Month: April 2019
Gender Roles of the Victorian Era in “Dracula”
Dracula makes an effort to portray what the role of sexuality and gender had in the Victorian Era. It does a good job of making the novel more realistic and adding a different aspect to it. Women were very naive and were not allowed to show affection towards men or do anything that would show them as impure. They had to be chaste until marriage and the Victorian era was a very strict time for women, which is shown in the novel, Dracula. Bram Stokers writing makes it so both men and women are sexually repressed.
Jonathan Harker is the first character we encounter that is introduced to sex. Draculas three daughters act completely opposite of every other women in the Victorian era. They are able to act on their sexual desires whenever they please and they are extremely erotic women, especially for the times they are in. The sexuality of the female vampires is shown in the scene, The fair girl went on her knees, and bent over me, fairly gloating. There was a deliberate voluptuousness which was both thrilling and repulsive, and as she arched her neck she actually licked her lips like an animal, till I could see in the moonlight the moisture shining on the scarlet lips and on the red tongue as it lapped the white sharp teeth (Stoker 3.32). Jonathan is not used to handling sexual desires from woman so while this is happening he has to close his eyes. He also closes his eyes because deep down he knows he wants the female vampires to please him sexually, but he knows that isnt right and it makes him feel guilty. The ability of the female vampires to portray sexual openness is something that Jonathan is very conflicted with because while he likes it, he also finds it to be distasteful and sleazy. He refers to Draculas daughters as monsters because he has never seen anything like them before. Jonathan also experiences the theme of gender as he is trapped in Draculas mansion. Just as anyone would, he starts to go crazy and breakdown crying but it was not normal for men to show emotions like that in this era. Back then these emotions were linked to hysteria, and that was something that they believed only women were able to experience.
Mina is another character who portrays the themes of sexuality and gender. New Woman was a term they used back then to describe women who did not represent the traditional female of that era. These women were educated, trendy, and self-reliant and this is how Mina was shown at the beginning of the novel. Jonathan is her fianc?© and she takes notes for him by implementing the most innovative technology of the time. This is how Mina was portrayed in the beginning of the novel, but as time goes on, towards the end of the novel, she starts to take on a more traditional and feminized role. In the sense of chaste and purity, Mina is the ideal woman for this. Mina is a character who can be shown as the exact opposite of Draculas female vampire daughters, and Stoker portrays Mina so he can compare her to the female vampires. Draculas three daughters are everything a woman should not be in the Victorian era society. Women were not allowed to pursue men or seek out a relationship, and thats just what the female vampires do by seducing men.
Lucy is a controversial character in the novel, because she acts as the ideal woman but also shows glimpses of being ahead of her time. She is also shown differently than Mina, as she is trying to decide between three men who are all wealthy and respectable men, while Mina has her traditional relationship with Jonathan. Lucy kisses all three of them and would marry them all if she would, but that is very forbidden. She is desperate to get out of the society that women are supposed to be seen as in the Victorian era . Lucy believes and has a slight knowledge that women might not actually be pure. Unfortunately, Lucy gets punished for her actions and way of thinking when Dracula bites her and then she is given a blood transfusion from all of her suitors. When she finally turns into a vampire she is able to openly let out her sexual desires that were sexually repressed for so long. This is shown when she asks for a kiss by saying, ""Arthur! Oh, my love, I am so glad you have come! Kiss me!"" (Stroker 182).
Overall, gender and sexuality played a huge role in creating the novel, Dracula. This theme was a huge part of the society in the Victorian era because everyone acted the same in regards to sexuality. Women were very pure and chaste and did not know anything different so they let that be the way they lived. This made men the dominant gender because they were the only ones allowed to pursue women, but even men did not experience sexual desires outside of marriage. Both men and women in Dracula experienced how the role of sexulity and gender plays a part in everything.
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Gender Roles of the Victorian Era in "Dracula". (2019, Apr 30).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/
Dracula by Bram Stoker Book Review
Introduction
Pasty white skin, sharp fangs, and grows young by drinking others' blood. That's right, vampires. One of the most well-known vampire books is Dracula by Bram Stoker. It tells the story of a group of people that are plagued by the vampire Dracula, and their story to hunt him down and kill him once and for all. There are many elements to this story, including the plot, characters, and quotes. Also, you will be able to see my assessment of the story. So, let's dive into the plot, characters, quotes, and opinions.
Book Summary
The plot is key to any story, even Dracula. But in Dracula, we see the plot being told a different way. The book is just composed of diary entries, it's like you're reading something your not supposed to be reading. We start off in the 19th century in Jonathan Harker's diary. He is traveling to Transylvania to help Count Dracula buy some land, as this is his job. But Johnathan starts to notice weird things about the Count he sleeps in a coffin and has three women that he calls the Brides of Dracula living in his castle! The Brides are weird too, they have pointy teeth and feast on a child Dracula brings them every night. Jonathan fears for his life and tries to run away. We are left on a cliffhanger with Jonathan, but we are then introduced to Mina, Jonathan's fiancee. We are thrown into the life of Miss Mina as she is hanging out with her best friend Lucy. Lucy seems absorbed in her own problems, as we see that she has three marriage proposals in one day! The three options are John Steward, a doctor in a mental hospital, Quincey Morris, and Arthur Holmwood. AND..... THE LUCKY WINNER WAS... ARTHUR HOLMWOOD!!!! Seriously though, all the boys stay good friends later on. We read in the diary of John Steward, as he is recording a patient of his, Mr. Renfield. Renfield has an odd habit of capturing flies, feeding them spiders, feeding them to birds, and then eating the birds. He says that his ""master"" will be coming soon. While all this is going on, Lucy is not doing well. She extremely weak, pale, and seems to be losing blood, but they can't find the spot where she's losing it. Doctor Steward is confused by this, so he asks for advice from Doctor Van Helsing. Doctor Helsing sees that a vampire is involved, and he tries to save her. They are not able to save her, and she dies. But as we and Doctor Helsing know, she isn't really dead. After seeing Lucy almost kill a child, Doctor Helsing and the three friends help him kill Lucy, they stab her in the heart and cut off her head. Mina hears from Johnathon who is suffering brain fever, AKA madness after his deal with Dracula. She goes to her fiancee at once and marries him. After a while, the couple comes back and they along with the three friends and Doctor Helsing swear to kill Dracula once and for all. While they go out hunting for Dracula, Mina stays behind in Doctor Seward's office to stay safe. This wasn't the safest idea, as that Seward's patient Reinfield invites his master, Dracula, into the building and he starts drinking Mina's blood and forcing her to drink his. Quickly they try to find Dracula and kill him, he leads them to his hometown of Transylvania, and they have a final battle, where Quincy is stabbed and dies, along with Dracula.
Character Analysis
Characters are also very significant to the story. Two of my favorite characters that I will be examining are Doctor Van Helsing and Mr. John Steward. Doctor Van Helsing is a very smart man. He taught Doctor Steward and have a lot more degrees than what you would think. He also knows a lot about vampires. He is the one who had the idea to put garlic everywhere in Lucy's room, to cut off her head and drive a stake through her heart, and he seemed to be the only character that knew what we knew. As this book has been out for a long time, we know about vampires. They're everywhere and not just at Halloween. A vampire teaches the kids their numbers and how to count. We know that vampires can't go out into the daylight, don't eat, can't see their own reflection, and garlic repels them. Doctor Van Helsing is the only one who knows what we know about vampires. When we see that Lucy is losing blood and there seems to be no cut or exit wound, we know to check on her neck, so does Doctor Van Helsing. On page 239 we see him helping out his friends. ""He pointed, and far down the avenue of years, we saw a white figure advance-a dim white figure, which held something dark at its breast. The figure stopped and at a moment a ray of moonlight fell between the masses of the driving clouds and showed in startling prominence a dark-haired woman, dressed in the cerements of the grave. We could not see the face, for it was bent down over what we saw to be a fair-haired child. There was a pause and a sharp little cry, such as a child gives in sleep, or a dog as it lies before the fire and dreams. We were starting forward, but the professor's warning hand, seen by us as he stood behind a yew-tree, kept us back."" We see that he is protecting his friends from the vampire Lucy as she is holding a child that she will kill. He knows that if they attack her while she is awake, she will kill them. Then later, he asks Authur to kill the vampire. You would think that the professor would be happy to do this, but he wants Authur to be the one who sets her free. My other favorite character is Mr. John Steward. He is a kind doctor who works at a mental hospital. Back in those times, I think that not a lot of people would be nice to mentally unstable characters. But Dr. Steward is the exception. He has a man named Renfield in his care, and he makes sure that someone watches this patient all the time. Even after Renfield attacks the doctor and cuts him, Doctor Steward still treats him like a human. When Renfield asks for a kitten, the doctor writes this in his journal on page 85, ""...so I said I should see about it, and asked him if he would not rather have a cat than a kitten. His eagerness betrayed him as he answered: 'Oh yes, I would like a cat! I only asked for a kitten lest you should refuse me a cat. No one would refuse me a kitten would they?' I shook my head and said that at present I feated it would not be possible, but that I should see about it."" We see that Doctor Steward knows that if he gives Renfield a cat, he will kill it eventually. But he doesn't scold Renfield, he politely says that he thinks it is not possible right now. My two favorite characters are Doctor Van Helsing, because of his knowledge matches ours, and Doctor Steward because he treats his patients with kindness.
Quotes
One thing that will leave a lasting impression on the audience are quotes from a book. In my opinion, there are two outstanding quotes in this story. The first is on page 182, ""I am too miserable, too low-spirited, too sick fo the world and all in it, including life itself, that I could not care if I heard this moment the flapping of the wings of the angel of death. And he has been flapping those grim wings to show some purpose of late..."" This was written by Doctor Seward as he explains how three people everyone loved, Lucy's mother, Arthur's father, and Lucy, have died. He seems to think that there is nothing to live for in this world. I love how it describes death, with flapping grim, black wings as he sneaks up behind someone, yet they can hear him, and he takes them away. Everyone feels this kind of sadness usually one time in their life, and Bram Stoker explains it perfectly. You don't want to kill yourself but if death came now, you wouldn't give a fight. The other quote that I love is when Johnathan Harker is ending his diary on page 202. He ends it on such a sad and impressionable note that it stuck with me, ""So I can finish this diary; and God only knows if I shall ever begin another. If I do, or if I ever open this again, it will be to death with different people and different themes; for here at the end, where the romance of my life is told, ere I go back to take up the thread of my life-work, I say sadly and without hope, FINIS."" If the book had ended this way, it would be a cliffhanger and at the same time, a happy ending. I love how it says that if he ever opens up another diary it will be at another time, with other people. That is just like life. I hope to say FINIS at the end of my life. Both of these quotes explain something with death and make it beautiful. That is why they are my favorite quotes.
Recommendations
Everyone's opinion matters and everyone has a different opinion. Some people like this book, some people don't. But in my case, I would recommend Dracula. It is a novel bursting with action, romance, plot twists, and mythical creatures. You won't understand why someone likes it if you don't understand the book in the first place. But if you are lucky enough to read and understand Dracula, I think you will be very impressed.
Conclusion
There are key points that every book must have like plot, characters, quotes and how people see the book/recommend it. Dracula is bursting at the seams with so many different aspects, including romance, action, mythical creatures, deep characters, and even deep quotes. What other books have you read that are so deep and first of the kind like Dracula by Bram Stoker?
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Dracula by Bram Stoker Book Review. (2019, Apr 30).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/
The American Society during the Great Depression in John Steinbeck’s the Grapes of Wrath
The Great Depression was a period of low business activity and overall economic crisis that plagued America for roughly ten years, beginning in 1929 and finally coming to an end in 1939. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath is a fictional novel detailing the lives of one Oklahoma farm family, the Joads, who are driven by the hope for a better future, searching for it in the promised land of California.
The Grapes of Wrath was published in 1939, as the Great Depression was finally coming to an end. Due to the timing of the publishing, as well as the consistencies between the fictional text and actual recounts of the event, inductions about the environment surrounding the time period can easily be made. Most notably, Steinbeck draws attention to the economical, societal, cultural and political impact made by the depression, incorporating various themes throughout the novel to establish minute details about the trials that accompanied living through it.
Economically speaking, ""depression"" means a long and severe recession in an economy or market. That being said, a conclusion can be made that the ""Great Depression"" had a significant impact on the economy. Hours and wages were cut for hard workers, so much so that even a full family working every day would not earn enough money to feed everyone. Steinbeck expresses this issue with the economy repeatedly throughout the novel, first through explaining the impact of the dust bowl, then by criticizing the behavior of banks across America. The Grapes of Wrath sheds light on the fact that these violent dust storms destroyed their community as well as land, making their crops unusable.
Men and women huddled in their houses, and they tied handkerchiefs over their noses when they went out, and wore goggles to protect their eyes. When the night came again it was black night, for the stars could not pierce the dust to get down( ) Now the dust was evenly mixed with the air.
As a result of the storm, farmers could no longer sell the amount of crops needed to pay the banks, which is where the economics of it comes into play. When the banks took their land, the people of Oklahoma fled to California in search of a more forgiving job market. ""Okies"", as well as the rest of middle-lower class America, began to realize that ""[companies] breathe profits; they eat the interest of money"". In fact, they were not companies at all, they were monsters-creatures so heartless and cruel that they couldn't possibly be the work of humans. ""The bank is something more than men, I tell you. It's the monster. Men made it, but they can't control it,"" one farmer tells the Joads before they begin their journey to California. This inequality of power paves the way for an important motif found in the book, where Steinbeck establishes the helplessness which belongs to the working class in this time period.
Steinbeck gives another glimpse into the Great Depression by indirectly describing the environment of American society as a whole. The class-gap in society is divided by a sharp line, most clearly demonstrated in conversations between landowners and workers, of upper and lower class. This break in unity is also exhibited by the Californians, who treat those migrants of Oklahoma with disdain merely because of where they are from. The first person Tom Joad stops to talk to in California is the one who introduced the family to the term ""Okie"", someone from Oklahoma, and makes clear to them that it is not a term of endearment. Seemingly every person the family encounters views them as immigrant scum. The attitude towards the Okie's, or anyone of a lower class, is blown to such a proportion that would make them seem like criminal invaders. When referencing the Oklahoma immigrants, one even exclaims how they ""got to keep 'em in line or Christ only knows what they'll do! Why, Jesus, they're as dangerous as the [Negros] in the South! If they ever get together there ain't nothin' that'll stop 'em."" Racial harmony was nowhere in sight during this period of history, between the slave trade and Jim Crow laws, which means that being compared to black people solely because of one's social status would be highly offensive.
The classist segregation, along with the economical aspect of the banks' control, is what forced the peasants and farmers out of the land they were raised on. Steinbeck shows that this forced removal sparked the desire for a resistance through an early conversation between the Al, the youngest of the Joad boys, and a fellow Okie in the beginning of the novel. Upon hearing about the ""monster"" that is the bank, Al suggests the idea of ""killing"" the bank, because ""maybe [they] got to fight to keep [their] land like Pa and Grampa did."" Steinbeck conveys to the reader the anger those in the working class held, showcased through the juvenile perspective of a sixteen-year-old boy.
The most notable difference in cultures found in this book is that of the ""Okies"" and that of the Californians. The poor farmers who migrated to foreign lands for the betterment of their family were called by this seemingly derogatory name-an action that indirectly and presumably forced the Oklahoma natives into a state of intense inequality and discrimination in the ""promised land"" of California. As previously mentioned, the term is used in such a way that is meant to degrade the individuals as much as the n-word. The way Steinbeck characterizes the Californians' views towards these ""immigrants"" with harsh and pessimistic views on their personal intentions. For example, one Californian claims they ""got to keep [those] here people down or they'll take the country. They'll take the country. Outlanders, foreigners."" This was upon first seeing the Joads as well, so it is obvious that they needed little time of knowing these ""outsiders"" before making their judgement on how they should be treated. Steinbeck portrays this period as being positive only got those who are rich and white. If someone living during the Great Depression and they were black, middle class, or even a peasant trying to feel their family, it would make no difference on the amount of respect they were treated with.
Politically speaking, the main conflict in the novel seems to be the rise of industrialization. Since the Second Industrial Revolution came to an end shortly before the Great Depression began, the improved farming techniques developed during the period became necessary after the dust bowl made the cultivation of crops so difficult. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck relates the concept of industrialization to the farmers by describing it with disturbing humanistic traits.
Behind the harrows, the long seeders-twelve curved iron penes erected in the foundry, orgasms set by gears, raping methodically, raping without passion. The driver sat in his iron seat and he was proud of the straight lines he did not will, proud of the tractor he did not own or love, proud of the power he could not control. And when that crop grew, and was harvested, no man had crumbled a hot clod in his fingers and let the earth sift past his fingertips. No man had touched the seed, or lusted for the growth.
In addition to altering their entire known way of living, the farmer's growing attachment to their homeland is also greatly damaged.
Due to the novel's continuous support of social change in favor of the working class, it can also be inferred that Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath is a strong novel in favor of a proletarian revolution. Highlighting the unfair working conditions and the fight of the workers, Steinbeck's portrayal advocates for social change in the journey to the coveted American Dream. One example of this, and perhaps the most powerful of all, comes towards the end of the novel in its' climax. After the rain came and ended the drought, the reactions of the adults proves them to be strongminded individuals who will not give up without a fight-an attitude the reader can also assume was prominent during the Depression itself.
The women watched the men, watched to see whether the break had come at last. The women stood silently and watched. And where a number of men gathered together, the fear went from their faces, and anger took its place. And the women sighed with relief, for they knew it was all right-the break had not come; and the break would never come as long as fear could turn to wrath.
After the rain falls, the Joads leave their boxcar abode, and Rose of Sharon's baby is stillborn, the conditions of living in this period could not be worse. However, the working class-in this instance, the Joads specifically-is driven by motivation for change despite hardships that may accompany it.
In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses the fictional Joad family to portray the experiences of many American citizens during the Great Depression-using them to express the circumstances dealt with by the average middle-class citizen. Through reading the novel, one can gather much information about the Great Depression itself, namely that about its economics, society, culture, and politics. By writing about the strong-arm characteristics held by the bank, division of working classes, cultural differences between immigrants and natives, and the proletarian attitude held by many, Steinbeck successfully and accurately depicts the living environment present during the Great Depression.
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The American Society During the Great Depression in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath. (2019, Apr 30).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/
The Grapes of Wrath: Trauma of the Great Depression
American novelist, John Steinbeck, is author to one of the most influential novels of his time period. That being, The Grapes of Wrath, which was published in 1939 depicted the trauma which Americans induced during the Great Depression. Many families were scarred from the memories of this time period, which forced them to leave what they called home and made them scavenge for money to support themselves. The novel hit home for many Americans, as The Grapes of Wrath acted as a voice for many families who suffered during this time period. The Great Depression was the result of a domino effect: from the stock market crash in 1929 and the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. In The Grapes of Wrath, the struggles of the Joad family informs readers about culture, politics, and society in this era. Steinbeck teaches about the culture, politics, and society of this era through settings, scenarios, and characters in his novel.
The 1930s had a large spotlight of the American Dream and the thirst to be wealthy, which was a result of the Great Depressions scrutinizing effects. This urge for wealth shaped the culture of this era, which was quite understandable thinking back on the conditions of this time period. Steinbeck used his knowledge of this thirst towards richness, to contrast life of migrant workers and the glamorous life, shown in a few scenarios.1 For example, the novel goes on to say, The walls decorated with posters, bathing suits, blondes with big breasts and slender hips and waxen faces, in white bathing suits, and holding a holding a bottle of Coca-Cola and smiling, see what you get with a Coca-Cola. With that being said, the ad brings awareness to the lack of relation within the poster and reality. Furthermore, the migrant workers who had lost their homes and could barely afford to eat.3 Not to mention, there is a section in The Grapes of Wrath where Rose of Sharon had to heal a starving, grown man with her breast milk, which showed the desperation during this era. At the same time, there are posters of healthy women who do not seem to have a care in the world, while in reality, there are others struggling to make ends meet. As it has been noted, The Grapes of Wrath depicts the culture of the time period, as there was an urge for wealth, while the masses were striving for the American Dream.
Another way in which John Steinbeck denotes culture of the time, is by casting out the disadvantage migrant families had in this time period. For instance, in The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck says, Mules! Hey, Joe, hear this? This guy wants to trade mules. Didn't nobody tell you this is the machine age? They don't use mules for nothing but glue no more. When this occurs, it shows the reader how the culture of the time period was changing. With that being said, there was a slight shift between relying on manual labor and technologys assistance. At the same time, it is depicting the disadvantage between the higher class and the lower class. Since the upper class acquired the knowledge of technologys advancements, it left the lower class completely oblivious.
Not only was the culture of this time period depicted throughout the novel, but so was politics. For instance, Steinbeck states, A million acres? What in the world can he do with a million acres? During this crisis, many individuals would have supported this question. Notably, there was a huge gap between the social classes during this time period. Steinbeck was voicing for the thousands of Americans, who also believed there should have been a fairer distribution of land to all individuals. The Grapes of Wrath was proclaiming that the government should not focus merely on society as a whole, but more centered around the conditions of the time period and what was needed to mend the era. Steinbeck was not insisting that the government needed to shift towards socialism, but that the government needed to govern more by reason to alleviate the problems of the people. Thus, depicting the politics during the era and how they were thought to be unjust and prolonging the issues at hand.
In addition, another contributing factor to politics during this time period, was the rise of anti-capitalism. Capitalism is merely a system with the reliance on corporately owned profits, not managed by the government. To demonstrate the sense of anti-capitalism of the time period. Steinbeck stated, Some of the owner men were kind because they hated what they had to do, and some of them were angry because they hated to be cruel, and some of them were cold because they had long ago found that one could not be an owner unless one were cold. This was stated during the section where the Joads family lost their farm to the landlords when they were not able to pay for their land. Capitalism at the time, could have been considered as a means of a Trap against humanity. 8Thus, Capitalism forced the landlords do something they felt guilty of doing, yet if they did not follow though, they would be jeopardizing their own income. With that being said, The Grapes of Wrath depicts the politics of the time period through anti-capitalism scenarios and the inhumane nature of Capitalism.
Due to the deprivation during the Great Depression, many people decreased their need to be generous. Society as a whole, felt torn between their instinct to help others in need and to help themselves. Nearing the end of the novel, Steinbeck illustrates an unforgettable scene, in which Rose of Sharon delivers her stillborn baby and then finds it in her heart to breast feed a dying man.9 During this scene, Steinbeck was trying to captivate the struggle between humanitys instincts. That being, the instinct to do what is morally right and the instinct to help yourself rise. For example, Rose of Sharon had the necessary nutrients, that could ultimately change this mans situation, so she chose to do what she thought was morally right. This could be applied to many situations during the Great Depression, between landowners and tenants or between the rich and poor.
All things considered, John Steinbeck wrote a captivating novel that depicted the true essence of the Great Depression. His accumulation of integrating culture, politics, and society during this era acts as voice to the thousands of Americans who had undergone this unforgiving time period. He drew attention to the obvious contrast between the reality of the time and the American Dream, which contributed to the culture of the time period. Even so, Steinbeck bought awareness to the unjust politics and the trend of anti-capitalism of the Great Depression. There is no question as to how The Grapes of Wrath left a remarkable impression worldwide.
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The Grapes of Wrath: Trauma of The Great Depression. (2019, Apr 30).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/
The Great Depression and the Grapes of Wrath
It is the 1930s. Many farmers are beginning to lose their crops. They worry about how they are going to feed their families. The farmers go out and work all day just to watch their crops die. Many are starting to lose their farmers and livelihood from this drought that is beginning to plague Oklahoma.
Tom Joad was just released out of prison and catches a ride with a man to head back to his family's farm. The driver informs Tom that things are very different compared to when he first went to prison. The driver drops Tom off and Tom starts walking towards his familys farm. He crosses paths with his old preacher and they being to share stories of Toms childhood, when Tom was in prison, and the conditions that farmers are in. They eventually make their way to the families farm and see that it is completely untouched. Tom and the preacher hear that the Joad family is working next door, picking cotton to earn enough money to make it to California.
Once the family has enough money to California, they start their journey. Their journey is filled with many hardships and they meet many people who are struggling in this drought. On their journey, Granpa and Granma pass away. Once they arrive in California, there is a surplus of farmers and their families. Many families have set up camps in the ditches. There is an increase in violent behavior that leads the preacher to being arrested and taken away from the Joad family. The family finds jobs and begins working but soon are run out by larger farming industry. They are out of world again until they find work at a cotton field. A major flood comes and eventually ruins everything. It forces the family to leave the boxcar they were living in and seek dry ground.
The Grapes of Wrath happened right after The Great Depression. Many farmers were already struggling to make a livelihood and this made it worse. It forced so many farmers to evacuate their land and head to California. This book really dived in and discussed how power can be abused. The Joad family had many encounters with the police who thought they were higher than them and could get away with the abuse. This is very similar to what we studies in class about Anarchy. When things begin to go south, people begin to act crazy. We see that once the drought began, all the farmers in Oklahoma moved to California. When everyone started to show up in California, there was not enough room for all the families, which made many of them set up camps in ditches and along the roads. The police become upset and start to use their power and abuse these families.
I really enjoyed reading this book. I thought it was very interesting. It really taught me how anarchy and tyranny play out. I thought it was neat to see how evil people can get when things go sour. It also showed what a rut the poorest of the poor were in after The Great Depression. Many of them had to leave their home and everything they knew because they could no longer make money to support their families. So many people had to starve to death because they didnt even have enough money to feed themselves and their families. I read all of the book and found it very entertaining.
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The Great Depression and The Grapes of Wrath. (2019, Apr 30).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/
Brave New World Compared to 1984
Brave New World and 1984 are similar in illustrating a dystopic version of society, where the state strips individuals of their deepest humanities. The two governments illustrated, however, choose very different ways in which they control the individuals to achieve their societal goals. Brave New World succeeds in this, by the government making life satisfying for its people, through their conditioning, consumerism, sex and drugs (soma). The people believe that they are happy in the society which they live, and dont realize that they have been stripped of the opportunities to seek love, endure pain, consume things like art or religion, which are all things that make us feel fully human. The governmental party of 1984, accomplishes this by trampling outer Party members into allegiance through economic distress, fear, surveillance, and dumbing down the language.
Brave New World is a novel about a future society where everything is under the authority of the government. The current hype in technology is paraded around as individuals have their own helicopters and can travel from place to place very quickly. Children are not born, rather they are incubated using embryos from females that are then fertilized. During the gestation process their social status is pre-determined, this allows the government the ability to ensure that any one social group, does not have the ability to grow larger than the other. This creates equality amongst the groups. Once children are incubated and born, they are continually conditioned to consume goods in the capitalist system and to support society by participating in activities. By not allowing the citizens to have extra time on their hands, this leaves not time for contemplation or fruitless thoughts. Because the only focus in this society is the present and future, history is neither taught nor is it recorded. In this society you can have sex with whoever you want and whenever you want, because sex in this culture is purely for enjoyment and recreational purposes. Citizens in this society dont have parents or siblings, and they dont get married. If one starts to feel any type of human emotions or overwhelmed, they take the drug soma, which makes them feel relaxed and worriless.
The novel 1984 is different in its view of the future and how the governmental control would affect society. Opposed to the society of Brave New World where technology is readily available to all its citizens, 1984 only allows the use of technology to the Party and upper castes of the government. Modern conveniences are not for everyone in this society, the rest of society has to do with broken-down housing, terrible food, and artificial gin. Everywhere in society they endure the fear of being monitored, in each home they have telescreens which watch their activities and continually display governmental ads to help continue the brainwashing and conditioning. The government uses the Ministry of Truth to control history by re-writing it to suit their needs at any time. The government in this novel is known as Big Brother.
While 1984 and Brave New World both depict a government focused on totalitarianism, they each approach it in their own way. Huxley focuses on the happiness of its citizens by keeping them satisfied with their lives, as well as encouraging sex and the use of drugs. On the other hand, Orwell uses media to endure fear and violence into its citizens in order to control the society. The telescreens are never allowed to be powered off and the citizens are in a state of perpetual anguish, that they may be caught for a thought crime and punished. In contrast Brave New Worlds focal point is making citizens happy with the life and class that they were assigned. They are conditioned from the time they are born, throughout their childhood, with the social views and thoughts that are predetermined for the class in which they were assigned. This keeps everyone focused on the trivial things in life, without looking for a deeper meaning in life. If everyone is satisfied or content with life, then no one will have a need to rebel against it. While both governments use different forms of control in order to maintain the society in which they live, the main difference lies in the use of punishment or reward as its motivation.
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The Great Depression in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World
While Huxley still lived in London in 1932 there was a lot of events happening at the moment. One which we cannot take our eyes off is the Great depression, it not only affected the United States of America, but it also influences many other countries and their behavior. Then there what was known as American Culture, which was the collateral damage the great depression had. The great depression was very daunting, that it affected completely the way Americans were in the 1930s. Not only did it affect the United States, but it also affected London and the way they interact. Lastly, one event to remember would have to be the second new deal. That was a deal which president Roosevelt created to help alleviate the consequences from the great depression. President Roosevelt incorporated many new opportunities, federal programs and many job opportunities for Americans. All in all, these events played a significant role in the creating of this book that must be considered, and not unlooked. Aldous Huxley is man who had a clear vision when writing this book. Throughout the book Huxley clearly expresses his opinion and, talks very deeply about different topics. One of the topics is mass production, through the 1930s there were many events that made it clear that mass production was going to be a big impact, not only in the United States, but the entire world. Huxley was raised in England with 3 other brothers, Huxley at a very young age was partially blind, Huxley wanted to be a scientist, but instead he became a writer. Huxley not only wrote many books, he wrote poems and criticism. Huxley died at the age of 62 in Los Angeles, California. One of his best pieces he is remembered, is definitely the book Brave New World.
Although Huxley had several visions with how America would be shaped in the future, I do not believe he is right in one point. Huxley is correct when he uses Ford Henry as a clear example of mass production, Huxley is correct when he references that people will start to fade away from their religion, Huxley is correct that drug addiction is a severe problem among adults and teens, Huxley is correct that items will depreciate over time, Huxley is correct that labor will hit a deficit, Huxley is correct that capitalism will play a big role in the future, Huxley is correct that socialism, sexism, classism and dictatorship will play a gigantic role in the future. One point where Huxley is incorrect, is human cloning and being able to change the genetics of unborn babies. Although there is research stating that cloning is possible, there is no concrete procedure available to the public yet. The first theme present is the Mass production, not too far into the book and there is clear evidence of what Huxley is referencing to. The whole of a small factory staffed with the products of a single bokanovskified egg (Huxley7) By incorporating the idea of cloning, the author makes the audience/reader feel intrigued. At this point, the audience will be persuaded to believe that cloning will is clearly a real thing that will soon or later take its place in the United States of America and the entire world.
Not too far from the previous quote given, Huxley once again re-states the topic of mass production. Ninety-six identical twins working ninety-six identical machines (Huxley7) This provokes feelings of suspense in the audience because it allows them to visualize Huxleys vision. One clear example of this would definitely have to be Henry Ford. As Ford initiated production of his first ever car, the T model. They sold successfully and Henry had the idea of dropping the cost of production. Henry than assembled his line of production with workers only specializing in one area. Soon Ford began to sell his model T for only 500 dollars, not only did Henry revolutionized the car industry, but he had set the world to a new track. That track was mass production all over the world. The last theme that Huxley covers, would definitely have to be Social stability. Huxley has a broad view of the world. Not only does he believe in mass production, he believes in efficiency and making the world a better place. If we could bokanovskify indefinitely the whole problem would be solved (Huxley7) The author employs this quote in order to clearly visualize what the world could potentially be heading towards. Huxley forces the audience to acknowledge the fact that efficiency and mass production are 2 identical factors that must be taken into consideration.
Huxley utilizes allusion to clearly re enforce the topic he is trying to persuade throughout the book. Huxley utilizes an abundance of references towards Shakespeare. Is there no pity sitting in the clouds, That sees into the bottom of my grief? O sweet my mother, cast me not away: Delay this marriage for a month, a week; Or, if you do not, make the bridal bed In that din monument where Tybalt ties. . . (Huxley184) By highlighting Shakespeare the audience will now feel a sense of desire and cherishment towards the reading. At this point the audience will be persuaded to understand the quote of Shakespeare from Romeo and Juliet. One topic that is clearly re-enforced in this book is efficiency, but in particular productivity. Which at first glance might seem 2 identical topics but in reality, they are slightly different. Efficiency comes down to labor and wages and how quicker things can get done without sacrificing that much in wages. Productivity comes down to input over output. There have been obvious actions taken in regards to efficiency and productivity.Big corporations like Costco have taken action in whole selling, that lowers the price per good and they will see greater margins. They will more profit more, which at the end of the day is what business strive for according to https://hbr.org/2017/03/great-companies-obsess-over-productivity-not-efficiency
The second allusion will be located just one page behind the previous quote. Let the bird of loudest lay On the sole Arabian tree, Herald sad and trumpet be (Huxley183) At this point, the audience will be persuaded to understand the intellectual writing of Shakespeare. Huxley is clearly trying to emphasize that not a lot people can really understand the poems of Shakespeare. The third allusion would be located on the same page as the previous quote given. Property was thus appalld, That the self was not the same; Single natures double name Neither two nor one was calld Reason in itself confounded Saw division growth together Upon reading this the audience feels compelled to understand what Huxley is implying through the poem of Shakespeare. It forces the audience to acknowledge the fact that, society is clearly fading away from ancient poems alike Shakespeare.
Huxley utilizes irony to emphasize what society is heading towards. One irony in particular would have drug abuse. Even though they are identical, majority of them. They all consume some which is a muscle relaxant that helps alleviate pain. Lenina took two half gramme tablets and Henry 3 (Huxley75) Huxley clearly stresses to the audience that drug addiction is soon going to impact the world. Sure enough Huxley was right, as the United States is now on of the countrys with a high abundance of drug addicts. Huxley once again utilizes another irony to clearly reflect the where society is heading towards. In the book they all do not believe in a religion, but surprisingly they believe in Henry Ford as their God that is very ironic. Oh, Ford! (Huxley 29) By stating Henry Fords name, they are implying to Henry as a God, they will always try to be like him due to his accomplishments.
The last irony we encounter is how some female characters like Lenina like to have to have fun with men, but do not understand what it takes to actually have a baby, since she has never really fallen in love. Lenina alone said nothing (Huxley 173) another quote is Lenina, what are you doing. Zip, Zip! (Huxley 193) By Highlighting Lenina the audience will realize that society is fading away from loyal relationships alike Lenina. All in all Huxley has a very clear vision of what he is talking about. Although there was one point that still needs time to develop. Huxley does not hesitate to re enforce his other themes. Huxley had a rough past, he had 3 other siblings and is now the proud author of Brave New World.
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Women during World War 1
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The Theme of Freedom and Childhood in Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre From her trials during childhood with her abusive Aunt and relatives, to her time at Lowood, her affection for Mr. Rochester, and her teaching and encounters with the Rivers. Jane learns many valuable and worthwhile lessons throughout the book. From childhood Jane was forthright, and slowly she learned how to stand up for herself; starting with her reproaching John Reed for hitting her. The outcome of this unfortunately lead to Jane being sent to Lowood an institution for orphans; there it was very harsh, cold, and mean, but Jane was lucky enough to make friends with Helen and also Miss Temple. Jane remained at the school for eight years, six as a student and two as a teacher. Finally with the education she had gained she became a governess at Thornfield Manor for a French girl named Adele. Jane worked under the command of Mr. Rochester.
The many events that happen at Thornfield cause Jane to feel many different emotions; joy, despair, frustration, love and hope. She finally becomes a teacher and lives with the Rivers. Later finding out she has an inheritance from her uncle. Which she shares with the Rivers. Theres a lot to this book and Jane changes a lot. from Gateshead to Lowood school, Jane freedom andwas no longer confined to her cruel aunts house. No more bully, no more ignorance and no more loneliness, Jane was able to adjust herself into a normal girl. Through learning from Helen and God, since Lowood School was Christian, Jane realized the sense of obedience. This learning helped her attitude to accept challenges and difficulties, instead of complaining. Her life at Lowood gave her peace even with the poor living condition.
From Lowood to Thornfield, even freedom was given both mentally and physically since there were less rules. Jane had to set her own rules and give direction to herself. Her confidence and thoughts caught Mr. Rochesters attention. After the outbreak of Mr. Rochesters former marriage, Jane remained calm. Jane kept aware of her self-worth and left Thornfield to keep learning and to keep searching for her own meaning of life. From Thornfield to Moor house, she lost everything herself. Without the job at Thornfield, she was poor. While she stayed at the Moor House, Jane was given a job to help St. John to manage the school. From Moor House to Ferdean Manor, with her uncles fortune, Jane had become a wealthy, independent, woman. Instead, great difference was made when she was back to help Mr. Rochester. Compared to how she went to him before poor and needing help to now going to the opposite. I told you I am independent, sir, as well as rich: I am my own mistress.
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Comparison of World War i and World War II
World War I vs World War II
World War I and World War II were very similar in many ways. Both began because of the clash of political ideologies. For example, there were imperialistic, nationalistic, and militaristic countries both involved in the wars. As they were similar, they also differ in a number of ways; none of the countries fighting in World War I had a dictator whereas World War II had multiple dictators from the same few countries. World War I and II also had differences in technology and overall fighting style.
The world wars began because of the clashing of political ideologies. Some may say that the two started because of completely different reasons, but the wars had started long before the events that supposedly started them. Imperialism was one of the political ideologies that caused the wars. Britain was the most known country to practice imperialism in both world wars. Britain was occupying small countries and placing part of their military in them before World War I and World War II, which caused higher tensions between the surrounding countries. During World War I, Serbia had many citizens who were nationalist which caused the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. In World War II Germany had a leader who was a nationalist which led to most of the country to feel the same way, causing a large military buildup which caused tensions to rise during that time period. Militarism played one of the biggest roles in both wars. Britain and Germany in World War I were competing for the largest military in Europe, which caused conflict in these two countries. In World War II Germany began growing and improving their military rapidly; consequently, Germany used it to take over Poland which caused the allied forces to declare war on Germany and their allies.
World War I and World War II had very different technology and fighting styles. During World War I the countries relied mainly on battleships and artillery guns to do their heavy damage to the opposing forces. However, in World War II battleships and artillery guns became almost obsolete due to the advancements countries had in aircraft. The wars differed in fighting styles because of these advancements. In World War I, every country used the idea of trench warfare, and that caused them to rely on the battleships and artillery guns to win battles. In World War II, the countries did not use trench warfare due to the advancements in aircraft. The aircraft helped weaken the opposing forces so ground troops can keep moving. Aircraft could also get to places where battleships and artillery guns could not reach which helped during operations behind enemy lines. The German army used a type of fighting style in World War II, which did not appear in the past wars. The fighting style known as blitzkrieg, or lightning war, struck fear in the allied forces. This style was very efficient for the German army. World War II also brought in multiple dictators. Dictators did not play a role in World War I as they did in World War II. The countries with dictatorships included: Germany, Russia, and Italy. Germany and Russia ruled by emperors while Italy ruled by a king. What led Germany to dictatorship was their chancellor, Adolf Hitler. Russia became a dictatorship after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Italy became a dictatorship after the results of World War I and the treaty of Versailles.
Although the two world wars were fought in different ways, they still began because of the clashing of political ideologies. Imperialism, nationalism, and militarism all played huge roles in both wars by causing the major events that are known to start them. World War I and World War II may seem remarkably different, but they are actually more alike than someone might think.
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Ethical Dilemma of Assisted Suicide
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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not a Racist Work
In spite of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being the source of so much controversy, one can assume that no other piece of American literature has been discussed as heavily as this piece. Mark Twain's novel has been regarded by many as the greatest literary achievement America has yet produced(Novels for Students), written in 1885 during the regionalism movement, this novel is probably one of the most analyzed books of our time, as well as Twains. Regionalism is a branch of realism that it is sought to portray life realistically, but through dialect and setting. (Mullis).
In Twains art, specifically with Huckleberry Finn, he chose to write a novel that did not conclude with racism, slavery being accepted, instead, through satire mixed with realism, he concludes with this is how bitter and cruel it really is and I hope you see how ridiculous and unjust this reality is (Weebly). With Twain choosing to use regionalism as an approach to reflect what was happening during his time period, he decided to view life in its unpolished, ugly existence(Weebly) and did not try to convince himself that there is [was] a reason slave-owners [made] their slaves suffer (Weebly). He opted to use his own perspective to conclude the corrupt and unethical lifestyle and attitude many people had. The issue of slavery threatened to divide the nation as early as the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and throughout the years a series of concessions were made on both sides in an effort to keep the union together. One of the most significant of these was the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The disturbance began when Missouri requested to enter the union as a slave state. In order to maintain a balance between free and slave states in the union, Missouri was admitted as a slave state while Maine entered as a free one. And although Congress would not accept Missouri's proposal to ban free blacks from the state, it did allow a provision permitting the state's slaveholders to reclaim runaway slaves from neighboring free states.
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, was an American author who wrote two novels that are significant to American Literature, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain displays his experiences and feelings toward racism and slavery as well as his childhood suffering through the characters in the novel. Twain was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri and died April 21, 1910 in Redding, Connecticut (Mark Twain). He is best known as a famous American humorist and for his realistic views of America in the nineteenth century, through his novels and its characters. (citation) He had the whole world captivated through his expert writing and lectures(Finn). ""I never let my schooling interfere with my education""(Seybold), said Mark Twain. Twain recognized that educational achievement was not a product of schools, and it is not always guaranteed by them(Seybold).
In 1839, at the age of four, Twain and his family moved to a nearby town called Hannibal, Missouri, located next to the Mississippi River(Mark Twain), and this is where Twain grew up as a boy. Most of the inspiration for his books came from here, he witnessed things that made him the great author we know today. Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a key aspect to American Literature, All American literature comes from one book called Huckleberry Finn,' Hemingway declared (Churchwell).Without this period in his life, a huge chunk of literary history would be missing from American Literature. Twain lived a pleasant life until he was twelve, at that age his father died and is life fell apart from there (Samuel Clemens). As expected, he was shocked to lose his father at such a young age, but he wanted to do whatever he could to help his family (Mark Twain). Twain dropped out of school around the age of 12 and found employment as an apprentice printer at the Hannibal Courier, which paid him with a small ration of food (Mark Twain).
With the characters and the setting of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being based off of Twains childhood, one cannot tell if they are real or symbolic. There are multiple characters and events that happened in the book that resemble Twains life. There was an examination of the biographical and historical context surrounding the novels composition [that] reveals Twain was influenced both socially and personally by the declining moral and social conditions of his family in the late 1800s which persuaded him to voice his concerns, cautions, and beliefs through the innocence of a young boy and his adventures. (Shrum).
Twain based his character Huck off one of his childhood friends, Tom Blankenship. Paine says that Tom, was the son of an indigent family, exactly as pictured in [The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn]: a ruin of rags, a river rat kind of heart and possessing the priceless boon of absolute freedom. (23). This description is clearly noticeable in Huck after he escapes from Paps cabin in the woods. Furthermore, Tom Blankenships father was known as old drunken Ben Blankenship (Paine 23), the same as Hucks father in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Shrum). Moreover, Jim: Hucks Negro friend, is in regard to a former slave named Uncle Danl that Twains uncle John Quarles owned. Twain knew him in his boyhood and this is who made him appreciate the black race (Shrum).
In 1851, he began assisting his older brother, Orion, in the production of a newspaper, the Hannibal Journal (Mark Twain). Twain started working at a newspaper called the Daily Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, which is where he first adopted the pen name ""Mark Twain"", by signing a humorous travel account with his new name (Samuel Clemens). He later began contributing his poems, reports, skits, and even humorous sketches to the newspaper for several years (Samuel Clemens). This adding to his education, it was an important piece that made Mark Twain the great American author that he is today (Mark Twain).
Huck Finn was a young boy who had been living with Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson, in St. Petersburg, Missouri. The two have been trying to cultivate him with proper manners, religious outlooks, and dressing. Huck soon detects the compelling authenticity in the people around him and would rather be wild and free. When Huck inherits a large amount of money, his father kidnaps and locks him in a cabin across the river. To avoid his father and the beatings he gives him, Huck stages his own death to escape to Jackson Island. Once he meets Miss Watsons runaway slave, Jim, the two of them decide to hideout and undertake a series of adventures together. As the story progresses the duo exploit an array of episodic enterprises, while Huckleberry slowly changes his views of bigotry. Along the way, Huck and Jim meet the King and Duke, who ultimately send the protagonists towards a different route on their journey. Huck deters from their plan to swindle Wilks family out of their inheritance, but the king and the duke escape, and decide to sell Jim to Toms uncle, Silas Phelps. While visiting his aunt and uncle, Tom convinces Huck to join his ridiculous, intricate plan to free Jim. Huck disagrees with this, but he follows behind Tom, as he always does. Upon the conclusion of Toms plan being played out and Jim getting recaptured, Tom reveals that Miss Watson actually freed Jim just before she died, which was months earlier. Huck is faced with the moral dilemma between the world's prejudice that he grew up with, and the stories Jim has told him and the lessons he taught him about slavery throughout the story as he begins to distinguish right from wrong.
Being one of the most controversial books to ever be published, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was first introduced December 10, 1884. Out of all of Mark Twains books, this novel had the greatest success. It is often looked upon as a work of art and as a cultural artifact others see it as degrading. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was one of the earliest pieces of American literature written relying heavily on regionalism. This novel has been the object of controversy since the day it was published, some may argue that Huckleberry Finn is a racist work, and that the novel has no place in a highschool classroom, but the overall story and the meaning behind it is the exact opposite.
Ever since The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was first introduced, it has been looked down upon. ""Those who first condemned the novel as being trash objected to it on grounds of both literary merit and racial, social, and economic class.""(James) But, That is just the way with some people. They get down on a thing when they dont know nothing about it. (Twain 2). When the book was released, it was banned by multiple libraries across the south because of its portrayal of African-Americans being seen superior to caucasions and that is not what the story is even trying to tell. Granted the novel does describe white people as violent, stupid, or selfish then portrays Jim to be strong, brave, generous and wise but he is just one character being descried that way, the others are not. Some African-Americans see Huck Finn as a racist novel, others do not agree, the book came under fire from African-American groups for being a strong critism of racism and slavery.(History).
Considering the time this book was written, Jim and Huck should not be associated with each other definitely should not be helping each other out. Huck used to only thought of Jim as an item and never as a real person until their travels together. Huck felt as if he were so full of trouble [that] [he]didn't know what to do.(Twain 161) because he was helping Jim escape.
Despite Huck feeling guilty for helping Jim, he always does the right thing when it comes to him. Throughout the novel, an intimate relationship is built between the two. Jim states that he couldn't ever ben free ef it hadn' ben for Huck; Huck done it. Jim won't ever forgit you, Huck; you's de bes' fren' Jim's ever had; en you's de ONLY fren' ole Jim's got now.""(Twain 67). Huck always does the right thing when it comes to Jim, whether he feels guilty about it or not. He is honest and keeps his promises with him also. Loyalty is one of the most important, if not the most important quality when it comes to being friends with someone.
Aside from this novel and all of its controversy, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been viewed as a masterpiece Looking back on Mark Twain, his life, and his novel, one could easily see how they intertwine with one another. Twain lived during a time where racism was still at large, yet he highly disagreed with the lifestyle and he showed this in his novel. His irony makes it hard for some to recognize how he really felt about slavery as well as racism, considering when and where he lived. This piece of American Literature has been objectified since its existence. Some may argue that Huckleberry Finn is a racist work, but its meaning is the exact opposite.
Works Cited
A Webliography and E-Anthology. Virginia Agriculture 2007, www.longwood.edu/staff/lync
hrl/English 203/american_realism.htm.
Realism. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, huckleberryfinnib.weebly.com/realism.html.
Mark Twain. Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 28 Apr. 2017, www.biography.com/people/mark-twain-9512564.
Seybold, Matt. The Apocryphal Twain: I Have Never Let Schooling Interfere with My Education."". Center for Mark Twain Studies, 16 Nov. 2017, marktwainstudies.com/the-apocryphal-twain-i-have-never-let-schooling-interfere-with-my-education/.
Finn."", ""The Adventures of Huckleberry. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed, Encyclopedia.com, 2018, www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/adventures-huckleberry-finn#Author_Biography.
Churchwell, Sarah. Mark Twain: Not an American but the American | Sarah Churchwell. The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 29 Oct. 2010, www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/30/mark-twain-american-sarah-churchwell.
Samuel Clemens. Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia, New World Encyclopedia, www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Samuel_Clemens.
Shrum, Heather M. ""Mark Twain's Portrayal of Family and Relationships in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."" Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse 6.03 (2014).
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The Ethical Dilemma of Euthanasia
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An Example of Racist Trash in the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
Dear John Wallace,
I object to your statement that Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the most grotesque example of racist trash ever given our children to read, [and] it should be removed from our elementary and secondary school classrooms. I vehemently disagree with your statement. Your argument is based upon the book using the racial term the n-word, showing detail about the North and the South focusing on the bad parts of our history, and positively showing a friendship between two different races. It is in fact these three things that are the reasons why it should be taught to all ages.
During the entire book, the use of the n-word is used more than 200 times, but what is the fault with this. Your case against the use of this word is that it is offensive to people, but when Mark Twain wrote this book, he could not predict the future and how we would react to the use of this word. Twains reasoning for writing this book is to familiarize the youth on the history of slavery, and he had no intention of scaring people, the use of the n-word was not offensive, it was an everyday word. Society has shaped this word to be derogatory, but it did not initially have that meaning. I think that the use of this word should not be a reason on why this book should be banned, because it shows children a different language.
Huck Finn also describes much detail about our history of the North and the South, though we may be ashamed of some of it. By describing great detail about our hardships through history, this gives children correct insight about our true history, teaching children what past life was like. It is an important piece of American history that gives an understanding about the lower class, especially in the time period of the young United States. We can learn about our past through Mark Twains eyes, and we can relate in to the present. Huck Finn is an important book because it outlines our history, the history that everyone should know about, because young America was not perfect, and through our imperfections we are created an incredible, free country.
In this book there is great detail a friendship between two opposite races that is described. A runaway slave Jim and a white boy Huck, from opposite cultures, having different rights. Throughout this book Huck begins to realize that Jim is not so different in the way that he is less of a person because he is black. Huck does face a dilemma in the beginning on whether to do the morally right thing of his society, and to turn Jim in. But he begins to comprehend that Jim cares for his own people, as much as Huck cares for his, that Jim has emotions and feelings just like anyone else, and through that understanding, a friendship bonds. Society, even in present day, people are judged or treated different because of race or gender, and by reading this book and interpreting in, a new way a thinking can be brought up, that everyone should be treating equally.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should be taught in all schools, for all ages, because it educates kids about their countrys past history. It describes the South in this time period through the eyes of Mark Twain, and through this he enlightens our youth about the history of slavery. A bond and a friendship is created in this book, by a runaway slave and a runaway boy, working together to float down the Mississippi to freedom. No country is perfect, but by reading Huck Finn, children and adults can be informed of our mistakes in the past, and work to avoid them in the future.
Sincerely
Sabine Love
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Racism in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Is it wrong that Mark Twain used the word Nigger? Many black African Americans very upset from the author using Nigger in the story because they think that its racist and disrespectful towards the way they used the N word. Nobody should ever call any black person out by the color of their skin.
Yes, its wrong and disrespectful to call any black African American person a nigger because thats not what their parents named them when they were born. Nigger doesnt have to be used for anybody in that term of being a black person. But the way Mark Twain was growing up he might have heard people around him call the slaves niggers because of the color of their skin.
The color doesnt mean anything to nobody. There shouldnt even be books like that being published about black African Americans like that because its rude and disrespectful. Yes, I get upset that the fact that me being a black African American student has to listen to my teacher go on and on about my culture of people thats just like me. But it teaches education to black and whites. Nigger doesnt always reflect on a black person.
Not everybody thinks that Huck Finn shouldnt be removed because its only what the author has heard and seen. In fact, other students have their own opinions about the Huckleberry Finn book. It shouldnt be used as a type of term such as racist because not everybody takes the book serious as the black African American culture. Just look at it like your very sensitive about simple things and you want to know how to not let things such as slavery. Think about how others felt when they first read the beginning of the chapters and boom it hurts your feelings because of the way the author may say the N the wrong way.
Huck Finn should be removed from the reading lists for any kind of students and adults to read. It shouldnt be allowed to any public schools all over the United States. Huck Finn gets judge every day by people because the way it was written or maybe they just didnt like the book. Looking back at the video we watched in the class told us how each student felt about the book and the way they saw it such as it may be a racist book or a book to teach what the author saw.
It was basically about should Huck Finn be removed from the reading list. It just shouldnt be on bookshelves for any public schools. Its alright for a public library to have that book but in schools no it doesnt be allowed in schools. Most students dont really like Huck Finn because it was kind of wrong to any kind of racist. People take things to the heart and they look at it like they dont like there skin color culture or they just hate the way we became when growing up.
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U.S. Vs. Norway: a Wonderland for Inmates
In this paper I will discuss the impact mental health and treatment of prisoners has had on mass incarceration in the United States and how it has been dealt with in Norway. Mass incarceration, in short, is the process of imprisoning a large part of the population in jails and federal and state prisons. The U.S. right now has about 25% of the worlds prison population. This is a lot when you think about it, especially considering that on a global scale the U.S .only makes up about 5% of the population. This means there are 2.3 million people sitting behind bars; men, women, and juveniles alike (American Civil Liberties Union).
Mass incarceration in the United States started around the time of President Richard Nixon. The War on Drugs was a way to get everyone who they believed to be a criminal behind bars, and some that werent. Nixon's party believed that if they enforced harsher drug laws then they can deter people from crime and engaging in criminal activity. Through Nixons reign as president the number of those incarcerated had doubled (Cullen,2018).
Its important to understand the impact mass incarceration has had on inmates, and how its affected the mental health of individuals. There are various types of mental illness. Its defined as a change in behavior, emotion, or thinking. Mental illnesses are commonly associated with distress or not being able to function in social settings (American Psychiatric Association, 2018). In the U.S., mental illness is a serious problem within the prison system. Many facilities in the country that help those with mental illness have ultimately shut down, which has led to an increase intake of mentally ill persons in jails and prisons. The prison systems in the US are overpopulated as it is. Adding mentally ill persons to overcrowded jails and prisons is a recipe for disaster. Research has shown that there isnt an adequate number of trained professionals who can deal with the mentally ill in the prison system. The few professionals who do treat mentally ill individuals in a prison setting often find it to be difficult. It is difficult because their client(s) are still prisoners. There are underlying issues of control of a prisoner (A person who is viewed as someone who has done something wrong to be imprisoned) and a client who needs mental health services in order to get better.
In the U.S prison system those with mental illness arent treated properly. In the prison system many prisoners go through harsh punishments. For example, excessive solitary confinement is used as a punishment in the United States. Solitary confinement is when a person is isolating the cell for 20 to 24 hours a day. Prisoners who are confined or treated worse than those in general population. They are given scraps of food and only shower twice a week if the guard allows it. (Nation, 2017). Those in solitary lose all privileges. They arent able to participate in general population activities or receive phone calls or visits. Solitary confinement has been used on men, women and juveniles alike. Recently solitary confinement for juveniles has been banned (Nation, 2017). Solitary when used excessively can be seen as cruel and unusual punishment which its use for juveniles was banned. The excessive use of solitary confinement can cause a sane person to develop mental illness (FUSION, 2015).
Norway however, has an increased number of mental health professionals and funding. It offers accessible mental health care to children as well as adults. In Norway there is training provided to professionals to treat anxiety and depression. These disorders are very common and by treating them early Norways is able to eliminate issues such as absence from work, disability and unemployment. The benefits from this training ultimately outweigh the cost (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy, 2018).
Norway has a total of 46 adult prisons. At the time they did not imprison juveniles. They have both open and closed prisons. The prisons in Norway have many social workers and sports and recreation advisers. Prisoners are able to receive free postage to be able to communicate with their families and friends as well as, dictionaries to help bridge any language barriers. They have the means to send prisoners to treatment centers as needed. The prisoners have access to things like cognitive behavioral therapy and counseling. (Richards, E. 2017, June 27). The guards have the ability to reward those who are imprisoned for drug offenses. If their test comes back clean with no drugs the guards are able to get them more privileges.
Norways open prisons are more like rehabilitation centers. One of Norways most iconic open prisons is Bastoy. The island is virtually run by the prisoners who are going to be returning to society. The prisoners are responsible for the upkeep of the island. This island serves as a way to train those who were imprisoned to get back a normal life. On the island prisoners are able to get an education and receive vocational courses. They have the ability to harness their skills and use them. They arent treated like animals, the ratio of guards to prisoner is very low. There are only four guards to one hundred and fifteen prisoners. There arent even any weapons like guns on this island. Prisoners are actually treated like human beings and are better for it.
Norways prison system is very different from the United States prison system. Norways open-prison system allows them in some cases to be able to vote. Politicians often even the prison and deliver speeches. Norway allows its prisoners to become rehabilitated citizens and help them receive housing and jobs before they come out. The United States it is much different. Prisoners arent treated well and there are recordings of guards hurting inmates. There are also lawsuits being pressed against officers for misconduct. Prisoners in the United States are treated like caged animals and arent given a chance. Prisons in the U.S arent able to treat the amount of patients that suffer from mental illness. There arent many professionals trained to help all of them. It is hard for one person to treat hundreds, or thousands even. The prison systems here dont provide all the adequate resources that Norway does to allow our prisoners to become rehabilitated citizens.
The united states could stand to learn a lot from Norway. If even a fraction of Norways humanity and treatment of prisoners was present in the United States prison system, it would have a better outcome. When you treat someone like a person regardless of their crime you are instilling good faith into them. Norway has open prisons with a bare minimum level of security, yet no one tries to escape. The prisoners and guards alike have a mutual understanding that they are going to receive actual help that will assist them in their journey to become good neighbors. The prison systems in the U.S. can benefit from more mental health professionals and extensive training for all of those who are dealing with inmates. More programs for the inmates would be helpful as well, prior to release. The U.S. has this twisted mindset that caging a person for so long then releasing them will have no side effects or backfire. If the United States took a page out of Norways book and invested in making its citizens better, then maybe wed be able to have a 20% recidivism rate too, instead of a 76% one (Zoukis, 2017).
References
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Bioethics (4th ed., Vol. 5, pp. 2489-2497). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved from https://link.galegroup.com.rpa.laguardia.edu:2048/apps/doc/CX3727400509/GVRL?u=cuny_laguardia&sid=GVRL&xid=15ee3dd4
Bloomberg. (2018, June 22). Retrieved December 05, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fb-gOS3p44U
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L., deLone, M. H., & Dubler, N. N. (2014). Prisoners, Health Care Issues of. In B. Jennings (Ed.),
Cullen, J. (2018, July 20). Retrieved from https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/history-mass-incarceration
FUSION. (2015, October 26). A prisoner shows New Yorkers what juvenile solitary confinement feels like. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-krtarDSA4
Hanser, R.D., & Moran, N. R. (2007). Norway. In G. T. Kurian (Ed.), World
Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Correctional Systems
(2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 704-710). Detroit, MI: Gale. Retrieved from https://link.galegroup.com.rpa.laguardia.edu:2048/apps/doc/CX3448200168/GVRL?u=cuny_laguardia&sid=GVRL&xid=036aa8f0
Health, Mental Health. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/health/mental-health-systems.htm
Nation, T. I. (2017, April 17). RIKERS An American Jail: Mr.Five Mualimm-ak/Bill Moyers. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6JH4OGqIU0
Zoukis, C. (2017, October 04). U.S. prisoners the least rehabilitated in the world. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/us-prisoners-the-least-rehabilitated-in-the-world_us_59bd49eae4b06b71800c39d7
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U.S. vs. Norway: A Wonderland for Inmates. (2019, Apr 29).
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Advances during Civil War
There were some important advances in medicine and medical technology during the Civil War. As often the case, most medical advances in medicine come about exactly because of war. War can bring out the very worst in mankind, and the very worst of diseases and the most unique of injuries.
Although there were important tangible medical advances, an open mind toward change was the most critical to life saving techniques during the war. The real lasting impact was the change in the mindset of both the doctors and the people who they were treating. (Koyle by Thompson, Six Ways the Civil War Changed American Medicine) Keeping an open mind is one of the reasons why medicine and medicine technology has advanced so quickly from the days of the Civil War an into modern times. Today, physicians most are willing to search for better ways to fight disease, rather than to just stick with one solution. Too, because of the internet, patients also have a similar option. After all, in medicine, there is no one size fits all.
Keeping an open mind was not so much the norm in the beginning of the war. Most physicians still held to the belief that it was best to treat patients diseases via the Humoral theory, which mainly consisted of treating disease through diet and exercise, or in worse cases, through bloodletting. However, the U.S. Surgeon General, William Hammond, was influential in changing with way military physicians treated patients. Two of the most important things he did was he instituted training in public health, hygiene and surgery for all Union Army medical officers. His call for specimens also provided a textbook of case studies to train doctors after the war (Thompson, Six Ways the Civil War Changed American Medicine) Because war often brings about such unique damage and disease to a body; by saving case notes, body parts and bodily fluids for future study, Hammond ensured later practitioners understanding of disease and grievous and at times.
In the beginning of the war, the military hired civilian drivers to carry the wounded off the battlefield. These drivers were unaccustomed to war and not medically trained. They were often shell-shocked and confused, sometimes running away when attempting to pick up wounded soldiers on the battlefield. The wounded could be left where they fell for days before being removed to a hospital, and most died.
Dr. Johnathan Letterman, a surgeon, recognized this and started the first Ambulance Corps. Men were trained to bring the wounded to the field dressing stations on stretchers and by wagon as quickly as possible. Time was essential in saving a wounded soldiers life, and surgeons had to act quickly. The Ambulance Corps would quickly remove the wounded to a Field Dressing Station, very near the battlefield, for assessment and application of dressings to the wounds. Next, they were moved to a makeshift Field Hospital, usually a home or barn also near the battlefield to perform emergency surgery (usually amputations). They would be taken to a Large Hospital later, which would be located much further away from the battlefield for long-term needs. Lettermans efficient removal and triaging of the wounded saved lives as documented in the battle of Antietam, where there were over 20,000 casualties, but all the wounded were removed from the field within 24 hours or less. This practice is still in use today in military warfare as well within the general population. An interesting example of this modern triaging actually happened to me after my horse-riding accident at my farm. After the 911 call, an ambulance came. The medics quickly assessed by wounds and requested a helicopter. The helicopter was en route to UAMS at Little Rock, but diverted to Hot Springs, to stabilize and give me blood and then I was flown to UAMS for surgery and days later to an inpatient rehab facility. One can only imagine what terrible suffering soldiers must have gone through before Lettermans lifesaving innovations.
Before the Civil War broke out, physicians might attend a medical school for two years. If they attended at all. Some would apprentice with another physician and some might not have had any official medical training at all. If they did happen to attend medical school, they would attend a years worth of courses and then repeat the same courses the very next year. Unfortunately, working on cadavers for study in most of America was considered unethical, and therefore most new graduates had very little understanding of the human body. That changed during the course of the Civil War. With thousands of dead and dying men, physicians were granted a great deal of hands-on experience. They learned what medicines worked best for treating some ailments or what worked best for pain. They learned how much anesthesia was needed to put a patient under. They learned how to amputate limbs and how far they needed to cut and to do so quickly. But most importantly, they gained experience and knowledge they needed to become good at what they did, allowing them to teach another generation of physicians all they had learned.
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The Freedom of Slaves
The year 1775 was when John Murray organized a colonial military unit called the Ethiopian Regiment that had over 30,000 black slaves who leave their masters to join their organization. They were promised freedom if they joined Lord Dunmore to fight against the rebels in the revolutionary war, many of them however, died or were sent back to their masters.
Not only did these slaves risk their lives in order to gain their freedom, they also risked punishment from their owners if they were to get sent back. Therefore not all slaves were able to benefit much from joining this Regiment. What the military has solved was them being known as the most skilled, equipped soldiers with naval superiority. Slaves were also freed due to the Revolution. Many black slaves died due to diseases such as smallpox and only 300 were able to contribute while the rest were thrown out of their boat or sent to jail.
Based on the primary documentation that was sent to Lord Dunmore, colonial governor in the American colonies; freeing black slaves after they fight for the British played a major role for the American Revolution and their strategy. Furthermore, this started a practice that led to events, such as Dunmore's issues with the Patriots.
He was in need of troops and later started enlisting any free man. This resulted to his recruitment of black slaves and of other origins. The letter was sent from the Council of Virginia, a reply to the Governors message congratulating the arrival of him and his family as well as concur with the House Of Burgesses in framing such laws as shall be for the welfare and true interest of this colony .
Lord Dunmore's contribution helped the colony build a stronger union as well as events leading up to it, such as the Tea Act. People from the North suspected the war would be unavoidable when the Coercive Acts was passed. However, Lord Dartmouth anticipated against hope for peace and willingly wanted to discuss further notion with the American Congress. Thus, he proposed for the colonies to signify their adherence to the imperial trade laws by reenacting those statutes .
John Ferling describes the decisions being made by the congress and people, such as John Adams, who was against the idea of going to war and Congress's second pivotal step was to urge each colony to put its militia upon a proper footing . Therefore, Adams claimed that Congress would neither create a national army nor assist the colonies in preparing their militias.
These events have affected black slaves due to the union being in need of recruits. They offered black slaves to gain their freedom in exchange for them to participate in their military union. Blacks were anxious to join the war due to an act of congress, it declared that the soldier that enlisted would be free forever, as well as their mother, wife, and children. The chance to fight outside of the union was also seen as an opportunity to prove themselves as people seeing as during that time period they were treated poorly due to their ethnicity.
In Slave Nation: How Slavery United the Colonies & Sparked the American Revolution, the authors argue about the role slaves take in the founding of the republic, from the Declaration of Independence to the making of the constitution. Such as, the year 1776 when Thomas Jefferson proposed to abolish the slave act as well as an end to existing property rights of primogeniture. Alfred and Ruth gave detailed evidence in order to support their arguments and suggestions, since he opposed the concept of slavery, but instead modified the Declaration of Independence and removed the word property to liberty .
Another important event that shaped the union and impacted slaves was the Somerset case which was the cause of the American Revolution. Lord Mansfield declared a judgement in the Somerset's Case that affirmed that slavery was at odds with the English law and that no one can impose authority on slaves in Scotland or England. The case began to completely abolish the slave trade, however it was not until the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 that Slavery was extinguished around all the British Empire.
The author of Slave Nation also revealed how much the British as well as the Americans relied on the black slaves before the Tea Act. They were used to cash crops such as tobacco, cotton, sugar, rice, etc. Moreover, documents such as the Declaration of Independence, played a major role during that time period. According to Thomas Jefferson he estimates that 30,000 slaves walked off their plantation to fight in the Revolution. However, there were some black slaves who did not have the choice to fight and were not guaranteed the freedom from the constitution. The book demonstrated important events that occurred in 1776 where Jefferson proposed an end to existing property rights of primogeniture and was able to solve the problem by using language that was more general.
There are events where it goes more into what went on once they declared Independence and the debate they had. Peter Van Schaack, a loyalist from New York, claimed that British treatment of its colonies is harsh which is how they have met those conditions of being governed[4]. Later on blacks gained recognition and were starting to be looked at differently since it was in the middle of a time period where every black person was looked down on because of their status.
Furthermore, they were being used by the British and took advantage of the wartime confusion to migrate to other areas of the colonies. The British may have lost the war but they were still known as the most powerful country in the world due to their skilled and professional soldiers. The Americans only won the war only because they were aided by the French king who was opposed to offering the same liberties to his people .
Alfred and Ruth Blumrosen explain further in Slave Nation that the main focus was slaves being the motor of the Revolution and how to resolve their issue being internal liberty with the north on freedom from taxation by England. In addition, an important event that led to the abolishment of black slaves was the Somerset case in the American colonies and the laws being made throughout the years since many slaves walked away from their masters.
However, in 1778 when Virginia outlawed the importation of slaves it took years until slaves were abolished. Some slaves were being abolished immediately in the North by the constitution, but in 1776 was when Vermont writes a constitution in which slavery was eradicated. Whereas in Boston, Massachusetts, the abolishment of slavery did not go through until a slave sued the state.
Another point that was brought up by Alfred and Ruth Blumrosen was how slavery united the 13 colonies and how America was built on a compromise on slavery and if it were not for the northern states not assenting to the southern demands there would be no nation, seeing as the south's economy is based on plantation . The attitudes of these men were influenced by the nature of the planting process and them being known as a successful tobacco grower was a personal achievement and considered it their independence.
The author Raphael from the book The First American Revolution: Before Lexington and Concord, points out during late August of 1774, patriots and British officials geared up for the court openings. They went further to discuss the rumor that British troops bombarded Boston and heard shots fired that resulted to six men being killed. Congress knew that war was coming and Britain was in need of more troops. Thomas Gage was assigned as a British Army General Soldier was served for North America, he was the most convincing witness to the power of the Massachusetts Revolution of 1774. In his letters he sent that fall to Lord Dartmouth he chronicled activities of his opponents, referring often to the proceedings of the Provincial Congress.
The author Ray mentioned how Massachusetts chose to mix black and white soldiers and afterwards thousands of black soldiers were sold in the West Indies making $1,000 for each one of them. It was not until 200 years and another civil war before blacks were given the guarantees of the constitution to be freed. Most people during that time period did not have an explanation of slavery and took black slaves for granted especially for all the work they have done previously such as working in the field with tobacco, cotton, and sugar. Even though these measures slavery was disappearing in the North and not in the South.
Washington would be having a formal meeting with Congress discussing when reports of the reverses in Georgia arrived and were promptly referred to the committee. Negroes sufficient for Pioneers, servants & all fatigue Duty by Land & Water and Negroes who may be armed. as high as thirty five hundred thousand . The fear that Washington had was that the British might draw significant strength by arming American slaves. It first surfaced with Governor Dunmore's proclamation in 1775.
Nonetheless Dunmore had been operating from a ship in Chesapeake Bay, and until the British were able to remain in the south they ability to exploit such efforts was said to be limited. Thus the new southern strategy rested on appealing to loyalist, not slaves. Once the news from Georgia reached Congress some delegates assumed that they would arm black soldiers.
The greatest source of Danger, is the accession of strength of strength they will probably receive, from the black inhabitants,' one Maryland delegate wrote, and if they are resolved to prosecute the Measure, and to break through every tie of honor and Humanity, they will gain considerable strength. it was open question whether British would act more as liberators or as plunderers or new exploiters .
All in all, due to the occurrence of the American Revolution thousands of slaves were freed, there were also more blacks freed from the aftermath of the Revolution than any other war prior to that. Britain saw them as toys who were used to fight for the Empire on a condition being that they could be granted their freedom in exchange for taking arms. The slaveholders of the south did not however plan on giving weapons to the black slaves in fear that they would turn against their owners. Thus the northerners armed black slaves due to them having too much to do and to keep the farm going. Events such as the Somerset case that initiated the American Revolution also brought slaves to fight not only for their independence but for themselves and to be recognized as individuals rather than as objects.
Conclusion
While the Revolution responded to a variety of issues what really motivated the slaves was the decision in determining which side would result to their freedom the fastest. Many black slaves played a major role during this time period, both free and enslaved. Additionally, the American Revolution played a large role in defining the institution of slavery in the American colonies, but it also impacted the global slave trade for years to come. As a result Americans and British would not be here if it were not for the black slaves and how they were able to contribute in using both their farming and skills used in war.
Bibliography
Primary sources
Murray, John. By his Excellency the Right Honourable John Earl of Dunmore, his
Majesty's Lieutenant and Governour-General of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, and Vice-admiral of the same. www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.17801800/. A proclamation. Declaring martial law and to cause the same to be. Williamsburg, 1775
Secondary Sources
Ferling, John. A leap in the Dark. The Struggle to Create the American Republic.
Oxford University Press; 1 edition, October 28, 2004.
Rakove, Jack. Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America. Mariner
Books; Reprint edition, June 2, 2011.
Raphael, Ray. The First American Revolution: Before Lexington and Concord. New
Press, May 1, 2003.
Blumrosen, Alfred and Ruth Blumrosen. Slave Nation: How Slavery United the Colonies and
Sparked the American Revolution. Sourcebooks, November 1, 2006.
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What Made the American Revolution
What made the American Revolution, so revolutionary was the independence America gained after defeating Great Britain, and the disappearance of nobility thereafter. Because America had won the war, change had swept the nation unlike ever before. America officially becoming a republic after breaking away from Great Britain, which at the time of the revolution had been a constitutional monarchy. Although slavery still continued, free black men were allowed the right to vote.
Furthermore, as an independent nation America no longer had to comply with the regulations of Navigation Acts. As a result of newfound independence, America broke away from Great Britain becoming a democracy, allowing people the right to vote, and no longer having to abide by the Navigation Acts, changing America from a colony to a nation.
After the Revolutionary War, political structures in America began to change. Due to America breaking away from Great Britain and adopting a new political system, a republic. Additionally, it allowed free blacks and white males the right to vote, although it typically was rich white males that would vote. At the same time nobility had started to quickly disappear seeing that Great Britain had lost the war with America, no longer holding the same power they once did during Colonial America. On top of that there is also the Royal Proclamation of 1763, an event in Colonial America that had changed, because of the revolution.
To begin with, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 was the halt of westward expansion into West America by the British. Specifically, to avoid further confrontation with Native Americans and to focus more on trade, dismissing the American desire to expand west. With the Royal Proclamation ending after American independence, countless Americans strived to gain land outside the thirteen colonies. Notably, at the same time of these political changes the roles of women remained the same.
Therefore, it is clear that after the Revolutionary War, there were important political changes such as America's new republic, the right to vote, the receding of nobility, and the Royal Proclamation of 1763 but, the role of women had stayed the same and for the most part blacks as well.
Not only did America experience political change strongly but changed economically as well. In fact Americans no longer had to follow the Navigation Acts, a series of English laws issued in 1651 that regulated trade between English ships and other countries, namely the Dutch. Therefore America could trade with whoever they pleased. However not all change was good considering that America had thrown itself into debts, having spent all their money towards the war effort. Among economic problems was the Articles of Confederation, drafted by Congress in 1777, which allowed Congress to coin money but lacked the power to collect taxes and regulate commerce.
Although multiple economic structures changed slavery had stayed the same due to it being an important part of the economy and American society. Which consisted of three distinct slave systems, tobacco based, rice-based, and non plantation, well-established in the colonial era. Tobacco based plantation slavery and the Chesapeake made up of large planters, yeoman farmers, indentured servants, and slaves. Rice-based Plantation slavery in South Carolina and Georgia focusing on the production of rice with a high number of slaves. On the other hand in non plantation societies, slavery was less important seeing that slaves did not pose a threat to the white majority.
Even though slavery is an economic structure it is also a social or cultural structure. Since the most common aspect African-Americans shared was not origin, race, or even language, but in fact slavery. In the Chesapeake, slaves learn English, experienced the Great Awakening, and were laid bare to white culture. In South Carolina and Georgia slave communities maintained notable African cultural aspects such as, child naming and language.
It is also important to note that some things did change socially, but not to the degree that it did politically.
Though slavery stayed, the significance on the status of slavery began to change. The revolution having exposed the irony of Americans crying out for liberty while they had been enslaving countless Africans before and during the war. In fact in the North steps were taken between 1777 and 1804 toward emancipation, the process of being freed from legal social and political restrictions. After the war free black communities emerged along with the arrival of their own churches, schools, and leaders. Also free blacks were allowed to the right to vote but because of the Three-Fifths Clause they were represented as not a whole person but as three fifths of one.
The roles of women from the colonial era up to the Early Republic how little change. For instance go coverture, the legal Authority the husband had over the wife, remained untouched in the new nation. Legally and socially women lacked the opportunity for solvency bus like the qualification of political participation such as the right to vote. Women played an important role by training future citizens or otherwise known as children. Furthermore despite changes after the Revolutionary War politics has still remained a man's world.
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Role of Tattoos in Culture
Tattoos, in history, have always played a significant role in culture. Today, people use tattoos to creatively express their inner affections and dreams. Before millennials used them as accessories, criminals used them as gang and ethnic markings. One of the earliest discoveries of using permanent ink to the mark the body is seen in Egypt in about 3000 B.C.
Permanent body art in ancient Egypt served as a cultural element used to signify important people in society. For four thousand years Egypt used tattoos to mark the body. In the early history of Egypt and Nubia, only the bodies of women were marked (Tassie). The tattoos resembled the marks of dolls created in later periods of time and are believed to represent beauty and power in Nubia. A high priestess, Amunet, was discovered to live around Egypt's middle kingdom and was the first piece of evidence on mummy that tattooing occurred in Egypt (Bianchi). Amunet served the goddess Hathor, goddess of love, beauty, music, dance, motherhood, and joy. Robert Bianchi states that the dolls created in her image were designed to have a carnal overtone. This sexual overtone is what led to discoverers believing that women who bore the mark where prostitutes. It wasn't until several years later that researchers discovered that the body they uncovered was that of a high priestess. Tattooing in Egypt, during the time, was primarily featured on the bodies of females. The symbols marked on these mummies were often brands used as identification.
Tattoos among criminals are often used as identification. Among the members of the gangs, the art completes their self-image by sharing their identity, rank, and status within the gang (Hunt). There are both positive and negative aspects to having gang affiliated tattoos. Having permanent signs on the body associating an individual with a particular gang or group of people demands respect. In Japan, the Yakuza spend their lives perfecting the massive works of art on there bodies that identify them. The expensive tattoos offer a change for the member to reclaim his mind, soul, and body (Blair). These makes are required and exemplify their dedication to the lifestyle change that comes with the marks. Citizens that understand the weight that the markings hold treat their bearers with the utmost respect. In other instances, tattoos can bare a shameful meaning. How leaders used tattoos to mark and control groups of people.
In the present, tattoos are a fashion statement and are permanently used to accessorize the body in such a way as to express inner emotions. Lorrie Blair of Art Education stated, tattoos are particularly popular with teenagers who explore their identity through experimentation with their outward appearance. Young adults enjoy using tattoos as a way to brand themselves. Typical tattoos can range from Bible quotes, inspirational text, symbols, to obscenities. Tattoos cover some bodies from head to toe, other people are more conservative and only get them in places that are easily hidden. No matter what the tattoo or where it is, it always defines a person's morals and what they think of themselves.
The act of tattooing has always been important in defining a person and their core values. The meanings behind the marks differ from sacred to random and can define how people characterize each other. From ancient Egyptian priestesses to American teenagers, tattoos have always been a significant part of culture in society.
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Religion Politics and the American Revolution
Therefore in this paper, I am going to internally discuss the technicalities that involved the American Revolution on the religious and political perspective. We are going to how and why people developed a perspective on the holiness and how justified the war was for the people of America and why the British had to leave their land. Since the war was among the greatest in the American history, having a clear understanding of what the people at time thought about it both politically and religiously, will make us have a better understanding of the war.
Many nations throughout the historical paths were formed or resulted from a religious basis. These religions differ due to the different religions and beliefs that exist in the world. From these nations or rather a civilization, it is experienced that the spiritual leaders prominent among these congregations were viewed as the icons and role models for the communities and lead masses of people toward the religious path (LOC.gov. 2018). This means that whatever they would say was considered righteous and people would follow since it was accepted and religious. The American Revolution in some way wasn't as different from such civilizations that were built on such basis. The revolutionary war had its religious roots as the reasons for the war at that time.
Religion played a major role in the offering of a moral cause for the Americans to follow so as to provide justification for the revolution. In these times, Christianity had been recently introduced in the western region and a greater population of the residents from North America to South America constituted of Catholics and Anglicans of the great church of Britain. According to the historical documentaries, people such as Jonatan Mayhew campaigned (LOC.gov. 2018) that civil and religious liberty was a movement that was ordained by God where he from his perspective, the Church of England was dangerous, diabolical and an enemy of the New England way.
Jonathan was a well-acknowledged bishop from Boston that was outstanding on both political and religious grounds through his liberal ideals. Through these virtues that he possessed, made him among the most controversial people in the New England colonies which included America. He was fierce in the sermons that he presented which mainly encouraged for people to break from the British grip because (Broom, 2017) it was a religious obligation for them. Jonathan used scripture saying that it was justified for a group of people to resist the rule of their ruler when the ruler himself abuses the power that has been bestowed in them.
In his sermon titled, A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers Mayhew suggests that just like in the book of Romans where St Paul wrote to the government authorities whom he perceived as coming from God and the people that were on these governments were to be respected as they did the will of God. If any of these officials did otherwise then they were not doing the will of God making them agents of the devil (Broom, 2017).
Through the campaigns of Jonathan among other people in the religious faculty lead to the perception that was incubated in the minds and hearts of the American people that the revolution as the right thing to do because God was on their side. This mobilized many people who rounded up as able-bodied men and women to help in the revolution in the fight for independence. Though there were those individuals that did not agree to this cause as they were loyal to the England crown, the majority were in agreement with this movement (Parr, 2015).
Aside from the religious perceptions on the reasons that were used as the roots for the revolutionary war, there were also political reasons that were incorporated in the war. The American Revolution war after the time that the Indians and the French had just ended the British reign in their area. Fists off, the British government (History world. 2018) had colonized the west on the basis of political reasons that of expanding their political powers to the different places all over the world. With this reason, it was evident that they were imperialists and gaining more colonies all around the world was a sign that they were powerful and wealthy.
Therefore after the French and Indian rebellions, the British Empire began to have political instabilities with the colonies that were within her grasp America included. The issues that were in play included the taxes that the British were imposing on its colonies and the presence of the British troops that roamed around the American soil. This led to unrest (History world. 2018) that were felt all over America especially in Boston where it so seemed they started at.
The most common political related rebellion that has crept through history is the Boston massacre which was the onset of other rebellions such as the one in Ireland that was experienced 2 centuries later. The Boston massacre happened in the year 1770 after Bostonians threw overboard tea chests (350) which led to the British army to march within the streets and putting the whole town under the military command of General Thomas Gage. The whole reason for this was the resentment that the people had to the British duties for the cargo that would land on American soil (History world. 2018).
Following this event, other colonies in America voice their support to the Boston state and as this new idea gains fame and popularity among the people of America, conflicts arise between the colonies and the British governors and mobilizations start with an aim to invite each colony to send delegates to a congress in Philadelphia in September with an exception of Georgia.
The political marathon to the independence of America started from the first continental congress that happened in 1774. During this congress (History world. 2018), about 56 delegates attended from the 12 colonies of Britain including George Washington who at this time represented Virginia. Their voices were expected to have weight on international waters and show to the British government that they were prepared for anything to attain their independence even if it included war with the Britons. This led to the British Empire tell General George Gage to add more force as the delegate's consent was uncompromising (History world. 2018).
The results for this meeting ended up in announcing a boycott for all imports from Britain that was to last for the next 9 months on the basis that the laws passed in Westminster were in violation of the natural rights and thus unconstitutional. The London parliament reacts to this through General George who raids the patriot's military stock in Massachusetts. He then attempts the same move at Concord but fails as the Patriots had moved their stock from the location known to the general. Years later, these political meetings made their way into the attainment of America's independence in 2nd July 1776 after Virginia's resolution is put to the Congress of thirteen colonies and is passed 'unanimously'.(History world 2018)
From the paper, we are able to conclude that the American Revolution constitutes of both religious and political reasons as to why the people of America fought for their independence. Regardless of the reasons that were brought forward by the nationalists, they all achieved one goal that was to remove the British colonies from the American soil. The revolution was characterized by riots and sieges especially in Boston to make it hard for Britain and its troops to make commands on their colonies.
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How Can Tattos Affect the Body?
Introduction
A tattoo is a body modification where someone has drawn something on someone else's skin and body art are different piercings that people have on there body to represent there creativity. All tattoos or body art have health risks that can be minor or major, but people still get them done. Some of the health risk may not show until later on in time. Everyone body reacts differently to the penetration of the skin with the needle from ink gun and the piecing needle. But why do people still get them done and put themselves at in harms ways.
Culture
One reason someone might put themselves at risk is because they are trying to represent their culture. Plenty of different tribes and groups get tattoos to represent their beliefs and cultures. This article called tattoo splendor talks about all of the different types of tribes and what are the tattoos that they get and what they represent. According to the article Tattoo Splendor, it states Many Native Americans favor the dream catcher tattoo to ward off nightmares, and other American cultures have gods and animals among other designs (Splendor,2018).
This piece of evidence shows how that native americans get certain types of tattoos and put themselves at risk just so that they can keep away bad energies away from them. Also another piece of evidence states This is done by staining the hands or legs with henna leaf paste and was commonly done as part of marriage rituals (Splendo). This piece of evidence also shows how that they also do it to represent their marriage cultures and even though its wash off, they still have a affect and they are putting themselves at risk. One more piece of evidence that shows why people will put themselves at risk for tattoos is In ancient Samoan, tattooing also played a hugely important role in both religious rituals and warfare. The tattoo artist held a hereditary and by the same vein, a very highly privileged position(Zealand,2017). This quote right here also shows how that since ancient times they have put themselves to show welfare for themselves since the beginning of times. That's why they put themselves at risk to represent their culture.
Creativity
Another reason someone might put themselves at risk is because they just want to show their creativity. People will sometimes get tattoos to show their creativity and also how they feel about a certain thing. The article called Tattoos provide students with a creative outlet from the website State Press talks about ways that students express themselves through tattoos. According to the article it states Many tattoos hold special meanings or memories that someone has chosen to have permanently etched onto their skin. For many students, getting a tattoo is a way of expressing their creativity and emotions. Tattoos are a form of art (Ziegler,2017). This piece of evidences says it all, it talks about how people have put themselves at risk for the rest of their life just to embrace their creativity.
Another piece of evidence that was stated is Body art is quite intriguing because every tattoo represents something different and tells a unique story (Mota, 2015). This piece of evidence tells it all, this shows us why people put themselves at risk, to tell their own story. Also another piece of evidence is that Tattoos are usually chosen to express something that lies under the individual's skin(Atanasov, 2015). The quote shows how people will risk are all about trying to express themselves. One more piece of evidence from the first website is that was stated is that Tattoos also represent rebellion and free speech(Zeigler). This also shows how that people will riks themselves just to show their rights and best of all freedom. That's why people will put themselves at risk to show their creativity and voice.
Peer Pressure
One more reason someone might put themselves at risk is because everyone else is just doing it, they are doing it because of peer pressure. Most of the times, people have gotten tattoos just because someone else had got one or just to say they have gotten it. A video on youtube shows a video with a man named Bolanle Ninalowo who talks about tattoos. According to the youtube video, a man named Bolanle Ninalowo stated Peer Pressure Made Me Draw The Tattoos On My Body. This quote from youtube shows he put himself at risk just because someone else had did it and pressured him to do it. Another piece of evidence that helps shows how people put themselves at risk because of peer pressure is from another youtube video where the actor RJ Mitte is peer pressured Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul to get a tattoo. This shows how that he let those people get in his head and allowed him to put himself at risk for a tattoo. One more piece of evidence is that A big reason why I wanted to get tattoos was indeed peer pressure and And once I got my first one, I got addicted (Tomlinson, 2012). Those two pieces of evidences shows how he was influenced heavily by peer pressure to get tattoos and that changed this mind for the rest of his life, thus further causing damage mentally and physically. That's how people put themselves at risk for tattoos because of peer pressure.
Conclusion
Tattoos can really affect the body physically and mentally, they can make you hurt physically as well mentally. Tattoos cause pain in all kinds of ways, but people still put themselves at risk. Some do it for their culture, while some do it to express themselves and some even are pressured into it. But those are some of the reasons why people put themselves at risk.
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How Tattoos are Viewed?
With the months going by, more teenagers are turning 18, legally able to get a tattoo, and with the popularity of tattoos rising, more and more teenagers are wanting to get one. While some get tattoos for independence, others do it for the meaning that that their tattoo holds for them. But not every 18-year-old, or adult, is able to get a tattoo be it because of religion, employment regulations, or because some are afraid of the discrimination they could face. Even though we are in a new age, the stereotype of tattooed people is still prevalent and is discouraging for some people. Are people who have, or want to have tattoos, discriminated against?
Finally, you turn 18 and can now legally get a tattoo but the stereotypes about dirty needles is off-putting and the stereotype that tattoos are a domain for bikers, sailors, and inmates (Kaiyala para. 6). With that being said, many people, of all ages, enjoy their tattoos. Roughly 16 percent of all U.S adults have at least one tattoo with the highest number, 36 percent, of tattooed adults being 25 to 29 years of age (Kaiyala para. 6). As tattoos rise, so does the industry and one of the main concerns for both clients and artists are infections and diseases.
The biggest concern is HIV for the use of needles but the biggest threat is hepatitis. Hepatitis can be transmitted through little more than a scratch with an infected needle. To combat this and any other infectious bloodborne pathogen, artists autoclave their single-service equipment (Alliance para. 3). So, while people worry about infections, all the artist's equipment should be single service means that each needle and tube set is individually packaged, dated and sealed and autoclaved. An autoclave is the only acceptable means of equipment sterilization in the tattoo shop. It is a machine that uses a combination of heat, steam and pressure to kill all pathogenic microorganisms known to man (Alliance para. 8 and 9). Overall, the process of getting a tattoo is safe and people should not have a reason to worry other than choosing a design that they will be comfortable for the rest of their lives.
Although only 16% of U.S adults are tattooed, it was estimated that in 1900, around 90% of American sailors were tattooed (Military Tradition para. 12). Not only did they have random tattoos but they had meaningful tattoos dictating where they sailed. Sailors with a tattoo of an anchor proved that they had sailed the Atlantic Ocean. A full-rigged ship meant he shipped around Cape Horn. A Shellback Turtle indicated the sailor crossed the equator, and a dragon meant he served on a station in or near China. "Hold" tattooed on the knuckles of one hand and "fast" on the other were said to allow the bearer to grip the rigging better. Tattoos of a pig on one foot and a rooster on the other were said to protect a seaman from drowning. It was thought since both creatures avoid the water at any chance, they would help get the sailor swiftly to shore if he fell overboard (Military Tradition para. 13). And for some, it was a meaning of what they were and what they did (Military Tradition para. 13).
Although the military banned tattoos with obscene imagery, tattoos in general do not prohibit you from joining as you only need the ASVAB and a physical (Military Tradition para. 24). Even though men and women are viewed as equals in this age, Deborah Connor found discrimination when she was terminated for having a heart tattoo which, to her employer, because the company was concerned that the customers would see her and would react because a tattooed woman is seen as a prostitute, on drugs, or from a broken home ( Pechman para. 8). The same company did not require a male employee to cover up his navy tattoo, and she found it insulting and then sued the company (Pechman para. 8).
With the growing rise of television and social media. More and more celebrities are getting tattoos and their influence influences many teens to get tattoos of their own or even the same tattoo. Besides the influence, some teens find tattoos as a way to woo their partner as a romantic gesture (Religion forbids tattoos para. 4). The only problem would be if the couple were to separate and the partner would have to spend their life with the image of their ex. Either that or spend time, money, and pain to get it removed and even then, it sometimes leaves a scar. Some teens however, view tattoos as a work of art, and also a way to declare their independence (Religion forbids tattoos para. 5). For many, they cannot wait to turn 18 sorely because of that reason alone. For some, they get it because it is what's trending at the moment. But the art of tattooing is not an old practice by any means as Egyptian and Libyan mummies have been found with tattoos that date back before the time of Christ (Religions forbid tattoos para.7).
Ironically as the first tattoos were uncovered, it was a picture rather than an abstract pattern, it was the picture of the Egyptian god, Bes. While the Mosiac Law forbade their followers to have tattoos and by that way, the Israelites stood out from different nations (Religions forbid tattoos para. 8). While Christians today are not under the Law of Moses, the prohibition it laid on tattooing is sobering (Ephesians 2:15; Colossians 2:14, 15). If you are a Christian, you would certainly not want to make markings on your body”even temporarily”that smack of paganism or false worship. ”2 Corinthians 6:15-18 (Religions forbid tattoos para. 8).
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The Role of Women during and after the American Revolution
According to Harriet Beecher Stowe, an American abolitionist Women are the architect of the society. Women played a key role in the construction of American society. However, the Declaration of Independence of the United States excludes many people. The document declares that all men are created equal but it did not mention women. While women played an important role in American society and this role will change during and after the revolution.
The American Revolution was the result from political will of the 13th colonies to be independent against the British crown. Some of these roles were traditional like nursing while other were quite scandalous for this time such as soldier. Generally, the influence of women increases in society thanks to many events such as the boycott of British goods and their new role. At this time, men thought they were superior to women, but enlightened thinkers rejected this idea and thought that a republic could succeed only if its citizens were educated. The persons who educated children were women. They teach them the value of the republic.
Since the 20th century, these women were called Republican Motherhood. Education of women leads to the emergence of middle-class women. And in 1848, the Seneca Falls Declaration on the rights of women contrast the Thomas Jefferson's words by saying: All men and women are created equal..." This new era showed the birth of movements where women get involved such as the Temperance movement, the abolitionist movement, and the first feminist movement. During and after the revolution, what was the role of women in American society?
Women played a different role in the society during the American Revolution some of them where traditional and others scandalous for this time. Women were considered inferior to men they had only one role which was to manage the households and attended to the domestic task. At that time, women have no social, legal and political rights. They cannot vote or hold a public office. When they became married all their property became the property of their husband. The husbands had right over his wife and children. If women earned a salary, this salary belongs to their husbands.
Also, most women had no education because men thought that they could represent a danger if they were too educated. Men had different fear about the education of women. They were afraid that they change in their behavior. According to Jan E. Lewis who reflected in A companion to America, Women's History, the different fears of men were: would they neglect their responsibilities to others? Would they lose their femininity? Would they become selfish, antisocial?. In contrast, the fact to overeducating men never created the same sort of fears. Women played an important role in the society in the political resistance movement against the different tax such the sugar act, the stamp act and Townsend duty act.
They participated in the boycott of British goods like clothes and the tea in a varied way. The Daughter of Liberty, was like the Son of Liberty, a group created against British taxation. Sarah Bradlee Fulton was a leader of the Daughter of Liberty and known as the Mother of the Boston Tea Party because she gave the idea of disguising men in native American so, avoid them to be recognized by the authorities. Also, they went door to door to involve more women in the British boycott. Inspiring by the Boston Tea Party, Penelope Baker led women to sign an agreement against the consumption of British tea and others British goods. This event was called the Eden Tea Party. In another way, women were part of the boycott with the Homespun movement.
In addition, to stop buying British goods, women became engaged in the Homespun movement which consisted of the boycott of British clothes with Patriots' women who made clothes at home. Thanks to this movement, the colonies became fewer dependents of the British textile. Later this movement served the continental army during the revolution. Then during the revolution women had different key roles. For instance, Abigail Adams was known as the wife of the second president of the United States John Dams and for the quote remember the ladies that she addressed to her husband in a private later who was a member of the Continental Congress.
In this letter, she asked more right for women while her husband and the member of the Congress wrote a new code of laws. But she was also, a brilliant businesswoman who manage the finance of the family in an excellent way while John Adams was in the Continental Congress. When she came to Europe with her husband, she came back with many goods such as clothes and she sold back in America and made a lot of money. According to the journalist and authors Cokie Roberts who wrote several books on a woman of the early days of the United States. He said that She was good in math.
We know that because even though women, married women, were not allowed to own property at that time, she bought and sold property all the time. And she made a very handy income which supported the family for long periods of time when her husband was away and not making any money. During this period, many women followed their husband during the war, we called them the camp followers. These wives, mothers, and daughter served as cooks, maids, and nurses during the war.
They were poor and cannot subsist without the salary of their husband or father. In front, the difficulty of this task, their paid were increased from two dollars to eight dollars to attract more and more women. Some women served as soldiers or spies during the war. According to the National Women's History Museum website, the spies were women who cook and maids in the British army and listened to the officers about military strategy and delivery of supply. Rare were women who became soldiers, but those who fight throughout the war were women who disguised as men and created a false identity to enroll in the army. Some of them became famous such as Mary Ludwig well-known as Molly Pitcher who helps to reload a cannon of the artillery, during the battle of Monmouth, after her husband was injured.
At the end of the American Revolution, the question of the education of women has surfaced because men want to instill the notion of patriotism and the value of the republic to the children. At that time, who were the caretakers of children? It was women, so women obtained access to school to learned and teach to the children. These women had called today the Republican Motherhood.
The active role of the Republican Motherhood was to support the value of the republic. The term Republican Motherhood appear with the work The Republican Mother: Women and the Enlightenment-An American Perspective wrote in 1976 by the historian Linda Kerber. In this work, she defined the Republican Mother duties as raising sons and disciplining husbands to be virtuous citizens of the republic.
In other words, they should educate children and their husband to became good republican citizens. The education of women became more accessible with schools created such as the Ladies Academy where they had the opportunities studied basic academic subjects as mathematics, geography, and history in addition to ornamental arts. For instance, Catherine Beecher, was an educated woman, who came to the Litchfield Female Academy founded by Sarah Pierce, she became a professor and founded her own schools in Hartford. Women became regarded as intellectual beings who played a political role in the future construction of the nation. Thought the time, women became more involved in this role and began to be the protectors of virtues and morality.
They became reformers and they engaged in an organization with a social and public focus such as orphan and charity associations. Also, they came involved in a movement like the temperance movement and later in the abolitionist movement and the first feminist movement. Moreover, others small change occurs during this period, in some state, women get small improvement with their legal status such as the legalization of divorce, the right to vote.
The legalization happens because the marriage was view as a contract where women were agreeing to accepted it so, they could also be able to remove from it. It was an exception, but the state of New Jersey allowed women to vote since 1776. As reported by the website The American Revolution, all inhabitants of this colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds and have resided within the county for twelve months could vote. Generally, the American revolution did not result in real change in the term of legal and political women's status
Through the time women got more involved in society and want to protect their role as wife and mothers. This willingness result in the implication of women in a different movement like the temperance movement and the abolitionist movement which lead to the first women right's movement.
In order to protect the domestic sphere, women found it necessary to become active in the public sphere. They became engaged in different movements such as the Temperance movement and the Abolitionism movement. The Temperance movement was against the consumption of alcohol. The word temperance means moderation but at that time it meant abstinence. Men consumed too much alcohol and this cause problem in the society. The government tries to solve this issue by taking different measure by limited the quantity of alcohol in the saloon with the Gallon Act passed in 1838 in Massachusetts.
Women get involved in this movement because this issue attaints the domestic sphere with men who came back at the house completely drunk and act brutally with their wife and children. According to the book, Separate Paths: Suffragists and the Women's Temperance Crusade, women contributed between one-third and one-half of the temperance movement's mass support (Jack S. Blocker, Jr 460) in the 1820s. At the end the nineteenth century, as stated in the book The Story of American Freedom, the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) with 150,000 members by 1892 (Eric Fonder 110) represented large implication of women. The slogan Home Protection attracted women to get involved in the organization.
Also, women were engaged in the abolitionist movement. This movement was for the abolition of slavery. Women played a crucial role in the anti-slavery society. The fact that women took part in the movement was considered outrageous for men because men thought that the proper place for women was in the domestic sphere and not on the public sphere. One important woman was Lucia Mott who founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.
For white women, it was the opportunity to be more present on the public sphere and for black women, they could talk about their experience and elicit empathy for slaves. To support the movement, women wrote imaginative literature or such as Phillis Wheatley who wrote her own poems about her life being slaves and this poem was very influential. Sarah Parker Remond was an Abolitionist and made a different speech in favor of the end of the slavery. The speech delivers by such women show the place and the importance of women in the society. Women involves in the Abolitionism movement became leaders in the women's rights movement. They asked equal rights, expanded in education, employment, and pollical rights.
These women were supported by Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison who support the women's right to vote. These men were famous because they were the figures of the Abolitionism movement during the nineteenth century. The manifestation of the birth of the women right's movement was the Declaration of Sentiment wrote by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott modeled on the Declaration of Independence. In this declaration, the revendication for women rights is clearly expressed with for instance this sentence All men and women are created equal".
This Declaration of Sentiment was gratified throughout the Seneca Falls Declaration in 1848.
To conclude, the role of women in society evolves in many ways. Before the American revolution, they had no rights. Their only role was the households and the domestic sphere. During the revolution and the war, women played a behind the scenes work that leads the war to the success. At the end of the war, women get more involved in society by teaching their children the value of the republic and by supporting their husband to participate in the political life of the country.
Today, these women are called the Republican Motherhood. To allow women to teach to their children they should be educated. At that time, the access to school for women starts to become easier. Then, to protect the domestic sphere women get involved in different movements such as the Temperance movement and the Abolitionism movement. Later this movement leads to the first women right's movement with the Seneca Fall Declaration in 1848. These movement allowed women to became more active on the public sphere and claimed more rights in the future.
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Causes of the American Revolution
The American Revolution was caused by the French and Indian War, the Proclamation Line of 1763, Navigation acts, lack of colonial representation, and violent colonial resistance. Even though the French and Indian War succeeded in giving Great Britain an enormous amount of territory in North America, it was also immensely expensive. In an attempt to cover these expenses, Britain's parliament decided to impose taxes on the colonists, also known as the Navigation Acts.
These acts led to colonial resentment over the growing imperial rule in the colonies. Having no control over these taxes, colonists realized their lack of representation in the English Parliament and wrote to King George III, hoping to gain some say in what was imposed upon them. In response, the colonists gained more taxes and their irritation with the parliament grew. Great Britain, not wanting to provocate another war with the Indians, attempted to limit Westward expansion for colonists by passing the Proclamation Line of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle West of the Appalachian Mountains. Tired of the repressive laws and taxes bestowed upon them, colonists began to revolt and use violence as their way of rejecting British rule. These clashes over colonial freedom led to an extensive war for independence.
When the war ended in 1763, Britain gained a vast amount of land for its empire after signing the Treaty of Paris. Although the war had ended, fighting with indians continued. After signing the treaty, ten thousand British troops arrived on the new frontier to defend and assuage it. The soldiers lodged themselves in the homes of many settlers, causing colonial discontent with the disruption of their homes. Along with building a vast empire and strong Navy, Britain was so high in expenses that England's national debt doubled in amount. England decided to push the debt on the colonies in the form of many taxes and laws. Resentment among colonists grew as their expansion was limited and they were heavily taxed.
After an expensive war, King George III passed the Proclamation Line of 1763 to prevent further fighting with the indians. This frontier policy forbade colonial settlement West of the Appalachian Mountains, mainly in the Ohio Valley. Many colonists disliked this policy and resented the British monarchy for it. The colonists were celebrating the opening of the frontier won after the war, and grew upset that their expansion became limited. Many colonists believed that Britain was trying to keep a tight control over the colonies by enacting this policy.
Since Britain was in a massive debt and in need of cash, the expenses were pushed onto America. This led to a series of taxes imposed upon the colonists, some of which were meant to prevent smuggling. The Sugar Act of 1764 taxed many commonly used imports such as sugar, coffee, and wine. Tax collection was stringently enforced and led colonists to protest and cry no taxation without representation, because they had no say in the British policy. For the colonists, property was seen as a freedom instead of just a possession. If one had property, they could provide for themselves without relying on the government. When the security of that property was threatened due to taxes, so was the liberty that came with it.
Many colonists believed that their freedom was being dealt with in this way, and protested. For example, in Massachusetts, a protest was drawn up that stated that taxes ought not to be laid without representatives of the colonists affected by them. In March, 1765, the Stamp tax became a law, forcing any formally written or printed documents to be put on singular stamped paper and distributed in America by resident agents who were on payment of the taxes. The colonists would have to pay stamp tariffs on the stages of lawsuits, almanacs, newspapers, bills and bonds, diplomas, deeds, advertisements, and even dice and cards. Regardless of size, each fee seemed to be a strike on the security of property to the colonists because they were levied without assent. With the passage of the Stamp Act, merchants of the colonies rebelled by agreeing to cease imports on all British goods unless Parliament were to repeal it. Most colonies also witnessed a pause in business due to the desire to nullify the act, and used nothing that required the use of stamps.
TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
Most Englishmen were ineligible to vote on the acts of Parliament, either because they did not own enough property, or they lived in towns that were not allowed to send members. The Sugar Act and a newly proposed stamp tax brought forth colonial protests and objections. In an attempt to justify these new acts, Thomas Whatley, a member of the Parliament, assured the colonists that they weren't unrepresented, but they instead enjoyed a virtual representation, without voting for anyone. According to Whatley, each member of Parliament represented the entire empire and not just the few electors who chose them. The colonists roundly rejected this idea of virtual representation and wanted an actual representation in Parliament. In October, 1765, nine colonies sent representatives to New York to attend the Stamp Act Congress, where they drew up a set of regulations denying the authority of taxation by Parliament. This declaration of rights and grievances was framed and then sent to King George III, but despite the opposition, the Stamp Act was still enacted. The colonists were angered by the lack of representation that they had in the British government, and thus their desire for freedom was fueled.
COLONIAL RESISTANCE
As the colonists tried to flout the British government, they formed rebellious associations, a popular one called the Sons of Liberty in Boston, led by politician Samuel Adams. The purpose of these groups was to declare the colonial intention to resist the Stamp act to the last extremity. The colonists in these associations found themselves willing to risk their lives in rebellion to prevent the security of their property from being taken by the Parliament, in which they had no representation. In response to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty hung an effigy of Andrew Oliver, who was paid to distribute stamps in Massachusetts, along with a large boot with a devil climbing out of it, to symbolize Oliver's evil connection to the Stamp Act. After dusk, many furious colonists of Boston burned Oliver's property, stoned his house, and beheaded the effigy. Similar riots began to break out and forced the resignations of various crown-appointed officials.
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Causes of the American Revolution Essay: America’s Struggle for Independence from Britain
The Revolutionary War
America's freedom did not come easily. Americans were neglected and troubled by Great Britain. Something had to change. Something sparked rebellion. They couldn't stand it any longer: America needed freedom from Britain. America started a rebellion. Some merchants started smuggling goods from other countries to avoid paying Britain. Britain wanted to tax America and Americans had to rebel in some way. America was getting anxious: they started a major war.
This is how America would fight, fight for their rights. Many battles were fought and many troops died; they persisted, persevered until they got what they wanted. Eventually America pulled through and defeated Great Britain. Now America had their hard earned freedom. Their democracy was much different from the monarchy they were forced to serve in. America had fought and battled for a long time to get what they wanted; they smuggled tea to hurt British tea companies, started one of the biggest wars in history, and eventually persevered to get what they deserved.
This desire towards freedom got America thinking. They became aware of what Britain was doing. Britain enforced the Townshend acts: they taxed America for all British goods imported into America. These acts started causing America to lose money. Eventually, Britain removed all of the Townshend acts - except for the one on tea. Merchants started to smuggle tea from the Netherlands. This hurt the British tea company drastically. As a sign of rebellion to the Townshend act, Samuel Adams led a group of rebels all dressed up as Mohawk Indians. He led his group onto a British tea ship and dumped all of the tea overboard.
This particular event infuriated Britain. As a result, they placed the intolerable acts upon America. One act declared that the Boston harbor was to be closed until America paid for the damage and learned to respect Great Britain. A convention of delegates was formed to resist the acts. This group was later named the Continental Congress. A little before the tea party Britain had troops stationed in Boston. America started a riot: the people were angry. They were yelling and threatening the British troops. The troops were frightened. This caused them to blind-fire into the huge crowd. Because of these shots, five innocent people were killed. America was furious with Britain. To help spread propaganda, America nicknamed the event The Boston Massacre.
By now America was furious and desired independence. They decided to take a stand: war was created. On April 18,1775 Paul Revere rode on horseback through Lexington and Concord. He was yelling The British are coming! The British are coming! This allowed American citizens to prepare for the oncoming British troops. Townspeople gathered up on a hidden hill - ready to fight. At dawn April 19,1775 British soldiers approached the town. The townspeople, also called minutemen, fired at the soldiers. However, seven minutemen were killed whereas only one British troop was wounded. This was the first battle of the war.
The next large battle was the battle of Bunker Hill. On June 17, 1775 British forces attacked America's outpost on Breed's Hill. At this time the American forces were in the hands of George Washington. He told them Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes!. This motto conserved ammo. America took out multiple waves of British soldiers faster and more efficiently because they saved their ammo while the British wasted it. This battle was announced to be the bloodiest battle of the whole war. 400 Patriots were killed along as 1000 British troops that were killed. Throughout the entire war, America was still driven by the thought of freedom and kept dreaming until the end.
Independence was gained in 1783. America had freedom: they were no longer controlled by Great Britain. America was completely free and had no mother country to control their decisions. They made the choices now. No mother countries meant no more taxes and unbearable laws. America could now spend their time and money on their own country and import whatever they wanted from wherever they wanted. The country became a democracy; George Washington was elected as the first president of the United States on April 30, 1789. America was no longer a monarchy: no more king. Since America was a democracy, the citizens got say in the country's decisions: they could all vote for the country's leader. Eventually, America persevered and gained what they deserved: independence.
In the beginning, America was owned by Great Britain. Britain was controlling, forceful, and America needed change. They started many rebellions: they dumped tea to resist the townshend acts, they smuggled goods from the Netherlands to hurt British companies, America started a devastating but powerful war. America definitely wanted freedom - wanted it badly. In the end, America broke free from Britain's tight grasp. America worked hard to gain freedom and they deserved every bit of it. They persevered. They never gave up. They accomplished their long term goal of independence. America was freed.
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Causes of the American Revolution Essay: America's Struggle for Independence from Britain. (2019, Apr 26).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
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Why People Get Tattoos?
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to determine why a person gets a tattoo and how society reacts to that person. Through Forest Hill Community High School students will participate in a questionnaire determining age, grade, if they have a tattoo, how many they have if they do, why they got their tattoo, why they didn't get a tattoo if they don't have one, and if they regret their tattoo. The questionnaire will be given to one hundred subjects to obtain a range of data. It will be determined through this data why people in the age groups of 14-18 get tattoos along with why they don't get tattoos. Through research and personal accounts it can be looked at how people may be reacted too when in public depending on the amount of tattoos they have and their age. Society can react in different ways to different people depending mainly on age, if they have tattoos, and the amount of tattoos that they have.
Why People Get Tattoos and How Society Reacts to Them
Tattoos are a very controversial topic both in families and society it has been the stereotype that if you have tattoos you either come from the wrong side of the tracks or you are a bad person. There are many reasons behind why a person will get a tattoo whether it's because they thought the design was cool, they wanted to feel the pain that comes with a tattoo, they wanted to cover a previous mark or they got it for a sentimental reason. However, there are also a plethora of reasons behind why a person will not get a tattoo.
History behind stereotype
According to Rees, 2016 in the past tattoos have been associated with social outsiders including pirates, sailors, criminal, and woman of disrepute(held in low self esteem by the public). Tattoos have been given a bad name because of how they have been represented. It was believed that to be bad you had to have tattoos or any types of marking on your body to show that you were rebellious and didn't by the rules on how to look set by society.
Surveys done by Kang & Jones 2007 both at a micro-level in Texas and a macro-level through the United States (nationally) this stereotype was proven wrong, these surveys showed that most of the tattooed adolescents were academic achievers and had no reported affiliations to gangs. Since the 80s the young have been changing the stereotype of tattoos from being a criminal to being an artist and free thinker.
Why someone gets a tattoo
A person may get a tattoo for multiple reasons including the design they choose appealed to them, the pain that comes with getting the tattoo, to cover a permanent mark made previously or for s entimental reasons. All of those purposes for a tattoo were covered in the research done by myself, yet there are also other reasons not covered by my research including a teenager asserting their independence through their tattoo and gaining greater control over their life. Also adolescents mark their adulthood through their tattoo signifying their divorce or break away from society and its institutions.
- Design Appeal
- Artist themself
- Pain
- Adrenaline junkie?
- Cover
- Stretch marks
- Scars
- Sentimental
A reason why a person may get a tattoo is because of what that tattoo represents. The design they get can represent a connection that they share with another person or even how that person impacted their life. Additionally that tattoo design can represent a significant date or occasion to that person.
Relationships.
People may get tattoos to symbolize their relationship with another person like a friend, significant other or a family member. Getting these tattoos may symbolize how they met, feel of each other, or a common interest they have; it strengthens their relationship giving it a permanent sense. This shows that even if they are far from each other they have something to represent their unity, trust and their reliance of one another. An example of why a person would get a tattoo with sentimental ties to relationships is in an article from Kang & Jones 2007 that provides a personal account of a women who got a matching tattoo with her group of childhood friends. This woman and her group of friends got a tattoo of a flower that had been painted all over her elementary school signifying their friendship and how they would always be there for one another.
Celebrities.
In Hollywood as said by Kang & Jones 2007 it became common for celebrities such as actors, artist, musicians and models to obtain tattoos. These were the people in society who many looked up too, having grown up watching them through a television or listening to their music. By some way a certain celebrity has affected a person's life to where they see to them for strength or when they are in need. That connection that youth make with that celebrity leads to them wanting to be like them to mirror what they do including getting a tattoo. Because so many youth were inspired to get a tattoo through what the celebrity did something was created and that was the supermarket era, this is where there was a great increase in demand for tattoos making them easily available and the customers were able to choose a design of their making.
Occasion.
Special occasions or dates hold a great deal of sentimentality for people. Days like a birthday, death, or wedding are sometimes reason enough for a person to get a tattoo. Landmarks in a person's life show just how much that person has grown and people like to commemorate those times where they have achieved something great or where they defied the odds. An example of this would be a death of a close friend or family member, it is very common for someone to get a tattoo of a date or a persons face to celebrate their death in their own way that's close to them. Also an occasion that a person gives reason to getting a tattoo is when they reach independence either from their family or institution. This is how youth set their independence like when getting an apartment for the first time or setting off to live on their own they may get a tattoo to mark the day as stated by Kang & Jone 2007. While the tattoo may not be a literal day of when the occasion occured it could be an image that hold great importance to them that they got on that day.
Resistance.
As mentioned in Kang & Jones 2007 tattoos represented something more to women, they meant that women wouldn't sit and be quite it was their way of rebelling. Also getting a tattoo allowed women like housewives to be able to define themselves in ways other than staying home and to challenge their role in society. Tattoos are a way for women to gain back control over their body.
Why someone doesn't get a tattoo
Getting a tattoo is not something every person has the idea of doing and this is for a number of reasons. Including it is against their religion, they don't have the parental consent, they are scared of needles, they don't have the money for a tattoo, or that is just something that they don't want.
Religious
Many religions are against the act of permanently marking your body for it means that that person is marking their body which is a temple made by their God. It is greatly believed in the religious community that if you get a tattoo you are going to hell. However, there are also religions where it is customary to get a tattoo whether to represent your social or political standing or what clan/tribe you belong to. (find examples)
Parental Consent
With the age group of this research being from 14-18 years old it is most common that since the subject is under age they need to have parental consent if they are to get a tattoo legally in the United States.
Cite this page
Why People Get Tattoos?. (2019, Apr 26).
Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/04/
