Religious Exemptions and Discrimination

Over the last ten years, queer people in the United States have made significant political and legal progress such as the liberty to get married to the parties of their liking. Queer people in this case represent minor interest groups such as the lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender (LGBT) people in the United States. However, every aspect of this progress is not covered or protected by federal laws. One such aspect is the prohibition of discrimination directed to queer people in relation to their gender identity and sexual orientation in sectors such as housing, employment and access to needed services. Without protection from discrimination, these people are evidently in lack of a legal recourse to sue for damages in the cases where they are evicted, fired and refused service due to either their gender identity or sexual orientation. One sensitive area of discussion is the recent emergence of service refusal by businesses due to what is perceived as the owners' religious beliefs. The question whether service refusal on religious grounds is right or wrong has been posed on several official and unofficial platforms across the country.

The proponents of this service refusal definitely deem the act right in its entirety. It is argued that the federal laws are structured in such a way as to create a balance between the rights of these queer groups of people and religious freedom. Therefore, business owners are within their own rights as religious believers to discriminate these people with little to no consideration since the law creates a blanket of exceptions on this regard. In this case, service refusal is deemed inconsequential since queer people could easily invest time and money to get these services in places that are considerate to their plight. As much as there are business owners who feel uncomfortable serving these people, there also exist other businesses that are accommodative. Therefore, it stands to reason that these people should simply take their business elsewhere.

However, these arguments fail on a couple of fronts. They fail to completely convince that the action taken by these business owners is right. First and foremost, these arguments trivializes the discrimination being perpetrated on these people. Any type of discrimination is wrong since it hold far reaching impacts. In this case, service denial stands to impact on these individuals and their families negatively. Secondly, these arguments make an outrageous implication that once denied service these people could still simply locate alternative accommodative services nearby. One such notable case of service denial was in the Masterpiece Cakeshop case. Proponents of service denial have continued to make use of the argument that service are easy to come by in numerous amicus briefs in support of the business owners in this case. These briefs hold anti-queer views that are highly extreme in nature.

However, these views act like a one-two punch in the face of queer people in reality. Service denial is a form of discrimination that results to a sought of harm that negatively impacts the people's physical and psychological health together with their wellbeing. Compounding these effects, experience has shown that on many instances once denied services these people ended up missing these services in alternative places. This implies that denying these people services makes it difficult or rather impossible for them to secure services at all. As a result, the act denies them full participation in the public square. With all these arguments, denying services to queer people on religious grounds is not only right but also inhumane from all possible perspectives and no amount of justification can change that.

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The Problem of Race Discrimination

Fred Bonda was a fire inspector for the Elizabeth Fire Department. He had worked for the department since 1995 until he retired in February 2014. During inspections, there were many times when Bonda would report violations of the fire-safety code, but nothing would happen after making the report and abatements were still being made. Bonda claimed that someone would go into the computer and make false abatements. When taking this information to his supervisor he was told to turn a blind eye basically. Shortly after he kept pressing the matter, one of the department officials called him a piece of sh-t sp-c, at this point Bonda was being racially discriminated for being Portuguese. Bonda was given positions he never applied or interviewed for such as fire-official. Officials would ask him to sign for information that wasn't accurate. Bonda was not given promotion opportunities due to retaliating. Bonda then filed complaints of the racial discrimination and workplace harassment and still nothing was ever done. He was denied overtime and was removed from the city's honor guard. Still after enduring this treatment for a moment, making claims, nothing was ever investigated. That's when Bonda decided to sue the department, the City of Elizabeth, the Elizabeth Fire Department, its mayor, Fire Chief and others involved. Bonda alleging; retaliation, harassment, racial discrimination, and violations under the Conscientious Employee Protection Act.

The 8-jury found that Bonda made his evidence clear and convincing. They saw how Bonda was asked to turn a blind eye by supervisors, to then, being asked to participate in the violations of the law. They saw how Bonda was then being harassed after he expressed where he stands, in not wanting to participate and go against the law to his supervisor. It was clear that he was being racially discriminated through harassment and no promotion opportunities. So when gathering all of this information, Bonda won the verdict and was granted 2,075,000 dollars.

Some important factors were, Bonda kept documents and always made a claim going against his treatment. He also went to therapy which was also in Bonda's favor, mentally and in court. I feel the biggest lesson I took from this case is how Bonda stood his ground despite the treatment and harassment from co workers and supervisors. I feel most would either just quit or give in to making bad choices to gain social belongingness in their workplace. When those choices could be negatively affecting the community. Rather, he documented everything that he felt went against inspections that had code volitions and no matter what didn't participate. I would avoid retaliating by verbally fighting back, because if Bonda did fight back in the workplace he could have easily lost his job and retirement. So he held his composer and continued to filed claims.

I believe that if the employers were more professional and didn't bring racial slurs towards others within the company, would save a lot of damage from even being done in the first place. Having morals when working for companies that work for the city, along with any government job, because every negative choice could affect people and their lives. There's no room for sloppy inspections that could kill people. I feel that the ones higher in the hierarchy, should reward those not wanting to violate the law, standards, or regulations in any way. Not go against them and punish them through discrimination. I feel supervisors should have been creating consequences and ways to prevent workplace harassment and any form of discrimination. I feel that if the employer in this case, didn't verbalized racial slurs and not allow promotions, would have prevented this from happening. But, if they must go to court regardless, to win, they should have followed the rules in inspections and document everything and not bring unnecessary attention to Bonda's race and use it against him.

I thought it was crazy and unprofessional that anyone called Bonda a piece of sh-t sp-c in a workplace. That is what originally grabbed my attention to this case because of who open they were to racial discrimination. I hate that this mans last couple of years working for the fire department has cause mental distress and effected his personal life and enduring constant work harassment. I do believe the court and law were fair in their ruling because they took the time to really look into this case and not pushing it aside. No, I would not change the law or verdict. I believe any form of decimation is immoral and extremely unprofessional in the workplace, there should be consequences for those who do. Discrimination is severing any chance of creating a team-based atmosphere. When people work together as a team there's more productivity. Also, if people are busy discriminating then they aren't working to their full potential because they aren't forced on the company and the company's needs.

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Gender Differences in Employment

Contents

Introduction
Workplace Stress
Unpleasant Workplace Environment
Lack of communication
Societal impact
Family problems
Increase of conflicts
Financial Problems
Single Mothers
Housing problem
Conclusion

Introduction

Gender discrimination is a common problem around the world. It means to treat someone basis on a person's sex. Gender discrimination in jobs is unacceptable and unreasonable because is based on the kind of sex not on work performance and qualifications. In some countries, companies don't accept women when they apply for a job or the opposite. This problem has many negative effects society and should be solved. This issue exists around the world and has not been resolved in some countries so far. People who discriminate in employment, they often only think of them self and they don't care about others and don't realize the effects that gender discrimination in jobs might affect on society. Also, there are some countries couldn't eradicate it. The problem is the law ignores this issue, though it is an important problem. Conflicts between society are one of the most negative effects because if they are only hiring men, that will cause derisive between society. The communication will be difficult. Also, single women and gay people will not find a job easily. They need to work for a living. This problem makes life hard for them. The number of single women these days is high around the world. People know there are some women who take responsibility and pay their children education, so it will impossible to do these things without working. Some people say that there are some jobs women shouldn't work on it, like factories and police because they need to a person can handle and endure it. Some people don't agree with what they said men and women are the same in everything. The law must be strict in these kinds of issues and interest about people complains in this issue. If the law didn't ignore this problem, it shouldn't have been gender discrimination popular around the world. Gender discrimination in the workplace will affect the development of the country. It's unlawful for an employer to treat people differently from others based on sex. Everyone should be treated evenly, it doesn't matter if is a man or woman. Gender discrimination in jobs has a major impact on society and is a huge problem.

Workplace Stress

Gender discrimination in employment will make the workplace stress because there is unfair treatment by employers and this effect is limited to workers. The High amount of physical or mental effort leads to stress. Also, stress may lead to some of the health and psychological diseases (Cleveland, Stockdale, & Murphy, 2009). Also, it can affect the impact of the employees as being absent or they don't make efforts because of the discrimination's negative behavior stress. Thus, this can affect the workplace itself because there is no productivity coming from its employees., this is going to impact on the work environment. Stress mostly is negative, but it could be positive, there is a particular amount of stress if people can control this amount and use it in their work. This will help workers to complete the work as soon as possible. Workplace might affect by balance if the number of women and men not convergent or there are only men in the workplace, this may cause a little amount of stress. Comparison of the number of men employed more than women because men produce more than women in general (Black, Sandra E, Brainerd, & Elizabeth, 2002).

Unpleasant Workplace Environment

Gender discrimination in the workplace makes the work environment unpleasant and undesirable. The writers clarify that gender discrimination changes the legal environment. For example, it makes changes to the civil rights law. Which means the sex segregation in the work environment will make the work environment condition unlawful and will alteration civil right law (Pager & Shepherd, 2008).
Working in an unpleasant environment is no one can deal with this situation. People will change their jobs immediately if they are not happy and satisfied because the workplace is considered as a second home for them. People might not accept a stressful job and inactive environment because it's hard to deal with it. The stressful workplace is like a prison, no one wants to be there. Gender discrimination in jobs creates a depressive and an inactive workplace environment because most workers distinguished on others. Thus, the workplace environment will be affected by gender discrimination (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). In addition, gender discrimination may lead to decrease the productivity since the employees will not be enthusiastic and eager to work. They will be dealing with their sadness and feeling toward what they heard from other regarding their gender. Indeed, they might be underdressed when they feel that they are less than the others because of their gender. Moreover, if a manager is a female, other employees might refuse the follow her directions and ideas. This influences the work and its productivity. Therefore, the manager will feel unpleasant and might underestimate herself.

Lack of communication

There is communication between employees in every workplace. People can't work without a connection with each other. Communication is unavoidable, particularly in the workplace environment, where collaboration and innovation need correspondence between workers. High feelings of stress in the workplace environment are a huge sign that there are communication issues. According to Cleveland, Stockdale, and Murphy (2009), communication is an essential channel for passing on data. Differences between men and women in styles or content of communication may lead to misunderstanding. If female and male employees don't communicate with each other, it can lead to not having a good result of the work itself because of the high quality of the work is not available among workers. The relationship between workers seems to be missing among these workers because of discrimination. Communication and relationship among employees in a workplace is an important issue.

Societal impact

Gender discrimination in jobs affects the society in a negative way due to the lack of a positive productivity. People know that gender bias is a large influence. However, there is a gender difference in employment in the world. Employers are also cannot make a condition advantages free to employees based on social status or if the worker is responsible for the house because this will affect the rights of females employees and it has nothing to do with work performance (Sex / gender discrimination - workplace fairness, n.d.). Gender inequality in jobs will destroy the society and spreading lot of corruption. When society doesn't have a respect and morals, this will impact people's lives and creates many troubles. Gender discrimination affects all kinds of society. Each society depends on its workplace and employees to produce more and more positively. Once productivity is not excited in this society, it is a kind of failing that a society faces. Gender discrimination destroys the productivity because male and female employees avoid working together as a result of discrimination and teamwork is an important component in the workplace. Thus, gender discrimination leads to a decrease in the quality of work. Discrimination in the workplace destroys the rules of teamwork. Because male and female employees don't accept each other, they can't work as one hand. Working as a team is important to produce a high-quality work. Thus, employees must accept each other to produce positive work. Additionally, teamwork means help each other. For example, discrimination among male employees makes them refuse to help the female workers. This damages the high-quality work. Thus, working as a team avoids discrimination. According to Mabekoje (2009), the combination of women and men in the workplace has a positive correlation with job satisfaction, separation has the negative energy to the workers. Although there is a law of civil rights, not allowed to discriminate on the basis of sex, there is gender discrimination and is a continuing issue in the workplace (Davison & Burke, 2000).

Family problems

Discrimination in the workplace might cause family problems because, if the workplace employs only men this is going to make troubles between the husband and wife. Also, the husband could control and humiliate the wife due to he is the one who works and brings money to his family. Low feminine participation in some occupations or professions not just affects those trying to enter these occupations. but also, can adversely influence the performance of women already utilized in them (World Bank, 2011). The work of both men and women helps and supports family survival and maintenance. But if there is gender discrimination in employment they will not work together. Therefore, will cause family problems (World Bank, 2011). High women participation rates in precise occupations and large networks can additionally have negative effects (World Bank, 2011).

Increase of conflicts

Sex discrimination in the workplace is going to make a lot of conflicts and struggle between workers because the right law not applied. Gender discrimination at workplace has some negative effects which cause many conflicts between people, like the divorce between spouses because if the wife doesn't work the man might not afford it (Cleveland, Stockdale, & Murphy, 2009). Anything against the law people will not accept it. Conflicts will increase as long as there is gender inequality in employment. All of conflicts that gender discrimination causes it are bad for society and hard to solve these problems after a long while. There are people who think this issue is not a big deal and it is everywhere. thoughts like these which made this problem increased and expanding around the world. The causes of increase this problem is people ignore this issue. They should have been solved from last century. Gender discrimination in jobs has increased conflicts in marriage life and some of these conflicts caused broke up the relationships. Also, it has affected kids and young people their life and education because the parents who pay their education (World Bank, 2011). There is no difference between men and women in function performance. They have the same qualities, so when employers discriminate on gender this will increase conflicts between men and women.

Financial Problems

Gender discrimination in the workplace will cause many financial problems to the society and the government. There are several people who will be financially affected by this problem. This issue will impact on family income if the men discriminate on women or women don't allow to work in some jobs, because sometimes the husband cannot afford to pay enough to the house, so the wife needs to work to help him. But if there is discrimination in employment this will affect on them and makes money problem for them. Statistics suggest that Gender discrimination in jobs will impose financial costs on customers (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). Everyone works to live, so the job is necessary for people. Money one of the most reasons that lead people to work. If there is sex inequality in the work, some people might not find jobs this will impact on their lives because they cannot get the money.
According to World Bank (2011), low women participation rates in the companies may decrease the company income in terms of that the salary of women less than men in general and women work more seriously than men. There are some people who think that is right to give women a less salary than men because they think men must take more money to able get marriage or buy a house. This is an injustice for women most people don't agree with that is kind of prejudice. "In access to these productive inputs result from a combination of barriers to market access, including discrimination and differential
pricing in land and credit markets, and institutional constraints, including land rights and financial rules and regulations " (World Bank, 2011, p. 239).

Single Mothers

The number of single mothers and single women is high around the world and still increases with the passage of time. People know that no good life without money. Those people need to work to get a salary and have a good life. Some of the single mothers have kids, so they should be responsible and take care of them. Gender discrimination will affect single mothers to have a normal life like others. "During early stages of industrialization, when women worked for pay outside the home the situation typically involved single women working in low-paying jobs that were gender segregated" (Cleve-land, Stockdale, & Murphy, 2009, p. 8). There are many single women who don't want to get married, they prefer to stay single all their life, so sex discrimination is going to harm and influence them be-cause it will not let them live like the way they want.

Housing problem

Everyone needs money to buy a house or apartment to live inside it. there are some people who work part-time only for paying the rent or house premiums, so the housing problem will be affected by gender discrimination in the workplace. Housing issue could be the main reason for family problems. People often hear about someone who couldn't buy or rent a house because he didn't find a job to get a house due to gender discrimination in employment. Regardless of gender. Pager and Shepherd (2008) state that gender inequality in employment will affect to own house and might get an inappropriate house because of distinction people. In USA, people always see the homeless on the sidewalk when they are going to work. People know that the homeless don't own home or even a place to stay and sleep in it because they don't work might due to gender discrimination in jobs. Gender discrimination in jobs might not let some people to own house and will cause financial problems for them.

Conclusion

In conclusion, workplace stress, Societal impact and financial problems are caused by gender discrimination in employment. Gender discrimination in jobs is a huge issue and occur everywhere around the world. This problem is important for society because it affects the normal life. It has not been solved this issue in some countries yet. Sex inequality in jobs is a general issue throughout the world. Sex segregation in the workplace has negative effects on society and relationships. The conflicts between people will increase by gender discrimination which affects the communication between people and influence the workplace environment. Gender inequality will cause divorce and problems to the families due to an inability to take responsibility and lack of money. Problems between society are expanding and increasing as long as there is gender inequality in employment with the passage of time. Gender discrimination in employment has a significant influence on society and is a large problem. Gender discrimination in jobs might affect financial problems for single mothers because they don't work which they have not enough money. Also, it makes difficult to own house for some people.

The law should be strict on this issue and take it as an important problem that cannot ignore it. Gender discrimination is something no one can endure it. People should oppose gender discrimination in the workplace, if someone sees discrimination in jobs it is necessary to act directly. Report the discrimination and send it to the place where it should go. In the USA, many states also make it unlawful to distinguish based on sex (Sex / gender discrimination - workplace fairness, n.d.). It's unlawful for a company to treat people differently from others based on gender. Everyone should be treated equally, it doesn't matter if is a man or woman. Many groups of people will be affected by gender discrimination. It is unreasonable to employ or treat someone based on his gender, people must realize that there is no difference. There some people who say Gender discrimination in the workplace is considered as prejudice against the women. Employers liability is equality between workers

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Pigeon Discrimination Article Review

In their research on the discrimination capabilities of pigeons, Watanabe, Sakamoto, and Wakita presented eight untrained pigeons with various pictures or videos of paintings that had two distinct styles: impressionist or cubist. Based on previous research that showed discrimination between types of music heard by pigeons, Watanabe and colleagues aimed to decipher if pigeons could also visually discriminate between the works of Monet and Picasso. Pigeons were trained to peck a key light without any presentation of a stimulus, before being divided into two groups: Monet S+ and Picasso S+. Pigeons belonging to the Monet S+ group were reinforced with hemp seeds upon correct key pecking when presented with Monet paintings. Similarly, pigeons responding to the Picasso S+ group received reinforcement for correct responses to Picasso paintings. To move onto the testing phase, pigeons were required to correctly discriminate at a 90% ratio. For the four test conditions, Watanabe and colleagues tested for discrimination between different characteristics of paintings, such as color, contour sharpness, orientation (reversed or upside-down) and generalization to similar types of artwork. Whereas pigeons had been trained with full color photographs/videos, test one presented paintings that contained only one color.

Likewise, stimuli used in training contained distinct lines and contours, but for test two, these lines were ill-defined and the paintings were blurred. In test three, some paintings presented were either in reverse or upside-down compared to original stimuli. In test 4, birds were shown stimuli consisting of novel paintings from various impressionists/cubist artists, along with original paintings used in discriminative training. In a second experiment, Wantanabe and colleagues used similar training and testing procedures with two pigeons to determine if the subjects could discriminate between pseudoconcept groups of paintings that contained both Monet and Picasso paintings. With S+ being paintings from both artists, testing phases one, two and three were again conducted. Both pigeons were able to successfully discriminate during training at the level required to move onto the testing phase.

Although discrimination responses of some pigeons were affected by changes to stimuli in tests one and two for both experiments, there was no significant evidence that a specific characteristic was used for discrimination. In experiment one, a decrease in responses to the Monet S+ group in test 3 demonstrates that a contortion of real objects seen in impressionist art may hinder discrimination, as opposed to the abstract artwork that is seen in works by Picasso. Furthermore, the Picasso S+ group in test 3 did not see a decline in responses during experiment one. However in the second experiment, one pigeon showed a decline in responding while the other pigeon did not. In test four, birds in the Monet S+ group responded to novel Monet paintings and works from other Impressionists, just as birds in the Picasso S+ group responded to novel Picasso paintings and other cubism works. Furthermore, pigeons in Picasso S+ not only discriminated between cubism and impressionism paintings, but also between the individual paintings themselves.

Through these experiments, Wantanabe and colleagues were able to demonstrate how pigeons could discriminate between different categories of paintings, as well as pseudo categories. Pigeons were able to distinguish between Monet, Picasso, and works from impressionist or cubist artists by creating categories based on different characteristics of these stimuli. In summation, results from these experiments indicate that pigeon's possess the ability to create groups with generalized stimuli, as well as discriminate between individual stimuli.

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Disability Discrimination in Society

It is human nature to hate individuals that are different than normal. Every person has a different insight of standard and when someone steps over that boundary it results in discrimination. In December 2013, an employee is caught sleeping on the job by two of his supervisors. The employee claims it was due to his disability of anxiety attacks. The supervisor claims, they were never informed of this person disability. There are different types of disabilities hearing disabilities, learning/cognitive disabilities, motor disabilities, mental health conditions and visual disabilities. In this case, did the employee have the right to sue the company? Where the supervisors correct in firing the employee for sleeping on the job?

In December 2013, shift manager Jesse Stewart (Paxton's direct supervisor) and senior manager Tim James (two supervisor levels above Paxton) were summoned to the employee break room, where they found Paolino reclining in a chair (Jodi R. Bohr). The employee Paolino was sleeping in the chair, when the two-supervisors walked in the break room. They tried to get his attention, but after a few times he woke up. The managers sent the employee home for the rest of the day. Later in the day, Paolino emailed his supervisor Later that day, Paolino e-mailed James and Stewart about the incident. He apologized for falling asleep (Jodi R. Bohr). The next work day, the Paolino showed up for work. The supervisors gave him termination papers.

The employee did not have grounds to sue the company. In the court papers US Airways hired Jonathan Paolino in April 2013. At a preemployment drug screen, he disclosed that he was taking medication for a general anxiety disorder. He later told his immediate supervisor, Michelle Paxton, about the medication (Jodi R. Bohr). He had one panic attack during the of 2013. The immediate supervisor should have informed the supervisor above his level of the employee medication. Since, the two supervisors were unaware of his medication and disability. The employee lost the law suit, because he should have given a written doctors statement to protect himself and he should have never sent the email, which proved he was guilty. The bosses could have given him a written verbal warning, but if it's in policy of zero tolerance, then they are not obligated. For years, courts have often ruled that employees cannot use last-minute declarations of disabilities to protect themselves from the potential consequences of their actions or avoid getting fired (Ryan N. Parsons).

In the case of Mr. Paolino, the employee should have taken exact precaution to stay up on the job. The employee could have turn in legal documentation from a certified physician about his medication and disabilities. The employer supervisors could have given the employee a second chance, verbal warning, or 30-day probation period. In this case the employee was at fault, because he failed to stay up on the job. He tried to use his disability to save his job, which the two supervisor who caught him sleeping was not aware of his disability.

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About Discrimination in Sport

Inequity in sports has been an issue as far back as women were acquainted with sports. Women today still endeavor to have people sports measure up to, and there are numerous reasons that demonstrate how women merit everything that men do. While inquiring about the distinctions in wages and regard of male competitors versus female competitors. I discovered a considerable measure of demonstrated certainties why women merit correspondence. A portion of the reasons why men and women's sports ought to be equivalent is that women work similarly as hard as men or considerably harder. Likewise, a portion of women occasions is acquiring a greater amount of a crowd of people than some of the men's occasions. For example, as stated in an article from the (suave report by A. Suave Francisco The The inequalities in America: WNBA v. NBA.) Kyrie Irving a former NBA rookie of the year, a five-time NBA all-star, an NBA three-point shootout champion back in 2013, also last but not least USA Male Athlete Of The Year in 2014. Shots at a clip of 44.8 percent from the field in 2015-2016, and 32.1 percent from three. he is an astounding player. but when you have a WNBA by the name of Maya Moore that's shooting 45.5 percent from the field in 2016, and 36.9 percent from three. For certain it shows that they are equally are talented yet WNBA players don't get nearly the same amount of money that NBA players or get the same number of fans attending the games.

The average player in the WNBA makes $72,000, and the minimum salary is $37,950. The maximum amount that the very best player can make is $107,000.The lowest paid player in the NBA makes $838,464. And the highest paid player in the NBA makes $37,457,154 because of guaranteed contract Also, in conclusion, women have the right to be dealt with an equivalent to men since they offer the same amount of stock as men. Sex and gender shouldn't decide how much cash somebody earns or how they get treated, everybody ought to be dealt with equivalency. Numerous individuals may believe that women don't work as hard as men, that is the reason they don't get paid the equivalent. Be that as it may, I oppose this idea. In women's' games women train the same amount of as men and play an indistinguishable measure of amusements from men. For instance, the U.S women's National soccer group has fit the bill for each world cups and Olympics, winning 3 world cups and 4 gold medals. Where the men have not met all requirements for each world cups or Olympics, and have not won either occasion. This demonstrates the U.S Women's soccer group is really playing a greater number of amusements and preparing more than the men since they fit the bill for more occasions. So wouldn't you accept that the group that trains harder and plays more diversions would get paid more? Well, that is invalid. For the 2015 Women's world cup, the U.S Women's national group won the big showdown and just brought home $2 million. Where the U.S men's national group took eleventh in the competition and brought home $9 million. That is in excess of 4 fold the amount of as the ladies earned winning the competition.

Diligent work and results should determine pay rather than sex and gender. Fans and groups of onlookers get a considerable measure of cash to wearing occasions, which is a major piece of expert competitors pay wage. Which is another motivation behind why individuals say women don't get paid the equivalent as men since they don't have the same number of fans and don't acquire as large of a crowd of people as men's occasions do? Now and again indeed, men do acquire greater groups of onlookers than women, however, that is evolving. For instance in the Women's World Cup diversion the USA versus Japan there was 25.4 million watchers, making it the most watched women's soccer occasion in U.S history. It even brought down the more mainstream U.S pro athletics finals, similar to the NBA finals and the Stanley Cup finals (7.6 million watchers). This demonstrates women are presently getting a similar sum or considerably more ticket deals than men. Which should result in equivalent pay. Stock deals are dependably a colossal part in competitors pay. A stock is likewise founded on what number of fans there are for that group or association. In a portion of women's' games like ball and tennis they don't approach similar stock deals as the men do, which gives them the motivation to be saved money. Be that as it may, women's soccer is changing the diversion.

The U.S women's national group sold in excess of 3 fold the amount of stock as the men have over the most recent three years. Which ought to be remunerated with fairness. Be that as it may, correspondence has not discovered its way to women's games yet. Be that as it may, gradually times are changing and men's sports are not generally the prevailing game, women's games are making up for lost time and gradually getting what they merit. As imbalance proceeds in today's sports, women are endeavoring to get what they merit. Women have demonstrated that they merit everything that men get and there are certainties that demonstrate them right. As women are working harder than men, acquiring more ticket deals than men, and offering more stock than men they will one day get what they merit. Individuals may ponder what they can do to enable ladies to get equivalent pay. Here are some ways you can help. You can go to women donning occasions, bolster organizations that advocate for women's games, and empower TV slots and daily papers to cover women's games. Imbalance ought to be an issue that gets settled on the grounds that sex and gender shouldn't decide to pay or regard, diligent work and winning should.

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A Fight against Discrimination

Based on my current research I have come to learn that the Sexual Discrimination Act of 1984 was modified on August 1 in the year of 2013 to prevent discrimination against any person's gender, sexual orientation and identity. Even though this act was put in place for people all over who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex; they still experience discrimination, hostility, and harassment in their everyday life. In response to Donald Trump's new Title IX proposal, he is completely out of line when he says that gender and sexual orientation should be determined at birth based on one's genitalia and that their classification is unchangeable, and any confusion will be confirmed using genetic test. The purpose of this letter is to argue that Trump's new Title IX proposal is completely detrimental because one's gender, sexuality, and identity shouldn't be strictly regulated and construed based on societal norms.

The knowledge that is taught in today's society has been constructed by the thoughts and opinions of those who have power and consider themselves knowledgeable. This branches from social constructivism and is parallel to the banking method of education. The teachers act as the people with power in the world and the students represent the society. Trump holds the power right now and as he constantly pours his thoughts about sexual identity into the society, people who lack intelligence learn from him and begin to follow his ignorant beliefs. This is exactly where we go wrong and where our knowledge gets construed. Education as a result, becomes an act of depositing information through the teacher (Trump) who is the depositor, to students (society) who are the depositories. (Freire) The information that trump is giving about gender being unchangeable is influencing his audience to think the same way. Because of this, society will now spread the negative proposition against people being able to change their appearance, genitalia and lifestyle to be more comfortable in the skin that they are in.

Beverly Guy-Sheftall breaks down the difference between sex and gender and how those differences cause altercations between one another. It explains how gender acts as a function of a historical process. As we are growing in the womb society places a label on us when determining whether we will be a boy and a girl. This is seen mostly at Gender reveal parties when the color pink is shown when it's a girl and the color blue is shown when it's a boy. This is when young age binary comes into place because when we are born and raised, we are taught to be and act a certain way based on our gender. She also explains that gender as an analytic category is essential in achieving equality between men and women. This will prepare the next generation and make sure that they will have the knowledge to rise above all types of discrimination. But in contrast, Trump's theory totally debunks this conclusion and as Sheftall states; sexual authorities are a biological given, but gender as a function of historical process. So yes, you are either born male or female but your choice to alter your sex to fit the gender that you connect to the most.

Identity defines your character, personality and place in society. Personal and social experiences that occur over a duration of time in someone's life are situations that shape their identity. Someone's perception in regard to another person's identity is profoundly related to stereotypical ideals. I strongly feel that Trump's prejudice acts against the LGBTQIA community is completely outrageous and unfair. He hasn't experienced what people go through when they feel like they are trapped in the wrong body and have to wake up every day and live a false life because they fear what society will think about them. A woman named Janet Mock lives a very comfortable life along with a very successful career, but her secret that she chose to share with the world was that she was actually born a boy.

At 18 years old she traveled all the way to Thailand to undergo a gender reassignment surgery because she couldn't live another day with a penis in between her legs. Flashing back to when she was about 5 years old a girl next door dared Mock to run around in a nearby parking lot with a muumuu on. He accepted the dare and put the muumuu on and ran as fast as he could around the nearby parking lot. He was caught by his grandmother who scolded him for doing such a thing and then banished him on the patio. On the patio he played quietly with his sumo action figures that he loved because they had long hair and they were the only dolls he was able to play with. (Marie Claire)

From that day forward, he knew that he was different and the actions that took place in the years that followed showed it as well. I tell this story to explain how a person can feel uncomfortable with being labeled under a gender that they don't feel represents who they are or who they want to be. Trump's new Title IX proposal can interfere with people being able to freely make changes to their appearance and identity which also prevents other young kids like Janet Mock from being able to express themselves or change their identity without being judged by what society has to say.

Why is it that those who choose to be non-binary are considered to be failures? Is it because they don't meet the expectation of heteronormativity? The concept of gender binary only is only used to uphold the construct of heteronormativity. For example, the idea that all men love sports and that women don't is an expectation that is based on this heteronormative construct. These expectations are a result of out hetero-dominated society which dictates the way our life is structured.

Transgenders, Queers, and People of Color are identities that don't fit inside the demands of heteronormativity. Heteronormativity is a system that works to normalize behaviors and societal expectations that are tied to the presumption of heterosexuality and an adherence to a strict gender binary. (Everyday Feminism) This proposal is a system that will fall under this category. Why try to put restrictions on the things that make us human and free beings? Using structures like, gender binary, patriarchal gender roles, and monogamy to make the world less free and more conformative is doing nothing but taking away the rights designated to us as US citizens.

It is important for us to support the rights of LGBTQIA people because just like us they are human; their thoughts and opinions do matter. We have to stop discrimination against others who don't follow the societal norms that have been historically taught to us and passed on from generation to generation. I charge you and others like you to open up to the life beyond your knowledge and except what you learn and see. Don't just sit back and except the ignorant thoughts and opinions of authority but take a look at the lives of others. This can include making an inclusive environment in everyday places for every in society to be free from discrimination. Say no to Trump's Title IX proposal and make a change to fight against those who discriminate.

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Discrimination on the Basis of Wearing Islamic Attire

Contents

Prejudice on the Basis of Wearing Islamic Attire
Justifications for Headscarf Prejudice
Conclusion
References

Prejudice on the Basis of Wearing Islamic Attire

Physical appearance including skin colour and clothing preference are the basic information that shapes our first impression. These features also initiate our stereotypes and prejudices either in an implicit or explicit way and provide easy categorization. Headscarf as a form of clothing is a way of identifying the woman as Muslim and it helps people to draw lines as ‘us and others’ on a religious and also cultural basis. Due to the visibility of headscarf, women wearing them are under the risk of stereotyping, labeling and stigmatization. As well as this categorization is seen in Muslim and non-Muslims, it is also possible to see the differentiation among Muslims, especially in places where both covered and uncovered Muslim women are located together. Turkey is one of the best suitable countries among the examples of those places. In general, regardless of the segregation of Muslim-non Muslim or among Muslims, Muslim women who wear headscarf are labelled as backward, oppressed, undereducated or as politically manipulated.

When dealing with such a conflict like covered/uncovered, the context must be considered. The reasons to be covered, or what those religious attires mean change within time and place (Bhowon & Bundhoo, 2016, p. 41). Shirazi and Mishra’s study (2010) highlights the importance of the context. In the study, researchers investigated the semantic versatility of the veil in different cultures, including Saudi, Iranian and Indian and concluded that the veil has no fixed meaning and its meaning depends upon the social context.

In literature, there are plenty of investigations regarding the prejudice and discrimination on the basis of wearing a headscarf both in psychology and other disciplines such as sociology and politics. In these investigations, it is possible to see different highlights regarding the content of prejudice towards covered Muslim women. By combining those different contents of prejudices from several resources and regarding the classification of levels of analysis (Doise, 1980), in this article we attempt to classify the common justifications for these prejudices and to explain them regarding social psychology theories.

Justifications for Headscarf Prejudice

1. Intraindividual Level of Analyses

Individual characteristics. Women with headscarves are commonly labeled as backward, bigot, unattractive, uneducated and such kind of negative characteristics. A study done in England (Mahmud and Swami, 2010) confirms these labels. Results indicate that, women with headscarves are seen more religious but also less physically attractive, popular, sociable, approachable and competent. However, as both Social Identity and Social Dominance Theory emphasize, context must be considered within the examination of such kind of justifications; these labels vary in different occasions. For example, there is evidence that women who wear the Islamic headscarf would receive higher ratings for personal characteristics within Muslim communities. The study of Pasha-Zaidi (2014, p. 11) revealed that in societies in which such attires are accepted, women wearing religious clothings are perceived as more family-oriented, communal and virtuous. Other characteristics such as being more traditional in social and gender relationships like being submissive to men are also seen positively in those societies whereas those behaviors are commonly perceived negatively and criticized by Western societies. Another example is that in Bahrain, wearing hijab is seen as a rite of passage to adulthood and associated with positive characteristics such as goodness and morality while women without hijab are considered as less Muslim (Mahfoodh, 2008; as cited in Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 4). The meaning loaded on hijab based on wearing a religious attire in this context can be explained with the arbitrary-set system in Social Dominance Theory.

In addition, there may be other factors affecting those labeling. For instance, according to Zempi (2016, p. 3), some special clothings are not investigated well and mainly ignored by researchers. Such under-representations by society in general tend to strengthen the view that women who wear such attires are passive or disengaged.

Emphasis on preference. Another point regarding the individual based features is the emphasis on the reasons to wear such kind of religious attires. Mainly, the reasons to cover can be due to personal religious convictions, family pressure, acceptance as a good Muslim, neutralisation of sexuality and protection from male gaze (Bhowon and Bundhoo, 2016). Therefore, the reason cannot emerge as a personal choice each time. Pointing out this rationale, some of the European feminists support headscarf bans because they believe Muslim women do not voluntarily adopt it. As mentioned above, the idea that women with religious attires are submissive to men is usually negatively perceived in Western societies, and also some specific groups with an ideology such as feminists. Overall, the reason behind covering is highly contested site of gender controversy between traditionalists and feminists (Shin, 2015, p. 31).

In literature there are plenty of studies showing that women wearing Islamic attire exposed to discrimination in employment settings (King and Ahmad, 2010; Unkelbach, Schneider, Gode and Senft, 2010). Putting in a nutshell, covered women tend to be perceived more negatively and less likely to get the job compared to uncovered women. Indeed, the employers argue that as long as a woman keeps on her headscarf, she should be already declaring a choice to remain outside the visibility norms of large-scale retailing and to work in shops that cater specifically to the Islamic population. (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 151)
Prejudices related to individualistic characteristics for sure cannot be justifiable. According to Zempi (2016) the local environment is also a contributing factor to women’s decision to wear the religious garment such as nijab, hijab or headscarf. As mentioned before, if there is a necessity to figure out the reason why the person chose to cover, we cannot search it only within the individualistic features. Also, according to Social Identity Theory, when people are categorized into groups, they come to be seen in terms of characteristic group features that define their social identities, while neglecting individual traits which define their uniqueness (Ellemers & Haslam, 2012, p. 381). This kind of categorization explains the individual based prejudices towards women with Islamic attire.

2. Interindividual Level of Analyses

Headscarf as an identity mark. Before talking about prejudices that can be grouped under this category, it would be appropriate to propose some related study results. Bhowon and Bundhoo (2016) found that, participants who identified themselves as Muslims placed their Muslim identity before their national one. Results also indicate that they all endorse a positive self attitude. These results are not surprising regarding Social Identity Theory. According to Turner (1984), as people define themselves and others as members of the same category, they self-stereotype in relation to the category and tend to see themselves as more alike in terms of the defining attributes of the category (as cited in; van Lange, Kruglanski & Higgins, 2012, PAGE EKLE). However, the strong identification of Muslims with their groups is interpreted as a form of self-segregation, the separation of a religious or ethnic group from the rest of society in a state by the group itself. Indeed, along with as being personal choice, wearing religious attire emerges as an expression of belonging to the ‘ummah’ (Zempi, 2016, p. 1). Rokeach (1960) alternatively proposed that prejudice is expressed against a person not because of the person's identification with an ethnic or racial group, but rather because the person holds beliefs, or is perceived to hold beliefs that are dissimilar to the prejudiced person's beliefs (Tan and Vera, 1970, p.18).

In this context, wearing headscarf is seen as an identity mark. Women with religious attires are perceived as a public expression of having deep religious commitment, therefore as a mark of difference from those whom do not wear it (Zempi, 2016, p. 5). Moreover, by being marked, women wearing headscarf are also being under an examination about the consistency of their appearance and behaviors: How much do they cover? Are their attitudes in line with their headscarves? Are they properly religious? (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 103). As a result, being under examination continuously induces the necessity of being proper, in other words necessity of perfection.

From Terror Management Theory perspective, having a religious commitment provides both literal and symbolic immortality. Islamic attire is a form of symbolic immortality by strengthening the group membership and influencing others. However, noticing others with different worldviews signal the possibility that one may be wrong in his/ her belief or his/her worldview is invalid (Çaml?, 2010, p. 4). In this context, religious attire serves as a mark of differentiation between groups and trigger the basic existential anxiety and leads to negative evaluation of out-group members. This negative evaluation can exhibit itself as prejudice.
Gender Oppression. From feminist perspective, there is a gender oppression in Islamic lifestyle against women. Accordingly, there should be a gender equality and women shouldn’t have to be under obligation regarding social life, while men can behave in more self-directed manner. Therefore, Islamic attire serves as a legitimacing factor of inequality and women with Islamic attire tend to be seen as oppressed from this perspective. The feminist perspective equated the veil with female oppression, subordination and discrimination (Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 3).

The idea of gender oppression is in line with the invariance hypothesis in Social Dominance Theory, suggesting that when everything else is equal there will be a men dominance towards women (Sidanius & Pratto, 2012, p. 427). In addition, the feminist ideas also can be explained with hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing myths in Social Dominance Theory. The inequality between genders depends on pre-existing social norms with respect to interpretation of Islam.

3. Positional Level of Analyses

Class-based assumptions. The covered-uncovered conflict led to a view on a hierarchical base regarding the position and status of women with headscarves. The main standpoint is that, women with headscarves occupy a subordinate position in society. The feminist ideas suggesting that there is men oppression to women in Islamic lifestyle gave rise to this point of view. However, if we talk about Turkey, mainly the previous legal obstacles for covered women related with attending universities and working in the public institutions provided roots for this attitude.
Although currently there is no legal restriction for women with headscarves about where to study and work, it is still possible to talk about presence of a glass ceiling for those women. If we look at large-scale retail settings as chain stores or shopping malls, we can easily observe that women with religious attires are rarely engaged with these kinds of working places, they are rather engaged with small-scale, individually owned stores, especially in stores selling religious attires (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 150). The reasons for this situation can be found in large-scale retail settings’ purpose of representing an outlook related with being presentable and fashionable, young urban, middle-class, heterosexual, slim appearance with no hints of ethnic, religious, gendered, bodily particularities (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 150). In some cases, a ‘negotiation’ comes into point in which the woman is asked to not wear any religious attire in order to get the job, especially high-status ones in private sector. However, this kind of request puts the woman in a hard position because she would raise suspicions about her modesty if she accepted such request.

Another point about the class-based assumptions relies on socio-economic statuses. Toprak and Uslu (2009, p. 62) showed that there is a meaningful differentiation among people with different socio-economic statues (SES) to the headscarf issue in Turkey. Accordingly, the positive attitude toward the freedom to wear the headscarf decreases as the SES increases. According to SDT, the combination of high Social Dominance Orientation and high ingroup identification among dominants produces especially strong derogation and against subordinates. Considering that, both employers and people with high socio-economic statuses can be counted in dominant groups, there is a likelihood of them to discriminate and show negative attitude towards subordinate group, women with headscarves.

4. Ideological Level of Analyses

Politically manipulated. In order to understand the base of this assumption, first the differentiation between traditional and the modern, urban headscarf referred as turban should be made clear. The traditional headscarf did not always cover the hair completely like the modern turban which had no predecessor in Islamic garment (Kreiser, 2005, p. 456) and assumption is that traditional headscarf is motivated by a conscious Muslim identity whereas turban wearers are seen as a kind of activists or a new social movement (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 120). Therefore, the preference of turban is generally attributed to some political based reasons and those women who wear turban are assigned with a new kind of identity in which it is represented by turban. As Sayan-Cengiz points out (2016, p. 101) some scholars attribute a novelty to young, urban wearers of the headscarf by also emphasizing that their motivations are contoured by the modern Islamist movement.
The rates of political parties in Turkey provide another base for this assumption. There is a great distinction between the followers of other parties and Republican People’s Party supporters, who think in considerably high rates that wearing the headscarf in universities and public offices is contrary to secularism (Toprak and Uslu, 2009, p. 59). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the attitude toward the headscarf can be shaped by political party preferences.

In addition, it is possible to see more robust form of prejudice based on ideological reasons in the Western side of the World. Because of the Anti-Muslim stereotypes in a post-9/11 and 7/7 era, especially Muslim women who wear face veil are stigmatized, criminalized and marked as ‘dangerous’. Hence, the wearing of the face veil is often understood as a practice synonymous with religious fundamentalism and, as such, one which fosters political extremism (Zempi, 2016, p. 1).
Against modernization. Modernization theory focuses on the convergence to the Western culture patterns. Accordingly, at the end of the industrialization period, each culture will resemble to Western societies. Therefore, the predominant Western values referred as modern. The main values that are emphasized by Western societies are freedom and personal autonomy. As mentioned before, Islamic attire, especially veil, is seen as a form of accepting predominance of men therefore regarded as opposed to freedom, equality and personal autonomy. This kind of thinking leads to prejudice and discrimination on a basis of clothing preference. Women with religious attire are commonly labeled as pre-modern and they are seen as a threat to the ideal figure of Westernized citizen of the Turkish Republic (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 101). However, it wouldn’t be wrong to say that by discriminating on a cultural base concerning Western values, those people are actually behaving contradictory. Indeed, Saraoglou et al.’s study showed that people who gave importance to freedom tended to show less negative attitude towards veil (Saroglou, Lamkaddem, Pachterbeke, & Buxant, 2009, p. 426).

From another perspective, some women with Islamic attire see this kind of clothing as a form of resistance to imposition of Western clothings and they reported that they feel more in control of their bodies in this way (Zempi, 2016, p. 9). Some similar results (Dunkel, Davidson and Qurashi, 2010, p. 63) indicate that women with Islamic attire have a preference for larger body shape, which is against the Western beauty values.

Against secularism. In general, secularism which emphasizes the life in the real world rather than the hereafter and other religious or spiritual issues is identified with ‘modernization’. Along with secularism and modernization, the visibility of the headscarf increases and it has caused controversy between some groups of society. Especially secularists’ and feminists’ ideas became inconsistent with the ideas of women with headscarf and their supporters. As mentioned before the headscarf is seen as backward, rural, traditional, and as an indicator of women’s submission. In addition, in the eyes of secularists and feminists, the headscarf is the symbol of backwardness rather than women conscious of their rights and freedoms and demands on this issue carry the threat of radical Islam and a theocratic state. Moreover, men fulfill duties in the public place while women are isolated from outside and are mainly responsible for bringing up children and doing daily housework. Therefore, headscarf serves as a symbol of this division of labor and the banning women from public life (Genel & Karaosmano?lu, 2006; as cited in Toprak & Uslu, p. 52). According to this view, women do not cover their heads based upon personal choice, rather they are forced to do so by Islamist men.

According to Ç?nar (2008, p. 907), the headscarf has been declared by the Islamist political elite as “the symbol of struggle of Islam against secularism” (as cited in Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 120). This statement represents the situation in a very clear manner. These notions are embedded within the concern that the headscarf is a threat against the achievements of Turkish modernization project, especially with regard to women’s rights. In Turkey, the secular elite as well as women organizations including feminists do not have any sympathy toward women wearing the headscarf and do not promote their welfare or do not support them in getting an education, participating in public life and benefiting from public goods (Seçkinelgin, 2006; Marshall, 2005; as cited in Toprak and Uslu, 2009, p. 52)
An important point is that, the perceptions towards Muslim women with religious attire may not necessarily be as dichotomous as the debate between secular feminists and Islamic feminists. El Hamel (2002) found that secular feminists tend to equate the hijab with oppression and subjugation of women, whereas Islamic feminists perceive the hijab as a symbol of freedom from materialism and the imperialism of Western ideals (Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 3). In summary there are two contrary aspects, on the one hand according to feminism perspective headscarf is a symbol of oppression; and on the other hand, it was said that meaning of headscarf is biased and overstated (Bhowon & Bundhoo, 2016 p. 34).

Conclusion

People use different types of justifications to explain their prejudices. However, none of them is able to legitimate such kind of negative attitudes. Prejudice leads to discrimination and causes problems in social life, especially for disadvantaged group members. In this article, we aimed to group the justifications for headscarf prejudice and it is possible to conclude that the justifications on the basis of wearing Islamic attire considerably vary. On the other hand, there is an outstanding emphasis on the macro level factors such as political and cultural agents.

Understanding prejudice with respect to theoretical framework can help us to provide some solutions to reduce them. Regarding the theoretical framework, we believe that Social Dominance Theory is able to explain headscarf controversy in more detailed manner whereas Social Identity Theory is more powerful in terms of its ability to explain various aspects of prejudice.

Several suggestions can be argued in order to reduce prejudice. First of all, if people get educated about prejudice, this could help them to be aware of their own prejudices and make self-regulation which might turn into automatic manner eventually (Monteith et al., 2016; as cited in Kite & Whitley, 2010, p. 535). Also, the self-awareness could help to question the social norms and how much they actually identify themselves with those norms. However, because prejudices are learned in early years of life, simply getting educated about them might not be enough to control them. In this regard, although it is necessary to get educated no matter what, just relying on individual based solutions would not be realistic. Therefore, as Allport (1954) suggest, institutional support should come to view and authorities need to focus on prejudice issue for finding solutions to reduce them (as cited in Kite & Whitley, 2010, p. 537). Also, regarding the prejudice towards women with Islamic attire, emphasizing a shared Muslim identity by disregarding the interpretation differences can reduce prejudice between Muslim groups.

References

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Saroglou, V., Lamkaddem, B., Van Pachterbeke, M., & Buxant, C. (2009). Host society’s dislike of the Islamic veil: The role of subtle prejudice, values, and religion. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(5), 419–428. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.02.005
Sayan-Cengiz, F. (2016). Beyond Headscarf Culture in Turkey’s Retail Sector. (1st ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan
Shin, A. L. (2015). Muslim women and the veil: an experimental study of social bias. Unpublished postgraduate thesis. Iowa State University.
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Unkelbach, C., Schneider, H., Gode, K., & Senft, M. (2010). A Turban Effect, Too: Selection Biases Against Women Wearing Muslim Headscarves. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(4), 378–383. doi:10.1177/1948550610378381
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Discrimination of Care Services

With more than 83% of occupational therapists being white, it is clear there is a lack of diversity within the field (Data USA). This is also obvious when looking at the demographics of occupational therapy clients. Because occupational therapy is often not seen as essential health care which basic insurance and medicaid would cover, only those who can afford it or have better insurance have access to it. This leads to marginalized populations and minorities not having access to occupational therapy. This is dangerous as it perpetuates the cycle of expected occupations within these communities. Occupations look different within impoverished, marginalized, and urban settings. Working with children and adolescents in these areas makes these differences apparent because adolescence is when habits such as drug use, study skills, and violence are solidified. Having occupational therapists who specialize in working with these communities and populations could improve positive outcomes, lower incarceration rates, and break cycles of unhealthy occupations such as drug and alcohol abuse.

I chose this topic because my major is in Occupational Sciences and Occupational Therapy. I have an interest in social justice issues which stems from my hometown being St. Louis, Missouri. In St. Louis, discrimination and systemic marginalization are prevalent issues in daily life, especially within the city and impoverished areas. St. Louis is a very segregated city, both racially and socioeconomically, which leads to distinct and polarized lifestyles. These different lifestyles result in different occupations and activities of daily living based on need and habits.

Through this literature review, equity of care across diverse and marginalized groups will be examined. It will look at not only how occupational therapists working in marginalized populations and communities can embrace the differences in the communities, but also how the differences in their clients' occupations will change their jobs. It will go over six articles from various occupational therapy journals and newsletters that have to do with social justice within health care disparities and resource allocation as well as the meaning of occupation within lower-income and marginalized populations.

Drs. Suzanne M. Peloquin and Beatriz C. Abreu wrote the first article, "Embracing Diversity in Our Profession", for the American Journal of Occupational Therapy in June 2004. Both doctors are professors and researchers at the University of Texas-Galveston and Dr. Peloquin was named one of the Top 100 Most Influential People in Occupational Therapy(AOTA). They have both been cited hundreds of times, making them qualified and trusted within their field.

This article looks at diversity within occupational therapy in a unique way because of its subjective and personal nature. The authors use both personal experiences and professional observations to examine the construction of prejudices against other people and populations who are different from their own environment. This allows them to offer better ways to value uniqueness and support diversity. They introduce the idea of "other-isms" as a social construct that leads to problems with stereotyping marginalized minorities. It also discusses the effects of cultural diversity on occupational therapy and occupations specifically rather than its effects on health-based practices overall which is not frequently examined.

"Embracing Diversity in Our Profession" is important because of how specific it is to occupational therapy. Because the authors are both practicing, experienced occupational therapists, they are able to give a unique perspective on a topic that is complex, misunderstood, and often forgotten.

The article is written with substantial sections being quotes and experiences of the authors' which means there is a lot of text based on opinion rather than objective facts and research. However, because Peloquin and Abreau acknowledge this, the bias is less significant and problematic. They wrote to occupational therapists who are practicing in the field and working with more marginalized populations. This allows them to attempt to avoid making assumptions based on the various -isms described in the text.

Dr. Susan Bazyk and Mr. John Bazyk are the coauthors of "Meaning of Occupation-Based Groups for Low-Income Urban Youths Attending After-School Care." Dr. and Mr. Bazyk are both registered and licensed occupational therapists. They have been associate professors in the occupational therapy program at Cleveland State University in Ohio. They are both highly regarded in their field and combined have been quoted and cited in over 60 other articles, making their work credible and reliable.

This article focuses on occupation and occupational sciences rather than occupational therapy. Children and adolescents in low-income, urban areas often participate in different occupations than children in higher income, suburban, or rural areas resulting in life-long changes in social and emotional development. During their research, the authors conducted a study in which they had children and adolescents from marginalized communities participate in creative activities intended to improve mood and engage them. Dr. and Mr. Bazyk found that the children enjoyed the activities which opened them up to talking and learning strategies for dealing with anger. These results showed that allowing children to take part in occupations they enjoy enhances them as therapeutic tools.

The research primarily focuses on the unique needs and occupations of children and adolescents in poor areas of cities which are neglected populations in both treatment and research. It focuses on how differing occupations change emotional, academic, and social development and how occupation can be used to improve academic achievement, sense of personal identity, emotional self-regulation, social interaction, and teamwork.

This article was written by adults in higher socioeconomic classes about lower income youths. This means that while it is objective, it is also susceptible to being out of touch with the results and which may be skewed based on prejudice and assumptions. Dr. and Mr. Bazyk wrote to occupational therapists working with children in impoverished neighborhoods in an after-care setting. This is because they are the professionals who could make the most direct and significant changes in the field.

"Social Justice and Resource Utilization in a Community-Based Organization: A Case Illustration of the Role of the Occupational Therapist" was written by Drs. Brent Braveman and Yolanda Suarez-Balcazar for the American Journal of Occupational Therapy. Dr. Braveman is a clinical professor in the Department of Occupational Therapy at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Dr. Suarez-Balcazar is a professor and the department head in the Department of Occupational Therapy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. They are both highly qualified within the occupational therapy community and have been referenced many times by other authors. Dr. Braveman specializes in social justice and equity surrounding occupational therapy and has written over fifteen published articles on similar topics.

The text discusses social justice theories, human rights, medical empowerment, and occupational justice and how they tie together. It explains the responsibility of the health care systems to provide access to care, even within more marginalized areas. The authors explain that by prioritizing human rights, medical empowerment, and occupational justice, over time, individuals will be more self-sufficient and require less treatment. The text discusses two cases in which occupational therapy was used to facilitate social justice. By assessing and addressing individuals' levels of self-sufficiency and environmental limitations, marginalized people will be more capable of getting the proper amounts and types of care.

The research is important because it looks at the past of occupational therapy and how it has affected the present. It also explains what the future currently holds for occupational therapy and what occupational therapists, as health professionals, can do to make more positive outcomes about occupational identities, competence, and behavior settings. Some problems with the writing are that it makes assumptions about not only occupational therapists, but also their patients. Though the authors have done their research, they could have skewed writing based on personal prejudices about occupational therapists and patients.
Drs. Braveman and Suarez-Balcazar are writing to practicing occupational therapists who have the power to implement changes in the way they practice. Changes in practice would result in an improvement in patient outcomes which is the primary goal of health care.

The article, "Justice and U.S. Occupational Therapy Practice: A Relationship 100 Years in the Making" was written by Drs. Rebecca M Aldrich, Tessa L. Boston, and Claire E. Daaleman. They all have their doctorates in occupational therapy and are professors at various universities across the United States. Although this article has not been referenced or cited yet, this is the result of it being published in February of 2017. The authors have been cited in other documents over 150 times for their other articles which makes them, and their work, credible.

The text was chosen because of its focus on social justice within occupational therapy in the United States. This was difficult to find as a majority of the research on this topic has been done in Canada. It is unique because it brought research in from fields outside of occupational therapy and health care such as law, international justice, and medical care across international borders. The authors mention not only that occupational therapy is very helpful in adjusting to a new culture, but also why and how it can help immigrants adjust.

The way so many diverse topics were brought together made this an uncommon source. How it combines the socio-economic biases of medicine with the immigration policies of the United States provides a new way to use and look at the old research.

This article was written by three caucasian women who are United States citizens which means that though they can research and empathize with these problems and biases, they cannot sympathize which makes the article impersonal but accurate and objective.

While it was written by three caucasian women, the audience for "Justice and U.S. Occupational Therapy Practice" is broader than most articles written on this topic. The audience is not only practicing occupational therapists but also policy makers in the American Occupational Therapy Association. It is written to the occupational therapists because, since they are interacting directly with the clients, their services are what changes the dispersal of services. However, the policy makers are also an audience because they are the professionals who can change accessibility and availability of the services. If these two groups were to change how they were providing care, more people with less privilege would have access to occupational therapy.

"Sharpening Our Critical Edge: Occupational Therapy in the Context of Marginalized Populations" by Alison J. Gerlach was published in the Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy in 2015. Gerlach has her doctorate of occupational therapy from the University of British Columbia where she now teaches and does research. She has been published 15 times and her articles have been referenced nearly 60 times.

This research looks at the importance of intersectional analysis of occupational therapy within marginalized populations. Gerlach found that what primarily shapes health is not medical treatments or lifestyle choices, but rather where individuals live, work, and play. She proposed that intersectional care would enhance occupational therapy and promote an increase in treatment of marginalized patients who otherwise would not receive care. It also looks at the idea of occupation within different socioeconomic classes that are rarely mentioned in other articles. It discusses value and context of occupational while discussing social order and privilege within health care goals.

Dr. Gerlach is a caucasian, upper-middle class female who, although she has done research and empathizes with her patients, can never truly sympathize with them which results in impersonal conclusions based on her data and research. Although this distance makes her conclusions impersonal, it also makes them less biased and subjective. She wrote this to occupational therapists who are practicing in less privileged areas with people who are more marginalized and overlooked when it comes to health care.

Drs. Brent Braveman and Julie Bass-Haugen are coauthors of "Social Justice and Health Disparities: An Evolving Discourse in Occupational Therapy Research and Intervention". This, along with some of their other articles, was published in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy in 2009. Because of where and how many times they have been published, Drs. Braveman and Bass-Haugen evidently are trusted within the occupational therapy community.

This article not only discusses social justice and health disparities within occupational therapy, but also how they relate to each other. It focuses on the medical implications of health inequities and inequalities and the differences in care that are present between people of different genders, races, ethnicities, educational backgrounds, socioeconomic statuses, abilities, geographic locations, and sexual orientations. Because of the differences in incidence, prevalence, and mortality that are a direct result of different occupations within these backgrounds, according to Braveman and Bass-Haugen, this is an issue for occupational therapists. The research they did specifically names the causes of health disparities, develops intervention strategies, explores the human causes of disparities, and recognizes systemic problems and how those problems can be changed.

This information is important because it looks at what occupational therapy is and what it is meant to do. It encourages practicing therapists to promote justice and improve health by allowing people with diverse and marginalized backgrounds to have access to their services.

The article does not use any new information or research. It looks at old information in a new way which brings all the bias from its referenced articles to the new article. The old information could also be misused or misinterpreted in the new article, resulting in skewed facts.

The audiences for this article are occupational therapists practicing in diverse and marginalized communities as well as the professionals making the laws that make care available.

These six articles show how social justice issues such as racial and socioeconomic backgrounds create a hierarchy in which the white and wealthy receive better care than those who are minorities and poor. This creates a system where people who have been oppressed and denied care continue to be forgotten.
Equity of care, occupational justice, and health disparities across diverse and marginalized groups were major themes throughout the articles. In "Social Justice and Resource Utilization in a Community-Based Organization: A Case Illustration of the Role of the Occupational Therapist" the idea of occupational justice is introduced. Occupational justice involves inequities that are present when participation in occupations is prohibited, undeveloped, disrupted, alienated, marginalized, exploited, excluded, or otherwise restricted (Braveman and Bass-Haugen). Occupational justice is often impaired when policies that cause health inequities in different populations are changed (Gerlach). These inequities often have three primary features; it has systematic, consistent patterns across populations, is socially produced and easily changed, and is unfair from a perspective of basic human rights (Braveman and Bass-Haugen).

The second major point of all the articles has to do with the repercussions of these inequalities. Occupational therapists have to change how they do their jobs to embrace different occupations across diverse communities. Occupation looks different within different social groups and are often seen as other and therefore lesser (Peloquin and Abreau). Occupations such as panhandling on the street, lining up to get a hot meal, or getting a fix for an addiction are under acknowledged occupations. Because most theories are based on middle-class views and norms, many treatments lack meaning for clients who live in very different social conditions (Gerlach). This means that occupational therapists must adapt to the needs and wants of individuals outside of their usual clientele demographics. By embracing the complexities of peoples' lives rather than expecting them to conform to our practice models and tools, we can avoid the use of occupations such as vandalism, drug use, and gang activity to meet social, physical, and relaxation needs(Bazyk and Bazyk). This will promote a more complex and contextualized understanding of health and occupation in relation to varying forms of marginalization and social exclusion (Gerlach), therefore enhancing occupational therapy as a tool.

As in all aspects of life, people have experienced discrimination and marginalization in health care. Because of this, marginalized people do not have access to occupational therapy and when they do, it is not pertinent to their needs and occupations. The texts looked at in this review discuss how adapting occupational therapy and making it available would benefit many lives. However, these texts are very unique in their content.

Not many articles have been written about occupational and social justice. More research needs to be done in this area of occupational therapy. Many of the studies did not have research and data and were lacking scientific evidence. As research continues, there need to be more longitudinal studies done looking at the effects of occupational therapy on individuals in marginalized, underprivileged populations.

With social justice and equity of healthcare being such popular topics, occupational therapy in this area will be further scrutinized and critiqued. If occupational therapists were to start implementing intersectional techniques, occupational equity would improve and quality of life would most likely improve in impoverished areas. If this were to happen, there would most likely be an improvement in positive outcomes, a decrease in incarceration rates, and a decrease in use of unhealthy occupations, resulting in overall better health for americans.

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Job Discrimination Based on Black Women’s Hair

On December 15, 1791, the First Amendment was passed. This amendment stated, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. In conclusion, it granted people the right to practice whatever religion they desired and the right to express themselves freely as long it was peaceful. In modern day life, we express ourselves through a numerous amount of things such; words, gestures, poster-boards, clothes, tattoos and even through the way we wear our hair. Expressing our indentity through hair has always been a big deal in the African American community for many centuries. Unfournately, there are limits of how one can wear their hair when it comes to certain workplaces. Many jobs will not hire someone who they believe has an extreme hair color, hair style or hair length. This negatively affects the black community because many of our natural hairstyles have been known to fall under these subjective catorgoeries. Which inflicts a sense of shame on black women because of the negative notations given by society againist natural black hair, this it causing more and more black women to go to extreme measures just to meet specfic beauty standards, rather than embrance their natural kinky hair. Work policies like these are unfair to certain cultrual group such as, African American, therefore, is beginning to raise conflict many work places, to reduce these issues Title VII should be altered to protect the rights of natural black hairstyles.

A woman, named Chasity Jones, was asked to come in for an interview at Catastrophe Management Solutions. Jones arrived to the interview us suggested, dressed very profressionally ,with her hair in short dreadlocks. She was asked the job, given that she was qualified for the position, but there was thing standing in her way, her hair. She was told by the HR manager that she could not recieve the position wearing dreadlock. When Jones asked why, she was told, they tend to get messy, although I'm not saying yours are , but you know what I'm talking about. Offended by this statement, in 2013 in Mobile, Alabama, Jones decided to filed a lawsuit against Catastrophe Management Solution for racial discrimination. Unfortunately, the case was ruled againist Casey Jones. Claming Catastrophe Management Solutions policy stated, hairstyles reflect a business/professional image and no excessive hairstyle or unusual colors are acceptable. Using this as a defense statement againist dreadlocks. Also, Catastrophe Managemnt Solution's policy did not violate Title VII , so it was allowed. Thankfully, Casey Jones declined this job offer because she refused to change her hair. She didnt let socitety pressure her into meeting Eurocentric beauty standards. Policies such as these only support negative sterotypes given by white supermacist stating natural black hair is not professional, less attratctive, messy and nappy. These type of comments belittle black women with natural hair, causing many to use harsh chemicals, excessives amount of heat and wigs, just to achieve long straight hair that look acceptable. Black women's hair have been important to them for many generations. Stated by, Ayana Byrd and Lori Tharps, in their book tittled, Hairstory: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America, a book about repetitive insults on black hair, In the fifteenth century hair functioned as carrier of messages in most West Africa. Which explains why when Africans were first captured they were forced to shave their head and wear head scarfs to prevent the slave oweners husbands from finding an intrest in it and to prevent them from communciating with one another. Today, black women find pride in how because of their hair textures, they can be very versatile with their hairstyles. Black women express their styles, their emotions and more through their hair. This right should be protected under Title VII. Over the years, has expanded from discrimation of race, sex, religion to sexual harrasement. Telling someone that they can't work at an establishment because they wear their in a certain way is an oppinated and discriminative policy and should be protected under Title VII as hair discrimation.

In conclusion, African American hair has held importantance for many centuries from the slaves days, when hair was used to communicate to modern days when hair is used as an expression of ones style. Unlike other races, natural Black hair contains a diffrent texture causing it to require more maintenace and having a limited of hairstyles. This can cause conflict in some work environments because many styles worn by black women with natural hair are prohibited. There policies are similar to white supermacist sterotypes. They are also offensive to African American, leading black women to use harmful chemicals, severe amounts of heat and wigs to mask their natural roots and meet societies beauty standards. These policies are disturbingly legal because it is not covered under Title VII, but should be because it is discrimatory against people who wear diffrent types of hair styles.

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Gender Discrimination in the Sport

Inequity in sports has been an issue as far back as women were acquainted with sports. Women today still endeavor to have people sports measure up to, and there are numerous reasons that demonstrate how women merit everything that men do. While inquiring about the distinctions in wages and regard of male competitors versus female competitors. I discovered a considerable measure of demonstrated certainties why women merit correspondence. A portion of the reasons why men and women's sports ought to be equivalent are that women work similarly as hard as men or considerably harder. Likewise a portion of women occasions are acquiring a greater amount of a crowd of people than some of mens occasions. For example as stated in a article from the (suave report by A. Suave Francisco The The inequalities in America: WNBA v. NBA.) kyrie Irving a former nba rookie of the year, a five time nba all-star, an nba three point shootout champion back in 2013, also last but not least USA Male Athlete Of The Year in 2014. Shots at a clip of 44.8 percent from the field in 2015-2016, and 32.1 percent from three. he is an astounding player. but when you have a WNBA by the name of Maya Moore that's shooting 45.5 percent from the field in 2016, and 36.9 percent from three.

For certain it shows that they are equally are talented yet WNBA players don't get nearly the same amount of money that NBA players or get the same number of fans attending the games. The average player in the WNBA makes $72,000, and the minimum salary is $37,950. The maximum amount that the very best player can make is $107,000.The lowest paid player in the nba makes $838,464. And the highest paid player in the NBA makes $37,457,154 because of guaranteed contract Also, in conclusion women have the right to be dealt with equivalent to men since they offer the same amount of stock as men. Sex and gender shouldn't decide how much cash somebody earns or how they get treated, everybody ought to be dealt with equivalency. Numerous individuals may believe that women don't work as hard as men, that is the reason they don't get paid the equivalent. Be that as it may, I oppose this idea. In women's' games women train the same amount of as men and play indistinguishable measure of amusements from men. For instance the U.S women's National soccer group has fit the bill for each world cups and olympics, winning 3 world cups and 4 gold medals. Where the men have not met all requirements for each world cups or olympics, and have not won either occasion. This demonstrates the U.S Women's soccer group is really playing a greater number of amusements and preparing more than the men since they fit the bill for more occasions. So wouldn't you accept that the group that trains harder and plays more diversions would get paid more? Well that is invalid.

For the 2015 Women's world cup, the U.S Women's national group won the big showdown and just brought home $2 million. Where the U.S men's national group took eleventh in the competition and brought home $9 million. That is in excess of 4 fold the amount of as the ladies earned winning the competition. Diligent work and results should determine pay rather than sex and gender. Fans and groups of onlookers get a considerable measure of cash to wearing occasions, which is a major piece of expert competitors pay wage. Which is another motivation behind why individuals say women don't get paid the equivalent as men since they don't have the same number of fans and don't acquire as large of a crowd of people as mens occasions do. Now and again indeed, men do acquire greater groups of onlookers than women, however that is evolving. For instance in the Women's World Cup diversion USA versus Japan there was 25.4 million watchers, making it the most watched women's soccer occasion in U.S history. It even brought down the more mainstream U.S pro athletics finals, similar to the NBA finals and the Stanley Cup finals (7.6 million watchers). This demonstrates women are presently getting a similar sum or considerably more ticket deals than men. Which should result in equivalent pay. Stock deals are dependably a colossal part in a competitors pay. Stock is likewise founded on what number of fans there are for that group or association. In a portion of women's' games like ball and tennis they don't approach a similar stock deals as the men do, which gives them motivation to be saved money. Be that as it may, women's soccer is changing the diversion.

The U.S women's national group sold in excess of 3 fold the amount of stock as the men have over the most recent three years. Which ought to be remunerated with fairness. Be that as it may, correspondence has not discovered its way to women's games yet. Be that as it may, gradually times are changing and mens sports are not generally the prevailing game, women's games are making up for lost time and gradually getting what they merit. As imbalance proceeds in today's sports, women are endeavoring to get what they merit. Women have demonstrated that they merit everything that men get and there are certainties that demonstrate them right. As women are working harder than men, acquiring more ticket deals than men, and offering more stock than men they will one day get what they merit. Individuals may ponder what they can do to enable ladies to get equivalent pay. Here are some ways you can help. You can go to women donning occasions, bolster organizations that advocate for women's games, and empower TV slots and daily papers to cover women's games. Imbalance ought to be an issue that gets settled on the grounds that sex and gender shouldn't decide pay or regard, diligent work and winning should.

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Persistent Discrimination by Race and Gender

Since the Founding of the United States, white men have enjoyed the privileges that come with obtaining a job and the wealth generated from it. After more than two-centuries later, the workforce has grown and changed significantly. White men are no longer the majority group represented in the workforce. With the addition of women and other racial minority groups, every group is now participating in the workforce. However, not everyone is treated equally despite the implementation of the Civil Rights Act which is supposed to outlaw discrimination in the workplace. Although the workforce is now incredibly diverse, White men still reap most of the rewards, accumulating more wealth than anyone other ethnic group, including women, with the exception of Asian men. So why has discrimination not been eliminated from the workforce? It is in part due to many factors including racial discrimination and stereotypes against minorities in the hiring process, better employment opportunities for whites for higher wage jobs, and the culture of the workplace.

The data provided by the U.S. BLS, shows a very distinguishable racial inequality when it comes to the incomes of different races in our country. Non-Hispanic Whites have a much lower unemployment rate compared to Black or Latino Americans, especially when considering white people have half the unemployment rate than that of black people (26). Historically, as we've read in our chapters, wages and unemployment for white Americans have been higher and lower, respectively, when compared to other racial categories with White men having the highest of any group. This is due to many factors including racial discrimination against minorities in the hiring process and better employment opportunities for whites for higher wage jobs. As we read about Julie's case in Two Views on Inequality and Discrimination, when she thought about applying for a job, she knew that because of where she lived, in Harlem, that her chances of getting that job were slim because places don't want to hire people from Harlem, a very populated neighborhood in New York where people of color, especially black Americans, reside. The many charts found in Labor Market Inequality by the Numbers, show the differences between the incomes of the different racial groups from a previous year to the most recent year the book has information on. I think what is important to remember is how little the purchasing power wages have increased since the federal minimum age 1st came into effect, peaking in 1968 (13). Since we know from reading the book that the purchasing power of wages now are actually less than back then, the people making the least are hurting the most. Generally, these lower wages stem from service jobs which are held by a lot of people of color whereas more whites have access to higher paying jobs in office and managerial positions (30). This would give at least one example as to how to interpret the data from the BLS, seeing as how white men earn more money than any other group due to the access to better employment opportunities than women and people of color. Whites are also more represented in "white collar jobs" while Blacks and Hispanics are more represented in the low-wage jobs, which are shrinking due to a changing economy and advances in technology, on top of the fact that there are a lot of people already working low-wage jobs (28-29).

In many instances, applicants who are not white males have already been prejudged before they get an interview. In one example, the authors explain that institutional interactions, including perception, choice, as well as socialization can help us understand the difficulties of escaping stereotypes and biases (174). This is because we as a society have been and still are very segregated which has affected the housing market where whites moved to the suburbs and job growth followed, leaving many blacks stuck in the inner cities with few opportunities (174). Schools in the inner cities simply could not provide equal educational opportunities so access to college was very much limited. All of this created a cycle that has reinforced stereotypes about blacks. Another example describes job discrimination which reduces the reward from obtaining an education, which then minorities and women may feel less inclined to get educated or may choose a completely different route that doesn't lead to the high paying jobs that white men currently occupy (172). This brings to light the issue that lower incomes of women and minorities, compared to white men, may not actually be because of educational or other choices, but because of job discrimination in and of itself.

Because the market allows for it, consumers, businesses, or workers can discriminate based on race, gender, or sexuality where anyone can claim it is based on economic decisions (77). This is because products can be produced that geared towards a specific target market, or demographic. Other reasons why market magic isn't eliminating discrimination have to do with the culture of a company and society. For example, jobs that have traditionally been held by men, such as construction and engineering, still contain an intense stigma that these are "manly" jobs that women should steer away from ("Breaking Down Gender Bias in the Construction Industry - GreenBuildingAdvisor", 2017). But the stigma doesn't stem from these jobs, it stems from society which has conditioned men and women to fulfill strict gender roles ("Breaking Down Gender Bias in the Construction Industry - GreenBuildingAdvisor", 2017). The only reason why markets may not eliminate discrimination in the workplace is by not including a diverse workforce. When a company that hires a significantly higher proportion of a specific gender or race, the company culture lacks a sense of inclusion and instead projects an exclusion to other people and increases stigmas by enforcing stereotypes ("Breaking Down Gender Bias in the Construction Industry - GreenBuildingAdvisor", 2017). That's not to say that the company or the workers themselves hold those beliefs because I doubt that is their intention. But to an outsider, it may appear very discouraging.

In conclusion, although the United States has taken serious legal action against discrimination in the workforce, the fact of the matter still remains, discrimination still exists because it is allowed to in other forms. Whether it is a mother from Harlem who can't get a job because of the stereotype of her neighborhood, the historical exodus of whites to the suburbs that brought with them jobs and stripping the inner cities of opportunity, businesses targeting specific demographics to sell products while claiming it is purely economics, or the set of strict gender roles that have conditioned workers to look down upon women entering traditionally male dominated jobs as well as men entering traditionally female dominated jobs. It is important to understand, as members of society, that just because discrimination is illegal, does not mean that we have eliminated it from our culture completely.

References

Albelda, R., & Drago, R. (2013). Unlevel playing fields (4th ed., pp. 26, 13, 30, 28, 29, 174, 172, 77). Boston, Mass.: Economic Affairs Bureau.

Breaking Down Gender Bias in the Construction Industry - Green Building Advisor. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/article/breaking-down-gender-bias-in-the-construction-industry

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Discrimination Upon LGBTQ Community

Everyday people witness couples in public getting called disturbing slurs, being harassed, and escorted from businesses. Majority of the LGBTQ community have reported that they have experienced harassment, threats, and violence due to their sexual beliefs. LGBTQ Couples are being discriminated on a daily basis just by doing everyday activities. Several Incidents have shown discrimination in the LGBTQ community including LGBTQ avoiding public businesses because of public accommodation discrimination, being judged because their religion exercise, and being refused of an marriage license.

According to public businesses, LGBTQ avoided them because of public accommodation discrimination. About “47 percent [ of the LGBTQ members] made specific decisions where to shop,” because daily disrespect ( Miller, “ LGBT Bias” ). Miller developed a report to share how discrimination can leave others feeling disrupted. Judgement was so critical that a transgender officer was assisting her three year old daughter to the bathroom and staff members and other customers at the restaurant was whispering and staring at them disturbingly. People made her feel uncomfortable that she avoided places that made her feel that way. She developed a urinary infection because she was getting followed around to see what restroom she was going to use ( Miller, “ LGBT Bias”). Miller scoped out that everyday activities will leave most people at risk from discrimination. Therefore situations common to this LGBTQ people try to avoid everything and everywhere discrimination may occur such as stores, restaurants, doctor offices, and public transportation.

With this issue the federal government aroused religious exemptions opposing coordinated attacks to the public. For example, “Individual government agencies, and businesses [violated laws of justice]” because the power of religious exemptions created licenses to discriminate against the core of Americans (Mushoric, “ Coordinated Attack”). Mushoric thinks people are getting away with optioning out laws to affect the core of human beings. Although federal and state legislation believe that [businesses has the right to] religion objections. They are not exempt from following the law when it comes to firing or hiring employees, and discrimination protection for clients” ( Muschoric, “ Coordinated Attack”). Summarizing Mushoric thoughts, with or without a business or organization individuals shouldn’t be exempt from following laws. However the LGBTQ community is being judged because their religion exercise. “ In the beginning of 2010 [The District of Columbia] ceased the foster care program [for] same sex marriage laws no longer have a permitted placement [for] children” (“Marriage Consequences”). The Greenhaven Press dived into the critique and found that they were prohibited to have a home for foster children. In Michigan, “A graduate student was dismissed from school program after referring a client to another counselor because she/he was [influenced in a homosexual relationship]” (“Marriage Consequences”). The Greenhaven Press made a note that refusing to give assistance at a college can ruin a person placement there. As one can see gay marriage/relationships is not acceptable in their religion so they raise a legal argument.

Simultaneously Stephen Seufert gave a litmus test and discovered discrimination among African Americans, Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals,and Transgenders. “American history has shown ‘religious freedom’ was used to legitimize slavery” (Seufert, “Freedom Discriminate”). However, Seufert shared what the bad aspects of humanity he have witness. “Similar kinds of laws and tactics under the guise of “religious freedom” are now being used by businesses and lawmakers to discriminate against LGBT people” (Seufert, “Freedom Discriminate”). In South Carolina, A Restaurant Owner refused to serve to African Americans on his/her rights in the first amendment to practice his/her own religion beliefs. To illustrate Seufert thoughts on “Can Religious Freedom Be Used to Discriminate?” Seufert found many stories supporting the good and bad aspects of humanity. Seufert believe individuals should decide if new religion laws are form to uplift humanity or breakdown the love for peers. To put it differently individuals and groups discriminating based of perceived threats to their religious freedom due to their lifestyle and beliefs of others.

In the meantime, LGBTQ members were refused marriage licenses all over the United States. An Attorney General in Texas made a statement that the public claimed “[The General gave] permission to refuse to issue a marriage license to same sex couples” (Marusic, “LGBT Licenses”). Marusic found it appealing that a officer in Texas confronted the attorney general on his/her misunderstood statement to the public. The entire United States was “going rogue” when the Supreme Court made equality marriage rule for same sex couples. Marusic supported how the public felt to changes for the LGBTQ people. Therefore the government made a dramatic view of the opposition to homosexuals marriage as a prohibition against discrimination.

Again a marriage license was refused and marriage equality was unrecognized. “[Eriksen, a man who] has a religious objection and has referred the matter to his deputy clerks who has no such objection and will issue [a marriage] license” (“Denied License”). This source is an expert because Eriksen think he handled the situation professionally by referring them to someone else without addressing the issue of not supporting their marriage . “ I don’t care if the clerk is opposed to marriage equality that’s his right but he can’t impose his will onto others in violation of the law” tweeted by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo (“Denied License”). On a social media app, Twitter, the governor of New York stood up to the individual who opposed marriage equality. Therefore Wong shared this story to stop the unconscionable act of discrimination publicly.The New York Governor is involved because what Eriksen did wasn't fair to the couples. The Governor directed a investigation on the issues and made sure the mistake doesn't happen again. The Governor hosted a gay wedding for the couple that was denied a marriage license by Eriksen on August 18th, 2018.

In the LGBTQ community during daily activities sometimes leave them feeling barbs of bias because discrimination in their community. These pieces were used to persuade the federal government and Supreme Court that it’s unfair to let people disobey the law.The main conflict is LGBTQ wanting to express themselves freely. The LGBTQ people who felt the sting of discrimination see the community differently. Stories were written to inform individuals that discrimination can disrupt daily behavior makes LGBTQ people feel unwelcome. The main subject addressed is that people dealing with discrimination in public because sexual orientation, gender identity. Pastors, Ministers, Counselors, Teachers, Bosses, Parents, Doctors, Nurses ,and Students, Everyone in United States should reconsider the act of discrimination regarding its against your belief system or not.

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Shapes and Sizes of Discrimination

In the world today, we still face many societal challenges. One of the most prominent of those is social discrimination. People of all races and backgrounds continue to discriminate one another. This has caused much outrage and violence among different groups. Typically, a person isn't going to admit to being prejudice against another, but with the constant conflict portrayed in the media, it is evident this problem still exists. As stated in the literature, discrimination is unequal treatment because of gender, race, ethnicity, disability, religion, sexual orientation, or other diverse human traits. (Farley pp.199) While it is a social norm to have differences among classes, religions, demographics, etc., discrimination is widely intolerable. Society has come a long way in what is acceptable today, as opposed to what was. as little as ten years ago and prior. A person who doesn't understand another or is simply fearful of what they will likely resort to some sort of discrimination as a defense.

Almost as if to say, if they aren't like me they must be wrong. We say knowledge is power, and that couldn't be more appropriate. Speaking from personal experience, when people are educated about other cultures, beliefs, and practices, they are less likely to discriminate. Once the individual has a better understanding, they typically aren't on the defense. Whether they agree with the choices or not, they have the respect to agree to disagree so to speak. Being prejudice does not necessarily constitute discrimination and vice versa. (Farley pp.201-202) There are many current legal cases involving various types of discrimination, I will touch base on a couple throughout this piece. When we think of discrimination, most of us gravitate toward racial issues. This may be the most common type of discrimination. Recently, Harvard University was accused of racially discriminating against Asian-American students during admissions. The group, Students for Fair Admissions, brought the claim against Harvard stating that they were sending recruitment letters to students based on PSAT scores earned. According to school policy, Asian-American males living in rural stated need to score 1370 on the PSAT to get a letter. White males, however, only need 1310. (Jung, 2018) The attorney representing the group argues this is race discrimination at its finest. While the Dean of Harvard remains firm that this is a tactic the college uses to attract people in rural areas who historically may not have considered the school and that those standards are not used once students enter the applicant pool. (Jung, 2018) This comment would lead one to believe that each student is given a fair opportunity during the admission process and all race-related info would be irrelevant.

Multiple students testified during the trial and all of them praised Harvard for the diversity it offers. Many students were upset that race-blind admissions was a possible proposal. One witness stated, To not see my race is to not see me. It is common knowledge that people from different races and cultures live among one another, and it helps define who they are. If we were to remove that factor in admissions and other application processes it would make each persons' uniqueness obsolete. People enjoy being identified for their accomplishments, but also for their backgrounds and where they came from. This is especially true with impoverished societies that have worked their way to success. If students do not meet a school's academic requirements, they should not be admitted just because of their race. Schools are for educating students, not for deciding which race is worthy of admission. It is nice to have a diverse population, but it should be done fairly and only those who are academically adept should be granted acceptance. Currently, in the news, there is controversy with the LGBT community and President Trump. The current laws in place do not provide enough protection for the LGBT community from workplace discrimination. It is their stance that there needs to be action taken to resolve this. Either the supreme court or Congress has the ability to rectify this issue. As society changes, laws and standards should change too, but unfortunately, it does not happen this way.

Whether or not we agree with a person being gay, transgender, lesbian, or bisexual, they are still a human and should be treated with the same dignity and respect as someone who is straight. It is no one's place to determine what kind of treatment another human should receive based on their sexual orientation. As mentioned previously, I don't think there is enough energy around educating people about other people's lifestyles. I have a friend, who I also work with, and her name is Alicia. She and her partner used a sperm donor to get pregnant and her partner carried the baby. The plan was for Alicia to work while her partner spent 12 weeks on maternity leave with the baby. Then it would be Alicia's turn to take the same amount of time off. Because this was the first time their employer dealt with this scenario, Alicia had to jump through hoops and endure a lengthy and complicated process. Alicia worked at this company for over 15 years and they required her to go back and show proof of this. She was also required to obtain health history documentation. The rationale as to why they needed this documentation was as clear as mud. In addition, she had to complete extensive amounts of paperwork for the company. Meanwhile, she was also going through the process to adopt her child, which is also very laborious. Had Alicia and her partner been a man and woman in a heterogenous relationship, I am certain these issued would not have materialized. There was no intentional discrimination, and typically institution discrimination isn't, but the difference in treatment from one person to the next speaks volumes. Alicia did get to spend the time off with her daughter and all was well in the end.

My point here is that there never should have been a need to prove her work history and complete unnecessary documentation. Having a child should be a happy experience for both gay and straight parents, not a dreadful one. As unfortunate as it is, we see discrimination happening too frequently. For decades societies have been battling discrimination and it isn't getting any better. A person could potentially land themselves in jail for discriminating against another. In the United States, most discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion or disability is illegal. (Farley pp.199) Educating people may not change what they believe but it will certainly put things into a different perspective allowing open minds to accept our ever-evolving society. Just when I think we are on the upswing with discrimination, the media reminds me of how crippling it continues to be for our society.

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My Perfect Thanksgiving Day

Well it's thanksgiving morning and i still don't know what i'm going to cook i turn over and tell my boyfriend we have our family flying in from columbia and i want to make sure this thanksgiving is perfect. By any means , luckily jake (the boyfriend) didn't give me a budget. I took a shower im getting dressed and he had the audacity to tell me to hurry up pshhh like he's the one doing all the decorating and cooking all he's doing is getting dressed and stuffing his face with of course a IPA in his hand. I have to make a couple trips this morning i have to go to ross to get decorations for my table and around the house and i want to dress up my baby pitbull Izzy as a turkey , she's going to hate it but everyone's going to love it. The laughter of the night.

I picked up some table cloths with little turkeys on them and some fall leafs , some fall color napkins and of course utensils. My next trip is the market i would have to go somewhere with a lot of deals because im making a big feast so food for less is definitely the place to go. I am going to be making pastas with salads and some brownies and ice cream. Keep in mind im making EVERYTHING from scratch. The pastas i'm making are pesto, alfredo, and some cuisine. The salads caesar , homestyle , and avocado.

I started making the pastas first because it's the main dish , i know it's thanksgiving and i should be making turkey or ham but i wanted to do something unique. Izzy i screamed What are you doing as i walked into the kitchen i see her little belly all in my sauce and face all full of red paste. She just wiggled her little tale , keep in mind we have 3 more hours to get everything ready before my family gets here so for now i put her in my room in her little bed. I begin working on the salads but my favorite cousin Briana is allergic to cheese so i make a separate salad because i put cheese in the caesar salad. Now the salads are complete on to the brownies.

Everything seems in place and ready , tables are all set up and Izzy is all dressed up. Now time to get myself all gussied up i bought this cute dress from ross with these beautiful wedges to go with them. As im taking a shower im waiting for Jake to get home i sent him out to get the ice cream i told him to get chocolate and vanilla bean specifically but do you think he listened noooooo. So i'm doing my makeup only half an hour before they arrive and he gets home with cookie dough and vanilla not vanilla bean. But i let it go , people who are attending is my grandma, sister , uncle , grandpa , cousins and my mom and dad and my boyfriends family. They get here and we start to enjoy the meal/food i prepared and they all love it.

We finish eating and forgot all about izzy she was still in the room with her little outfit on , so i go grab her while everyone is starving themselves ice cream and once everyone sees her they all start laughing i think my cousin brianna snuck her some a spoon full of ice cream. But geez it's thanksgiving i would be a horrible mom if i were to take it away. This thanksgiving was definitely one we all would never forget.

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An Importance of Forgiveness

Prayer of Thanksgiving

The reflection that I chose to read was from 13 forms of prayer. I chose to read about the prayer of thanksgiving, something that I need to incorporate into my everyday life. After reading the prayer of thanksgiving the aspect that spoke to me the most was the first prayer suggestion that it gave me. That said I have to pray for the desire to want forgiveness. This spoke to me the most because it made me realize that I have to ask for forgiveness, I can't just pray and hope it happens. The chapter mentioned the aspect of physical therapy and that results don't come right away, and that idea is the same with the act of forgiveness. I may have to repeatedly pray asking for forgiveness in order for it to work through me. I realized that if I truly don't have the desire to be forgiven, it won't ever actually happen to me. This chapter really helped me to see that I have to really want forgiveness, I can't just ask for it and receive it.

When it comes to the obstacles that I face when forgiving life's hurts, I struggle with two main things. The ability to forgive myself, and praying for the offender. Most times when something happens in my life, even if I truly didn't do anything wrong, and someone else hurt me, I still continuously bring myself down, and think that I am the one that did wrong. I think that everything's my fault, and that I could have done something differently. Just the same when I do things wrong I struggle to see the good left in myself. I struggle to let go of what I did that was wrong, and only focus on the bad that came out of it. The second struggle I have is praying for the offender. I can let go of the action that hurt me, but not the person that hurt me. Instead of asking God to help the person that hurt me, I constantly catch myself asking God how I can get back at that person. I only focus on giving them the same pain that they gave me. With the help of the prayers of forgiveness, I can strive to better myself in those aspects.

Throughout my life I do believe that I have become a more forgiving person. What contributed most to this growth was my realization that the longer I hold onto a grievance or hate in my life, the more hurt it will cause. Not only will it hurt me, but it will also hurt the other people involved. What I mean by this is that holding onto a hate I have towards someone will only make life harder for me. I realized that by forgiving myself, and the other people involved, I could strengthen my relationship with myself, with other people and with God.

The advice that I would give to someone suffering to forgive a big hurt in their life, is to forgive themselves first. They won't be able to forgive anyone else unless they find forgiveness within themselves. I would tell the person to put themselves in the other person's shoes, think of the hurt they are feeling. Ask themselves the question, is this really that big of a deal? By thinking about the hurt they are causing others, the person struggling will come to a realization that the only way to help the situation is to forgive. I would tell the person that in order to get over this struggle, the only option is to forget everything else, and forgive.

My experience with the suggested prayer option is that it really opened my eyes. It made me come to realize that the hurt I'm holding onto really isn't that important, it really isn't that big of a deal. I realized that the only reason I still hold onto the hurt I feel for so long is because I don't know how to forgive myself. I don't know how to let myself let go of the hurt someone has caused me. This prayer experience really brought forth the struggles I face in my daily life. I could definitely make this a habit in my life, every time I experience hurt in my life I will take a seat and really think about the situation I'm in, and figure out the best solution for it. I highly suggest that other people try this form of prayer, because it allows the person to really sit down and think about what they are going through. It allows them to ask themselves what the best solution to their issue is. This form of prayer allows the person to connect with themselves, and ask themselves the question, is this really that important? Experiencing this form of prayer allows people to forgive themselves, which will lead to the forgiveness of everyone involved.

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Importance of Thanksgiving

The holidays are times for families who are spread across the United States and those around the world to come together and share laughs, memories, and stories. One of the holidays that's considered a favorite is Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving in families is a time for love, giving thanks, and the simple joy of being with family. Thanksgiving is considered a favorite because it allows people to spend time and visit their family.

Thanksgiving is a chance for families to gather together, to feast and to enjoy being with one another. Being around family just provides a sense of calmness. When everyone are together, they are laughing, and just enjoying each other. The joyous and endless soundings of conversations combines to create a warm atmosphere during dinner. The love of a family is greater than any problem or circumstances that arise. The hours of preparing the food is worth being able to share a meal with others, and all the wonderful people in the family.

The love can be felt when everyone gathers to give thanks. Although there may be disagreements between the family, they could always stick together when they have to. Giving thanks is another reason Thanksgiving is considered a favorite. Although you pray and thank the Lord every night, giving thanks and being around the people you love while doing it makes it special.

Before eating the Thanksgiving meal, the family prays over the food by joining hands and going around a circle direction and say what they are giving thanks for. Giving thanks shows how grateful you are for the smallest things in life like the beauty of the world to the things that are taken for granted such as air, healthy lifestyle and just the ability to see and hear around you. When families are together there is an electric that brings joy because they're there. Celebrating Thanksgiving with family brings an excitement to everyone hearts.

A family is always so positive and fun to be around, especially during the holidays. During Thanksgiving, most people do not have a single care in the world. The happiness is unexplainable as the days of Thanksgiving approaches. It is a feeling of freedom and just a relaxation from the everyday burdens of life. Families get full credit for what the younger children are today. Without their loving and caring spirits and personalities, many young children possibly may have not been on the right track.

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First Thanksgiving in the History

In this essay I will be talking about The First Thanksgiving. Also I will be talking about the people that participated in this event, the events, and landing in America. My thoughts are That the Pilgrims and Indians were friendly that is why that made a Thanksgiving feast to thank each other and the Lord our God. But I do not know if they Pilgrims and Indians were friendly to each other. So, as I will be writing/typing this essay I am gonna learn a lot new things about The First Thanksgiving.

In this paragraph I will be writing/typing about the people that participated in this event. The first people that I will be talking about, is the Pilgrims. First question, who were the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims were English Separatists who founded Plymouth in New England. In the early 17th Century, a few English Puritans broke away from the Church of England. One such congregation, originally located in the village of Scrooby in Nottinghamshire, moved first from England to Amsterdam, and then later some left for North America aboard the Mayflower. This group were first called The Pilgrims by William Bradford. The Mayflower's passengers were first described as the Pilgrim Fathers in 1799. The word pilgrim itself simply means a person who travels, especially a long distance, as an act of religious devotion. The Pilgrims (or Separatists) left Europe because they believed that the reforms of the Anglican Church had not gone far enough. In order to be rightful interpreters of the Bible independent of an inherited social and culture order, the Pilgrims knew they had to leave England and seperate themselves from Anglican Church. They first moved to Holland. After twelve years of hard life in Holland, the Pilgrims decided to move again. They hoped to find a better and easier place of living, to propagate and advance the gospel of the kingdom of Christ in remote parts of the world, ad to be left alone to live in their own pure and righteous way. They also knew that Holland's truce with Catholic Spain was near its end and the Pilgrims would have been wiped out if Spain took control of Holland. The Pilgrims sailed this ship across the Atlantic Ocean, following a path to a landmass previously discovered by the explorer, Christopher Columbus. They landed in what is now known as Cape Cod.

The Indians were Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous people of the United States. There are over five-hundred federally recognized tribes within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. The term excludes Native Hawaiians and some Alaska Natives. My thought about what the Indians and the Pilgrims thought about each other, is that when they saw each they started fighting, this is what I think. What really happened was the Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians did have a harmonious relationship in the early years of the Plymouth Colony. But historians and interpreters say it was based on practical reasons that hold lessons for such relations today. By the time the Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts Bay they found only one living Patuxet Indian, a man named Squanto who had survived slavery in England and knew their language. He taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn and how to fish, and negotiated a peace treaty between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Nation. Here are some interesting facts about Squanto, the first one is that his birth name was Tisquantum. The second one is he was captured by the Wampanoag, but rescued by Myles Standish and the Pilgrims who did not want to lose their interpreter. The third one is h was likely at the first Thanksgiving in Plymouth. Last but not least Squanto taught the colonists to bury dead fish in the soil for fertilizer. When the Pilgrims meet Squanto, he helped the Pilgrims communicate with the Native Americans. He taught them how to plant corn. He taught them how to catch fish. He taught them where to find nuts and berries. That is why Squanto was really important for them (Pilgrims).

In this paragraph I will be writing about the events. What happened was the Pilgrims left their land and came to a place called Plymouth. There the Indians (Native Americans) helped them build houses and find food. The Native Americans (Indians) were the first people to live in America. The Pilgrims left the New World from England; they were seeking freedom from religious oppression. They also left because the Pilgrims believed that the reforms of the Anglican Church had not gone far enough. The date of what is typically recognized as the first Thanksgiving is not precisely known, it is generally believed to have occurred between September 21 and November 9, 1621. The American tradition of Thanksgiving began with a three-day feast that took place in 1621 to celebrate a bountiful harvest. It became cemented as an annual celebration in 1863, when President Lincoln declared a Day of Thanksgiving in the midst of the Civil War.

In fact, the pilgrims probably did not eat turkey on their first Thanksgiving. We do know that they ate venison, wild turkey, clams, lobster, mussels, sea bass, bluefish, corn, squash, and beans.
In my conclusion I will like to conclude that the first Thanksgiving went really good. The Pilgrims and Indians became very good friends. The Indians taught the Pilgrims how to catch fish and how to grow corn. There would never ever been a day of Thanksgiving if the Indians and Pilgrims didn't meet and become friends. So this is what I would like to conclude my conclusion with.

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Thanksgiving and it’s Celebrating

The holiday that I have chosen to write is about a North American holiday named "Thanksgiving." Thanksgiving is one of America's most cherished holidays and traditions. Whenever I heard about Thanksgiving, I always remembered as a family gathering that includes food and enjoyment, and joy of happiness is share among each other. This particular holiday attractive me to write an essay about it because I like the concept of making time for friends and family to share love and kindness, and also I appreciate what we already have. Everybody benefits as its a holiday of love and sharing. It's a significant holiday particularly in Canada and USA where big markets and stores items and material are in sale offer for Thanksgiving. When I used to attend Sunday church classes, my pastor told me that "in 1621 the Plymouth colonist and Wampanoag Indians shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations." People who are from the different ethnic group and belongs to the religious group will benefit from the knowledge I have as they will get familiar with holiday and what it meant to people who live in Canada and united states.

To find a source that I need I went to search my topic on the different website on google, but as I saw it as an unprofessional and trustless, I went to icollege as I was instructed by professor and by my mentors from the help center. I went to icollege where I went to library resources where I found a link for GALILEO website where I can search on my topic and found out numerous of link related to my question. To determine whether my sources and cited is for college-level academic research I check them on my subject my knowledge about this holiday increase more than I have excepted. I learned more stuff and event particularly about this holiday that I haven't learned before for example; I was unknown about when was the official Thanksgiving holiday declaration was by Congress until I started researching about this holiday where get to learn about it.

Here is America where people from all around the world came with the hope of a better life. Same as it one of my close friend of mine Rima who recently migrated here in united states is unknown about the places and religious culture and its aspect what she belongs to Hindu religious and has grown up in South Asian country Nepal and its Nepalese culture. As she belongs to a different culture, I decided to let her know some of the big festivals here in the united states of America. I Choose Thanksgiving holiday to let her know everything about it as I told her that Thanksgiving is one of the most grandly celebrated festivals in the United States which is celebrated on fourth Thursday of November each year. According to Robert Tracy Mckenzie, he stated that "tiny band of just over one hundred plain English men and women, seeking a better life, cross the storm-tossed Atlantic in the tiny Mayflower and arrive at the coast of present-day Massachusetts in late 1920. They blind themselves to one another as a self-governing political community and then go ashore to build a home in and frightening new world. Having arrived on the eve of an unexpectedly cruel winter, they endure unimaginable hardships over the next few months, death claiming half of their number by spring. Through the mercy of God and the assistance of their new Indian neighbors, the remainder survives to reap a bountiful harvest in the fall of 1621, at which time they pause to celebrate the goodness of the god with a special feast that we remember as the first Thanksgiving." Based on the quote above thanksgiving were celebrated to appreciate the god for giving everything they want in their life

Following Friday they celebrate as a Black Friday where the most items in the stores are in the sale as the tag "black Friday sale." During the Black Friday sale, people line up in each store for many hours to buy what they wanted at a lower price as it is in any other days of the year. Some peoples purchase gifts for their families and friends during a pre-black Friday deal so that it can be given out as a memorable gift for everyone. The following Monday of the Thanksgiving known as a cyber Monday where many people buy goods from online. Most of the people prefer to buy clothes and other home goods from an online store since it has a good deal on so many basics goods that are the needs of everyday life. Thanksgiving commonly is celebrated by eating what party regards as traditional feast featuring a whole stuff turkey as the main dish prototypical utilization of the main meat dist. Eating turkey is of one the highlight about Thanksgiving, where most of the houses have turkey as a dinner on Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving is also remarkable for many poor, and homeless people as organization and community gather together, fundraise and help people in need to improve their basic life and help them with their foods.

Thanksgiving is all about the appreciation of what we already have, sharing love and respect and having a good time with each other. with the information that I provide my friend Rima should be familiar with the national holiday Thanksgiving. It should help her to have a better understanding of Thanksgiving, and it's celebrating in the USA.

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Thanksgiving Traditions

We all, modern day humans, each celebrate Thanksgiving in a different way. We each have our own traditions we do with our family on Thanksgiving, we all have certain activities we do at certain times, like writing down what we're thankful for, right before the traditional Thanksgiving feast. Our traditions are significantly different from the first feasts before us, but a couple traditions remain, like the tradition of spending times with family and enjoying wonderful food. It was argued about by many historians, but many can identify the first Thanksgiving celebration, as in September 1620, where the Pilgrims shared a meal with the Indians in that area.

It was September 1620, when the Mayflower left Plymouth, England, carrying 106 passengers, with hopes of prosperity in the New World. Only half of the passengers would make it to their first New England spring, the other died of things like disease. The half-crew was greeted by an English-speaking Abenaki Indian, who later brought an Indian named Squanto, who taught them about the surrounding wilderness around them, and showed them how to raise crops, fish, and avoid the dangerous plants in the area. When the Pilgrims' first corn harvest turned out successful, they held a festival which lasted three days, they invited the native Indians in the area, who, with the help of Squanto, they forged an alliance with. This meal would be recorded in history as The First Thanksgiving, although other civilizations much earlier than this one would also have a celebration of thanks.

The general Thanksgiving tradition has changed over the years. In the Pilgrim or Ancient times, Thanksgiving, or their giving thanks festivals, had a bit more meaning than it has now. For starters, it had a bit more religious significance, and by a bit I mean that they saw this kind of celebration as a way to celebrate their gods, some fasting up to the event, and eating on it as a way of celebrating the gods. To others, such as the Pilgrims, it was to celebrate their harvest of corn, and maybe, just maybe, surviving to even be there, celebrating the harvest, instead of being on a small, cold, hungry boat.

Our Thanksgiving, however, holds less religious significance than it may have back then. For us now, the general Thanksgiving belief is revolved mainly around family and celebrating an elaborate feast. Turkey has become a symbol for Thanksgiving itself and is widely known tradition to eat it on the Thanksgiving day, and 90% of Americans eat it on this day. This turkey usually comes with it's gravy, pumpkin pie, cranberry sauce, and mashed potatoes. Even though we may not honor the gods on Thanksgiving, or celebrate our corn harvests like our ancestors, Thanksgiving is a time many spend and honor with their families. We especially honor the idea of thankfulness and celebrate it each year.

Works Cited:

Bold, Cambria. 10 Thanksgiving Traditions We're Stealing from Our Readers. Kitchn, Apartment Therapy, LLC., 16 Nov. 2018, www.thekitchn.com/10-lovely-thanksgiving-traditions-were-stealing-for-ourselves-226051.
History.com Editors. Thanksgiving 2018. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 27 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/thanksgiving/history-of-thanksgiving.

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Thanksgiving Celebration Tradition

Contents

Thanksgiving
The Making of the Domestic Occasion:
Work Cited

Thanksgiving

Thanksgiving is a well-known celebrated tradition of the United States and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. Anyone can celebrate the special holiday how they choose or choose not to celebrate at all. The United States has shaped Thanksgiving into their own culture. Thanksgiving has changed drastically over time. Like many other historical events and stories, thanksgiving's meaning in the United States has changed from its original reason of celebration.

Thanksgiving Day is a detailed record from Salem Press, a publisher of reference works. Based off of the information given, the Pilgrims came to the new world on the Mayflower. Almost a hundred of the passengers passed away during the winter season. The survivors built wooden houses and planted crops with the help of the natives during spring and winter. The surviving pilgrims invited the neighboring tribe to enjoy the successful harvest. The Wampanoag Indians brought five deer (Thanksgiving Day). This is the story children are taught in school about the origin of Thanksgiving and the beginning of the United States.

Myths are very common when it comes down to past events. A myth is a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events. The article, Investigating the First Thanksgiving, is by Jacqueline M. Keneipp, a graduate from Indiana with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. The article states that Americans see the first Thanksgiving with images of Pilgrims and Indians sitting at a long banquet table eating turkey and pumpkin pie (Keneipp). Historians have used sources from the harvest festival to prove the modern story, of the first Thanksgiving, incorrect. The harvest festival is primary sources historians accept as the true first day of the holiday (Keneipp).

The Making of the Domestic Occasion:

The History of Thanksgiving in the United States, is a journal of social history written by Elizabeth Pleck- a graduate from the University of Illinois. The journal gives insight on the first Thanksgiving and how it change overtime. It is noted that the first celebration was in November of 1612. The pilgrims sailed the ocean and came to America where they met the Wampanoag Indians. The story goes that they celebrated a successful harvest and ate happily together but the following history of what happened after getting comfortable on the new land is not taught. Thanksgiving Myths, Legends and Lies: Why Settlers Really Started the Annual Feast, was written by Grace Donnelly from fortune.com- a multinational business magazine. After the pilgrims got comfortable, they used small pox blankets to get rid of the natives (Donnelly). The article mentions how the encounter between the pilgrims and Indians was not as sweet as everyone thinks (Donnelly). The celebration in 1621 did not mark a friendly turning point and did not become an annual event. Relations between the Wampanoag and the settlers deteriorated, leading to the Pequot War, Donnelly states.

In her work Donnelly explains that President Lincoln issued the proclamation of Thanksgiving in 1863 to bring the Indian and Pilgrims together and end the war (Donnelly). The celebration was also encouraged by a magazine editor, Sarah Josepha Hale. She would encourage the legalization of the holiday in Godey's magazine and write letters to the military and governors telling them to celebrate (Pleck). Godey's was a magazine with a circulation of 150,000 and the largest periodical of its kind in the country (Thanksgiving Day). Also, the confederates and the Union were separated and at war with each other, the union won. The battle of Gettysburg had a role in Lincoln making Thanksgiving a legal holiday (Thanksgiving Day).

After it became a national holiday, the meaning of thanksgiving started changing to a holiday of family homecoming (Pleck). Pleck also states how the second most celebrated holiday became a holiday of American civil religion. Instead of being thankful for the crops and successful harvest, Lincoln praised God for prosperity, blessings, and peace. Thanksgiving gained a new meaning during the Progressive era. Attending church was no longer required but it was expected to say grace before eating. Public schools used immigrant children to bring American culture into their homes. They encouraged the children to enjoy American celebrations and no longer stressed the history of Thanksgiving. Pleck states that, In the Progressive era, teachers did not emphasize the Protestant origins or meanings of thanksgiving, and instead portrayed the holiday in secular, nationalist terms??¦ (Pleck). During the 1870s, teachers started giving students pictures and symbols to draw and color. The child would bring home the ideas learned from class and share it with their family (Pleck).

Around the late 1800s, people in the west thought of the holiday as a hunting day and people in the south considered it a Yankee day. Pleck mentions that Thanksgiving Day, in the early nineteenth century, began with church and ended the day with a feast. The men would target objects or wild turkeys and win a prize. This could take place before or after church. Blacks still thought of Thanksgiving as a religious holiday around 1900 and attended church the morning of (Pleck).

The Macy's Day parade symbolized commercialization. It started in 1924 and advertised shopping for the next upcoming holiday, Christmas. Thanksgiving themed table settings and cards were also sold during this time. Gifts, such as the Bible, were exchanged in the early nineteenth century but is no longer done. Football became a popular sport watched on the fourth Thursday of November in the late 1800s when a college championship game was scheduled on that day. Soon after the first game of 1876, many college and high school teams were playing on Thanksgiving Day. In the 1900s it became an inside sport over the radio and by 1956 the games made it to television screens. Women and men were separated during the celebration. The men would sit and talk over food and the game while the females worked in the kitchen and talked with other women (Pleck).

Thanksgiving is not what it used to be. The holiday is celebrated with different foods that are now considered the traditional meal of the special day. Outdoor activities are less common than it was in the past. The United States do not speak on details about the important history that created the tradition and encouraged it. Televised games, eating a huge meal, and being thankful for God's blessings is the modern day Thanksgiving.

Work Cited

Donnelly, Grace. "Thanksgiving Myths, Legends and Lies: Why Settlers Really Started the Annual Feast." Fortune.Com, 21 Nov. 2017, p. 1. EBSCOhost, ntcc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=126354504&site=eds-live.
Elizabeth Pleck, author. "The Making of the Domestic Occasion: The History of Thanksgiving in the United States." Journal of Social History, no. 4, 1999, p. 773. EBSCOhost, ntcc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.3789891&site=eds-live.
Jacqueline M., Keneipp. "Investigating the First Thanksgiving." OAH Magazine of History, no. 3, 2004, p. 68. EBSCOhost, ntcc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.25163687&site=eds-live.
"Thanksgiving Day." Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2015. EBSCOhost,ntcc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=er&AN=93788271&site=eds-live.
Wallendorf, Melanie and Eric J. Arnould. "We Gather Together": Consumption Rituals of Thanksgiving Day." Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 18, no. 1, June 1991, pp. 13-31. EBSCOhost, ntcc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=4657212&site=eds-live.

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How Thanksgiving was Started?

On every fourth thursday of November we celebrate Thanksgiving to give thanks. Have you wondered why we celebrate this holiday and how it started ? Thanksgiving began by the Pilgrims and Indians to give thanks God for the wonderful harvest. It's was a special day then and is still a special day today to thank God for what we have.

On September 6, 1620, 102 men, women, and children boarded a ship called the Mayflower to set sail to North America, which they called the New World. Today we call them Pilgrims. They left England in search of religious freedom from King James I, who passed a law that stated no one can practice the religion they wanted. At first the Pilgrims first moved to Holland to practice their religion but after 12 years of financial problems, they received funding from English merchants to sail across to the New World. They sailed on the Mayflower for a little over two months across the stormy Atlantic Ocean, hoping to settle the land where New York City is now located but due to the strong windy condition they had to cut their trip short. They landed on what is now called Cape Cod but one month later they crossed Massachusetts Bay and landed in what we call Plymouth, Massachusetts. They built a settlement at an abandon Pawtuxet Indian village.

The Pilgrims found themselves in a very harsh environment. The colonists needed to figure something out since they signed a contract with the Virginia Company to settle in Virginia but they landed in Massachusetts instead. The colonists decided that they wanted to make the colony successful and set out to create a short document, the Mayflower Compact, that had a set of temporary laws to rule themselves and form a good colony. On November 11, 1620, male adults signed the Mayflower Compact. When the cold, Decembers came the Pilgrims weren't used to hunting or fishing and many suffered from hunger. Most of them remained on board the ship where they suffered exposure, scurvy and outbreaks of contagious diseases. Many of the Pilgrims didn't survive the winter and only half of the passengers survived to see the New Englands first Spring. The Mayflower Compact perished after the winter and William Bradford was elected as governor for thirty years and under his guidance the colonists suffered less hardship than before.

In March, Samoset, an Abenaki leader, and Squanto visited the settlers. Squanto was a Wampanoag who had experience with other settlers knew English very well because he was kidnapped by traders wh and sold into slavery before escaping back to his homeland. Samoset also introduced the Pilgrims to Massasoit, the chief of the Wampanoag tribe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims to survive the New World. He helped the Pilgrims to plant crops and he taught them how to use fish to fertilize their fields. He taught them how to hunt, fish, how to avoid poisonous plants, and how to Massasoit signed a treaty of alliance with the Pilgrims in 1621, that made a promise to not hurt or fight and to protect one another, that lasted 50 years. If a Wampanoag broke the peace, he will be sent to Plymouth for punishment and if a colonists broke peace then he will be sent to the Wampanoags.

In fall the Pilgrims with the help of the Indians had a huge harvest. The Pilgrims and Governor wanted to make a celebration to thank God for the wonderful harvest. The few of the settlers went out to hunt for some food for the celebration. The Wampanoag heard the gunshots and alerted their leader Massasoit, who thought the colonists were preparing for war. Massasoit visited the colonists settlement with 90 men of his to see if they were really preparing for war and they realized they were hunting for the harvest celebration. William Bradford organized the celebration feast and invited the Native Americans allies, including the Wampanoag chief, Massasoit. The Native Americans helped the pilgrims hunt and gather food for the harvest and Massasoit sent his men to go hunt for deer and they brought 5 deer as a gift to the colonists. The harvest was somewhere near the fall season in 1621. The celebration lasted for three days of men, women, and children eating, hunting, praying, and other entertainments.

The celebration had many different food, games, singing, and traditions. The celebration had similar and different foods we have today for Thanksgiving. Their were most likely foods like deer, lobster, corn, beans, cranberries, and many more. Their were games and dancing at the celebration like tug-o-war, blind man's bluff, pin game, which were most of Native American games the Indian children played and their was dancing the women did called the jig and they also sang hymns. The adult men made competition like target shoot to see you has the best skills. Thanksgiving started to become a holiday 200 years later.

This is how Thanksgiving started by the Pilgrims and Native Americans. Thanksgiving is a very special holiday for us to give thanks to the Lord and it began with them.

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An Important Family Holiday

Thanksgiving Day

Thanksgiving is a national holiday that originated as harvest festival in the United States celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. I'm going to write a little story about Thanksgiving Day.

In September 1620, a ship called the mayflower left Plymouth, England, which had 102 passengers was seeking a new home where they could live freely. One month later, they approached Massachusetts Bay, where know as Pilgrims. After hard and cold winter, they planted some foods with Wampanoag Indians then they shared an autumn harvest feast in 1621 that was one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations.

In the United States, it is an important family holiday. People often travel across the country to be with family members for the holiday. The Thanksgiving holiday is "four-day" weekend in the United States. Americans' shops and markets are on sale Thursday and Friday. Thanksgiving is almost entirely celebrated at home.

On the other hand, Canadians celebrate Thanksgiving on the second Monday in October. The festival was celebrated to thank the recovery of King Edward VII from a serious illness that is different from U.S. People celebrate Thanksgiving Day having parades, customary 'family feast' and 'turkey'. It is a time for sharing, loving. The behind the celebration is to being thankful for the past harvest and praying for the coming year.

In Britain, the harvest festival starts when the wheat has been cut and the apples have been picked. The churches are decorated with flowers during the harvest time. Fruits, Vegetables, and a loaf of bread are also used to decorate the churches. Peoples believe that bringing a plough into the church for blessing will result into a plentiful harvesting during the next year.

In Mongolia, harvest festival begins in October and most of kindergarten and middle school celebrate this day. They cook with many kind of vegetables that grown in our country. It is our little celebration of harvest festival. Nowadays, American who live in Mongolia usually celebrate thanksgiving and teach us what is it thanksgiving, what kind of foods must be in the dinner table.

First time, in high school teacher who works in Peace Corps explained us thanksgiving and show us how they celebrate this holiday. This is all my experiences about thanksgiving.

In conclusion, in my opinion this holiday is different from each other but thanksgiving's mean is thanking for everyone and have a wonderful dinner with people who you love. And it is the same as harvest festival for other countries.

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Police Brutality Ordinances

The African American citizens located in a South Los Angeles neighborhood began to riot on April 29, 1992. This uproar began because of a violent action against an African American taxi driver, Rodney King, in 1991. Since then, many cases of police brutality have sparked disputes nationwide. Because of these quarrels, there should be stricter regulations on how to deal with police brutality cases.

Trials meant to deal with police brutality cases have not always been handled equitably for everyone involved. When police are taken to a trial, prosecutors have full conduct of how it is handled. Prosecutors often entrust the situation to the police departments, which also leaves the punishments to be decided by the departments (Morrison). The departments don't punish these police officers because of reputation. They are scared of losing trust in the people and the community. Prosecutors often choose to do nothing when a police officer is accused, wanting to prove that the police did nothing wrong in the abuse of a citizen. Some states in the U.S. are creating laws that require public trials when officers are involved in brutality cases.

According to Caren Morrison, California's approach, making prosecutors proceed by public preliminary hearing rather than by grand jury, should help protect against the most blatant forms of sabotage by prosecutors. She is explaining how California has required cases to go to a public hearing, so there is a smaller chance of sabotage from the prosecutor. Sabotage can show false information and influence how the suspect is treated. Most police are not penalized because there is no evidence involved. If these sabotages were terminated, police cases could be truthful and the officers involved would be punished. How do we spread news of police brutality?

Not a lot of people think about how violent police brutality cases are, and awareness about it can be transmitted. However, many citizens of the U.S. don't take it as seriously as they should. Police can also be bias about situations and who is involved in them. Many U.S. citizens believe being a generous and kind person is helping to combat racism; it's not. (Williams). There are many positive people, but performing nothing will not stop bad things from happening. Bailey Williams explains that You don't have to wait for another viral video or hashtag to take action death and physical violence should not be the catalyst for acting. In other words, action can be made immediately against police brutality, you just have to do something. There are many ways to bring attention to police brutality. In Georgia in 2010, a black mom by the name of Caroline Small was shot eight times after a low-speed chase. The police said they were afraid of her hitting them with her car. Small was not armed and she had not committed any crimes (Morrison). The police discussed the event, but the shooting was found justified. Many other events have sparked riots and uprisings, and it is helping to spread recognition of police brutality.

While others say that police should be punished for their actions against innocent people, there are many who disagree with that. They claim that police have the choice to go to court, and should not have to communicate about the cases. However, police are citizens just like the rest of the people in the U.S. and should be required to go to court. According to Caren Morrison, prosecutors have a choice when police cases are assigned to them. Usually, they do nothing, and the police are not punished for their actions. This message is given to police officers, and they continue to abuse their power over citizens. If there were stricter regulations when punishing officers, maybe the number of cases would decline.

Regulations and laws concerning police brutality cases are being ignored by prosecutors.
Police are often lazy and choose the easy way out of situations, and most situations are handled violently. However, when on trial, many prosecutors either sabotage the evidence or don't want to even do the trial. Because of this, uprisings have started and spreading the word about how unfair the trials are.

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A Negative Effect of Police Brutality

Even though it has been around for decades, through recent years police brutality has been the topic to talk about, with the recent killings of innocent people how could it not be? This issue truly does have a negative effect on society many people relating the topic as a hate crime because it's mostly colored minorities who are affected by this. There are things being done and there are also some things that could be done to prevent this from occurring.

Police brutality is when an officer uses an excessive amount of force on a person. For example, Dashawn Mcgrier, having already been charged with assault, disorderly conduct, obstructing and hindering, and resisting and interfering with arrest. On August 11 a video was posted showing an officer who had previously detained him continuously punching Mcgrier in the body and head. While Mcgrier did nothing to the officer but try to defend himself from the blows he fell on the ground and the officer didn't stop. When a person sees this it gets them wondering on if they can really trust another man in a police uniform.

In a person's mind a police officer should be there to help a citizen when in need not attack them because they may feel a certain way towards them. In the In Police We Trust article, it states 75% of white Americans believe that the police do an excellent or good job' in treating racial and ethnic minorities equal and only one-third of blacks believe the same. police brutality has become a big topic lately because of the killings or abuse of power a police officer may show. Police officers were made so people could be safe and protected. With the current representation of what a police officer is to some people, trust is lost to those who are supposed to protect them. How are people supposed to feel safe if they see and hear that police officers are being extreme or going to the point of killing a citizen? This is a huge problem because people could make this as a reason to turn against law enforcement and cause chaos in a community.

Prior to current cases of police brutality, it all really isn't new in America. During the 1960s civil rights movements were going on for black freedom and equality. In the peaceful marches of integrationists, at some point they were beat with sticks, fired at with tear gas, punched or attacked by dogs sometimes. Of course the most famous and memorable march where all of these occurred in was the Selma march to Montgomery in 1965. It doesn't stop there, on March 3, 1991. Rodney King a motorist, was stopped by officers from the LAPD for speeding. As a result for not following police orders King was hit by knight sticks about fifty times. In the video, which was filmed by a nearby pedestrian, there are two officers who beat him with the night sticks and more than a dozen other officers who just stand there and watch as they beat the man. This was the video that really caught the attention of the people, and showed that there was truly another side in law enforcement, that being the cruel and abusive side. Police brutality is never not happening in america, that's why people are growing to hate these crimes or the police themselves.

A common attempt that's been done for this issue is to have a camera on the officer while on duty. They wear these cameras for both the officers and citizens protection. The officer having the camera on i feel causes them to think before they do because they themselves are recording every single thing they do. If they don't think before they do then the camera catches that and the officer can't deny what he or she did. Recently though they had to take those cameras off because the battery would explode while on the officer. Another approach to this is the creation of reforms to minimize the numbers of these devastating occurrences. An example of this would be written in the article How much is Police Brutality Costing America, which states, The city of Camden, New Jersey started over with a new police force focused on community policing; after doing so, it rates of violent crime and murder fell. If we could get the police officers to get to know the community and the people who are in them the possibility of police brutality would be lower then if an officer didn't know anything or anyone. This would help build trust in citizens to law enforcement officials in their community. To have a kind of relationship with each other would make it safer for both the officer and citizen because they don't have to worry about starting off aggressive at first but instead approach each other camly, and only use force when needing to.

In my opinion officers who misuse their power are not worthy of having the badge they carry on them at all. One thing that could be done is hiring people who want to protect and serve all people , not excluding anyone because of their color or beliefs. Something that could also be done is possibly seeing if anyone has anger issues or doing check ups on law enforcement officer to see how they are doing mentally. I feel that a cause to the police brutality is the officer may get easily hostile because of something or someone that got them mad or touched them when they want to be. People have to go through court when they do something against the law, but for law enforcement officers, they should go to court yes, but the courts should be more strict on them. As in, if there is evidence that they were the officer to commit the crime they should get laid off, and if they witnessed another officer do this wrong and did nothing, they can still work for law enforcement but cleaning their floors. What is the whole point of having two officers partners, if one isn't going to to step up and keep the other in check. To do something when they know the other is doing something wrong is best. To be a police officer is to protect and serve not go against the citizen or standby and watch.

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Latinos and Police Brutality

Contents

Statistics:
First Known Case About Police Brutality:
Case #1:
Case #2:
Case #3:
Case #4:
Officers Training:
Counter-argument:
Possible Solutions:
Conclusion:

In most recent news, African Americans and police brutality have been the hot topic of choice for news and media outlets. Of course, people may know the current incident between and officer and African American and immigration topics but no one knows that police brutality affects Latinos and their community. Ruben Garcia Villalpando, Jessica Hernandez, and Pedro Villanueva, are just a few whose lives have been taken by hands of a police officer. To know that these men and women did not get mentioned in the news makes people wonder why that would be. Police brutality against Latinos has increased in the recent years and will continue to increase if proper steps are not taken to improve the sensitivity training in law enforcement officers.

Statistics:

Odis Johnson said, that the color of your neighborhood matters as much as the color of your skin when it comes to police shootings. In this study, it shows that racial and economic demographics is a very influential factor in the chances they are of you being killed during a interaction with the police. He also found that being in poor areas all males of color face a higher risk of being killed by police. Hispanic males are 2.6 times more likely to be killed by police officers. (Everding, 2018).

According to the Washington Post, 112 Latinos out of 715 people have been killed by police officers. Hispanics make up 17.8% of the populations, but when it comes to all searches they make up 23 percent of arrests. The reason for these stories do not get as much media attention is because people tend to look at the bigger news. (Perez, 2017). Roughly about 17% of Hispanics were shot and killed by police in between 2015 to 2017. Often these killings go under-reported and do not get media coverage. (International Human Rights Clinic at Santa Clara University, 2017).

First Known Case About Police Brutality:

The first case that was brought to the eyes of police brutality was Graham v. Connor. Graham was a diabetic who needed orange juice because he was having an episode. Coming out of a store police officers thought he was involved in a crime. They slammed him onto the roof of the car, then thrown in the back of the police cars. This caused him to have a broken foot, inflicting cuts, bruises, and an injuring to his shoulder. This was the first case to bring light to police officers using excessive force (Pollock, 2007). Although there are many cases within the African American communities. There are always many within the Latino community.

Case #1:

Ruben Garcia Villalpando was an, 35 year old,unarmed Mexican immigrant. Villalpando was part of a high-speed chase with the police. An altercation occurred after he disobeyed the officers command during the traffic stop. He then proceeded to come out of his car with his hands up. He shouted to the police officer if he was going to kill him. As he proceeded to get out the car he put his hands behind his head and walked towards the officer. The officer shouts at him, swearing at him, to get back. Villaplando does not listen and was shot twice in the chest. The grand jury does not charge the officer for shooting Villaplando. It was said that the officers' actions obeyed with the law regarding the use of deadly force. (Shoichet 2015).

Villalpando was wrong for not obeying the officer's orders, but it did not mean that he had to get shot twice in the chest. The officer should have found different ways to deescalate the situation. Villalpando did not have a firearm. He had his hands behind his head. The officer could have used a taser instead of using his weapon.

Case #2:

Jessica Hernandez was a, 17 year old, unarmed Hispanic girl who was also killed by the police. Hernandez was known to be loving, fun, and goofy teenager. She was in a vehicle with four other teenagers. The car had been reported stolen. All the teens in the car were unarmed. Hernandez was the one driver. She was the only one killed the other three were uninjured. The police officers opened fired to the vehicle and that's how Hernandez was killed. The officers claimed self-defense and that the car was going towards them. One officer was injured, but it was still undetermined how he got injured. (Hebets & McCallin).

Hernandez was in a reported stolen car, but officers should not be opening fire at a moving car. They are supposed to try and move out of the way. It is a policy that is nationally known. Open fire is allowed only when the car poses a forthcoming danger of death. The parents and the department decided on a settlement. This was done to defuse the tension and the prompted protest. The settlement was for $1 million.

Case #3:

Pedro Villanueva a, 19 year olds, unarmed man was killed by police. Villanueva was a target to help the police crackdown some illegal street racers. The officers had been following Villanueva in an unmarked car for about 5 miles. Villanueva then hit a dead-end street in which he proceeded to make a U-turn to get out. As he was getting out of the street the police officers opened fired. Villanueva was shot multiple times and died at the scene. The other passenger was shot in the arm. Although in the state of California it is allowed to open fire at a moving car, it is considered very dangerous and ineffective. (Downs, 2016).

Villanueva shooting was uncalled for. He did not know that he was being followed because the car was unmarked. Instead of shooting the officers could have identified themselves and maybe he would have stopped. The officers could have tried to deescalate the situation, but instead chose to open fire. No reports have been made in regards to what happened to the officer involved in this shooting.

Case #4:

Magdiel Sanchez was a, 35 year old, deaf man killed by police. The police officers were responding to a hit-and-run in the area. When they encountered Sanchez they saw that he had a metal pipe with him. He always carried that metal pipe to make the dogs stay away and to help him communicate. The officers demanded Sanchez to put the pipe down, but he did not obey. Some of Sanchez neighbors told the officers that he was deaf and that he could not hear them. They did not listen and one officer tased him and the other officer shot him. He was dead at the scene.

The police officer who shot Sanchez was put on administrative leave. Why did the officers choose to ignore what his neighbors were telling him? Why did the officers shoot after they had already got him with the taser? Why did the officers not try anything else besides yelling? They clearly saw that he was not answering their commands. The officers could have done so much more rather then shooting him.

Officers Training:

Police officers often use force offensively rather than defensively. This happens when the suspect does not follow the orders told to them. There mentally trained to use of firearms and defensive tactics. When in reality they are ignoring crisis intervention and des-escalation strategies. Officers are trained to shoot rather than to wait until the situation is at a dangerous level for them. They are told to just make it home at the end of their shifts. Police officers should see a gun before using deadly force. Everyone is equal under the law. If everyone is equal under the law then why bear a criminal justice system that morals the life of a police officer more than the life of a suspect? (Gross, 2016). Meaning that the officer should not just get a slap on the wrist because they have a badge.

According to Wihbey, J., & Kille, L. W they talk about how much excessive force is used by the U.S. police department. They give several cases where excessive force has been used. Investigations have shown that some states engage in a pattern or practice the use of excessive force, including deadly force, in violation of the 4th amendment. In 2015, Washington Post reported a problem that now is being recognized in the lack of training for officers dealing with many different people. Studies also showed that the minority groups Latinos and African Americans have low confidence in law enforcement, and believe that the police would more likely use force on them. It was found that police officers do not receive consistent training concerning deadly force in the department. It was also said that data was not updated like it should have been. There was incomplete data therefore, they could not tell how much it occurs. (Wihbey, J., & Kille, L. W 2016).

Counter-argument:

Some people might say that the police officers are just doing their job. That they risk their lives every day to keep the public safe. That the officer shot the person in self-defense and that they also have a family that they have to go home too. The officer felt endanger so the officer had a right to shoot. Another argument is that often times they deserve it because they were not listening to the officers demand. That they were asking for it when they decided to commit a crime prior to the shooting. Some might also say that the person should have not ran away from the officer.

Possible Solutions:

Change is not going to happen overnight. It is going to take years and many solutions to stop police brutality. It is also going to take solutions to tackle every part of police brutality. A possible solution can be to have better training for officers on how to deal with different people. Meaning that the officers should take extra time on deadly force. Showing them pervious shooting and seeing what they can do different instead of killing the person. They can strategize how to deescalate the situation when the person is unarmed and somewhat compelling to their demands. They can strategize different ways to take down the person. Some ways can be to use the taser more. This will shock them and bring them down. Giving the officer time to hold them down on the floor and arrest them if needed. They can also try using pepper spray. This will impair their eight sight and help the officer get control of the situation. Another way can be to try and talk to the person deescalate the situation. Some videos show where they are trying to talk to a white person to try to get them to calm down and comply. Why can't they do that with a person of color?

Another solution can be to start building bonds with the community that the officer is patrolling in. Building these bonds will create a better environment to work and the people of the community will trust the officer. This will also defuse the tension that there is between officers and people of color. Officers have to show that they can be trusted. That still have to do their job, but the community will not be afraid to die. Minorities have trust issues with the police. Showing the community that not all police officers are the same that there are some good ones.

Finally, the officers involved in these shootings should be fired and taken to trial. Most officers involved in these shootings do not get charged. They get administrative leave or the departments settles. Departments should take these cases very seriously because it represents the whole department. If having a murderer or racists in the department then its assumed that the whole department is the same way. There should be a zero-tolerance policy for racism. Officers should not get special treatment because they have badges. If they commit a crime then they should be processed like everyone else. This is another reason the community has a bad image about police officers because they get treated with special treatment when they are wrong.

Conclusion:

All in all, police brutality against Latinos has increased over the years, but they just do not get media coverage. Things need to be done before the problem becomes bigger. There are many different cases where police officers shot an unarmed Latino/a. It should not be just Latinos talking about it, it should be everyone talking about it. Organizations that represent any social injustice towards monitories need to bring attention to police brutality against Latinos as well.

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Police Brutality Issues in America

Contents

POLICE BRUTALITY AND AMERICA
Abstract
References

POLICE BRUTALITY AND AMERICA

Abstract

This paper will look at police brutality and the prosecuting of the officers of the events; from the earlier era in America to the present day. If will also look at how the media can shape the narrative that is presented to the public at large an how that effects how police brutality is viewed as a whole. Then finally look at whether or not America has gotten better or worse when it comes to police brutality.

Society today is a highly connected society through the use of social media and other news sources. Now when events happen they can be shared around the U.S. and the world in the matter of minutes or hours. Due to this there has been a rise of awareness of police brutality, throughout the populace. In the following paper we will look at specific police brutality events and their outcomes. Along with looking at how the media can affect the perception of the event to the populace.

Police brutality isn’t a new development but a problem that has unfortunately existed since there have been police forces. Looking at an early case of police brutality brought to the Supreme Court can highlight some of the difficulties there were with prosecuting police for their behavior. Screws v. United States is a great example of this. Claud Screws was the sheriff of Baker County in the state of Georgia. He arrested Robert Hall, a Negro, for tire theft. He handcuffed him and then drove him to the police station where he and two other officers beat Hall with their fists and 2 blackjacks. (Robert, 1945) Then dragged him to the jail cell and called an ambulance, where Hall died without gaining consciousness. Screws and the other individuals claimed Hall used offensive language and reached for a gun. (Robert, 1945) The State of Georgia did not prosecute the individuals and the United States Attorney with Department of Justice ended prosecuting them. The individuals were prosecuted under section 52 of title 18 of the United States Code. This is important as it was used to because by killing Hall the Sheriff and his deputies denied Hall his constitutional right to not be deprived of his life without due process of the law. (Roberts, 1945) A trial by jury found the all three defendants guilty and they were fined 1,000 dollars and sentenced to 3 years in prison, the crime was considered a misdemeanor. The defendants appealed to the Fifth circuit court of appeals who affirmed the conviction. (Robert, 1945) However, it then went to the Supreme Court where the end result was a little more complex.

There were four opinions from the court with the majority being a re-trial due to the vagueness of section 52 and its application to this event. One of the dissenting opinions was that it was obvious that by killing Hall that Screws and the deputies had deprived him of his life without a trial, so the verdict should be affirmed. Then another dissenting opinion stated that section 52 shouldn’t have applied to Screws and the deputies in the first place as it was made to be more specific and not used broadly. This shows how imperfect section 52 is when trying a civil rights case, especially one of this magnitude, considering it is only a misdemeanor crime by this statute. (Robert, 1945) However, it gives a glimpse of what the courts had to work with in that time frame.

March 3, 1991 one of the most visible cases of police brutality in America, the beating of Rodney King took place. King, a black man, led police on a car chase and once apprehended was beat by the officers. This was captured on video tape by a white bystander and played all over the media. (Maurantonio, 2014) The video tape is an important factor of this police brutality case as let everyone be the eye witness to the event itself. (Maurantonio, 2014) This is why the 1992 Los Angeles riots happen when the acquittal of the four officers accused in the case. The minority community saw it as an injustice with the officers not being held accountable to what they did. So not long after the verdict was read a group of black boys beat Reginald Denny, a white truck driver. The media unfortunately used this beating as a kind of qui quo pro for the King beatings. (Maurantonio, 2014) Maurantonio argues that the media portrayal of King as a hapless victim that was in the wrong place at the wrong time, down played the racism that was part of that police brutality episode.

It is also important to look at the Media’s portrayal of police brutality when no actual brutality occurred but a rush to present the story to the public inflamed a local populace. Nowhere is this more apparent than with the Michael Brown case and the “Hands up, don’t shoot” narrative. Now it is important to note that it is vital for the media to present both the victim and the officers equally as Dukes points out a negative view of the victim in the media increases a bias in the populace against said individual. (2017) However, the issue in this case was by presenting that narrative before facts were established the town of Ferguson ended up rioting as they believed another senseless death of a black teen at the hands of the police. It wasn’t until later when it was discovered that that quote never happened and he was going for the officer’s gun that led to the ordeal and the fatal shooting. By then it was too late and the narrative was believed by too many therefore accepted by some.

The examples above show both real cases of police brutality and then a false case of police brutality however, the biggest factor of these types of issues in the police department is the eroding of the public’s trust because of them. This is exasperated when the officer involved in the event fails to be punished if deserved. In 2013 92% of police officers in major cities had collective bargaining agreements. (Adams, 2016) This is important as this provides the officers with an arbitrator that will help when it comes to disciplinary matters. Just like the regular public the officer deserves to justly punished and not punished due to a perceived guilt. The problem can come though when even though the officer is guilty the arbitrator is able to get the punishment reduced to a lesser punishment. (Adams, 2016) This in turns make the public think that the officer is getting away with beating or killing them. A good example is Freddie Gray who died in police custody in Baltimore and led to riots. (Adams, 2016) In this case the officers were tried in civil court. The officers were tried separately but one ended in a mis-trial and the others were found not guilty. This shows how hard a conviction can be on an officer in the line of duty.

The reason the paper has focused on race cases of police brutality is that it is an event issue within the United States. Depending on the media its portrayal of this issue is full of ambiguities, emotions and different perspectives. (Lawrence, 2000) There is an appearance of the minorities receiving the short end of the stick while the political powers protect the police officer. The police officers want to be tough on policing and crime but that can lead to issues sometimes in the inner cities and minority communities. (Lawrence, 2000)

Overall police brutality is a real issue that needs to be resolved as the past has shown us. There is no way around the issue as it has been documented and shown to be an issue. What needs further study is trying to define and develop a way to further combat it at an agency level and not just at an individual level. Key to that would be ensuring that punishment is given to the officers when they have been found guilty of the brutality. However, ensuring not to rush to judgment and try the officer in the court of public opinion before the actual facts are discovered.

References

Adams, T. (2016). Factors in Police Misconduct Arbitration Outcomes: What Does It Take to Fire a Bad Cop? ABA Journal of Labor & Employment Law, 32(1), 133–156. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1919095887/
Alang, S., PhD. (2018). The more things change, the more things stay the same: Race, ethnicity, and police brutality. American Journal of Public Health, 108(9), 1127-1128. doi:https://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304628
Chaney, C., & Robertson, R. (2013). Racism and Police Brutality in America. Journal of African American Studies, 17(4), 480–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-013-9246-5
Dukes, K., & Gaither, S. (2017). Black Racial Stereotypes and Victim Blaming: Implications for Media Coverage and Criminal Proceedings in Cases of Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 789–807. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12248
Lawrence, R. G. (2000). The politics of force : media and the construction of police brutality. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=223306.
Maurantonio, N. (2014). Remembering rodney king: Myth, racial reconciliation, and civil rights history. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(4), 740-755. doi:https://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1177/1077699014550094
Robert K. Carr, Screws v. United States The Georgia Police Brutality Case , 31 Cornell L. Rev. 48 (1945) Available at: https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol31/iss2/3

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Women and Police Brutality

Police brutality is one of several forms of police misconduct, which involves undue violence by police officers. It seems to happen in several countries, but very often in the United States against African-Americans. Studies show that the US police kill more in days than other countries do in years. (The Guardian, 2018). Generally, when individuals discuss police violence against African-Americans; recurring names such as Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and Eric Garner continuously appear in broadcast media. It is very rare that police violence against women is brought to the public's attention. My conclusion is that there may be more women victims of police violence than there are men. The 2016 Census stated that 58.3% of the U.S. population was women (Census Quickfacts, 2016). This percentage could correlate to women having more incidents of police brutality than men. These statistics, based on research, are not currently studied, so we would not know. The lack of official definition of brutality could lead to instances of police brutality that are not categorized as such. Police brutality against women should not be silenced and should be brought to society's attention.

Kimberle Crenshaw is a civil rights advocate, and a leading scholar of the race theory (Law UCLA). She is also a professor of law at UCLA and Columbia Law School. Crenshaw has worked on a variety of issues pertaining to gender and race in the domestic violence literature. Some examples include violence against women, systematic racial discrimination, and affirmative action. She also the creator of the say her name movement. Which is a movement is a social movement that seeks to raise awareness for black female victims of police brutality and anti-black violence in the United States. ( Why Kimberle Crenshaw is fighting for forgotten women). Kimberle Crenshaw has contributed many good deeds to the women community.

By Crenshaw creating the movement, she brought exposure to the discriminatory experiences by women of color. More than 70 black women have died at the hands of the police in the past three years( The Guardian, 2016). Yes, the familiar Sandra Bland case that went worldwide. The event that took place with Sandra Bland she was pulled over for failing to signal while changing lanes. Eventually, Bland was arrested and found hanged in her cell. Her death still goes unsolved ( "Sandra Bland: behind a poignant documentary of her life and death"). Sandra Bland shined little light on women battling police brutality. But unfortunately, her case was unsolved and played a part in the tabloids for a short period of time. There are women of all ages from 7 to 93 years old killed by police violence. For Instance, 7-year-old Aiyana Jones, she was sleeping in her home on the east side of Detroit on the night of May 16, 2010, when officers barged into the home (Abbey-Lambertz). They were conducting a police raid in search of a murder suspect who lived at that address when Officer Joseph Weekley accidentally fired his gun the shot, unfortunately, killed Aiyana. The reasoning for Weekley firing his gun is still a matter of dispute. Aiyanna was burned by the explosive and struck by a police bullet shot from outside the home.

In addition to that, May 12, 2014, 93-year-old Pearlie Golden was fatally shot and killed by a police officer (The Guardian, 2014). According to The Guardian resources, Roy Jones told KBTX-TV he had taken Golden, his aunt, to renew her driver's license on that Tuesday, but she was denied after failing her test. As Jones took his aunt back to her home, he could tell she was upset. Jones said he was later sitting with his aunt on her front porch when Golden demanded her keys back. He refused, then Golden went into the house and got her 38-caliber handgun. Jones ran into the house and called the police, he told the station. Jones says "Goldens soon fired two shots into the ground when an officer told her to drop her gun." Hearne police said in a statement that Golden "brandished a gun" when officer Stem arrived. A preliminary autopsy showed Golden was shot twice and grazed by a third bullet, the Robertson County district attorney, Coty Siegert, has said. Golden having a handgun is very crucial, however, she was elderly and didn't deserve to get gunned down. As an officer, he is physically capable of taking Golden down. Instead of trying to get the gun off of her he immediately reverted to a shooting. It's also important that viewers keep in mind that Golden was African-American. Although there is no current evidence that race was playing a role. Society still has to consider that implicit bias can always play a role. There have been women with mental illnesses as well, victims of police violence.

Somali Refugee was killed by the North Fulton police. Refugee suffered from a bipolar disorder. (Mcgee and Elassar 2018). When Refugee was gunned down by two Johns Creek police officers, she apparently was wielding a knife near the intersection of Abbots Bridge and Sweet Creek roads. The officers opened fire after tasers and a foam impact round failed to make her drop the knife. She later died of her injuries at Emory Johns Creek Hospital (Mcgee and Elassar). This took place early to 2018 and not many people are aware of Somali Story. Refugee family has questioned police training when dealing with mental health patients.

Equally important, the police training should be taken into consideration. How is it that American police officers have such a higher rate of shootings compared to most countries (The Guardian, 2018). New incoming officers are taught, what is widely known as the "first rule of law enforcement"( Stoughton, 2014). The first rule of law enforcement is police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. (Police Law Enforcement). Understanding the matter of being an officer is dangerous, but people who are trained to instantly fear the community can be problematic. If people get the idea they should fear the community they are more than likely to act off impulse." There is no proof of my statement, yet that how it is portrayed from an outsider looking in. According to Stoughton "In most police shootings, officers don't shoot out of anger or frustration or hatred. They shoot because they are afraid. And they are afraid because they are constantly barraged with the message that they should be afraid, that their survival depends on it."( Stoughton, 2014). He also explains that "Officers aren't just told about the risks they face. They are shown painfully vivid, heart-wrenching dash-cam footage of officers being beaten, disarmed, or gunned down after a moment of inattention or hesitation. They are told that the primary culprit isn't the felon on the video, it is the officer's lack of vigilance. These officers are now worried about staying alive or possibly think that will never let event as such happen to them." ( Stoughton). The officer are not the only people to blame, the system has to take responsibility as well.

Between facing systematic oppression, fighting for the right to vote, unequally pay, and amongst many other barriers. Being a woman appears challenging already. In addition to that these women are African-American. Which makes it more difficult; because being a black woman today is an extra barrier to overcome. Here now we have these women being discriminated against for multiple things. What are these women supposed to do? They no longer have someone to call for help. If our collective outrage around cases of police violence is meant to serve as a warning to the state that its police cannot kill without consequences. Then our silence around the cases of black women, and girls send the message that certain deaths do not need any repercussions. Black women are substantially helpless. Police officers are supposed to be people we call for protection. However, these women are not able to do that. It is devastating the future could be young black girls having to be trained to understand what to do when interacting with a police officer. Because of the matter, young girls live are being taken away by them. Everyone deserves to be treated as if he or she is human. However, the way police handle these women it is if they are animals.

For this reason, the movement called say her name created by Kimberle Crenshaw should be pushed more by the public. They say her name movement responds to the increasing calls for attention to police violence against black women. By offering a resource to help ensure that black women's stories are integrated into demand for justice, police responses to violence, and media representations of victims of police brutality. There are not many people who know about the say her name movement. Women and men all over the world to attend should support #SayHerName campaign. It can start by a simple hashtag on the media saying "say her name." By honoring these women on a specific month and day of the year. There has already been a woman's march for #SayHerName In January 2017. Hopefully, the march keeps it going every year in the month of January. If the movement keeps moving, it can result to these ladies names with being recognized and honored the right way in the next two years.

In the meantime, there are many obstacles to face, so that we can get to this point. People may not agree and give negative feedback. However, that should not be the reason from letting these women be known. This is why it is very important that the organization comes to the public attention through the media letting these victims family tell their stories. It can contribute as a major eye-opener to people. Displaying how crucial the issue is, and it may help people to jump on board. It has been overshadowed enough; it is now time these women deserve a stand. Society should no longer be capable to overlook this controversy. Marches, networking, and broadcasting are a great way to bring to their attention, however, they need more. People should start engaging communities in conversation, and advocacy around black women's experiences of police violence.

As been noted hopefully that these women will get some recognition, any person victimized by police brutality get justice and police brutality comes to an end. Realistically speaking, all those things may not ever happen at once. On the other hand, say her name movement can be something that can be big in the future. In the meantime hopefully, these women can receive justice and they will be given the awareness they deserve. There are several future changes that need to make. This can be a start. By people simply making awareness can cause change. Change doesn't happen overnight, but little progress will matter. The most important thing is making people have an epiphany that police violence against amiss towards anyone it happens too. These black women should not be excluded.

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A Problem of Police Brutality

Police Officers are sworn under oath to serve and protect their communities as well as to enforce laws and arrest criminals. As a community citizens look for law enforcement for protection when they fear for their safety, but how must they do this when in many incidents people have died in the hands of the police due to excessive force. Police brutality has become more and more of a norm in society. There have been many cases of police brutality but African Americans have been the biggest targets. African Americans have had many obstacles through their history and this one is just another one of them. Everyone deserves fair treatment no matter what their economical status, living conditions, level of education, or race they are. Everyone is affected by this issue in some way of another African Americans are not the only ones being victims of police brutality. The government and citizens should come together to solve this issue and not let it be a problem any longer. Police Officers should have a bigger punishment for police brutality.

Black people or African Americans have had such a rough history in the United States and other parts of the world. As everyone is aware there was a time in our history where slavery was legal in the States and the slaves were blacks or African American. It is important to understand why African Americans and all other races are important worldwide. Everyone is created equally and everyone should be treated fairly no matter how much money or power you have. Because of their history African Americans are targeted greatly when it comes to racial discrimination. Many people like to think that they are better than everyone else because they have money or they have some sort of power over the rest of the people. Many cases of police brutality have been with an African American who has been brutally beaten or shot to his or her death. Black people deal with a lot of racial discrimination on a daily basis and if a police officer does it, it makes it seem like it is okay to do it. People also need to understand that not everything that is said on the news is true. News outlets and social media don't always show the whole story behind each incident and maybe this is why many officers have not been properly punished for police brutality.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau 12.3 percent of the United States population is made up of African American. They reside all over the states but mainly in in 10 Southern states usually in poverty. The U.S Census Bureau states that New York City is where the most population of African Americans lives about 2.3 million. Of course these statistics are hard to follow because not everyone reports to the census. Many of African Americans come from single parent households where there income is a problem and they live in poverty. Many African Americans live in apartment complex that are surrounded by drugs, gangs and violence. This does not necessarily mean that everyone who lives in these apartment complexes is a drug dealer, gangsters or violent individuals.

People that do not live there will automatically assume that someone who does fits into one of those categories. As a society we take charge of labeling people that live in certain areas our human instinct makes us believe what people are labeled as. Growing up in a single household can be difficult because one has fewer resources and income coming in then a family with two parents. When someone is in a situation where they cannot provide enough for their families they do what ever it takes to help out even if it involves doing bad things. Young African Americans drop out of school to help their single parent with expenses. Many of these young African American are not as educated as someone who has both parents at their home bringing in good income and live in better living conditions.

According to a lot of stereotypes they are the violent, brutish African American male and the dominant, lazy African American female the Welfare Mother (Peffley Hurwitz & Sniderman, 1997). These are stereotypes that society lives by and some believe that all African Americans are everything they are said to be. Recent research has shown that other races are likely to hold these stereotypes especially with the issues of crime and welfare. One of the biggest incidents that happened to an African American in Los Angeles was the Beating of Rodney King an African American, which created the impact of a dramatic event to the public eye of racial discrimination. This incident appeared to have had a great effect on how the local police treated black people and the discrimination against them (Sigelman Lee, Welch Susan, Timothy Bledsoe& Combs Michael 1997). This was the first brutal beating by police that was recorded by a bystander.

Although this incident happened 20 plus years ago it did not stop there. There have been more and more police brutality cases since the Rodney King who have also resulted in deaths. These police officers are using their power over citizens and are abusing it. In most cases they get away with it, like killing or beating someone nearly to death is something of the norm. In a recent statistics 69 percent of the victims of police brutality in the united states are African American or black were suspected of non violent crime and were unarmed (Mapping police violence). That is more than half victims of police brutality that were unarmed so what reason did they have for doing this. If these individuals were not armed why did these incidents have to turn out so awful. These are lives that are being taken and Law Enforcement is just getting a slap on the wrist for it.

In 1991 according to the journal: police brutality and public perception of racial discrimination: a tale of two beatings, person videotape Rodney King in Los Angeles being beat by four white officers who used a stun gun and repeatedly kicked him and hit him batons (Sigelman Lee, Welch Susan, Timothy Bledsoe& Combs Michael 1997). The video made it to the news and everyone got to see the discrimination happen. It was the first time that it was videotaped but when was the first time it actually happened we might never know. If there were times where African Americans claimed that they were victims of police brutality it was never believed, as there was no evidence to prove they were telling the truth. In July 2014 Eric Garner was killed at the age of 43 for selling cigarettes illegally. Garner was not armed and was shot to death. The officer that shot him was a white male and was not found guilty for any criminal charge.

According to the Bureau of justice statistics during the years 1992-1994, the Metro-Dade Police Department completed 1,311 use-of-force reports. After the incident on Mr. King there were more reports made of police excessive use of force. This was just the beginning of what is now considered a normal for behavior for law enforcement. Citizens are scared to turn to Law Enforcement for help considering the fact that they are using their force to hurt citizens when they truly don't need to be using it. Not going to far in history from year 2014 to 2016 there were 15 high profile deaths of African Americans that were victims of police brutality. At first the problem as a whole looked like it was disparity but when you see this happen more than once and every time it happens it's the same situation the only difference is the police officer you start looking at it as discrimination.

In some of these cases police officers wanted to explain their actions but the footage of the incident said otherwise and viewers did not justify their actions. Only three of these 15 cases resulted in convictions. 12 police officers got away with the killing of victims of police excessive force (Lee Jasmine &Park Haeyoun 2018). This issue continues to happen and people are scared. African Americans walk around and are scared when they see police thinking that they will pick a fight with them because of the color of their skin or they might just look suspicious to them. Police Officers are being justified for their actions and are not being punished for their crimes. The worst part that can happen for them is be on administrated leave or even so they will get fired but they will be able to get hired in a different state and have the same thing happen over again. Citizens are supposed to feel protected by the law not scared of it.

Police officers are almost never prosecuted or convicted for police brutality because some how their actions are justified. Police officers are almost always believed over the civilians. Police officers take advantage of their power and people might think well they are going to do anything in their power to protect and serve but is killing and beating an African American going to protect and serve people. Police Brutality is a violation of ones constitutional rights that we as Americans have no matter what race or ethnicity we are. So why not punish police officers for violating our rights and breaking the law they are suppose to maintain. Some of the police stations have started trainings in regards to this issue. According to the American psychological association the New Orleans Police Department has started training for partners to take action rather than standing silently by or joining in on a fellow officer's brutality.

Instead of allowing things to overreact in heated situations to tell them to take a break and urge them not to do something they will regret (Novotney Amy 2017). I think strategy is really good and other police departments should really take notice of this because it could avoid a lot of police misconduct and police brutality amongst other civilians. Civilians and most importantly African-Americans I have been the biggest target for this incident will feel more secure and not fear their safety around police officers knowing that they are getting this type of training.

Police officers carry weapons that they are required to use when and if it is needed so why go straight to the gun and shoot them to death or to the baton and beat on the person continuously. There should be steps that police officers take before using deadly force. Yes it is understandable that police officers fears for their lives but some of the cases that have happened the individual have been unarmed. I don't believe that it takes a deadly shot to contain someone. Police officers if they are going to shoot someone they should shoot their leg or arm but not a part were the victim is more likely to die. I don't think that beating on individuals is going to resolve anything they should hit them once or twice to make them calm down and hand cuff them and continue the arrest.

Police Officers are set to be people that citizens look up to for protection and safety not fear them. Police brutality has happened continuously amount of times that it has become a normal situation that doesn't get punishment. African Americans and blacks have become a big target for racially discrimination when it comes to police brutality. Police officers need to be trained more in how to approach situations with everyone and not act differently with African Americans.

In my future career as a Parole Officer I need to have my clients to be able to trust me and be comfortable with me. If police brutality continues citizens will not trust any law-enforcement agents including parole officers. This will not make my job easier if citizens believe that Parole Officers will be the same way as former police officer's that have brutally beaten and killed people. Officers that would beat citizens up especially African-Americans are only making the law-enforcement look bad and not someone people would want to contact if they are in trouble or need help. Parole agent I will be around many types of races including African-Americans and if I don't have their trust they will not cooperate with me.

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A Problem Of Police Brutality. (2019, Mar 29). Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
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How to Reduce Police Brutality

There is a tv show called Dear White People in Netflix, an American media-services provider. In season one, the fifth episode of this tv show, an African American college student named 'Reggie,' this episode's subject, goes to the party of his Caucasian college friend, "Addison'. In that party, he wins every game he plays with his innate intelligence. Suddenly, as Reggie and Addison argue about using N-word while singing along a rap, a tension between goes up rapidly. Campus police arrive soon and ask if Reggie goes to the college. Several people including Addison says that he goes to the college but the police do not listen. Reggie refuses to give his student ID as the police do not ask it to Addison. Then the police pull out a gun and aim at Reggie with it.

Immediately, White and Black students in the party are outraged by this but Reggie receives a great emotional shock as facing with death. The tv show, Dear White People' is released in 2017. The movies called Hidden Figures, Get Out, and Moonlight are released in 2017 as well. These tv show and movies have something in common. All of them released last year and deal with racial discrimination. Media often becomes a mark for revelation and indictment of social issues at that time as 'Maus,' a graphic novel by Art Spiegelman does.

Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the act that enabled African Americans to be legally impartial, was signed on 1964, racial discrimination against African American is still prevalent until now. This issue can also be shown by the police brutality against them which was proven by a number of accumulated data and statistics. For example, FBI's 2012 Supplementary Homicide Report shows that while the population of Black people takes thirteen percent in total United States population, Black community takes thirty-nine percent in the total population of people killed by policing while not attacking. Following the characteristics of the basic obligations of the police officer, serving and protecting the citizens, police brutality has been seriously criticized. The importance of solving police brutality has been more emphasized whenever several related issues happened such as Eric Garner or Michael Brown cases.

As its gravity was emphasized, numerous citizens, social activists, experts, and authorities suggested solutions in various aspects. Among those solutions, altering the police community culture exerts a greatly positive influence upon the relationship between the police and the public. To alter police culture effectively, developing training and policies to a considerably high degree with authorities' support is indispensable. Developing training for police officers can be achieved in two sections. One of them is developing practical skills especially for handling a difficult or unexpected situation. The other one is developing an appropriate mindset of policemen. Police officers deal with both mundane and unexpected situations. Learning appropriate practical skills will lead them to handle the situations more flexibly with control no matter what they are unexpected or not. In addition, this way of training is very effective. Because police deal with people for most of their time, they can see the immediate feedbacks clearly and directly. With those feedbacks, police community can improve their practical skills with more details as well as set a goal to achieve.

On top of that, adopting body-worn cameras in police departments widely enhances the effectiveness of the training further as well as prevents or reveals a police misconduct. Body-worn cameras give the panoramic view that will help policemen to diagnose what might be a training deficiency, or a disciplinary deficiency, or [conclude] there was nothing that the officers could have done differently according to Ronald Serpas, a former New Orleans police chief. Through those skills, police officers can build a more reliable relationship with the community of public as well. As they engage and interact with the community more, it might also help police officers to diminish their own implicit biases. To be more specific, the police community can develop practical skills with more detail depending on the level of seriousness of the situations they faced and the external things that should be considered.

They can also develop the ways to figure out the seriousness of the situations. For example, policemen will handle people differently considering what is their personality and who they are in the situation of a traffic stop. Let's say a person who they encountered looks suspicious because of his or her attitude such as quietness or sudden flurry. Policemen will recognize that he or she is quiet as for personality or that he or she is mentally ill for a sudden flurry. Then they will consider that personality and mental status to treat them more gently and less aggressively like they learned from new developed practical skills. Besides, policemen with less implicit biases will stop fewer cars that are owned by African American men in the first place. For learning developed practical skills, the police community can learn more about de-escalation skills and non-lethal tactics. There are so many lives that were lost by unnecessary aggressive treatments of police officers. For example, there is Michael Brown in Ferguson. With developed practical skills, former police officer Darren Wilson would not stop Michael Brown for a trivial crime like jaywalking and encounter escalating circumstances that led Wilson to shoot him to death. The reason why developing an appropriate mindset of policemen is similar to that of developing practical skills.

Depending on the individual policeman's mindset or perception, his or her behavior and attitude is determined in a specific way. Seth Stoughton, the law professor at the University of South Carolina School, argued that there is a distinction between police who adopt the mindset of a guardian and those who approach their job as warriors. In general terms, the former see their role as that of peacekeepers and protectors, while the latter see themselves more as enforcers and wielders of authority. Serpas agrees to his argument and advocates policemen behave as guardians saying When police officers enforce the law, they've got to really be in lockstep with the demands of the community. In short, policemen who consider themselves as warriors with us-and-them attitude tend to be more aggressive when they treat people as thinking that people who go against the law are their enemies.

However, in reality, the primary goal of policemen as guardians is to protect the people whether they are wrongdoer or victims and to solve an intense situation amicably. Policemen are influenced greatly by not even this us-and-them attitude, but also implicit biases on race or skin color. Some of them even identify people's race as an indicator of crime and danger. To solve this issue, more racially aware training for policemen is needed as people's subconscious biases guide their choices even when they're not fully aware of it. (Lopez) For example that shows racism can culminate by implicit bias, in 2015, Florida police department caught using black people mug shots for target practice. Serpas asserts that officers are needed to be trained ... to be aware of inherent biases from the perspective of learning about their behavior and their perceptions how they can bring those perceptions and behavior to reality in a way that's non-biased.

Although there are numerous advantages and positive results from developing training for policemen, some experts view that police brutality does not happen because of the training issue. One of them, Donald Grady II, a retired police chief with over 30 years in uniform, insists the importance of policing reform saying [police brutality] is an issue of who it is that we've decided we would allow to police our country. He also points out that policing was not designed to take care of the public. To alleviate police brutality more effectively, not even reforming training, but also reforming policing is needed. For another reason that policing should be reformed can be found on the article, How systemic racism entangles all police officers even black cops. The writer, German Lopez points out that the way policing is done in the US is racially skewed by, for example, targeting high-crime neighborhoods that are predominantly black. She insists that these types of policing create subconscious bias, implicit bias, against African American by connecting a specific skin color and crime and danger. Moreover, according to Sklansky, a law professor at Stanford Law School, this type of inequalities in law enforcement will cause a bad relationship with the police and the black community as an African American community express more fear to the police while police might take their emotional expression as being suspicious. In other words, reforming policies are essential for police brutality to solve some struggles that training cannot alleviate, to stop creating a more racial implicit bias and worsening the relationship with police community and African American community. For the improved policies, policies could be reformed to put less emphasis on arrests for petty crimes like jaywalking of Michael Brown case, which could help diminish frequent harassment African American experience by police with bias. (Lopez)

To be more specific, the policy that the number of tickets and arrests as a measure for evaluation for policeman for incentives should be stopped as it encourages policemen to arrest Black people in large numbers. (Lopez) Again, the community being suffered the most is the Black community as it is already proven by the great amount of data. A researcher Cody Ross concluded by his research, A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States which was conducted from 2011 to 2014, that particular racial bias in police stops or use of force are involved in the inequality seen for shootings against African American. (Lopez) In short, policing is a major aspect that forms police culture. As Las Vegas police chief Kirk Primas said, Our sheriff recognized that we had to change, and that included a change in the department's culture. So we revamped our policies, and we put 'respect for the sanctity of human life' in the first paragraph of our use-of-force policy." Although it seems that there is not much connection among police culture, policy, and training, they interact with each other. As it is stated earlier, training and policy complement each aspect's defects. At this point, police culture is significant to achieve the positive results from developed policy and training as organizational police culture influences upon them greatly. Even if the newly hired officers were well trained with developed policy and training, there is a quite big danger for them to follow the old ones that are aggressive and authoritative influenced by former officers in the community. According to the article, The Organizational Reasons Police Departments Don't Change, police scholars have agreed that the organizational culture of policing the set of informal, cultural norms that are unique to the occupation of law enforcement is the most important determinant of police behavior. This includes both the culture of policing writ large and the micro-cultures of individual departments.

In other words, altering police community culture positively is inevitable since without altering it, developing training and policy is worthless. However, to alter police community culture, firm support and help of the authority, such as police chief or mayor, is essentially needed. Organizational change will require top-down pressure, including strong police leadership at the highest levels. The only way that individual cops will change is if the organizational culture changes, and the only way that the organization will change is if high-level officials are held accountable for the actions of their subordinates. (Armacost 521) According to former Police Chief Anthony Bouza, " [a] police department's first order of business is to get its internal house in order through the creation of an organizational climate that fosters integrity and effective performance." The creation of such a climate begins with the "approach and competence" of the chief of police, which sets the "mood and atmosphere for the agency. (Armacost 521)

Police brutality has been an unresolved on-going struggle of the United States for decades along with the history of racial discrimination against African American people. Every year, the racial discrimination against minorities happens untiringly so as police brutality which is alleviated little by little. The Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Although every human being is deserved to be treated equally, minorities are still neglected in reality. Alleviating police brutality in the United States will be one aspect to accomplish quality of every human being.

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How To Reduce Police Brutality. (2019, Mar 29). Retrieved November 2, 2025 , from
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