability to exercise free will. It is challenging to explore the subject of human nature. Humans are cooperative and at the same time competitive, peace-loving and violent, friendly and suspicious because of their nature. The desire to have something or to hate something it is all part of our nature. We are the way we are. We must define what it means to be good, not because we are so good, but because there is no alternative. Without humans there is no morality neither there is evil. Human beings are much more than merely self-centered, aggressive, and competitive. Human beings are a smart, talkative, upright ape with a penchant for material possessions.
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Human Uniqueness and Human Nature. (2020, Feb 27).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
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Human Nature: Feelings, Psychology, Behaviors
By definition, human nature includes the core characteristics (feelings, psychology, behaviors) shared by all people. We all have different experiences of the humans in our life, and this is where the disputes begin. Some people will tell you humans are 'good' or 'bad', or 'predators' or 'capable of great kindness.' These views are colored by the influence of the people we know and what our culture and subcultures tell us. The group you are born into will pass on its particular ideas about what makes humans 'human.' In my opinion, Human nature is not universal. Many philosophers have different concept on human nature. Plato who is also known as dualist; there is both immaterial mind (soul) and material body, and it is the soul that knows the forms. According to him, the soul(mind) itself is divided into 3 parts: reason; appetite (physical urges); and will (emotion, passion, spirit.) The will is the source of love, anger, indignation, ambition, aggression, etc. When these aspects are not in harmony, we experience mental conflict. The will can be on the side of either reason or the appetites. We might be pulled by lustful appetite, or the rational desire to find a good partner. Plato also emphasized the social aspect of human nature. We are not self-sufficient, we need others, and we benefit from our social interactions, from other person's talents, aptitudes, and friendship.
Plato was a dualist who believed that we are composed of two substances, a material body, and immaterial mind. Aristotle rejects this. As a biologist, Aristotle recognized that living things include plants as well as human and non-human animals. [He says that plants have a vegetative structure (a way of functioning) which is primarily about taking in nutrients, reproducing, and the like. Non-human animals have this structure plus a sensitive structure which uses senses to interact with the environment and initiates desires. Human animals add to this a rational structure which makes them unique.] Each different thing then has a different structure or form. This is its formal cause in his language. Thus some things have a richer or more complex form than other things.
Thus the form of something does not exist independently; it is not an entity in itself. Rather it is the specific pattern or structure or form of a thing which defines how it exists and functions. [It is different to be structured as a rock, tree, dog, or human.] Thus for Aristotle it makes no sense to talk of a soul or mind without a body, for the essence of a person is embedded and intertwined with their matter. You can't take it out of the body.
Aristotle also held that humans are social and political creatures who have activities common to all. He also thought that we can only reach our full development in societies. However he does not think that women are rational creatures, and his remarks are quite disparaging toward them. Perhaps worst of all, Aristotle advocated a doctrine of natural slavery the idea that some are naturally slaves. He thinks this is the status of non-Greek barbarians. Still, we should not reject the rest of Aristotle's thought because he was a misogynist, racist, and imperialist.
If by human nature you mean that it is the genes we inherent with close enough relation to reproduce then human nature is universal in that way. But if by human nature you mean that a certain set of mental behaviors values or ideals can be universally applied to all human then that is absolutely false. All the people are unique and have different personalities. If all the people would react in a situation in a same way then there wouldn't be any conflict among the people. Different people act differently in same situation. If human nature defined all the different values people can have, then there would not be so many different opposing values grinding against one another.
In simpler terms, existentialism is a philosophy concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. The belief is that people are searching to find out who and what they are throughout life as they make choices based on their experiences, beliefs, and outlook. And personal choices become unique without the necessity of an objective form of truth. An existentialist believes that a person should be forced to choose and be responsible without the help of laws, ethnic rules, or traditions.
Existentialism takes into consideration the underlying concepts:
- Human free will
- Human nature is chosen through life choices
- A person is best when struggling against their individual nature, fighting for life
- Decisions are not without stress and consequences
- There are things that are not rational
- Personal responsibility and discipline is crucial
- Society is unnatural and its traditional religious and secular rules are arbitrary
- Worldly desire is futile
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Human Nature: Feelings, Psychology, Behaviors. (2020, Feb 27).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2020/02/
Human Nature: Hobbes, Rousseau and Marx
In this essay I will explore the subject of Human Nature and how Thomas Hobbes,Jean Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx shaped their ideas on the direction that society should take. I will begin with Hobbes and explore his work the Leviathan (1651) where he argues the self centred nature of man and how he introduces a civil state with an absolute monarchy or a Levithan. I will contrasts these beliefs to Rousseau whose work The Social Contract (1762) explored the opposite of Hobbes's Leviathan. Rousseau believed that human beings were capable of something greater than simply surviving and behaving in a self-interested manner. Last but not the least I will ralk about the German philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883), a sociologist, economist, journalist, historian and revolutionary socialist who argued that human nature is determined by the nature of the economic system. Human nature is defined as the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans.
Thomas Hobbes believes that men equally share the right to take what is needed for survival and thus are able to harm their neighbours and take what is needed for protection. The will for man to survive creates a war of all against all. Appetite and Aversion are the two driving forces of man and Hobbes states that this means there is no obligation for man to respect each other and that there is no morality in the traditional sense of goodness and justice. Man desires the same thing and power is relational and a zero-sum resource. This leads him to say that others may probably be expected to come prepared with forces united to dispossessed, and derive him, not only of the fruit of his labour, but also of his life, or liberty, Human beings were equal - not in physical strength or intelligence - because they had the capacity to level the playing field to achieve their aims. So if someone was stronger than you in the state of nature and possessed something you wanted, you could use a weapon to kill them or group together with others to kill them.
Hobbes assumes the bad nature of man and without government or a Leviathan, a state of absolute power, the life of man, would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short (Ch XIII, p.186). For Hobbes, the only way to prevent the free-for-all killing in the state of nature was to create a sovereign (or civil state) and live under laws. In this civil state, all people sacrificed some of their liberty to end the violence of the state of nature. And while they lost part of their freedom they gained security through law and the strength of the state or government to suppress violent behaviour, which was worth the sacrifice for many. Hobbes took civil society a step further by arguing that the sovereign should be absolute in its power a 'Leviathan' that had the power to destroy all opposition to it from individuals, and ensure that people obeyed the laws of the sovereign - which introduced inequality by being more powerful than all individuals - and stopped acting violently towards each other.
"" Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains. Rousseau believed that human beings were capable of something greater than simply surviving and behaving in a self-interested manner. He states that humans are born free and able to shape their lives and personality as they choose, but society constricts individuals and corrupts them making them evil. Poverty and negative life experiences are some of the external factors that corrupts the good man into one who must use other means to survive as being good did not work for them.
Rousseau therefore argues that absolute sovereignty is the slavery of an entire people,Illegitimate, absurd and meaningless, rather he proposes a social contract with an agreement among all the people to submit to their general will (50)- a deal between each individual and the place he belongs; a contract with oneself. Being part of the civil state requires people to, surrender their natural freedom , give up freedom to do whatever they want, act according to duties and exercise reason. This refers to the chaining up of man compared to the freedom he has in rousseau's perception of state of nature where he is free and peaceful. However Rousseau is adamant that with this type of of civil law, people gain two types of freedom in return. Civil freedom, Persona and property protected by the general will, and Moral freedom; the ability to choose and live by self-imposed laws. His idea of man's good human nature is seen in hi prescriptions for the direction that society should take compared to Hobbes as he disagrees with the absolute sovereign and for man to give up all his freedom to find security as if man is born peaceful then there is no need to give up all of man's freedom.
The last theorist Karl Marx considered humans to be socio-historical beings. That is their nature changes according to the social social environment that they occupy. This is why he saw people forming social relationships and identities in relation to the historical economic relationship that they held, for example, a peasant's nature would have more in common with other peasants than say the nature of an aristocrat or merchant. Workers nature's would be different to say the professional classes and the bourgeoisie or upper classes. The only fundamental unchanging natural attribute that can be gleaned from Marx's writings is that human beings are a social animal.
He stated there was a strictly hierarchical society based on birth, people of noble blood had one set of characteristics born to lead and commoners lowly blood born to obey. Competition, individualism ambition were unnatural and would lead to a sticky end. Laws made sure that that trades were controlled by guilds which meant that goods had to be made in the same way and sold at the same price. Market laws prevented traders from undercutting each other.
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Human Nature: Hobbes, Rousseau and Marx. (2020, Feb 27).
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https://studydriver.com/2020/02/
Faults in the Human Nature
One of the faults in the human nature is when humans use their sense of judge that could either hurt them or do them good. But most of the time, humans judge other people based on their color, race, and their social status this is where most people stereotype other people. May it be that Asians are just generally bad drivers, Black people are up to no good, or that White people have no talent. Human's are naturally judgmental because people are scared that what they don't know about someone or perceive to know about someone threatens their whole being reasoning to them building their wall up in order to protect themselves from others. This essay will discuss how being judgmental got the best of the characters in the two stories that this essay will talk about.
In the story A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O'Connor, Bailey dealt with his mother by ignoring the fact that she didn't want to go to Florida but instead she wanted to go to Tennessee because her grandchildren have already been in Florida before but not Tennessee. Adding the fact that the Misfit is on a loose in Florida she didn't want to take the chance because she wouldn't take her children in the direction where there is a criminal on a loose (O'Connor 1). But Bailey and the children still decided to go Florida because Tennessee is just a hillbilly dumping ground (O'Connor 16). After they ate their lunch at The Tower, they decided to go to the abandoned house the grandmother insisted they go to because of the remaining treasure after convincing Bailey but they ended up in an accident where they encounter the Misfit. (O'Connor 27-70) This is where the grandmother had decided to see the good in the Misfit despite knowing that he is the criminal on the loose. She tried so hard to convince him that he is a good man, and that prayer could help them with salvation but the Misfit is nothing like she hoped him to be (O'Connor 110). He is a criminal with a long list of crimes and nothing that she says will change this man. Although there are literal crimes discussed in the story, the grandmother's action of wanting to see the good in their situation could also be seen as a crime. It is often the human nature to see the good in people because it is what human's are built for but in this situation it got the best of them causing the Misfit to kill them all (O'Connor 138). This is when the grandmother's judgment had failed her. She was hoping that her good heart will convince the Misfit to also changed his mind but the Misfit is on the loose and anyone who recognizes them puts them in a situation where they only see it fit to save themselves no matter how good the people they encounter are.
While in Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, Goodman Brown left his wife Faith assuring her that the job he was about to do was gonna be out of good will (Hawthorne 3) but he knows deep inside that it wasn't and that he just needs to get through the night and he never has to leave her side again (Hawthorne 7). Goodman Brown have mentioned that Faith kept me back awhile that could also mean two things his wife, Faith, kept him back when she was convincing him not go anymore or it could have been his religious faith holding him down because he knows that the job he is about to do will go against his faith (O'Connor 12). But Goodman saw himself in a predicament where he couldn't escape anymore. His fellow travelers kept engaging him to go deeper and deeper into the forest saying that, It's too far! My father never went into the woods on such an errand. We have been a race of honest men and good Christians (O'Connor 18). He struggled between following darkness and his faith. But it seems like the devil just keeps on sucking him deeper and deeper into the darkness where his faith is slowly going away. He had a realization where all the people he knew through his faith are not all necessarily good just because they associate themselves with the same faith they had.
And like in A Good Man is Hard to Find both the grandmother and Goodman Brown have struggled with trying to see the good in people. But Goodman Brown had this belief that just because the people he knew have associated with his faith means they are good people but he didn't realize that they are as far out into the darkness as he is now and they want to take him with them. Their judgment got the best of them wanting to see the good in these people are what put them in a predicament that they couldn't escape anymore and that is the biggest crime the grandmother and Goodman Brown have committed.
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Faults in the Human Nature. (2020, Feb 27).
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Suicide in Children and Young Adolescents
One thing that each human shares practically speaking is that we each have our very own battles that we work through ordinarily to survive. What isolates us is our viewpoint on the existence we are given and how we transcend any difficulty we are confronted with. Life is short and valuable and ought to be esteemed all things considered. I do understand that this attitude is a lot actually quite difficult. Shockingly in the present society, youngsters and youthful teenagers have gotten progressively helpless to fall as survivors of their surroundings. Subsequently, youngsters are inclined to creating mental problems like nervousness, sadness, and different issues. The way of life of more youthful ages is profoundly impacted around web-based media and tormenting. These external components require the need of a solid emotionally supportive network between the family, companions, and scholastic existence of a youngster. Be that as it may, life doesn't generally unfurl for even the most blameless lives and frequently kids endure along these lines. Self destruction is one of the main sources of death in little youngsters and juvenile.
One idea that some probably won't consider is that kids and youthful teenagers can confront the very fights that individuals who are less youthful have encountered. Considering this, their psychological or passionate state may be stressed and their lacking of life encounters might have limited them from developing flexibility. I accept that what we experience during our adolescence and youthful juvenile years is the thing that shapes us into the grown-ups we become. Every human contrasts from each other by they way they apply that exercise or gain from their encounters. An article that was distributed by Kennedy-Moore (2016) investigates the various impacts that have partaken in the pestilence of self destruction all through ongoing few years. It first notices how kids as youthful as possible comprehend the idea of somebody taking their life. The possibility that somebody that youthful knows about an occasion however terrible as self destruction seems to be frequenting. Most kids remarked that they had either heard grown-ups discussing it or had seen something on TV with respect to self destruction. This features how defenseless and receptive youngsters can be.
The article proceeds by referencing an investigation led by Arielle Sheftall at The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital who alongside her group examined information on two distinct gatherings. These gatherings comprised of youngsters ages 5-11 and youthful teenagers ages 12-14 who surrendered to self destruction between 2003-2012. The examination found that between the two gatherings there was a higher level of self destruction among guys and that the most well-known technique for self destruction was either hanging, strangulation or suffocation. The two gatherings showed that passings ordinarily happened at home and between the long periods of early afternoon and 12 PM. Another closeness that was inspected more top to bottom was the association between self destruction in kids and youthful young people and the rate pf them who had issues with family, companions, or school. Every one of these classifications showed a high rate, which implied that it corresponded as an explanation that kids or youthful teenagers were going to self destruction.
I felt it was essential to analyze this piece of the examination further. One of the imperative parts of what shapes us as people is the climate we experience childhood in and the establishment our genealogy sets for us. Self destruction may be viewed as an unexpected extraordinary choice, however it probably is certainly not a first time thought. The emotionally supportive network of family and having a steady home is urgent for any youngster's or youthful juvenile psychological well-being. This philosophy is upheld by an examination by Fu-Gong Lin *, Jing-Ding Lin, Yu-Hsin Hsieh, Chien-Yi Chang (2014), which investigated the idea of self destruction ideation among understudies from various foundation with respect to family and school settings. The subject of ideation embodies any understudy who displayed reckless conduct or acts, for example, self hurting. A grouping of this predictable conduct is subsequently connected to the demonstration of self destruction. At the point when self destruction ideation starts during youth or youthful immaturity, that person is then in danger for that kind of conduct showing into the kid's psychological state in a pessimistic way. A human's psychological well-being is something continually growing, however during adolescence is the point at which one's emotional well-being is bound to be impacted and influenced for the more regrettable. Fostering a problem, for example, sorrow or nervousness is done as such through a continuous course of various encounters and impacts. This examination explicitly tracked down that a kid living in a climate with a family who was as often as possible having questions and giving a poisonous climate showed the most noteworthy pace of a youngster who might be in danger for self destruction ideation. This investigation not just shows a connection between's the underlying examination, yet additionally that an inconvenient family foundation likewise assumes a significant part on influencing a kid's prosperity when they are in a negative mental state. A kid will flourish more in an agreeable family setting contrasted with one where a kid notices stressed family connections as well as encounters them also.
For most youngsters or youthful teenagers, their time is fundamentally spent among home and school. The way of life inside a school plays a central point on the kid's emotional wellness. A noticeable figure that exists in all schools are instructors. These instructors can be a wellspring of intercession for any understudy who may be battling in school somehow or another. Menaces may target somebody explicitly or haphazardly, yet they quite often prevail with regards to penetrating the psyche of a powerless and blameless. person. Menaces can be viewed as main impetuses in self destruction ideation and foolish conduct in their casualties. The job of instruction proficient in a school setting is significant in knowing when the time has come to mediate and establish a more respectful climate. Kids and youthful young people will normally dominate better under specific conditions and whenever given the appropriate devices. This hypothesis can likewise apply to a kid environmental elements at home like examined before in the paper. In the situation of a youngster being tormented, the educator has two lives that they can affect. The youngster being tormented and the kid doing the harassing. Albeit harassing isn't supported under any conditions, a viewpoint to consider is that a harasser may frequently be confronting many battles of their own making them lash out. An article composed by Victoria Ross, and Diego De Leo investigated the possibility that instructors have a reason to teach in more manners than simply in scholastics. The article additionally makes reference to obvious realities, for example, kids investing a larger part of their energy in a school setting, which makes these foundations the legitimate spot to ingrain distinctive self destruction counteraction assets. One of the key components that participate in offering these assets of help are educators, which the article notices ought to be considered as guards who can notice cautioning signs in conduct of kids and go about as a life saver that a kid may not in any case have. Two separate investigations were referenced was reference that uncovered the distinctive assumption a few instructors felt contrasted with other in their job of self destruction counteraction in schools. The outcomes uncovered two unique outlooks on the matter. One gathering of instructors outweighed everything else in their job as guards and felt it was their obligation to aid this way, which additionally gave them a feeling of satisfaction. One more gathering of educators felt they were not outfitted with the appropriate abilities to take on a particularly grave liability. The investigation led in the article meant to get knowledge on what instructors felt was important to support self destruction counteraction in school settings and on a worldwide scale. The information uncovered that there was a pattern in the assessments of the instructors who took an interest in the examination. These patterns included mindfulness and disgrace decrease, the requirement for self destruction avoidance schooling and preparing, and the requirement for further developed help administrations for understudies.
Some unique variable s or hazard elements to consider as forerunners to self destruction are ecological conditions, for example, the ones talked about before just as hereditary impacts, which show that diverse conduct qualities can be passed down from qualities in relatives into more youthful ages. A typical antecedent or hazard factor that builds the odds of self destruction in kids and youths is prior mental issues like tension or gloom. This implies that if a kid fosters any of this issues they may be inclined to self-destructive ideation or conduct. The investigation noticed kids and youthful teenagers with bipolar turmoil and the comorbidity of other rest and burdensome issues. This comorbidity brought about the increment of a kid being in danger for self destruction. The examination makes reference to how 216 of the 379 youngsters tried with bipolar confusion showed an increment for the shot at of turning into a casualty to self destruction.
It is the obligation of a youngster's family or instructors in school to notice any pointless propensities. A youngster may show signs or side effects that whenever trapped in time can save their life. I accept everything necessary is one individual to contact the existence of somebody who is battling in an awful spot. It is during the phases of youth and early pre-adulthood where a silly fiasco, for example, self destruction can be forestalled. Distinctive deterrent estimates that have been utilized incorporate Cognitive Behavioral treatment, prescription, and projects pointed toward teaching the adolescent on the assets they have just as instructors and family on the help they can accommodate anybody in danger
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Suicide in Children and Young Adolescents. (2020, Feb 27).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2020/02/
Anti-Federalist Vs Federalist: the Articles of Confederation
The Constitution is one of the most persuasive records in American history. It traces the public authority under which we live and subtleties the rights every one of us has. Notwithstanding today significance, nonetheless, the Constitution was practically not carried out by any stretch of the imagination. Indeed, when it was shipped off the states in the wake of being drafted during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, many at first wouldn't confirm it.
One of the incredible discussions in American history was over the sanction of the Constitution in 1787-1788. The individuals who upheld the Constitution and a more grounded public republic were known as Federalists. The individuals who went against the endorsement of the Constitution for little confined government were known as Anti-Federalists. Both the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists were worried about the conservation of freedom, be that as it may, they differ about whether or not a solid public government would protect or ultimately annihilate the freedom of the American public. Today, it is not difficult to acknowledge that the overarching side was correct and guarantee that, had you been alive, you would have absolutely upheld endorsing the Constitution. Be that as it may, to foster a more profound comprehension of the philosophical establishments whereupon our administration is fabricated, dissect both the Federalist and Ant-Federalist contentions.
The Anti-Federalists were not as coordinated as the Federalists. They didn't share one brought together situation on the appropriate type of government. Nonetheless, they joined in their issue with the Constitution as it was proposed for approval in 1787. The Anti-Federalists contended against the development of public force. They supported little restricted governments with restricted public authority as was practiced under the Articles of Confederation. They by and large accepted a conservative government was just conceivable on the state level and would not deal with the public level. Accordingly, just an alliance of the singular states could secure the country's freedom and opportunity. Another, and maybe their most notable concern, was over the absence of a bill of rights. Most Anti-Federalists expected that without a bill of rights, the Constitution would not have the option to adequately secure the privileges of people and the states. Maybe the most grounded voice for this worry was that of George Mason. He accepted that state bills of right would be bested by the new constitution, and not remain as satisfactory assurances for residents' privileges. It was this worry that at last prompted the death of the bill of rights as a condition for endorsement in New York, Virginia, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and North Carolina.
The Federalists, essentially drove by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, accepted that building up a huge public government was conceivable, however important to "make a more wonderful association" by working on the relationship among the states. Until this point, the normal conviction was that a republic could just capacity proficiently it was little and restricted. The Federalists tested this conviction and asserted that a solid public republic would better save the singular freedoms of individuals. By expanding the circle of the republic, individual and minority rights would be better shielded from encroachment by a greater part. The federalists likewise needed to save the sway and construction of the states. To do as such, they supported for a national government with explicit, appointed forces. Anything not appointed to the national government would be saved to individuals and the states. At last, their objective was to safeguard the standard of government by assent. By building an administration upon an establishment of well known sway, without forfeiting the power of the states, authenticity of the new government could be gotten.
Today, apparently the public authority set up by the Constitution is an improvement from that which was set up by the Articles of Confederation. At that point in any case, the Constitution was simply an examination. Disregard what you currently think about the achievement Constitution.
Furthermore, the feelings of both the Federalists and Anti-Federalists can in any case be felt today. However the actual gatherings at this point don't exist in their unique structures, the focal discussion between them - the topic of how much force the national government ought to have when contrasted with the states - is as yet a pertinent issue in the cutting edge political scene. For instance, the Supreme Court insisted the central government's on the whole correct to sanction same-sex marriage broadly notwithstanding state prohibitions on it in Obergefell v Hodges (2015). There is additionally right now discussion about whether state or national governments ought to have the most impact in choosing weapon guidelines. However the individuals from the Constitutional Convention settled their disparities, the discussion over states versus government rights is probably going to proceed for a long time to come.
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Anti-Federalist vs Federalist: The Articles of Confederation. (2020, Feb 27).
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Suicide in Japan
Looking into Japan, it is a country filled with a strong culture with an immense number of traditional dishes, music, history, and so much more. With the population standing at about 270 million people, majority of the population stand between the ages of 25 to 54, making up 37.5% of the population that undergoes the most stress in following the many social norms within the country (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010). Japan has universal health care, making it very easy for its citizens to receive any sort of medical attention they may need. Their health care covers medical, dental, and prescription drugs and without the need for gatekeeps, people go to the doctor on an average of fifteen times a year without being in debt due to medical procedures (Kanehara, Umede, Kawakami,2015). Even though medical attention is accessible to majority of the population since about 78% of the population lives in urban areas, the need for mental health is not given the proper attention it needs. Family structure is also an important concept in the Japanese culture as well as maintaining an important social unit and harmony. It is said that the Japanese are very conscious as to how they perceive themselves to their peers and also how they present themselves. Shame and isolation tend to run high if there are any issues occurring in one's personal life that could affect the social unit such as being let go from a job for example (Russell, Metraux, Tohen, 2016).
Throughout the years, Japan has been reporting a high amount of suicide cases among the population and within the last year, more than 25,000 people took their own lives. Majority of those deaths were men and it has been observed that suicide is the biggest killer of men in Japan aged from 20-40 (Wingfield-Hayes, 2015). Some of the risk factors that have a major influence on this crisis mostly originates from unemployment and financial pressure, and technology isolation. Japan used to be known as the land of lifetime employment but with the Asian Financial Crisis that occurs in 1998 and again in 2008 with the worldwide financial crisis, suicide numbers skyrocketed. Since suicide is not considered a sin, they take it upon themselves as a form of responsible to basically remove themselves from the situation. Have a stable job is viewed highly important in the Japanese and there is shame upon the individual and the family if they do not have one. Isolation then gradually ties into the snowball effect as a risk because the individual may remove themselves from their social environment, therefore withdrawing any sense of communication to the outside world. Without being near people and expressing one's emotions, it could potentially add on to one's depression or to other mental disorders. Anxiety tends to rise as they are not sure how to handle their situation and feel as if they have no other place to turn to in order to get better, besides going through with suicide. Mental illness is still considered taboo in Japan and that a led to a shortage of psychiatrists within the country (Wingfield-Hayes, 2015).
Without the proper structure of mental healthcare, it has made it more difficult for citizens to seek help along with the social stigma surrounding the topic. The most frequently reported reason for not seeking mental health care is because it was low perceived and that is something that needs to change because lives are being lost when help can be provided for the better (Kanehara, Umedea, Kawakami, 2015). The goal within the country should be focused on eliminating the social stigma on mental health by making it more accessible within communities with awareness on the urban Japanese population between the ages of 25-40. This should lead to a decrease of the overall number of suicides to about 19,800 in a tenyear time period.
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Sports Participation and Juvenile Delinquency
In the past few years, a boy that I have known my whole life has started to engage in delinquent behavior. No matter the consequences, he continues to engage in this behavior. He has always been good, however in the past year or two he has started to participate in delinquent activities. Criminology is a broad subject, and with the way this boy has been behaving has peaked my interest in juvenile behavior and the factors that influence this behavior. The specific factors in juvenile delinquency that will be the focus of this paper include the influence of role models, peers, and the involvement in extracurricular activities.
High school is a time where you are finding out who you are. Students want to fit in and make lifelong friendships. Sometimes, the friends that make up a friend group may offend or participate in delinquent activities. Part of the reason a person may engage in delinquent behavior may be because they see what others in their friend group are doing and may conform to these actions for fear of being left out or they may be pressured to become involved. Selfhout, Branje and Meeus (2008) propose that social bonds are an indicator of potential juvenile delinquency. Those who have a bond with delinquents have a higher chance of participating in delinquent activities. In contrast, those who have a bond with non-delinquents have a lower chance of being a juvenile delinquent.
A study conducted by Haynie (2002) hypothesized that the number of relationships with delinquent peers is one of the most important elements when evaluating the effect delinquent peers have on others. In other words, the more delinquent friends a person associates with, the better the chance of that person to engage in delinquent actions as well. In the study, Haynie asked students to name up to ten of their closest friends, both male and female. Following this, the students were asked questions to identify their level of involvement in delinquency. From this information, it was determined if the ten friends listed previously had any effect on the engagement in delinquency of the student. In the findings, there were a lot of mixed groups that had both delinquent friends and friends who did not engage in delinquent behavior. It was found that the group with the highest delinquency was the group of delinquent dominant friends and the group with the lowest level of delinquency was the group that did not have juvenile delinquents.
Everyone has a person that they look up to, that is their role model. We dream to be like them and to follow in their footsteps. According to Walters (2016), role models have an impact on a child's involvement in delinquency. A study conducted by Walters took a survey of eight hundred and fifty students in the Flint area in the year 1994. Each participant was asked to write their relationship with one male and one female role model. Following this, a self-report survey was sent out to each student asking questions about what kind of offending they have engaged in. Walters found that same-sex role models had a better effect against delinquency. For males, a biological father had the best impact. For females, it was more likely for them to offend if they had a biological mother role model.
In some cases, a person's role model is their parent. Gottfredson (2016) conducted a study about the effects of parental role models on delinquency. Three hundred students from thirty-five different middle schools were given a questionnaire about how they may engage in delinquency, relationships with their parents, peer influence, their relationship with their role models, and other related subjects. In Gottfredson's study, it was found that those who have a negative relationship with their parental role model offended more. Therefore, the better the relationship with a parental role model, the less likely it is for a juvenile to participate in delinquent activities.
Whether it is a job, sports, or an academic club, participating in extracurricular activities can help prevent young adults from engaging in delinquent behavior. By participating in such events and activities, student athletes are required to attend school, keep good grades and stay out of trouble. If these student athletes wish to continue participating in their respective sports and activities, they must abide by those guidelines set by school officials. In addition, some academic clubs and programs require certain grade point averages, number of volunteer hours, as well as committing to hour long meetings a few times each week. In a study by Guest and McRee (2009), it was found that certain clubs and sports have a positive effect on juvenile delinquency whereas other extracurricular activities have a negative effect on juvenile delinquency. Although there was a variation between some schools, on average the more active in sports and clubs, the lower the chance of delinquency.
The study performed by Spruit et al. (2016) evaluated the effects of the four central components of Hirshi's Causes of Delinquency and concluded that all four have a positive effect on deviance. Having high school aged students participating in sports and other extracurricular activities, they create a commitment not only to the activity but also to the coach, advisor, and their teammates. This commitment can prevent participants from acting deviant for fear of being removed from the team or club. The second and third component, attachment and involvement, follow closely to commitment. Those who are involved in extracurricular activities have an attachment to others that are involved in the same activity. In addition, being involved in extracurricular activities takes up a lot of time, therefore students who participate in these activities have a smaller window to offend. The fourth and final component of Hirshi's Causes of Delinquency is belief. According to Spruit et al. (2016), the final component, belief, strengthens how a juvenile may perceive society's values because of the values and rules set by extracurricular activities.
It is known that friends and peers have a strong impact on adolescent behavior. For delinquency, the more delinquent friends a person has, the more likely it is for them to engage in delinquent behavior. Another import aspect in combating juvenile delinquency is role models. With young adults especially, appropriate role models are a key factor in preventing delinquency. Looking up to someone who has and does not offend can cause another to stray away from that type of behavior. In addition, participation in extracurricular activities gives a student less time to offend as well as create strong social ties to peers and coaches. With these strong social bonds, students can be swayed from delinquent actions for fear of being kicked off a team as well as disappointing team members and coaches. All of these suggest that juveniles are very susceptible to social bonds and those bonds can be key indicators of juvenile delinquency.
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Public Transportation
Public Transportation has been around for hundreds of years in the form of busses, trains, boats, airplanes and subways. Although these means of transportation often have strict safety guidelines and mandated maintenance checks, according to The United States Department of Transportation, 95,899 public transportation accidents were reported in 2014. Joseph E. (Jed) Dietrich and the Dietrich Law Firm understand the frequency and severity of bus, train boat, plane and subway accidents because we work on cases like them every single day. If you or a loved one has suffered an injury while on public transportation or as a result of the negligence of the operator of one of these types of vehicles, our experienced and qualified Buffalo public transportation accident attorneys are here to help.
Following a public transportation accident, it can be difficult to determine what course of action you need to take- but remembering these 4 easy steps can help ease your stresses and provide information to your Buffalo public transportation accident attorneys at the Dietrich Law Firm P.C.:
1) Ensuring that you obtain the proper medical treatment for your injuries is the most important thing you need to worry about after any accident. Your health is what matters the most! By pursuing treatment as soon as possible following your accident, you allow your medical professionals to determine the most appropriate plan of care which will allow you to return to your pre-injury status.
2) No matter how minor the accident may seem, it is important that you call the police following an accident. In New York State you are legally required to notify the police if an involved party is killed or seriously injured. A police report can be invaluable in determining fault following motor vehicle crashes. It also is hard proof of demographic data such as the location the collision occurred and the day and time. It is always a good idea to get the name of the responding officer to the scene.
3) Try to gather as much information from the scene as possible, while remaining in a safe location.
• Name(s), number(s) and contact information of anyone involved
• Vehicle descriptions (make, model, year)
• License plate number(s)
• Witnesses to what happened
• Insurance Information
• Pictures (vehicle damage, injuries, etc.)
4) Depending on the type of accident you were in, there could be timelines as strict as 90 days to file a lawsuit against the correct liable party. By conducting an aggressive investigation of your claim as soon as possible, our public transportation accident attorneys in Buffalo will work quickly and diligently to gather the necessary information to ensure that you receive the highest level of personal injury service.
One of the easiest and most cost-effective ways to get around Buffalo is by the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) Metro system. You can easily get to and from the Harbor Center downtown for a Buffalo Sabres game, to Niagara Falls to catch a ride on the Maid of the Mist and even to your daily activities such as going to school, work and doctors’ appointments. According to the NFTA Annual Performance Report for 2018, the NFTA Metro System operators traveled, collectively, about 10,000,000 miles in one calendar year. The 2018 NFTA Annual Performance Report also notes that the NFTA Metro System accounted for 224 avoidable motor vehicle collisions in 2018- which is the highest number of accidents in the past 8 years.
Immediately following an accident of any kind- especially while on public transportation- emotions run high and stress kicks in. Not knowing who to talk to and who to trust is often a fear that many of our clients have expressed feeling prior to retaining our Buffalo public transportation accident attorneys.
The NFTA Metro System is a municipality, or it has its own government- meaning that there are different laws in place for the corporation. Our public transportation accident attorneys in Buffalo are experienced with the laws surrounding filing a personal injury claim against a municipality in New York State, such as the strict timelines for filing claims. A notice of claim, or written notice to the corporation of the lawsuit that will be filed, must be submitted to the entity within 90 days of the date of accident. The statute of limitations, or the amount of time a claimant has to sue for damages, on motor vehicle collisions in New York State is normally 3 years from the date of accident. However, when a municipality is involved, this timeline is reduced to one year and 90 days from the date of accident. Our firm works diligently and effectively to ensure that these deadlines are met on behalf of our clients.
In some circumstances, the municipality may require a 50-h hearing during the course of your case. Joseph E. (Jed) Dietrich will help prepare you for this hearing and also go to the hearing with you to make sure you feel as comfortable as possible each and every step of the way. At this hearing, under oath you will go over the basics of how the accident happened and any details about the incident that you can recall, your medical treatment, time off of work and how the accident has impacted and will continue to impact your life. By having our trustworthy Buffalo public transportation accident attorneys on your side, you will feel well prepared and confident throughout your case.
The last thing a parent wants to hear is that the school bus their child was on was in an accident. Although busses are often thought to be a safe way for children to get to and from school, unfortunately our office knows that is not always the case. School busses without seatbelts and proper monitoring, with improperly trained/negligent drivers or out of date maintenance checks can be a cause of tragic accidents. With school bus accidents, taking the time to assess liability in each circumstance is crucial- whether it be the bus driver, the bus company or even the school district. By joining the Dietrich Law Firm P.C. family, you will see that our skilled Buffalo public transportation accident attorneys fight tooth and nail to ensure that your family is compensated fairly for the traumatic accident that your child unfairly had to experience.
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A Speech of Othello
This last speech of Othello is his method of communicating to watchers how he would have loved them to see the occasions of the play. Notwithstanding, his speech, but exquisite and normal for Othello's luxurious and Romantic utilization of language, is imperfect, unexpected and hence it is difficult to see the occasions of the play in the light that Othello might want us to. His record is just how he might want the crowd to see the play and not really how the occasions of the play have without a doubt unfurled.
With this fixation on standing, it is as of now evident that Othello has a solid intention to put a positive twist on his activities. Without a doubt, his distraction with his standing and public picture was one reason that he killed Desdemona. Likewise, it is Iago's standing as a legitimate man which permitted him to hoodwink Othello without Othello once scrutinizing his words. Consequently, Othello has a solid thought process not to depict himself as he truly is, yet how he would need us to see him thus it is now conceivable to see that his record of his conduct may not really be an exact one.
The former lines express that he advises the others to "talk about me as I am". Nonetheless, there is incredible incongruity in this proclamation as he quickly proceeds to confuse himself and his intentions to hold his honorable and exemplary standing. He says that he is "not effectively envious". Nonetheless, the thought that envy has the ability to annihilate is a critical topic of the play. His envy that Desdemona may cherish Cassio is a significant piece of his ruin. Regardless of professing to be one not effectively envious, in addition to the fact that his is better judgment rapidly defeat by his envy when Iago initially starts to make the claims, yet he allows his desire to dominate and his desire starts to control his activities.
Additionally, he says that he has been "created,/Perplexed in the limit", and despite the fact that it is obvious that he has been misled by Iago, as referenced above, he loans himself to being "fashioned" as fast understands that Othello's desire is his shortcoming. With Iago rapidly acknowledging from the get-go in the play that desire is Othello's shortcoming, clearly it is basically a simple endeavor to keep his standing flawless that Othello rejects that he isn't effectively envious and that the inverse is valid.
Othello additionally guarantees that he is one who "Drops tears as quick as the Arabian trees/Their medicinable gum" However, Othello was so devoured by desire and accordingly outrage that, in spite of the fact that he adored Desdemona, he showed little feeling following killing his better half. He had effectively set up the homicide in an execution-style killing, and was not sorry a while later until he had discovered that he was indeed off-base. Once more, we see one more distortion by Othello trying to Romanticize and legitimize his activities.
Othello compares his activity of killing Desdemona to that of an "Indian, [throwing] a pearl away/Richer than all his clan". Albeit this is a delightful representation demonstrative that Othello has by and by got back to his dominance of language, it neglects to incorporate the merciless and frightful activity that Othello had recently done. Desdemona is addressed by the pearl thus indeed, there is a scriptural reverberation, with the pearl, being completely round and white, addressing Desdemona's virtue and flawlessness. Once more, we see Othello making light of his own behavior and addressing a horrifying execution with excellent symbolism. Subsequently, it is truly challenging to consider the to be as everything except an endeavor by Othello to kick the bucket with some honor and notoriety. Regardless of being loaded up with wonderful and gallant language and symbolism, the entry is at last opposing and misdirecting and eventually, not a precise portrayal of the genuine occasions of the play.
This section is particularly critical according to the play however an entire as it very well might be the trademark "acknowledgment speech" of a Shakespearean misfortune. Having at long last acknowledged, but past the point of no return, that he has committed an error for which he should now live with, Othello has at long last recovered his innate capacity with language. Never again is he blundering along murmuring lines, for example, "O fool, fool, fool!", yet his language is indeed reasonable and rich. He has recovered and sets after condemning himself to death, through admitting and afterward committing suicide. This activity emphasizes in the crowd's brain the feeling of unfortunate misfortune and hence closes the terrible play.
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Central Idea of Othello
Jealousy is characterized as a desirous or harsh frame of mind. Numerous individuals encounter it consistently, however relatively few stop to really investigate it and think about the impacts of it on their points of view. Consequently, jealousy begins as a little "pestering" feeling, yet as it develops, it can expend and drive one to craziness. William Shakespeare has an uncommon capacity to make plays full out of misdirection, dishonesty, dangerous vengeance, and jealousy. In Othello, one of his most perceived disasters was reliably advancing around the central idea of jealousy and how it can expend one to craziness. Jealousy in Othello is the thing that the play was established on. One of Shakespeare's most believable qualities in his composing is his capacity to create a play in which has a story that begins, and walks on falsehoods. As theories lies were unwound the central idea of his play wound up particular, and obviously noticeable. William Shakespeare utilized the literary elements simile and metaphor to build up the central idea that jealousy devours.
This central idea is first tended to and created by the character Iago. Othello highlights desire as the prevailing thought process in activity and in this manner similarly as reflected, all things considered, we exposed observer to envy impacting the characters of Iago, Brabantio, Roderigo, and Othello. In the expressions of Iago, “O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on."(Shakespeare 3.3.170-172) Iago alludes to jealousy as the "green-eyed monster." As this representation proposes, jealousy is nearly connected with the subject of appearance and reality. For example, at one point Othello requests that Iago give "ocular proof"(Shakespeare 3.3.360) of Desdemona's unfaithfulness; he requests to see reality. Be that as it may, Iago rather gives the fortuitous proof of the handkerchief, which Othello, devoured by his jealousy, acknowledges as a substitute for "ocular proof."(Shakespeare 3.3.360) Othello's jealousy obstructs his capacity to recognize reality and appearance. While the preferential characters in the play slander Othello as a creature or a beast dependent on his race, Othello's conspicuous respect and insight makes these assaults clearly absurd. However when Othello is overwhelmed by jealousy, he becomes beast like, falling into epileptic fits that deny him of the capacity to talk understandably. William Shakespeare can build up the central idea that jealousy can drive the most grounded to madness with the utilization of the metaphor.
This central idea keeps on being tended to by the character Iago. Iago utilizes his own misery and trouble brought upon him by his jealousy of others, to incite a similar distress inside the characters in the play. All through the play envy is a leader over Iago's considerations and activities, affecting the manner in which he feels about Othello. Iago communicates his notions now and again all through the play. One of the entries where it turns out to be most clear is Act 1 Scene 3 Lines 382-394. Toward the beginning of this section Iago has quite recently advised Roderigo to place money in his satchel. At the point when Roderigo has gone off, Iago discloses to the gathering of people that obviously he is just associating with such a trick to have the capacity to utilize him "for sport and profit” (Shakespeare 1.3.385). The feeling Iago can misuse in Roderigo, will be Roderigo's envy towards any individual who to such an extent as contacts Desdemona. The gathering of people knows about Iago's intentions and builds up the sensational incongruity. Now in the play, the slant appears to be over-burden with prejudice, however it later turns out to be evident that Roderigo is simply incented against Cassio, which ought to show that it is unadulterated (or possibly relatively unadulterated) envy he feels. Next Iago expresses the reality, of which at this point the peruser is generally mindful, that will be, that he loathes Othello. The primary intention is Iago's general abhorrence of any individual who gets more exceptionally compensated than him, not with respect to their deserts. The second is the way that Othello has made Cassio his lieutenant rather than him, a slight he isn't probably going to ever excuse (a which gives him abundant envy towards Cassio for later use). With this sensational incongruity, Shakespeare can build up the central idea that jealousy consumes. With dramatic irony, Shakespeare can build up the central idea that jealousy expends.
Shakespeare utilizes Iago to uncover how close friends impart jealousy in their friends. It is Iago a dear companion of the main character Othello who planted the seed of jealousy and doubt in the mind of Othello. The issue started when an old companion of Othello, Cassio ask for Desdemona, spouse to Othello to intervene for his benefit to Othello. Desdemona consent to do as such. This opened an open door for Iago to actuate jealousy into intuitive of Othello with the handkerchief, which he effectively practiced. In the long run, jealousy made the characters to change in horrendous way. The incongruity of the dramatization is that most anger of jealousy is communicated over offenses which did not happen. For example, the jealousy of Othello towards his better half, the jealousy which existed among Iago, Emilia, and Bianca jealousy on Cassio had no certainties on the allegations. Shakespeare's utilization of the literary elements dramatic irony and metaphor passed on and build up the central idea that jealousy consumes. Because of jealousy, the play winds up with catastrophes. “Jealousy consumes” is still relevant in the 21st century. For example, in 2009, a man strangled his wife to death because, “Hayley changed her profile status from 'in a relationship' to 'single'."(Warren) This shows that jealousy still consumes today and people should be cautious and tread lightly.
Works Cited
- Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Julie A. Schumacher. Logan: Perfection Learning Corporation, Print.
- Warren, Christina. “Did Facebook Jealousy Lead to Murder?” Mashable, Mashable, 2 Sept. 2009, www.mashable.com/2009/09/02/facebook-murder-case/.
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Blindsided by Manipulations and Misunderstandings in Othello
William Shakespeare's Othello illustrates the outcome of misunderstanding and emotional judgement that causes miscommunication. This story is a powerful example where tragedy comes from acts of misunderstanding (Donkor, 2016). Like most of Shakespeare's love stories, Othello ends in tragic when there is suspicion of deception, and the lack of simple communication affects these main character William Shakespeare creates a theme of misleading emotions, and blindness of love. Jealousy and paranoia are a few events of that motivates Othello, Iago, and Cassio to their irritational behaviors.
Othello was a man who lacked knowledge of the gullible information that was been given to him by Iago. He let his insecurities of his new marriage with Desdemona shape his behavior. Othello trusted everyone expect for his own wife Desdemona. Othello faith, mistrust guided by the persuasion Othello actions towards Desdemona because of her disloyalty. He also misread his wife ignoring all indication that Desdemona was never disloyal to him once Iago create his illusion in his mind that she was. Instead of Othello not letting his emotions guide his judgment he let the misunderstanding of Iago cause him to murder innocent Desdemona. The principle of Othello's judgement and actions in the end made him not to be an honorable hero everyone that he was. Iago's intentions to gain revenge by creating happiness destroying other's lives around him. He poses destruction by posing leading questions and withholding information (Donkor, 2016).
Iago goes through a great deal from preventing Othello from enjoying his martial happiness. Although Iago does not reveal his true hatred for Othello his actions can be concluded because of Othello's decision to make Cassio his second command (I.i. 7-32). At the end of Act 1, Iago then creates this illusion that Othello had an affair with his wife Emilia and began lust after Desdemona to get more revenge on Othello. As he calls it wife for wife (II.i.286). Another examples of Iago malicious attempt are when he killed his own wife Emilia. This makes Iago action more unsettling is his willingness to take on revenge on anyone. Though Cassio is a minor character, he plays a significance role in Othello. His friendly and naive nature causes Othello's to gain more suspicion of Desdemona. Cassio found himself in a middle of a love triangle. His intentions and behavior where lied about. Even caused him to leave his position as lieutenant.
Cassio naively confined in Iago to gain Othello's trust back by deceiving a plan that he was having an affair with Desdemona. His weak nature of wanting to be trusted again blinds him from seeing that he was just a target of manipulation. Othello was unable to distinguish between the truth and lies that was being fed to him also guided by his hurt of emotions. Iago's talent for manipulating the desires of those around him. He seemed to gain great pleasure for preventing others happiness. Whereas Cassio was just a fool wanting to gain back the trust of his boss. Each of these men clouded judgments lead them to destruction in the end. Blinded by misunderstanding and lack of communication caused tragedy in all their lives.
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Jealousy in Othello Play
When jealous is implanted in an individual's heart, it grows like a seed. It breads evil, creates bad emotions, feeling of revenge and betrayal, and more often than not, it results in the destruction of that person having it, or others. In the Play, Othello by William Shakespeare, the theme of jealousy is clearly demonstrated through the two main characters, Othello and Lago. Throughout the play, jealous is brewed through lies and finally lead to tragedy. Othello's jealous is implanted by Lago. Out of jealousy, the matrimony of Othello and Desdemona is destroyed by Lago. Out of Jealous, Lago plans how to manipulate his friend Othello by making him believe that his lover, Desdemona cheats on him by being unfaithful. Lago is not happy with his friend's relationship with Desdemona, who is a beautiful lady. Lago is so skillful at deceit and trickery such that he triggers Othello's weakest emotion, that of jealousy. To accomplish this mission, Lago crafts a story of betrayal to Othello by his lover, Desdemona. He does it so skillfully to arouse his jealousy for being cheated by Desdemona, and more so by her being unfaithful with Cassio, his right-hand man. Lago provides several proofs to enrage Othello. Desdemona and Cassio are just normal friends. Lago takes this opportunity to make Othello believe that there is a love affair between the two.
Lago's words burn into Othello's heart and his jealous for love mounts up becoming more and more suspicious. When he is deeply upset about the situation, Lago comes in and presents more proofs. Lago tells Othello that on one of the nights while sleeping with Cassio side by side, he heard him of talking in his sleep of his love for Desdemona, and claiming that he made a mistake of marrying, Moor. Lago goes further in his deceitful mission by planting a handkerchief in Cassio's room, which belonged to Desdemona, and of which was given to her by Othello as a gift. Lago then tells Othello that he saw such a handkerchief with Cassio. This heightens Othello's jealousy to such high levels that his thoughts start to grow more dangerous. The last bullet that Lago uses to translate Othello's mind into a burning pit of hell, is to tell him that Cassio told him that he had sex with Desdemona. At this point, Othello becomes so consumed with jealousy, leading him to kill Desdemona.
Lago is not only jealous of Othello's and Desdemona's matrimony, but he is also jealous of Cassio's rank, which he is shown to have been craving for throughout the play. To remove him from the rank, and possibly occupy it, is the reason behind dragging him to those untruthful stories. This case represents a real-world situation where some people, out of jealous can do anything, including killing to realize their dreams. For instance, people have murdered their political competitors in order to retain or take their positions. There are cases where people have killed their business competitors in order to do away with competition so that they can be rich.
All the proofs provided by Lago are nothing else but lies. They have no credibility, but how Lago put them to appear, they seem truthful in every sense, especially when received from a close friend. This play teaches that it is important to authenticate the information that we receive, even from our closest friends and relations. Some people are just jealous of one's achievements in life and can do everything to bring them down. Note that these people are friends, close relations, so they will not use a weapon. Instead, they will use tricks to hurt your weakest points. They know you well since you have been close, possibly for years. They understand where your weakest points are, so when they want to destroy you, they will straight attack that point, and if you are not careful, you fall victim of their evil mind. Lago understood his friend, Othello.
He knew that he loved his lover, Desdemona very much. He knew that attacking his trust for Desdemona, with associating her with infidelity, will arouse anger on him. Othello, is, however, not quick to realize the trick, ending up murdering Desdemona, regret coming later. The play also wants to educate the reader that if one allows himself or herself to be impacted with jealousy by others, he or she ends up harming himself or herself over and above harming others. In the play, we find that when Othello realizes that he killed Desdemona, who was innocent, he chooses to kill himself too. What he lost is just too much for him to bear. Moreover, it is as if Shakespeare wanted to communicate that jealous is the source of all other evils betrayal, manipulation, lies, revenge, hate and all others. Further, Shakespeare demonstrates that jealous grows like a seed. Just as a seed is planted, germinates and grows into a big plant and bears fruits, so does jealousy. A seed of jealous was planted in Othello. With time, the seed was fed with nutrients, that is more lies and trickeries; it grew, and finally bore fruits, that is causing murder.
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Female Empowerment Emilia in Othello
Each time a woman stands up for herself, without knowing it possibly, without claiming it, she stands up for all women. -Maya Angelou
In Othello, by William Shakespeare, there are numerous characters that display strength and power. While there are only three female characters, each has distinct qualities and a significant role in the play. Among these female characters, Emilia is the most empowered and influential. Throughout Othello, Emilia is portrayed as the strongest female character because she has the power to be honest and persuasive even in difficult situations.
The fact that Emilia questions aspects of her relationship with Iago goes against the social norms of the time. Once Emilia realizes that Iago had a role in Desdemona's murder, she angrily declares, If he say so, may his pernicious soul/ Rot half a grain a day! He lies to th'heart./ She was too fond of her most filthy bargain (5.2.154-156). Emilia discerns a darker side of marriage, which is typically regarded as a holy bond. Even though Iago is her husband, Emilia acknowledges that he should be held accountable for his actions and is distraught that he would commit such an act. Emilia challenges, Disprove this villain, if thou be'st a man./ He says thou told'st him his wife was false./ I know thou didst not, thou'rt not such a villain./ Speak, for my heart is full (5.2.171-174). She is challenging Iago's honesty by demanding that he tell her the events leading up to Desdemona's murder. Emilia confronts Iago by declaring, You told a lie, an odious damned lie:/ Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie!/ She false with Cassio? Did you say with Cassio? (5.2.179-181) She questions Iago's honesty and integrity in the presence of characters who trust him. Even though it's an uncommon stance, Emilia refuses to put her full trust in Iago and publicly disputes him on his lack of morality. She makes conscious decisions and judgments with regard to her relationship. That separates her from other women.
Emilia recognizes a double standard in how men are penalized less severely than women for engaging in infidelity. When Desdemona ponders whether unfaithful women exist, Emilia not only says that they do, but also states, [...] I do think it is their husbands' faults/ If wives do fall (4.3.82-83). Emilia is able to form her own opinions rather than agreeing with the rigid views shared by most members of society. While Desdemona seems shocked by the prospect of female infidelity, Emilia says that women have the same needs as men. She adds, Let husbands know Their wives have sense like them; they see, and smell, And have their palates both for sweet and sour as husbands have (4.3.89-92). Emilia doesn't support infidelity, but she notices that women who engage in infidelity have far more dire consequences than men who do the same. Othello kills Desdemona for alleged infidelity, but a woman would never kill a man, even for confirmed infidelity. In addition, Emilia tells Desdemona, Marry, I would not do such a thing for a joint-ring, nor for measures of lawn, nor for gowns, petticoats, nor caps, nor any petty exhibition. But for the whole world! Why, who would not make her husband a cuckold to make him a monarch? (4.3.69-72) For such a profit as great as the world, Emilia herself would engage in infidelity. She believes that women should have the right to choose the same way men do.
Emilia displays an immense amount of courage when she chooses truth over obedience to Iago. When Emilia discovers what Iago did and is trying to alert the others, he orders, Zounds, hold your peace! (5.2.217) Emilia does the opposite and exclaims vociferously, Twill out, twill out. I peace!/ No, I will speak as liberal as the north;/ Let heaven, and men, and devils, let them all,/ All, all cry against me, yet I'll speak (5.2.217-220). Emilia is driven to share her knowledge, even though it forces her to contradict her husband. She reveals, O thou dull Moor, that handkerchief thou speak'st of/ I found by fortune and did give my husband,/ For often, with a solemn earnestness [...] He begged of me to steal it (5.2.223-227). Emilia shares the truth about Iago's wrongdoing even though it seals her fate. In her dying breath, Emilia says, Moor, she was chaste; she loved thee, cruel Moor;/ So come my soul to bliss, as I speak true;/ So speaking as I think, I die, I die (5.2.247-249). Even as Emilia dies, she continues to express her truth. After bringing the truth to light, Emilia meets the same fate as Desdemona. Emilia exhibits tremendous courage in challenging her husband and suffers the consequences for her defiance.
Emilia demonstrates her strength by acting in accordance with her values throughout Othello. Emilia defies social standards with her distrust of Iago and her willingness to publicly confront him about his dishonesty. She observes the injustice in how women are more harshly punished than men for engaging in infidelity. Emilia displays an extreme amount of bravery when she chooses to oppose Iago in order to bring the truth to light.
Works Cited
- Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Othello: 1622. Oxford :Clarendon Press, 1975. Print.
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Shakespeare: Obedience and Powerless in Women
Shakespeare's portrayal of women, and the manners by which his female jobs are deciphered and authorized, have become subjects of academic interest. While rarely possessing the focal point of his plays (the couple of special cases remember Rosalind for As You Like It and Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra), Shakespeare's champions incorporate a wide scope of portrayals and types, from the solid forthrightness of Cordelia, the fast mind of Beatrice and of Kate, and the insight of Portia, to the heartlessness of Lady Macbeth, the crafty harshness of Regan and Goneril, and the manipulative force of Volumnia. Inside this exhibition of female characters, pundits note likenesses, particularly among Shakespeare's young ladies characters, who ordinarily show extraordinary knowledge, essentialness, and a solid feeling of individual freedom. These characteristics have driven a few pundits to proclaim Shakespeare as a hero of womenkind and a trailblazer who withdrew strongly from level, generalized portrayals of women normal to his peers and prior writers. Contrastingly, different pundits note that even Shakespeare's most well depicted women have characters that are tempered by regrettable characteristics. They recommend that this demonstrates that Shakespeare was not liberated from sexist inclinations that were profound situated in the way of life of his nation and period. Inside the texts of the plays, charges of wantonness are regularly evened out against young ladies, for instance, and women involving places of force are oftentimes depicted as fanciful and profoundly corruptible.
Solid, alluring, savvy, and others conscious women spring up in Shakespeare's plays. They not just have an unmistakable feeling of themselves as people, yet they challenge acknowledged examples for women's conduct. Consistence, generosity for a male, reliance, nurturance, and emotionalism are the normal standards. However freedom, poise and, much of the time, disobedience portray these women. In The Winter's Tale, for instance, Hermione despises tears albeit unfairly detained; her significant other, Leontes, sobs in self-centeredness. In Othello and Romeo and Juliet, women, practicing their freedom, oppose their dads just as the mores of their general public.
Shakespeare's women characters vouch for his virtuoso. They are drawn with neither indignation nor haughtiness. In character they shift. Some are warm, superb, cordial; others cool, reserved, and hateful. Some talk with certainty; others with modesty. They range in age from the energetic, blissful Juliet to the shriveled, unpleasant Margaret. Be that as it may, most have an essentialness; they develop and create over the span of a show. Their activities spring from a sensible showdown with life as they become familiar with the importance of self power for a lady in a male centric culture.
Yet, pundits, restricted by their own impression of a lady's job, neglect to hear every one of the texts' prompts and grapple with understanding. Improvement or avoidance results. A portion of the women are rebuked as wenches; others are eliminated from the human circle and their likenesses to gods or goddesses are underlined; still others are considered as only embodiments of thoughts. Once in a while a pundit declares, as [Hugh Richmond, in Shakespeare's Sexual Comedy] did as of late, that Shakespeare's women are "the cognizant sustainers of society and culture, as are Modern American Women."
In the playwright's age, stage props were insignificant: a tree, a table, a seat, and language that signaled the crowd in to the specific area of the activity. In later occasions, enormous stage sets were contrived. Making progress toward magnificence, the architects made expensive landscape that required some investment to move. The continuous exhibition of the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage offered approach to creations with long interludes. Be that as it may, the expense of moving view additionally enlivened makers to attempt to combine scenes happening in one spot. Antony and Cleopatra gives a brilliant model. The scenes shift to and fro in kaleidoscope design among Rome and Egypt. Shakespeare's entertainers presumably had no trouble with such moves. Individuals paid attention to the language, taken a gander at the outfits, and envisioned. Later crowds, notwithstanding, requested verisimilitude. They needed to see Rome and Egypt. To move from Egypt to Rome then, at that point back to Egypt and again to move for a concise break in Rome prior to returning again to Egypt required enormous movements of view. How much less complex it was to combine these many short scenes into a couple of long ones. In any case, the complexity of Shakespeare's strategy for fostering a picture was lost—and with it the nuance of the assertion.
Stage business likewise influences reactions to a person. Ellen Terry, the renowned Shakespearean entertainer, composing from the get-go in this century, recounts playing Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing. At the point when Beatrice's cousin faints at being dishonestly defamed on her big day, Beatrice's admirer, Benedick, rapidly goes to the guide of the swooning lady.
Living when a lady sat on the English lofty position, a craftsman of Shakespeare's affectability probably been influenced by this uncommon situation. Not exclusively was Elizabeth I a wonderful lady and an individual of force, however she stayed unmarried, along these lines safeguarding that force. Her rule started before Shakespeare was conceived and broadened very much into his playwrighting years. The Queen's life performed a lady's potential for significance and the subjection that a male centric culture ordered for her if she somehow happened to wed. With incredible expertise, Elizabeth dodged marriage and kept away from that conceivable loss of force. She would not impart her life or her privileged position to any man. As she probably was aware by noticing her sister ruler, Mary of Scotland, in a male centric culture, marriage changes even a sovereign's force. In case Elizabeth is a puzzle to antiquarians, maybe it is on the grounds that they experience issues understanding the impact of this disparity on a lady's reasoning and acting. Clearly the screenwriter drew on this model.
Today, Shakespeare's women characters have a pertinence and imperativeness. They offer experiences into women's view of themselves in a male centric world. They uncover the contention women know as they move from that early attention to themselves as "fundamental" to that later dissolving of self-assurance when they find that they are just "Other." Shakespeare's plays show the variety of the brain of a sixteenth-century man whose comprehension of the human condition reached out past his own sex and past his own time.
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Letter to Othello
Dearest Othello,
You are the leader of men, the valiant moor, the Venetian general who is entrusted to lead his men in the fight against the Turks, and yet you let your emotions control your actions. If I may speak freely, I would like to tell you about the literary work of Florentine, named Niccolo Machiavelli. In his book, The Prince, he discusses ways in which a man can gain power and how he can keep said power. One of Machiavelli's best-known philosophies is that a ruler, such a yourself, should be feared, not loved. In fact, he says that men love as they please, but fear when the prince please. (Machiavelli 56). Machiavelli also cautions that a ruler should always escape being hated(54); he explains that once a prince becomes hated, his subjects no longer fear the consequences of their actions. Sadly, some of those in your court already hate you. Iago, in a conversation with Roderigo, openly says he hates the Moor (Shakespeare I.iii.23).
Furthermore, you must know the two ways of fighting: by law and by force (Machiavelli 56). Machiavelli explains that the two ways of fighting are accompanied by two animals a prince should embody: the fox, which represents law, and the lion which represents force (56). You, dearest Othello, behave more like a lion. The Lion is able to frighten off wolves (Machiavelli 57), while the fox can recognize the traps (Machiavelli 57). Machiavelli would say that simply [acting] like a lion [is] stupid (57). If you wish to keep your power, you must learn who to do both.
By the same token, those who you take advice from can determine your ability to keep your power. The Florentine scholar explains that: when you see a minster thinking more of himself than of you, and seeking his own profit in everything he does, such a one will never be a good minister, you will never be able to trust him. (Machiavelli 75) Iago is one of these minister; he has lied and manipulated you into believing Desdemona is anything but loyal.
The person in your court who best embodies most, if not all, of Machiavelli's principles is Iago. He is able to act like a fox , by persuading you to believe that your wife is unfaithful, he chooses to delegate.the enactment of unpopular measures (Machiavelli 61) to Roderigo, thus keeping his hands clean, and most important of all he seems to be virtuous in the eyes of the court.
From the beginning, Iago has been able to disguise his true motive under a mask of concern for you. He confesses to Roderigo that he do[es] hate [you] yet [he] must show out a flag and sign of love (Shakespeare I.i.8).
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Main Themes in the Birth-Mark Novel
In the short story The Birth-Mark Nathaniel Hawthorne brought to us several themes in this story, but the main theme we can see here in the passage is submission and sacrifices. The blindness obedience of women in the past to their husbands. Here the main idea of this passage is the wife's wishes of being perfect as possible through her husband eyes, even if it means that to be perfect in his eyes might cause her own death. In the nineteenth century, the Christian household would obey their house leader or the father as close as God. Aylmer plays a good role in recognizing this fact and he acts as God. Aylmer knows that his wife will die but he doesn't care at all his foolishness was a blinding his eyes. Adding Georgina's reaction to Aylmer's idea, Aylmer's foolishness becomes bigger and bigger.
At the beginning of the story, Aylmer mentions his dream to Georgina of cutting of the birthmark that Georgina has on her check. As a result of this, the petty Georgina encourages her husband Aylmer to give it a try and make her flawless. This reaction of Georgians to Aylmer's dream appeals because of her infinite obedience to her husband, not because of her agreeing to be flawless. The idea of being the house leader and get all the enthronement and obedience was controlling a lot of the Christian household in the nineteenth century. This is one of the main causes that affect Georgina's actions toward her husband.
In this passage, Aylmer brings Georgiana and immediately she faints in his laboratory. Aminadab appears in the story, as Aylmer's assistant, he represents the nature of the acceptance of the things as they are (nothing is perfect, everyone has flaws). Which is the concept that Aylmer cannot stand it or see? When Georgiana wakes up and amazed by the beauty and the smell of the room that Aylmer prepared for her. It took Georgiana a moment to realizes where she is, and immediately she covers her birthmark with her hand while she is lying on the bed. She asks Aylmer to not look at her birthmark because she prefers to die instead of Aylmer looking at her with flaws. Aylmer starts to cheer her up by showing her some of his scientific experiments, these experiments turn out to be illusions that Aylmer's mind has created. These illusions make Aylmer feels like he has some supernatural power over the world and nature. While Aylmer working, Aylmer start to talk about alchemy (the scientific branch that changes things into gold) Aylmer has faith in it and thinks that it is possible, but he also believes that it needs a huge moral sense for using it. Also, he believes that he could create another a life elixir that could change someone mortal, but to consider that, it could lead to a violation of nature and the misery of the drinker's life. Georgina is surprised of Aylmer's thoughts about these kinds of power, but Aylmer persuades her that he will never actually do these types of discoveries. He is just comparing these discoveries to the birthmark experiment as nothing compared to them. Aylmer is blind to the fact that his birthmark experiment has some moral consequences too. The life elixir and alchemy both have moral issues regarding it to the drinker, but Aylmer can't see the moral effect of his experiment on his pride.
While Aylmer is working, Georgiana's eyes fall on the books placed on Aylmer's lab, these books mention the history of other scientists who have some famous discoveries. All of these scientists have the same belief of having some kind of supernatural power over nature. These books demonstrate the long journey of the conflict between nature and science. In addition, of Aylmer who is trying to follow the same steps that the previous scientist has stepped. Georgiana as well starts to read some of Aylmer's articles and realizes that he failed most of his goals of what he aimed for. The journal represents here the imperfection of Aylmer, he is totally far away of what he imagines of himself, despite the fact of requesting perfection from his pride. After reading Aylmer's journals that are full of failure, Georgiana loves Aylmer more and more with is imperfection, even though he loves her less for who is she. Aylmer ger upset when he finds Georgiana reading his journal, Georgiana explains for his that nothing has changed the only thing that might change is her admiration of him will increase. The fact that Aylmer becomes very upset of Georgiana reading his journal, it might explain the reason why he wants to succeed in the birthmark experiment, he will have a perfect wife, which will make him close to perfection as well. Georgiana enters the inner room of the laboratory and gets amazed by the machines and instruments that she saw. Aylmer sees Georgiana in the inner room and become mad and suspect her of not trusting him enough. Georgiana replies that he is not confident about the experiment and he is just pretending, and she asked Aylmer to be honest with her because she will do anything he asked even if he asked her to drink poison. Here we can see again total submission of Georgiana to her husband. Furthermore, Georgiana's feelings about her birthmark, she prefers to drink poison rather than having it on her face the rest of her life. Aylmer says that he tried to treat the birthmark before but there was no result, and there is only one option which is dangerous. Georgiana starts to think about her husband and get amazed by him more, for searching for perfection rather than accepting something less. Which appears here that more Aylmer's imperfection the more submission Georgiana has for him.
Aylmer enter the room with a colorless liquid which is the medicine, Aylmer pours the liquid into a plant that has blemishes on its leaves, and the plants become totally pure green. All of this is just to assure to Georgiana that the cure is perfect. Georgiana tells Aylmer that he didn't need to do that because she has a complete trust of him. She takes the liquid and drinks it, she loved the liquid and she says that he satisfies a dehydration she felt for a couple of days. After that falls into deep sleep, Aylmer starts writing down every in details all changes in his wife, he kissed Georgiana on her birthmark, even though he is disgusted from it, but all the sudden he feels connected to it. Slowly, the birthmark starts to fade like a shadow and disappear. Aylmer is enjoying his success, so he is finally meeting his goal. At the same time, the narrator explains that while the mark disappears there is also something beautiful is taken away from Georgiana's face. Aylmer open the curtains and the sunlight goes through the windows to fall on Georgiana's face, Aminadab starts congrats Aylmer on their success. The appearance of sunlight and nature together represents the power of nature. Georgiana opens her eyes and sees her reflection on the mirror, she felt glad burthen she started to worry and express her emotion to Aylmer, but he didn't understand her, he felt that she must be glad because she is perfect now. Aylmer is in an unaware moment of happiness that he finally could've to make science and nature work together, and he believes that he just created a perfection.
At the end Georgiana starts telling Aylmer that while he tries to get his high ambitions he rejected the best the earth could offer and she tells him that she is dying, her soul is connected to the birthmark, and now as the birthmark disappeared her soul is talking away from her body going up to heaven. While Georgiana is dying, she didn't start blaming her husband on losing her life instead she comforts and praises him. Even though Aylmer has succeeded in his experiment, he didn't but into account that perfection can't exist on earth. Aylmer didn't appreciate the best he had he was insatiable searching for perfection.
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Symbolism in the Birthmark
Allegory is common in Hawthorne's writing and his use of symbolism. His use of symbols not only forces the reader to dig deeper but it also causes readers to interpret his stories differently from one another. The different uses of symbolism in the story aid the reader in using the subtext to derive more meaning and further try to understand what exactly Hawthorne was trying to express in his writing. Much of what can be read in The Birthmark pertains deeper allegorical meanings than what the reader may read originally. The birthmark on Georgiana's face is a symbol of mortality and represents man's imperfections, the very imperfections that make her human.
The main character in this story is Aylmar, he is described in the beginning of the story as a man of science, an eminent proficient in every branch of natural philosophy (Hawthorne 319). He also has a love of nature, a love for nature that may go too deep and affects the marriage he is in with Georgiana. Georgiana is Aylmar's wife who is described as a woman of beauty with one imperfection. Little does the reader know that this imperfection would be the demise of Georgiana. This one imperfection is Georgiana's small, red, hand-shaped birthmark that lay upon her left cheek. This birthmark symbolizes mortality. Without the birthmark she is otherwise perfect, it's simply a blemish that marks her as mortal.
The birthmark on Georgiana's face is described as being shaped like a small hand. The shape of it plays a role in symbolism as well. The shape might symbolize the hand of God. It's as though God himself laid his hand upon her personally while crafting her into perfection. Hawthorne is specific in mentioning that it's the shape of a human hand, which then complicates the idea of it being the hand of God, further symbolizing that the birthmark on Georgiana's cheek is a mark of her humanity and mortality.
Aylmer is repulsed by his wife's blemish and asks his wife has it never occurred to you that the mark on your cheek might be removed? (Hawthorne 319). Taken aback by such a statement from her husband of whom she thought loved her unconditionally, she fires back, deeply hurt by his remarks and begins crying. Aylmer's feelings towards her birthmark symbolize the misinterpretation of the symbol on his wife's face. It leads him astray and suggests that he feels horrors towards the prospects of death and mortality. Although he is a smart man, he mistakenly comes to believe that if he were to remove the imperfection from his otherwise perfect wife's face, he might be able to prolong her life, and make her perfect. He tells his wife you came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature that this slightest possible defect, which we hesitate whether to term a defect or a beauty, shocks me, as being the visible mark of earthly perfection." (Hawthorne 319). On a literal level Aylmer wants to rid his wife of what he see's as unattractive but on a symbolic level he wants to rid his wife of her flaws.
Aylmer begins experimenting in his lab with his assistant Aminadab. Aminadab is a willing assistant but in the story it is clear that he is disgusted with the way Aylmer is treating his wife and disagrees with his desire to remove the birthmark when he states under his breath, If she were my wife, I'd never part with that birthmark. (Hawthorne 322). Aminadab seems to feel more compassion towards Georgiana than her own husband does and he understands that imperfections aren't always what make someone unattractive. Although Aminadab feels this way about Aylmer, he helps him further. Aylmer begins developing a potion that hopefully will be capable of removing physical flaws, such as freckles and other blemishes. Georgiana wants her husband to succeed because she wants to please him. She worships him and succumbs to his unreasonable demands despite her suspicions that they might kill her. He formulates and practices. He has a couple failed attempts and then eventually is successful in making the special potion.
With this potion Aylmer both succeeds and fails. He is finally able to rid his wife of what he sees as an imperfection. Aylmer gives Georgiana the potion to drink, she drinks its, willingly. As she's drinking it she's imagining it as water from a heavenly fountain but then immediately begins getting tired. She tells her husband to let her sleep. Aylmer notices the birthmark slowly start to fade. He exclaims I can scarcely trace it now. Success! Success! (Hawthorne 328). The birthmark, which was once deep crimson, was now blush pink, the deep red color was fading and so was Georgiana's life. Aylmers excitement woke his wife from her slumber, she noticed how her birthmark has almost vanished but quickly interrupted her husbands cheers with sadness. She was dying. As Georgiana took her last breath her birthmark completely faded from her face. The birthmark represented her soul. As her soul faded so did the blemish. Her husband sat with her as she passed, gazing upon this now perfect woman who now was beginning her journey into heavenward flight. It wasn't until this moment that Aylmer realized he had a perfect woman all along.
The fatal hand had grappled with the mystery of life, and was the bond by which an angelic spirit kept itself in union with a mortal frame. (Hawthorne 328). The hand on her cheek represented her life, her soul and her mortality. The hand on her face was her life and soul holding on to her. It was her frame of life. It connected her soul and her body. Although his intentions are good, Aylmer is a selfish and unkind man whose decisions ultimately killed his perfectly imperfect wife.
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Ebola in West Africa
In the year 1976, near the Democratic Republic of Congo, a rare and deadly disease was discovered by Dr. Piot. The virus fatal illness, which is caused by several strains of zoonotic virus. So how is it spread if the virus is zoonotic you might ask? Well zoonotic virus is most commonly found in primates such as Bats which are found to be the primary hosts for the ebolavirus as it feed off other primates causing them to become sick and spread the virus to their relative primates. yet the tricky part comes down to how humans became infected by this disease? It is thought that it was spread to humans by consumption of infected animals in poor where sanitation was not held at a high regulation. As you know the Ebola virus can be spread by bodily floods or contact from an infected host. It's this method of transmission that allowed it to spread from a human host to care givers throughout the community, this is a predominant feature of epidemics. Another aspect of the Ebola Virus is the deadliness of the virus. The survival rate for patients with the Ebola Virus is astonishingly low.
In previous outbreaks, all of which happened in Africa, death rates ranged from 25 to 90 percent. The Ebola Virus causes hemorrhagic fevers, which is a definitive trait found in the filoviridae family of viruses. The family Filoviridae is the taxonomic home of many related viruses, either filoviruses or filovirids, that form filamentous infectious viral particles, also known as virions, and encode their genome in single-stranded negative-sense RNA. Symptoms from the Ebola Virus, that is found in the filoviridae family, are most commonly found within 8-10 days after exposer to the virus, while early signs can be seen with; fevers, headaches, joint and muscle aches, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pain. But as the virus progresses and becomes more aggressive it will soon cause internal, external bleeding of organs, this can be seen in the eyes and even in bloody urine samples. it does depend on the strain of Ebola virus you have the fatalty rate of this disease is currently at 90%, since no common cure exists for the virus.
In Central Africa the first reported epidemic of the virus was in 1978, calling the virus Zaire know to us today as Ebola. Starting in a small village called Yambuku, where 318 people caught the virus and became critically ill, 280 of the villagers died shortly after, this leaving the death rate of the illness at 88%, So how are they working to fix this epidemic? While there is no known cure to the virus the international Federation of Red Cross and Red crescent work extremely hard to prevent on going outbreaks from occurring in South Africa. Through volunteer activities, Red Cross and Red Crescent are working hard to spread awareness of the issue to help prevent the disease while decreasing the fear of the at-risk community. These volunteers are also involved in disinfecting homes of confirmed cases, removing corps and tracking down who may have encountered the virus. And providing psychosocial to those family whom are affected.
Ebola affects the families of south Africa families everyday starting in 1976 with a resulting death rate of nearly 280 people. Since then outbreaks soon to fluster in 2014 with more than 7,400 African's infected and 3,400 dead according to the World Health Organization. Since this these outbreaks seem continual, with many obstacles to be overcome in the community and thousands of young children to grow through the deaths of their parents they must obtain urgent special attention to support them in their time of need to restore the communities for the years to come, so that victim's children dont have the sense of abandonment or unwanted. But why is there no cure or vaccine in the market to help these people? The simple fact of the matter is that drug companies have no financial motivation to research the issue, which will cost millions one medications and cures for such a small population of infected especially a small community that lacks the funds to pay for such treatment. While many company such as Tekmira Pharmaceuticals and North Carolina's BioCryst are researching the matter the closest cure that has been found is by pharmaceutical company called Fijifil is working off an existing Flu medication as a temporary treatment for the Ebola virus. The realistic estimate for a cure for this disease to be found is anywhere from 10- 15 years away, this being a harsh realization for the slowly diminishing population of South Africa.
How does the South African community feel about the spread of Ebola from one outbreak to several you might ask? The idea of an unstoppable virus sweeping through the country side terrifies the south African community, leaving many schools with no other option than to close their doors to the children of south Africa. But this isn't the only thing that is crumbling the community, common public service deliveries are failing and scaring the community as doctors abandon their post in the fear of the virus. Even South Africa's transportation of tourist has been but by more than half in the fear of Ebola. So how does the community feel about this outrageous epidemic? The people of South Africa are terrified and don't know what to do other the try their best to stay sanitary in hope that the Ebola virus won't spread to them next, after all you can simply catch the dieses by simply touching a single drop of sweat from someone who is infected with the virus.
South Africa is now not only at risk due to the outbreak of Ebola in the scared, but also falls at risk financially as (UNDG), United Nation Development Group states that the South Africa may lose at least 3.6$ per year between 2014- 2017. Leaving an important impact on the stages of human development as the regions capita income will fall $18.00per year. Affecting the poverty rate to increase 0.5% but estimated to increase the poverty overall by 1.8%, due to the outbreaks. This will also increase food insecurity in the community making it even more fragile then it also has become in the past few years.
Nevertheless, there are still a fighting chance for Africa, as the united states and neighboring countries comes to help contain the hazardous outbreak with a strategy plan which may help Africa in the long run .The united nations plan find and control the epidemic at its source in West Africa following this they have decided to blunt the economic , social and political tolls In the region reliving stress on the community and economic status helping the country to grow as one without falling apart. The tricky part to all of this is the final steps to their plan this being to engage and coordinate with broader global audience, so that they can receive help with the problem of Ebola. While fortifying a global health security infrastructure, this will allow West Africa to not only feel secure at home with the ongoing issue, but also allow them to fearless of what is to come in their future.
Therefore, my conclusion on the social issue in south Africa is that the only thing that they have the power to do at this point is to stay strong and have faith in what they can't see. Believe and trust in their neighboring countries to help them where they are slacking and to never give up no matter how bad the situation seems with the fear of Ebola spreading through the country it leaves nothing except a negative impact and that Africa can become a healthy functioning country again in just a matter of time when they overcome their fears as a community.
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Ebola: One of the Deadliest Diseases
One of the deadliest diseases in the history of mankind is Ebola which impacts a lot of people on the Asian and African side. It is a deadly virus which causes sever effects on the person having Ebola which can also lead to dead. However, in USA the chances of having Ebola are extremely rare which is very close to 0%. Till now there are zero cases in USA of this Ebola virus. But this virus caused a lot of effects on the other side of the world. Many people died and since this is a virus which lives on host, it quickly spread all over the world. USA put a hold to some people traveling from the infected countries when the Ebola Virus had a major outbreak.
History: Ebola is a virus which affects people and nonhuman primates like monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. This was first discovered in 1976 near the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then it have been affecting people especially in several African countries. Many scientist believes that virus came from an animal and they predicts bats are most like the source of this virus which got passed to nonhuman primate which is then slowly transmitted to humans.
How it Works: Ebola looks like a worm shaped virus which have the ability to assemble new viruses very quickly. They have a genetic material called RNA which helps them to multiply rapidly in a host body. In order for Ebola virus to live, it needs a host so that it can replicate and cause damage to the host. The Ebola virus must travel through cell membrane so that it can hijack cell's machinery for its own benefits. It takes an advantage of a non-specific engulfing process called micropinocytosis (Fig 1) which allows the virus to enter into a cell by a wave like motion. The Ebola virus is usually closed in a package which contains RNA for reproduction. Then it sticks out a protein from its membrane called Glycoprotein which binds to the receptors on the cell surface. Then this binding to the receptors triggers process which eats the cell membrane and get merged inside the cell. The virus's RNA is uncoated once the Ebola virus is inside the cell.
This way the Ebola virus hijacks the human cell's proteins to reproduce itself in its host's body Once the virus is inside the cell, Ebola targets several immune cells in human body. The white blood cells are also destroyed and thus the overall defense system of the human body lowers significantly. However, the lymphocytes don't become infected with the virus but the lack of stimulation from some cells and toxic signals from others prevent these primary immune cells defending the human organs. Ebola virus travels to different parts of the body through blood vessels. This can cause small clots throughout the blood vessels and reduces blood supply to organs. The lines of the blood vessels are also damaged causing them to leak as the Ebola virus produces some inflammatory signaling protein and nitric oxide. Ebola virus also target several vital organs by triggering a system wide inflammation and fever which damage many cells. These damaged cells leads diarrhea which causes dehydration to the host. Ebola also regulate blood pressure and causes circulatory failure which will prevent supply oxygen to organs which will lead to organ failure.
Signs and Symptoms: There are some signs or symptoms which will give us a warning if we have an Ebola virus or not. These symptoms usually show up to 2 to 21 days after the Ebola infection occurred. The first and most common symptom of having Ebola is high fever as the temperature of the body increase due to restricted blood flow. There can be extreme pain in the abdomen, chest and joints. The patient can also feel pain in the muscle area as the oxygen supply to the muscle decrease. Thus it damages a lot of cell in the muscle area and thus leads to muscle loss and pain. Other than having high fever, the patient can also suffer from loss of appetite. Due to this, proper macro nutrients will not be supplied to the whole body and thus the patient might suffer from malnutrition. The patient can also suffer from severe dehydration as Ebola causes diarrhea.
Moreover, Ebola also leads sever sweating which contributes to more dehydration. From Gastrointestinal perspective, a patient can suffer from nausea and vomiting. There can be higher chance of vomiting blood since Ebola causes leakage in the blood vessel and also highly contributes for organ damage. Due to high blood pressure and blood leakage from blood vessels, the patient may have eye redness or red spots on skins. The patient can be coughing up blood due to this and can also have sore throat. The last and most important symptoms that Ebola causes is severe headache of a patient which might lead to mental confusion.
Disease Transmission: Just like any other virus or disease, Ebola can easily be transmitted from one host to another which easily leads to lot of outbreaks. There is lot of Outbreaks that happened during 2014 to 2016 on the West part of the Africa. Since, Ebola virus came from nonhuman primate, the disease can be easily transmitted by simply touching or eating the infected primates. Once the virus is infected to a human, then it can be easily spread among humans by several means. One of the most common ways that most viruses spread from one human to another is through the touch of blood or body fluids. These body fluids include urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, and breast milk. Ebola can also be transmitted through object like needles and syringes which can be contaminated with body fluids from a person who have Ebola virus. Ebola is also transported through fruit bats or primates since they are the first animal to transport this virus to human. However, food or water or air cannot be used to spread Ebola. There is higher chance of having Ebola during sexual intercourse but it is not known how long Ebola might be found in the semen of male Ebola survivors.
Outbreaks: The major Ebola outbreak that began in West Africa was in 2014. The three countries most affected by the outbreak are Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Seventy percent of the infected people in West Africa died due to Ebola. In November 2014, the centers for disease control and prevention has ordered two point seven million dollar in protective equipment for health care workers to wear while treating Ebola Patients. The most death that happened during this Ebola outbreak is in Liberia. There were ten thousand six hundred sixty six cases during this outbreak. However, the largest Ebola case was in Sierra Leone which has three thousand nine hundred and Fifty five deaths in total. This outbreak ends in 2016 March. Although in United States, there are only four cases for Ebola Virus. And out of those four cases, only one died. The outbreak of Ebola Virus in United States is comparatively nothing to the outbreaks in Country like Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. The Ebola virus Outbreak in United States ended on twenty first December 2014. In total as of eighth May 2016, there 28,616 Ebola cases around the World and 11310 people died due to the Ebola disease. However, there are 17 percent of Ebola cases that went unreported. The monthly deaths from Ebola disease dropped rapidly during the end of 2015
Prevention: Ebola is one of the most deadly viruses out there and it is very important for everyone to stay safe and protected. Even though it is an extremely rare disease in USA but there are higher chance of getting infected by the Ebola virus if anyone travels to a place affected by Ebola outbreaks. The first and the most important thing to remember is practice careful hygiene in order to prevent getting infected by Ebola. It is very important to wash hand with and water or alcohol based hand sanitizer before and after using anything. Stay away from the items which have been contaminated by an Ebola patient's blood or body fluid as Ebola can transmit easily through body fluids. Since bats and primal animals are the main and primary source of Ebola disease, it is mandatory to avoid contact with those animals when traveling into Ebola affected country. Even eating the meat of these animals is also prohibited as the Ebola virus can stay in muscle cell and can be transmitted through our human body by digestion. It is highly mandatory to avoid facilities where Ebola patients are being treated since the chance of getting infected by Ebola virus is extremely high there even though if there are proper sanitization and protections.
However, if anyone by any chance got direct contact with the infected person then it is mandatory to notify health officials to stay on the safe side. Finally, once a person reached back to his or her own country, it is recommended to monitor his or her health for at least twenty one days in order to check if they developed any kind of symptoms of Ebola disease. Treatment: Human civilization had made a huge change in the medical field. However, there is no licensed medicine for Ebola. The treatment that was made to treat Ebola is not FDA approved. Currently, the most powerful treatment for Ebola is intensive supportive care. It is extremely important to balance the patient's fluid and electrolytes. There have to be constant checkup to maintain their oxygen status and blood pressure since Ebola prevents oxygen reaching to the organs which eventually leads to organ failure. However, there are two Ebola vaccines which were founded in October 2014. The first vaccine was cAd3-ZEBOV which was developed by GlaxoSmithKline with the collaboration of United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. The second vaccine was Rvsv-ZEBOV which was developed by public Health agency of Canada in Winnipeg along with company based in Ames, IA name NewLink Genetics. This vaccine uses a weakened virus found in the livestock. The other medication treatment that can be used to treat Ebola is blood transfusion which removes the Ebola infected blood with the fresh healthy blood. Oxygen therapy is also used to provide constant oxygen into the blood cells.
Conclusion: In today's world, technology is growing at a faster rate and the information of such deadly disease can be found easily within our fingertips. Thanks to quick information access people are more aware of this disease. Ebola is one of the most deadly diseases in the world but currently the Ebola virus has been controlled to a great extent. The symptom of the Ebola virus is itself very deadly and the consequence of this virus can easily lead to someone's death. Ebola can be easily and quickly transmitted from one host to another by using various transmission techniques which cause major Ebola outbreaks. Even though there are no FDA approved medicine or vaccine to cure Ebola but there are lots of treatments which can eventually cure Ebola in the long run. There are lot of ways to prevent Ebola infecting our body and it is very important for every human being to follow those prevention techniques in order to prevent catching the disease and prevent transmitting it. There are lots of scientific studies and researches are done to cure Ebola disease once and for all and as time pass by we will someday find a cure to such deadly disease. Till then we should stay safe and aware of the entire situation for such diseases.
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Ebola: One of the Deadliest Diseases. (2020, Feb 26).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2020/02/
Ebola Virus and Government
The Ebola virus is one of the rarest and deadliest diseases found to man. It affects both humans and other animals such as primates including monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. It has been found in ill or dead fruit bats, forest antelope and porcupines in the rainforest among other areas. It is a member of the Filoviridae family. It is in the genus Ebolavirus and order Mononegavirales. Formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, it is known to kill up to 90 percent of people who are infected (Leroy, E.M, et. al, 2011).
It has a filamentous structure that is assembled in an envelope virus with particles containing negative-sense, single stranded RNA whose genomes are packaged inside a helical nucleocapsid. Ebola virus spreads through direct contact with bodily fluids such as blood, secretions, or organs of a person or animal who is currently infected with or has died from the disease. Initially it was thought that people got infected through contact with an infected animal and then passed on the virus from person to person. As the virus enters the immune system and organs it causes the levels of blood clotting cells to drop drastically, ultimately leading to severe and uncontrollable bleeding. Symptoms of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) include fever, muscle pain, fatigue, severe headache, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and unexplained hemorrhage. Symptoms such as these may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after contact with the virus, usually an average of 8 to 10 days. The virus cannot be spread when a person does not show any signs or symptoms of being infected.
Ebola itself is not as contagious as other more common viruses such as measles or influenza. Getting the virus can happen in a number of ways. When a person makes contact with the infected bodily fluids or objects which are contaminated, the virus can break through the skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose and mouth. In early epidemics of the virus, the reuse of nonsterile injection equipment was responsible for health-care associated transmissions (The first confirmed, 2015). Another way to acquire the virus is through direct contact with fruit bats or primates who have the disease. The practice of food contaminated with bat feces is also thought to contribute to the spread. In addition, the disease can be transmitted sexually. More research has to be done on the prevalence of transmissible Ebola virus in semen over certain periods of time. All survivors of the disease need to test twice negatively to ensure safe sex practices among those affected. Airborne transmission has been show to affect nonhuman primates however there is no evidence of infection via inhalation in humans. The natural reservoir of the virus and the mode of transmission to humans is not yet confirmed. There has been successful infection in bats and rodents when doing laboratory testing of reservoir competence, but successful infection to plants and arthropods has not been done yet. Some studied have shown that survivors have antibodies in the blood that can be detected up to ten years after recovery.
Patients are usually more infectious in the later stages of the disease whose symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting and hemorrhages. This is because the amount of virus in the blood increases during the course of the illness. A phenomenon of the disease known as super-spreading is when there is a disproportionate number of individuals known as super spreaders who infect a large number of secondary individuals. These secondary cases are relative to an average infectious individual and mathematically are given by the offspring distribution of the virus. The offspring distribution is the probability that any one infected individual generates a certain amount of secondary cases along with the average new number of infections. Super spreading of the disease was found to be responsible for approximately 61% of infections during the 2014 epidemic (Lau, 2017). Another recognizable contributor linked to 300 cases was a funeral for a traditional healer in Sierra Leone in 2015 (The first confirmed, 2015). Being able to quantify super spreading is an important part in predicting future epidemics. Ebola virus is rare and usually imported by travelers from affected areas or by scientists working on materials and animals with the virus.
The five distinct species of Ebola virus have been isolated mainly from African countries. They include Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, and Reston ebolavirus which originated from the Philippines. The differences between the species is caused by the varying severity of the symptoms. Zaire ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus are known for their virulence compared to the other species.
The first cases of the virus infection were reported in Zaire. Zaire ebolavirus, the most common species of Ebola virus, was first isolated in 1976 during an outbreak in northern Zaire now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo or DRC. There was an 88% fatality rate with a total of 280 deaths out of the 318 cases. This strain has the highest fatality rates and is responsible for the outbreak that started in West Africa in 2014. The World Health Organization deems an outbreak when a country has no new case report for 42 days all the while having proper surveillance and proper diagnostic capability in the area (If the active, 2014).
The outbreak in 2014, which was reported first in March of that year was the largest outbreak since the discovery of the virus. The fatality rate during this outbreak was 64.3% in hospital admissions, 31.5% in treatment centers in Africa and 20% in patients taken care outside of West Africa. The virus was 97% similar to the first known Ebola virus that originated in 1976 according to genetic sequencing (CDC Laboratories, 2015). This outbreak had over 11,000 deaths in a total of 28,000 cases. The most recent outbreak was August of this year in the DRC. Previous to this on December 4th 2018, 271 deaths were confirmed out of a total of 458 cases in the DRC. The current outbreak is the tenth identified one to happen in the DRC to date.
Sudan ebolavirus was first isolated in 1976 as well during an outbreak in southern Sudan. It has an identical syndrome to Zaire ebolavirus only with a lower number of deaths with a fatality rate of 53-65%. The largest outbreak of this virus occurred in 2000 in Uganda with a total of 425 cases (Leroy et al., 2011). Tai Forest ebolavirus has only been documented in one case in 1994. A Swiss researcher found out about the disease while performing an autopsy on a chimpanzee. Bundibugyo ebolavirus was discovered in 2007 during a single outbreak in western Uganda. Reston ebolavirus was first isolated in Reston, Virginia in 1989. It was found to be imported through Cynomolgus monkeys from the Philippines. Workers that were exposed to infected animals had no symptoms even though they had positive blood serum.
Since the discovery of the virus in 1976, the Ebola outbreaks in West Africa, which began in southeastern Guinea under a rural setting began to spread to urban areas. The first two outbreaks were of fatal hemorrhagic fever and occurred in various parts of Central Africa, Zaire and South Sudan (CDC Laboratories, 2015). During the first outbreak nurses in the Yambuku mission hospital used five syringes for 300 to 600 patients daily. This improper nursing technique was the source for much of the early transmission of the disease. Initially, public health officials assumed outbreaks were coming from a single event associated with someone who was infected and traveling between multiple areas. Only later did scientists discover that the outbreaks came from two separate genetically distinct viruses. After this, scientists stated that the virus came from two different sources and spread independently of one another to the people populating those specific areas. Interestingly enough, viral and epidemiological data suggest that the Ebola virus was around way before the first reported cases (Emergence of Ebola, 2018).
In 1989 when Reston ebolavirus was discovered, the third strain of Ebola, it was in research monkeys imported from the Philippines into the United States. This was a key turning point in seeing that Ebola was no longer confined to Africa but existed in Asia as well. The few people who were infected with this strain never developed hemorrhagic fever. By 1994, when the Cote d'lvoire outbreak occurred, scientists and researchers had a better understanding of how the virus spread and made an effort to reduce transmission. This was done by using proper techniques for syringes, using disposable equipment, and wearing gloves masks and gowns.
Now in 1995, when another Zaire outbreak happened in the Democratic Republic of Congo the local community was well educated as well as the hospital staff. There was the right amount of equipment present to be able to deal with the outbreak as well. Important to note that by 1995, healthcare practitioners and personnel were trained on disease reporting and patient case identification which significantly increased keeping records of Ebola virus.
In 2014, the largest ever recorded epidemic in West Africa with 25,826 cases and 10,704 deaths was reported by April 12, 2015 primarily in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. This changed the direction vaccines for this disease were headed. Before the outbreaks were controlled by isolating symptomatic individuals, looking at who they were in contact with, cremating them during burial and changing various practices. Now, more social efforts have been put into place such as media campaigns, educational programs, and religious programs as well (Mukpo, 2014). A multitude of factors play into the growth of the virus such as emerging populations and interactions with wildlife.
Since Ebola was rare when it first began, not many vaccine companies saw it profitable to take on the task of creating one. Development for a vaccine against the disease came in the late 1970s but the efforts were not enough to have any significant results. Now in 2014, previous tests on animals were fast tracked to Phase 1 clinical trials. Currently there is a global registry listing several Ebola vaccine trials in progress involving human subjects. Since the 2014 outbreak was due to Zaire ebolavirus, all the current vaccines being designed are for that strain. If it works, it will be likely we can apply similar principles to creating vaccines for the other strains of the virus as well. The two best vaccines to date are a GSK chimpanzee adenovirus vector vaccine and a Merck/New Link Genetics recombinant vaccine. They are both currently being tested in Phase 2 trials in Liberia for those at risk of contracting the disease (Ebola virus disease, 2018). More Phase 2 and 3 trials are being planned but in general scientists have had a harder time developing treatment for a viral disease rather than bacterial. Viruses have fewer targets for treatment unlike bacteria which have many. In addition, the Ebola virus evolves quickly so developing a vaccine today does not necessarily mean it will work a year or two from now.
The high death rate makes it difficult to work on the virus and there are only a few laboratories that you are allowed to do testing in, specifically biosafety level 4 facilities, the highest level of protection (Rettner, 2014). Some potential treatments show promise in animals specifically with the way the virus replicates. There was a reduction in the healthcare workers who accounted for those infected from the 1995 outbreak which was 25%, to the 2014 outbreak which healthcare workers represented only 3.9%. In 2014-2015 the majority of transmission was between family members, a total of 74% (Baseler, 2017).
At this point, changes in the prevention and control of Ebola Virus Disease have to be made. In regards to the political economy model of the disease, the current top to bottom approach is not working in preventing the disease from spreading, meaning we must turn to another alternative. The top to bottom method is when health institutions and populations wait for the disease to be present in individuals before they begin treatment. Since this disease is quite contagious if the proper precautions are not taken, waiting is not productive. The bottom to top approach is aggressively preventing the disease. A community and individual ownership of the disease is vital in being able to prevent it in those highly affected countries. We should not be waiting until we have high death tolls to start taking this epidemic seriously; unfortunately, what a majority of the Liberian government did in the outbreak of 2014 (Obilade, 2015).
The government of Liberia allocated resources to secondary villages affected by Ebola. This resulted in a loss of political support for areas that were hit first and an increase in votes from those swing villages and secondary hit areas. Consequently, the citizens of the country were able to decided who their vote would go to and this directly impacted the government and their role in prevention of the Ebola virus. Overall, foreign aid came late to the countries that were first affected by Ebola in 2014 and this greatly devastated their populations. It is obvious that a better tactic needs to implemented for the next outbreak and this will only be done with bottom to top processing.
The resources of these countries need to be mobilized to prepare for future devastation of Ebola and precautions need to be taken right away. Some ways to do this in highly affected areas is have individuals take their temperature twice a day to look for early symptoms. A reduction in the amount of time spent outside will help with the risk of getting infected. Cleaning and wiping down the house inside will help as well. Schools should use their platform to emphasize personal hygiene and create an environment where students are able to be educated on Ebola. Not only students but adults need to take individual ownership of their health education. Training and retraining of health care workers will improve the community knowledge on infectious disease control. Communities should take the initiative to identify, isolate and report incidences as well (Fast, 2015).
Overall, the political economic model of Ebola is highly manipulated by the government and the people voting on those positions (Mukpo, 2014). It is difficult to get international cooperation because of the low number of people affected by this disease in those countries. However, if a change is wanted the whole world needs to move to a bottom to top approach of prevention of Ebola virus. This can be accomplished with the help of a medical anthropologist in looking at specifically the social and biological factors that are currently influencing the spread of this disease. With a more precise outlook combined with data showing promising numbers of the spread of this disease decreasing, medical anthropologists could change the whole outlook on the Ebola virus.
When looking at how the disease distribution and health disparity will change throughout time and the use of government health care resources, it can offer an important insight into changing the nature of this disease once and for all. We need to start implementing serious prevention and actually put money into researching how to stop the occurring epidemic of the Ebola virus before it takes the lives of those who have the opportunity to get well and healthy. Feeling compelled to help victims who have already been infected is not a step in the right direction. The political economic model shows that foreign resources are not enough. Unfortunately, those are the resources which have been a majority of what has been used to fight the epidemic. Hopefully with medical anthropologists on board, they will be able to help understand the interrelationships that affect this disease and globalize truly helpful efforts.
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Ebola Virus And Government. (2020, Feb 26).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
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Horror of Ebola in West Africa 2014
In this paper I am going to examine the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014.
Looking back, the index case in West Africa's Ebola epidemic proved to be an 18-month-old boy from Guinea. The child developed an illness with symptoms of fever, black stools, and emesis, and died two days later. The area he was from, Meliandou, Guinea, was mostly just forest and trees. Evidence suggests that the forest loss from timber operations brought infected animals, including infected bats, into closer contact with humans. It is possible this is how the boy contracted the virus.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO):
By the second week of January 2014, several members of the boy's immediate family had developed a similar illness followed by rapid death. The same was true for several midwives, traditional healers, and staff at a hospital in the city of Gueckedou who treated them.
During the following week, members of the boy's extended family, who attended funerals or took care of ill relatives, also fell sick and died. By then, the virus had spread to four sub-districts via additional transmission chains. A pattern of unprotected exposure, more cases and deaths, more funerals, and further spread had been established.
By February, the virus made it to the capital, Conakry, through an infected member of the boy's family. He died four days later.
One of the reasons the virus spread so fast was personal protective equipment (PPE) or, the lack thereof. The Ebola virus, in its initial stages, mocks many of the signs of malaria. Malaria is so commonly treated in West Africa; hospital workers rarely wear PPE. In this instance, doctors did not suspect Ebola, so no measures were taken to protect the staff members or the other patients.
According to WHO:
As the month progressed, cases spread to the prefectures of Macenta, Baladou, Nzerekore, and Farako as well as to several villages and cities along the routes to these destinations. The Ministry of Health issued its first alert to the unidentified disease on 13 March 2014. On that same day, staff at WHO's Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) formally opened an Emergency Management System event for a disease suspected to be Lassa fever.
A major investigation followed, which included the Ministry of Health.
On March 22, a French lab which was set up as part of this collaborative effort confirmed that the causative agent was the Zaire species, the most lethal of the Ebola viruses. When WHO made the public announcement the next day, 49 cases and 29 deaths were officially reported.
It took nearly almost three months to identify the Ebola virus as the causative agent. By that time, the virus was already out of control.
According to WHO:
By March 23, 2014, a few scattered cases had already been imported from Guinea into Liberia and Sierra Leone, but these cases were not detected, investigated, or formally reported to WHO. The outbreaks in these two countries likewise smoldered for weeks, eventually becoming visible as chains of transmission multiplied, spilled into capital cities, and became so numerous they could no longer be traced.
Ebola was thus an old disease in a new context that favored rapid and initially invisible spread. As a result of these and other factors, the Ebola virus has behaved differently in West Africa than in equatorial Africa, challenging a number of previous assumptions.
In past outbreaks, Ebola was largely confined to remote rural areas, with just a few scattered cases detected in cities. The 2014 West African outbreaks demonstrated how fast the virus could move once it reached urban settings and densely populated slums.
Also, in past outbreaks, the primary aim of rapid patient isolation was to interrupt the chains of transmission. Today, the primary aim includes aggressive supportive care, especially rehydration, which improves the chances of survival.
Life-saving supportive care is difficult to provide in the common West African health care setting, but is improving as more treatment facilities are built by MSF, the UK and US governments, WHO, and other partners.
Successful experiences in Senegal, Nigeria, and Mali demonstrated the importance of preparedness and having the capacities in place to mount a rapid and comprehensive emergency response. Given the devastation caused by Ebola virus disease in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, countries worldwide are on high alert for imported cases and many have elaborate preparedness plans in place.
In addition, experiences in the US and Spain showed that conventional control measures, including isolation and exhaustive tracing and monitoring of contacts, can halt further spread quickly following locally-acquired infections.
While any country with an international airport was theoretically at risk of an imported case, the need for preparedness was considered greatest in countries with weak public health infrastructures and little or no diagnostic capacity to detect cases early.
The Ebola virus left many children orphaned.
Some 16,600 children are registered as having lost one or both parents, or their primary caregivers to Ebola in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, but less than 3 per cent have had to be placed outside family or community care, UNICEF said today.
Since overcoming their initial fears and misconceptions about Ebola, families have been showing incredible support, providing care and protection for children whose parents have died, said Manuel Fontaine, UNICEF's Regional Director for West and Central Africa. This shows the strength of kinship ties and the extraordinary resilience of communities at a time of great hardship.
As a result of this tragedy, the resulting national preparedness action plans gave international development partners guidance on specific areas where support was likely to have the greatest impact on preparedness. At the end of each preparedness mission, at least one technical expert remained on site to oversee the continuity and coordination of preparedness measures.
According to WHO:
Work on preparedness has taken place in all WHO regions. Training courses, workshops, and simulation exercises have been undertaken for groups of countries, while visits have been made to more than 70 countries in all regions to review capacities first-hand, develop action plans, and provide direct support.
All regions have also developed their own Ebola task forces and have regional response plans in place. Emergency operation centers and rapid response teams are likewise in place.
References:
- World Health Organization
- UNICEF
- www.unicef.org
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West Africa and Horror of Ebola
Probably the deadliest infection throughout the entire existence of humanity is Ebola which impacts a many individuals on the Asian and African side. It is a dangerous infection which causes cut off consequences for the individual having Ebola which can likewise prompt dead. In any case, in USA the odds of having Ebola are incredibly uncommon which is exceptionally near 0%. Despite the fact that USA put a hold to certain individuals going from the tainted nations when the Ebola Virus had a significant episode.
Ebola is an infection which influences individuals and nonhuman primates like monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. This was first found in 1976 close to the Democratic Republic of Congo. From that point forward it has been influencing individuals particularly in a few African nations. Numerous researchers accept that infection came from a creature and they foresee bats are most similar to the wellspring of this infection which got passed to nonhuman primate which is then leisurely communicated to people.
Ebola resembles a worm molded infection which can collect new infections rapidly. They have a hereditary material called RNA which assists them with duplicating in a host body. All together for Ebola infection to live, it needs a host so it can duplicate and make harm the host. The Ebola infection should go through cell film with the goal that it can seize cell's apparatus for its own advantages. It exploits a vague overwhelming cycle called micropinocytosis which permits the infection to enter a phone by a wave like movement. The Ebola infection is generally shut in a bundle which contains RNA for proliferation. Then, at that point it stands out a protein from its layer called Glycoprotein which ties to the receptors on the phone surface. Then, at that point this limiting to the receptors triggers measure which eats the cell layer and get converged inside the cell. The infection's RNA is uncoated once the Ebola infection is inside the cell. This way the Ebola infection commandeers the human cell's proteins to repeat itself in its host's body.
When the infection is inside the cell, Ebola focuses on a few insusceptible cells in human body. The white platelets are additionally annihilated and along these lines the general safeguard arrangement of the human body brings down essentially. Nonetheless, the lymphocytes don't become tainted with the infection however the absence of incitement from certain phones and poisonous signs from others forestall these essential invulnerable cells safeguarding the human organs. Ebola infection goes to various pieces of the body through veins. This can cause little clusters all through the veins and decreases blood supply to organs. The lines of the veins are likewise harmed making them spill as the Ebola infection creates some provocative flagging protein and nitric oxide. Ebola infection likewise focus on a few fundamental organs by setting off a framework wide aggravation and fever which harm numerous cells. These harmed cells lead the runs which makes lack of hydration the host. Ebola additionally manage pulse and causes circulatory disappointment which will forestall supply oxygen to organs which will prompt organ disappointment.
The manifestations generally appear at 2 to 21 days after the Ebola disease happened. The first and most normal manifestation of having Ebola is high fever as the temperature of the body increment because of confined blood stream. There can be outrageous agony in the mid-region, chest and joints. The patient can likewise feel torment in the muscle region as the oxygen supply to the muscle decline. In this manner it harms a great deal of cell in the muscle region and subsequently prompts muscle misfortune and torment. The patient can likewise experience the ill effects of extreme lack of hydration as Ebola causes the runs. Additionally, Ebola likewise leads cut off perspiring which adds to more lack of hydration. According to Gastrointestinal point of view, a patient can experience the ill effects of sickness and retching. There can be higher shot at regurgitating blood since Ebola causes spillage in the vein and exceptionally contributes for organ harm. Because of hypertension and blood spillage from veins, the patient might have eye redness or red spots on skins.
There is parcel of Outbreaks that occurred during 2014 to 2016 on the West piece of the Africa. Since, Ebola infection came from nonhuman primate, the illness can be effectively communicated by essentially contacting or eating the tainted primates. Quite possibly the most well-known ways that most infections spread starting with one human then onto the next is through the dash of blood or body liquids. These body liquids incorporate pee, spit, sweat, dung, regurgitation, and bosom milk. Ebola can likewise be communicated through object like needles and needles which can be defiled with body liquids from an individual who have Ebola infection. Ebola is likewise moved through natural product bats or primates since they are the principal creature to ship this infection to human. Be that as it may, food or water or air can't be utilized to spread Ebola.
The significant Ebola episode that started in West Africa was in 2014. The three nations generally influenced by the episode are Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Over two thirds of the contaminated individuals in West Africa kicked the bucket because of Ebola. In November 2014, the habitats for infectious prevention and counteraction has requested two point 7,000,000 dollar in defensive hardware for medical care laborers to wear while treating Ebola Patients. The most passing that occurred during this Ebola flare-up is in Liberia. There were 10,000 600 66 cases during this flare-up. In any case, the biggest Ebola case was in Sierra Leone which has 3,000 900 and Fifty-five passings altogether. This flare-up closes in 2016 March. Albeit in United States, there are just four cases for Ebola Virus. Also, out of those four cases, only one passed on. The episode of Ebola Virus in United States is nearly nothing to the flare-ups in Country like Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. The Ebola infection Outbreak in United States finished on twenty first December 2014. Altogether as of eighth May 2016, there 28,616 Ebola cases all throughout the Planet and 11310 individuals passed on because of the Ebola illness. In any case, there are 17% of Ebola cases that went unreported. The month to month passings from Ebola infection dropped quickly during the finish of 2015
Practice cautious cleanliness to forestall getting tainted by Ebola. Since bats and basic creatures are the fundamental and essential wellspring of Ebola sickness, it is compulsory to stay away from contact with those creatures when going into Ebola influenced country. In any event, eating the meat of these creatures is additionally precluded as the Ebola infection can remain in muscle cell and can be sent through our human body by assimilation. It is profoundly obligatory to keep away from offices where Ebola patients are being treated since the shot at getting contaminated by Ebola infection is amazingly high there despite the fact that in case there are appropriate disinfection and assurances. In any case, on the off chance that anybody by any possibility got immediate contact with the tainted individual, it is compulsory to inform wellbeing authorities to remain erring on the side of caution.
Notwithstanding, there is no authorized medication for Ebola. The treatment that was made to treat Ebola isn't FDA supported. At present, the most remarkable therapy for Ebola is escalated steady consideration. Equilibrium the patient's liquid and electrolytes. There should be consistent exam to keep up with their oxygen status and pulse since Ebola forestalls oxygen coming to the organs which in the end prompts organ disappointment. Nonetheless, there are two Ebola antibodies which were established in October 2014. The principal immunization was cAd3-ZEBOV which was created by GlaxoSmithKline with the cooperation of United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. The subsequent immunization was Rvsv-ZEBOV which was created by general Health organization of Canada in Winnipeg alongside organization situated in Ames, IA name NewLink Genetics. This immunization utilizes a debilitated infection found in the domesticated animals. The other medicine treatment that can be utilized to treat Ebola is blood bonding which eliminates the Ebola tainted blood with the new sound blood. Oxygen treatment is likewise used to give steady oxygen into the platelets.
Ebola is probably the deadliest infection on the planet yet as of now the Ebola infection has been controlled by and large. The indication of the Ebola infection is itself dangerous and the outcome of this infection can undoubtedly prompt somebody's demise. Ebola can be effectively and immediately sent starting with one host then onto the next by utilizing different transmission methods which cause significant Ebola flare-ups. Despite the fact that there are no FDA endorsed medication or antibody to fix Ebola however there are heaps of medicines which can ultimately fix Ebola over the long haul. There are parcel of approaches to forestall Ebola tainting our body and it is vital for each individual to follow those anticipation procedures to forestall contracting the sickness and forestall communicating it. There are loads of logical investigations and explores are done to fix Ebola infection for the last time and as time elapse by, we will sometime discover a fix to such destructive sickness. Till then we should remain protected and mindful of the whole circumstance for such illnesses.
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The Social Prosperity of the Roaring Twenties
History will always relish in the social changes that were established during the 1920's, also known as the Roaring Twenties. It was a decade marked by affluence, gender equality, lavish parties, and jazz music. Following the end of World War One women felt liberated after taking on their new roles in the workplace and started demanding equal rights. Another key feature that distinguished this era were the exuberant parties that were constantly taking place. They were overflowing with drinking, smoking, dancing, and jazz music. Jazz music reached its pinnacle during this decade and was dominated by musicians such as Duke Elliot and Louis Armstrong. These are just a few of the transformations that led to the development of a secular society and gave rise to the Roaring Twenties.
For women of the early 1900's, life's purpose was defined by family. It was the duty of the women to be the perfect house wife which included bearing and raising children, cooking, and cleaning. Women were not permitted to work as that was responsibility of the man. It was also frowned upon for women to dress promiscuously. As previously stated, women developed a new sense of freedom following World War One due to the necessity for them to take over the role of the men in the workplace while the men were off at war. They began demanding gender equality across the board, and what better way to start off than to require that women have the right to participate in public elections. Women started campaigning for the right to vote as early as 1903, but it wasn't until after the War that their voices were heard. On August 18th, 1920 the 19th amendment officially granted all women the right to vote. Women all over were exhilarated, little did they know this was just the beginning of the changes to be made that would put an end to the infringement on Women's rights.
With the changing economy women were workers by day and flappers by night. They engaged in sumptuous parties, attended jazz fest, and showed the same discontent towards prohibition as their male-counterpart. The Victorian age was no more as this new age of women swept the nation with their shoulder length hair, knee-length hems, high heels, and bold make-up. The new wave of independent women decided to please themselves rather than settle down and begin a family. For the first-time women were publicly displaying promiscuous behaviors and idolizing Hollywood actresses such as Clara Bow for their lewd performances. Women refused to be secluded from any partying activities, therefore, there was always excessive consumption of alcohol and cigarettes. Women were no longer limited to their home life which included the responsibilities caring for the children, husband, and the house. They were now respected and independent individuals who had a prominent role in the growing economy and were accepted for their changing fashion styles.
This movement changed the decades to come. Women's clothing adapted more and more to resemble men's clothing and before too long women were wearing pants and suits instead of just dresses and skirts. The entrance of women into the workplace didn't end with factory and operating jobs; eventually women began demanding jobs that required more skills and education, and they prevailed! This new age of emancipated women laid the first stones of gender neutrality in the 1900's and redefined the entire image of females.
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